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potential solutions to problems or answers to questions as a volitional response to those problems or questions when insufficient information is available to make merely a deduction and/or induction to the solution or answer". He objects to definitions that describe guessing as either forming a "random or insufficiently formed opinion", which
Tschaepe deems too ambiguous to be helpful, or "to instantaneously happen upon an opinion without reasoning". Tschaepe notes that in the latter case, the guess might appear to occur without reasoning, when in fact a reasoning process may be occurring so quickly in the mind of the guesser that it does not register as a process. This reflects the observation made centuries before by
86:
155:
at greater length with the instance of guessing a number between 1 and 100, for which
Tschaepe notes that the guesser "has to look for clues that are specific to what or whom is ordering them to guess, as well as possible past scenarios that involved guessing numbers", and once these are exhausted, "there comes a point very early in the process wherein no other clue to an answer exists". As an exemplary case of guessing that involves progressively more information from which to make a further guess, Tschaepe notes the game of
53:) admittedly lacks material for a greater degree of certainty. A guess is an unstable answer, as it is "always putative, fallible, open to further revision and interpretation, and validated against the horizon of possible meanings by showing that one interpretation is more probable than another in light of what we already know". In many of its uses, "the meaning of guessing is assumed as implicitly understood", and the term is therefore often used without being meticulously defined. Guessing may combine elements of
150:
impossible for him also to guess that it will. More than that, however: guessing, at least in such a paradigm case, does not even belong on what may be called the epistemic scale. That is, if the captain, when he calls "heads", is guessing, he is not, in virtue of that, believing, or inclining to think, or conjecturing, or anything of that sort, that the coin will fall heads. And in fact, of course, he normally is not doing any of these things when he guesses. He just calls. And this is guessing, whatever else is.
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31:
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270:, guessing is the end result of a problem, observations of clues, and directedness toward solving the problem. Guessing is the action that brings about "a definite solution" (139). here is a definite process to guessing in Polanyi's account, although he does tend towards Whewell and Hempel in the comparison he makes between discovering hypotheses and Gestalt perception (144).
573:
A study of guessing in social situations (for example, guessing someone's test score or potential salary) determined that there are situations where it is beneficial to intentionally either overguess (guess a higher amount) or underguess (guess a lower amount). The study noted that students who knew
261:
questions, attempt to penalize exam takers for guessing by giving a small negative score for each wrong answer, so that the average number of correct guesses will be offset by the combined penalty for the average number of incorrect guesses. In such a scenario, a guesser who can eliminate one or two
236:
Tschaepe notes that "guessing has been indicated as an important part of scientific processes, especially with regard to hypothesis-generation". Regarding scientific hypothesis-generation, Tschaepe has stated that guessing is the initial, creative process involved in abductive reasoning wherein new
207:
is one kind of educated guess, although often one that involves making a numerical determination, and using some knowledge of known or observable variables to determine the most likely number or range of numbers. Wild estimation is a matter of selecting one possible answer from a set with little or
154:
In such an instance, there not only is no reason for favoring "heads" or "tails", but everyone knows this to be the case. Tschaepe also addresses the guess made in a coin flip, contending that it merely represents an extremely limited case of guessing a random number. Tschaepe examines such guesses
323:
is to use guessing to discover some kind of information, such as a word, a phrase, a title, or the identity or location of an object. A guessing game has as its core a piece of information that one player knows, and the object is to coerce others into guessing that piece of information without
149:
A paradigm case of guessing is, when captains toss a coin to start a cricket match, and one of them 'calls', say "heads". This cannot be a case of knowledge, scientific knowledge or any other, if it is a case of guessing. If the captain knows that the coin will fall heads, it is just logically
249:
People learn to guess at an early age, and there are many guessing games played by children. In practice, children may find themselves in situations where "guessing is the only strategy they have available to them". In order to cope with these situations, children develop "(1) the ability to
117:
role of guessing, has noted that there are often-overlooked "gradations" of guessing — that is, different kinds of guesses susceptible to different levels of confidence. Tschaepe defines guessing as "an initial, deliberate originary activity of imaginatively creating, selecting, or dismissing
200:. Tschaepe notes: "This process of guessing is distinct from that of a coin toss or picking a number." Daniel Wueste wrote: "When a decision must be made, the educated guess of the experts will be the best basis for a decision — an educated guess is better than an uneducated guess."
278:, where "we have to guess the meaning of the text because the author's intention is beyond our reach". Because the reader can never put themselves in exactly the situation the author was in when the text was written, to construe the meaning of the text "is to make a guess".
250:
recognize situations in which guessing is the only reasonable strategy even though it provides no more than a gross estimate; (2) the ability to recognize that different levels of accuracy are possible and acceptable in different situations".
565:. Error guessing has no explicit rules for testing; test cases can be designed depending on the situation, either drawing from functional documents or when an unexpected/undocumented error is found while testing operations.
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use", as such a game "creates just enough tension to remain exciting, challenging, and competitive" for children, so long as the teacher designs effective rules "to eliminate unruly or unsportsmanship behavior". Children in
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stated that certain scientific discoveries "are not improperly described as happy
Guesses; and that Guesses, in these as in other instances, imply various suppositions made, of which some one turns out to be the right one".
159:, which he describes as "similar to guessing a number that the other person is thinking, but unlike guessing a number as a singular action... allows for combining abductive reasoning with deductive and inductive reasoning".
574:
the score they had received on a test were happier when another person who did not know the score guessed a lower number; the lower guess gave the student the positive feeling of having exceeded expectations.
180:, has the titular character respond to a character calling a match that she made a "lucky guess" by saying that "a lucky guess is never merely luck. There is always some talent in it". As Tschaepe notes,
328:
is probably the most well-known game of this type, and has spawned numerous commercial variants that involve differing rules on the type of communication to be given, such as
122:, that "when I turn one way rather than another, it is often because of a series of tiny impressions of which I am not aware". Tschaepe quotes the description given by
141:
has said that "he value of a wild guess is l/N + l/N - l/N = l/N", meaning that taking a true wild guess is no different from choosing an answer at random. Philosopher
995:
841:
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to determine which team will take the offense at a sporting event is a paradigm case of a guess that requires minimal consideration of forces influencing the outcome.
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Shuttling between the particular and the general: reflections on the role of conjecture and hypothesis in the generation of knowledge in science and mathematics
241:
Science is done by making educated guesses about how the world works and then testing those guesses by doing experiments. Such an educated guess is called a
101:
The exact number of candy pieces in this jar cannot be determined by looking at it, because not all of the pieces are visible. The amount must be guessed or
384:
may initiate guessing games as a way to avoid talking about distressing issues, so some therapists prefer other kinds of games to facilitate communication.
772:(2014), p. 25, defining a lucky guess in the context of a person making random guesses as "among the questions whose answers she guessed at random".
375:(s) know the answer, but cannot tell the other(s), instead they must help them to guess it. Guessing games are "readily adaptable for
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ideas are first suggested. Following the work of
Charles S. Peirce, guessing is "a combination of musing and logical analysis."
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in prior testing. The scope of test cases usually rely on the software tester involved, who uses past experience and
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to determine what situations commonly cause software failure, or may cause errors to appear. Typical errors include
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170:, and it has been argued that "a 'lucky guess' is a paradigm case of a belief that does not count as knowledge".
49:, from data directly at hand, which is then held as probable or tentative, while the person making the guess (the
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77:" about which answer is correct without necessarily being able to articulate a reason for having this feeling.
196:. Uninformed guesses can be distinguished from the kind of informed guesses that lead to the development of a
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358:
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Mark
Tschaepe, "Guessing and Abduction" Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society. 50(1) (2014), p. 125.
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By contrast, a guess made using prior knowledge to eliminate clearly wrong possibilities may be called an
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126:, who says that this process "goes on so rapidly that we cannot trace it in its successive steps".
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Mark
Tschaepe, "Gradations of Guessing: Preliminary Sketches and Suggestions", in John R. Shook,
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involves single person acting out a phrase, with the rest of the group guessing the phrase.
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A guess that "is merely a hunch or is groundless... is arbitrary and of little consequence
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Literacy for
Children in an Information Age: Teaching Reading, Writing, and Thinking
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selection of one choice from a set of given options. Guessing may also involve the
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wrong answers can gain overall by guessing from the remaining pool of answers.
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which appears to be correct based on incomplete information, but for which no
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An apparently unreasoned guess that turns out to be correct may be called a
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Constructive
Postmodernism: Toward Renewal in Cultural and Literary Studies
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133:". A guess made with no factual basis for its correctness may be called a
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The
Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences: Founded Upon Their History
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Many of the games are played co-operatively. In some games some
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Philosopher Mark
Tschaepe, who has written extensively on the
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Interpretation Theory: Discourse and the Surplus of Meaning
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Sandra E. Hockenbury, Susan A. Nolan, Don H. Hockenbury,
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Fundamentals of Applied Probability and Random Processes
286:"Guessing game" redirects here. For other uses, see
45:is the act of drawing a swift conclusion, called a
669:Volume 10, Number 2, (December 2013), p. 135-154.
16:Swift conclusion drawn from data directly at hand
1335:
893:Estimation and Mental Computation: 1986 Yearbook
324:actually divulging it in text or spoken word.
274:Guessing has been asserted to be necessary in
1216:
1033:
814:Professional Ethics and Social Responsibility
991:Luxi Shen, Christopher K. Hsee, Jiao Zhang,
757:Popper and After: Four Modern Irrationalists
346:, and similar. The genre also includes many
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781:Duncan Pritchard, Lee John Whittington,
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846:. Oxford University Press. p. 93.
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208:no reason. Another kind of guessing is
38:is a scam disguised as a guessing game.
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1065:Button, button, who's got the button?
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1006:(2011), Vol. 11, No. 6, p. 1462–1468.
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906:PWN the SAT: Math Guide: 3rd Edition
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387:Examples of guessing games include:
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145:described this process as follows:
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257:, particularly those that involve
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891:Harold L. Schoen, Marilyn Zweng,
693:New Essays on Human Understanding
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964:Fundamentals of Software Testing
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73:of the guesser, who may have a "
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288:Guessing Game (disambiguation)
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624:English Synonyms and Antonyms
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19:For the town in Austria, see
827:Oxford Dictionary of English
741:Rationality and Intelligence
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1136:Pin the tail on the donkey
977:Supercomputational Science
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212:, particularly as used in
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1176:What's the time, Mr Wolf?
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933:Vicki Cohen, John Cowen,
637:Ricoeur's Critical Theory
545:are established based on
120:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
1349:Concepts in epistemology
622:James Champlin Fernald,
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1156:Seven minutes in heaven
667:Contemporary Pragmatism
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783:The Philosophy of Luck
691:Gottfried Leibniz, in
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25:Guess (disambiguation)
23:. For other uses, see
840:Schwartz, JL (1995).
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198:scientific hypothesis
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877:The Nature of Matter
599:List of Buddha games
1325:List of game genres
966:(2013), sec. 4.5.3.
946:Garry L. Landreth,
584:Abductive reasoning
502:Two people playing
1091:Bobbing for apples
998:2015-12-10 at the
904:Mike McClenathan,
812:Daniel E. Wueste,
723:Martin Schiralli,
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1106:Duck, duck, goose
921:(1976), p. 75-76.
895:(1986), p. 75-76.
635:David M. Kaplan,
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253:Certain kinds of
131:epistemologically
65:, and the purely
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365:$ 25,000 Pyramid
228:has been found.
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682:(2015), p. 279.
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626:(1914), p. 287.
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604:Syntax guessing
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485:What's My Line?
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276:literary theory
259:multiple choice
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182:William Whewell
124:William Whewell
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979:(2012), p. 39.
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917:Paul Ricoeur,
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908:(2014), p. 19.
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879:(2007), p. 20.
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816:(1994), p. 96.
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759:(1982), p. 15.
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737:Jonathan Baron
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727:(1999), p. 67.
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639:(2003), p. 68.
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768:Oliver Ibe,
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331:Catch Phrase
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1304:Traditional
1146:Post office
1084:Other games
1049:Party games
795:Jane Austen
753:David Stove
531:test method
475:Ulam's game
412:Bulleribock
222:proposition
214:mathematics
172:Jane Austen
168:lucky guess
164:happy guess
143:David Stove
75:gut feeling
1338:Categories
1269:Redemption
1161:Simon Says
1111:Hot potato
680:Psychology
610:References
589:Conjecture
563:parameters
547:experience
535:test cases
505:Guess Who?
480:Guess Who?
461:Time's Up!
446:Pictionary
432:Mastermind
407:Botticelli
402:Battleship
397:30 Seconds
348:game shows
343:Pictionary
293:See also:
243:hypothesis
218:conclusion
210:conjecture
135:wild guess
111:scientific
89:Calling a
81:Gradations
36:shell game
551:intuition
533:in which
451:Protmušis
377:classroom
103:estimated
91:coin toss
71:intuition
63:abduction
59:induction
55:deduction
1354:Guessing
1299:Tabletop
1289:Strategy
1259:Guessing
1254:Gambling
1244:Children
1192:Category
1070:Charades
996:Archived
578:See also
543:programs
417:Charades
359:Password
350:such as
326:Charades
305:Charades
303:Game of
205:estimate
43:Guessing
1101:Dreidel
1004:Emotion
422:Hangman
382:therapy
268:Polanyi
166:, or a
51:guesser
21:Güssing
1294:Street
1249:Chance
1234:genres
1141:Piñata
850:
490:
373:player
321:object
295:riddle
192:or an
67:random
1309:Video
1284:Sport
1279:Skill
1264:Party
529:is a
510:Spiel
456:Taboo
427:I spy
337:Taboo
315:is a
282:Games
255:exams
226:proof
174:, in
47:guess
1232:Game
848:ISBN
800:Emma
539:bugs
512:2008
362:and
317:game
232:Uses
177:Emma
113:and
541:in
521:In
508:at
220:or
203:An
1340::
1002:,
984:^
955:^
926:^
884:^
797:,
755:,
739:,
710:,
700:^
644:^
557:,
525:,
368:.
356:,
340:,
334:,
311:A
137:.
61:,
57:,
34:A
1224:e
1217:t
1210:v
1041:e
1034:t
1027:v
856:.
290:.
245:.
105:.
27:.
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