25:
102:
703:
821:
812:. So a monopole mounted over an ideal ground plane has a radiation pattern identical to a dipole antenna. The feedline from the transmitter or receiver is connected between the bottom end of the monopole element and the ground plane. The ground plane must have good conductivity; any resistance in the ground plane is in series with the antenna, and serves to dissipate power from the transmitter.
1052:
856:
without having to run additional traces; component leads needing grounding are routed directly through a hole in the board to the ground plane on another layer. The large area of copper also conducts the large return currents from many components without significant voltage drops, ensuring that the ground connection of all the components are at the same reference potential.
875:
between adjacent circuit traces. When digital circuits switch state, large current pulses flow from the active devices (transistors or integrated circuits) through the ground circuit. If the power supply and ground traces have significant impedance, the voltage drop across them may create noise
855:
A ground plane is often made as large as possible, covering most of the area of the PCB which is not occupied by circuit traces. In multilayer PCBs, it is often a separate layer covering the entire board. This serves to make circuit layout easier, allowing the designer to ground any component
803:
The radio waves from an antenna element that reflect off a ground plane appear to come from a mirror image of the antenna located on the other side of the ground plane. In a monopole antenna, the radiation pattern of the monopole plus the virtual
891:
with the trace. The oppositely-directed return currents flow through the ground plane directly beneath the trace. This confines most of the electromagnetic fields to the area near the trace and consequently reduces crosstalk.
910:
Ground planes are sometimes split and then connected by a thin trace. This allows the separation of analog and digital sections of a board or the inputs and outputs of amplifiers. The thin trace has low enough
876:
voltage pulses that disturb other parts of the circuit (ground bounce). The large conducting area of the ground plane has much lower impedance than a circuit trace, so the current pulses cause less disturbance.
879:
In addition, a ground plane under printed circuit traces can reduce crosstalk between adjacent traces. When two traces run parallel, an electrical signal in one can be coupled into the other through
1056:
756:
range, the ground plane can be smaller, and metal disks, screens and wires are used as ground planes. At upper VHF and UHF, the metal skin of a car or aircraft can serve as a ground plane for
899:
is often used in addition to a ground plane in a multilayer circuit board, to distribute DC power to the active devices. The two facing areas of copper create a large parallel plate
982:
748:
used for broadcast antennas, the Earth itself (or a body of water such as a salt marsh or ocean) is used as a ground plane. For higher frequency antennas, in the
706:
For a monopole antenna (a), the Earth acts as a ground plane to reflect radio waves directed downwards, making them seem to come from a virtual "
915:
to keep the two sides very close to the same potential while keeping the ground currents of one side from coupling into the other side, causing
989:
1098:
318:
1061:
609:
324:
521:
313:
336:
583:
68:
46:
39:
1029:
1067:
679:
from the other antenna elements. In order to be effective the plane has to have a correct relationship with the
947:
447:
199:
184:
437:
274:
695:. Ground plane shape and size play major roles in determining its radiation characteristics including
916:
880:
868:
427:
648:, a ground plane is a large area of copper foil on the board which is connected to the power supply
33:
928:
597:
576:
538:
284:
50:
1042:
837:
825:
769:
645:
472:
329:
912:
900:
841:
692:
649:
605:
457:
8:
753:
749:
714:
To function as a ground plane, the conducting surface must be at least a quarter of the
652:
terminal and serves as a return path for current from different components on the board.
761:
664:
417:
377:
219:
144:
1093:
888:
569:
477:
462:
452:
422:
357:
174:
85:
772:
serves as a ground plane. The ground plane need not be a continuous surface. In the
1071:
957:
864:
849:
765:
684:
264:
209:
204:
134:
860:
672:
671:
is a flat or nearly flat horizontal conducting surface that serves as part of an
624:
543:
269:
214:
124:
101:
93:
903:
that prevents noise from being coupled from one circuit to another through the
1036:
809:
467:
432:
387:
139:
119:
820:
1087:
962:
805:
745:
707:
702:
688:
497:
259:
229:
179:
111:
904:
845:
777:
757:
696:
680:
442:
254:
189:
149:
129:
627:
theory, a ground plane is a conducting surface large in comparison to the
1077:
952:
933:
896:
840:(PCB) is a large area or layer of copper foil connected to the circuit's
632:
616:
507:
412:
362:
224:
1020:
938:
715:
676:
636:
628:
512:
407:
16:
Electrically conductive surface, usually connected to electrical ground
942:
884:
872:
741:
502:
382:
372:
234:
194:
615:
The term has two different meanings in separate areas of electrical
883:
by magnetic field lines from one linking the other; this is called
294:
863:
PCBs, the major reason for using large ground planes is to reduce
887:. When a ground plane layer is present underneath, it forms a
800:
long radiating from the base of a quarter-wave whip antenna.
552:
289:
279:
169:
530:
635:'s ground wire and serves as a reflecting surface for
691:, irrespective of whether this is bonded to e.g. an
768:an area of copper foil on the opposite side of a
1085:
631:, such as the Earth, which is connected to the
1024:copyright, 1990, 1994 by Elpidio C. Latorilla
808:" make it appear as a two element center-fed
577:
584:
570:
815:
608:surface, usually connected to electrical
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
819:
780:, the "plane" consists of several wires
701:
32:This article includes a list of general
929:Antenna (radio) § Effect of ground
740:of the radio waves in radius. In lower
656:
1086:
319:Wireless electronic devices and health
1039:. Computer Support Group, Inc., 2006.
687:by being connected to the braid of a
531:Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)
325:International Telecommunication Union
1028:John Whitmore, sci.electronics >
848:. It serves as the return path for
824:The large light-green areas on this
657:
350:Radiation sources / regions
314:Wireless device radiation and health
18:
844:point, usually one terminal of the
337:World Radiocommunication Conference
13:
1030:What is a PCB with a Ground plane?
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
1110:
1099:Telecommunications infrastructure
1055: This article incorporates
1050:
852:from many different components.
100:
23:
1068:General Services Administration
1037:Ground Plane Antenna Calculator
1011:Groundplane antenna model FA-2
975:
1:
983:"COMT Pre-Course Study Guide"
968:
948:Printed circuit board milling
200:Low-noise block downconverter
185:Counterpoise (ground system)
7:
922:
438:Friis transmission equation
10:
1115:
275:Municipal wireless network
1045:Criterion Cellular, 2006.
1015:PRACTICAL ANTENNA DESIGN
881:electromagnetic induction
867:and interference through
522:Bell Laboratories Layered
1043:What is a Ground Plane?
760:projecting from it. In
555:Multiple Access (WSDMA)
553:Wideband Space Division
53:more precise citations.
1063:Federal Standard 1037C
1057:public domain material
829:
816:Printed circuit boards
744:antennas, such as the
711:
646:printed circuit boards
598:electrical engineering
285:Radio masts and towers
1076: (in support of
1035:Amateur Quarter Wave
838:printed circuit board
826:printed circuit board
823:
770:printed circuit board
705:
473:Signal-to-noise ratio
308:Safety and regulation
901:decoupling capacitor
828:are the ground plane
774:ground plane antenna
658:Radio antenna theory
458:Radiation resistance
762:microstrip antennas
683:, in the case of a
604:is an electrically
1032:. August 11, 1992.
830:
712:
665:telecommunications
524:Space-Time (BLAST)
378:Near and far field
889:transmission line
766:monopole antennas
675:, to reflect the
594:
593:
478:Spurious emission
463:Radio propagation
453:Radiation pattern
428:Equivalent radius
423:Electrical length
330:Radio Regulations
175:Block upconverter
79:
78:
71:
1106:
1081:
1075:
1070:. Archived from
1054:
1053:
1004:
1003:
1001:
1000:
994:
988:. Archived from
987:
979:
958:Salisbury screen
865:electrical noise
799:
795:
793:
792:
789:
786:
739:
737:
734:
732:
731:
728:
725:
685:monopole antenna
659:
586:
579:
572:
351:
265:Cellular network
205:Passive radiator
104:
81:
80:
74:
67:
63:
60:
54:
49:this article by
40:inline citations
27:
26:
19:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1084:
1083:
1060:
1051:
1049:
1008:
1007:
998:
996:
992:
985:
981:
980:
976:
971:
925:
871:and to prevent
861:radio frequency
859:In digital and
818:
797:
790:
787:
784:
783:
781:
735:
729:
726:
723:
722:
720:
718:
661:
590:
561:
560:
557:
554:
548:
544:Spread spectrum
539:Reconfiguration
526:
523:
517:
492:
484:
483:
482:
402:
401:Characteristics
394:
393:
392:
352:
349:
342:
341:
333:
327:
309:
301:
300:
299:
249:
241:
240:
239:
164:
156:
155:
154:
114:
75:
64:
58:
55:
45:Please help to
44:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1112:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1074:on 2022-01-22.
1047:
1046:
1040:
1033:
1026:
1017:second edition
1006:
1005:
973:
972:
970:
967:
966:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
936:
931:
924:
921:
817:
814:
810:dipole antenna
746:mast radiators
660:
655:
654:
653:
641:
640:
592:
591:
589:
588:
581:
574:
566:
563:
562:
559:
558:
551:
547:
546:
541:
535:
534:
533:
527:
520:
516:
515:
510:
505:
500:
494:
493:
490:
489:
486:
485:
481:
480:
475:
470:
468:Radio spectrum
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
404:
403:
400:
399:
396:
395:
391:
390:
388:Vertical plane
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
354:
353:
348:
347:
344:
343:
340:
339:
334:
323:
321:
316:
310:
307:
306:
303:
302:
298:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
251:
250:
247:
246:
243:
242:
238:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
166:
165:
162:
161:
158:
157:
153:
152:
147:
142:
140:Satellite dish
137:
132:
127:
122:
116:
115:
110:
109:
106:
105:
97:
96:
90:
89:
77:
76:
59:September 2012
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1111:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1082:
1079:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1058:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1013:from the book
1010:
1009:
995:on 2021-07-04
991:
984:
978:
974:
964:
963:Image antenna
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
926:
920:
918:
914:
908:
906:
902:
898:
893:
890:
886:
882:
877:
874:
870:
866:
862:
857:
853:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
827:
822:
813:
811:
807:
806:image antenna
801:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
758:whip antennas
755:
751:
747:
743:
717:
709:
708:image antenna
704:
700:
698:
694:
690:
689:coaxial cable
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
651:
647:
643:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
621:
620:
618:
613:
611:
607:
603:
599:
587:
582:
580:
575:
573:
568:
567:
565:
564:
556:
550:
549:
545:
542:
540:
537:
536:
532:
528:
525:
519:
518:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
498:Beam steering
496:
495:
488:
487:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
405:
398:
397:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
355:
346:
345:
338:
335:
331:
326:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
311:
305:
304:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
260:Amateur radio
258:
256:
253:
252:
245:
244:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
180:Coaxial cable
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
167:
160:
159:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
117:
113:
108:
107:
103:
99:
98:
95:
92:
91:
87:
83:
82:
73:
70:
62:
52:
48:
42:
41:
35:
30:
21:
20:
1072:the original
1062:
1048:
1023:
1016:
1012:
997:. Retrieved
990:the original
977:
909:
905:power supply
894:
878:
869:ground loops
858:
854:
846:power supply
834:ground plane
833:
831:
802:
778:whip antenna
773:
764:and printed
713:
681:antenna feed
669:ground plane
668:
662:
614:
602:ground plane
601:
595:
368:Ground plane
367:
255:Antenna farm
112:Common types
65:
56:
37:
1078:MIL-STD-188
953:Copper pour
934:Power plane
917:ground loop
897:power plane
710:" (b).
693:earth spike
677:radio waves
637:radio waves
633:transmitter
617:engineering
508:Beamforming
413:Directivity
363:Focal cloud
225:Transmitter
51:introducing
1088:Categories
1021:Philippine
999:2022-07-08
969:References
939:Microstrip
716:wavelength
629:wavelength
606:conductive
513:Small cell
491:Techniques
418:Efficiency
408:Array gain
163:Components
145:Television
34:references
943:Stripline
913:impedance
885:crosstalk
873:crosstalk
742:frequency
503:Beam tilt
383:Side lobe
373:Main lobe
358:Boresight
235:Twin-lead
195:Feed line
1094:Antennas
923:See also
529:Massive
295:Wireless
210:Receiver
135:Monopole
94:Antennas
86:a series
84:Part of
850:current
794:
782:
733:
721:
673:antenna
625:antenna
270:Hotspot
248:Systems
215:Rotator
125:Fractal
47:improve
842:ground
796:
776:style
650:ground
610:ground
448:Height
433:Factor
120:Dipole
36:, but
1059:from
993:(PDF)
986:(PDF)
836:on a
290:Wi-Fi
280:Radio
230:Tuner
170:Balun
941:and
697:gain
667:, a
600:, a
443:Gain
220:Stub
190:Feed
150:Whip
130:Loop
754:UHF
752:or
750:VHF
663:In
644:In
623:In
596:In
1090::
1080:).
1066:.
1019:,
919:.
907:.
895:A
832:A
785:1
724:1
699:.
619:.
612:.
88:on
1002:.
804:"
798:λ
791:4
788:/
738:)
736:λ
730:4
727:/
719:(
639:.
585:e
578:t
571:v
332:)
328:(
72:)
66:(
61:)
57:(
43:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
