469:, including Deputy Swift, and other parties, went a few miles in the country to the Schnable ranch; and there learned that Cortez was at the home of Martin Roblero. He and his posse went to Roblero's. The posse divided as they approached the house from the north side; Glover and one or more companions going on the east side of the house around to the south side; and the other parties going on the west side around to the south side of the house. According to the Court, some of the testimony tends to show that the sheriff's posse shot first; but the preponderance of the evidence shows that Cortez and Bonafacio fired the first shot. Just before the time that the sheriff's posse arrived at the house, Cortez informed Bonafacio that the Sheriff's troop would be on his tail and asked him what he should do, whether to fight or surrender. Bonafacio would have said, "We will fight". Immediately upon Glover getting around to a point opposite the gallery on the south side of the house, Cortez and Bonafacio Roblero (the Roblero's eldest son), who were in the gallery, allegedly fired upon Glover and killed him. There was a general fusillade of shots on the part of the posse and Cortez and Bonafacio. On the other hand, in his testimony, Cortez asserts that the officers came up and immediately fired upon him; that he returned this fire.
992:, suggested that he wanted to represent the different interpretations surrounding life and legend. He declared "I thought the important thing was, first, to tell a story that wasn't linear- I don't believe in those kinds of stories, things are always more complicated - and then to deal with the differing interpretations." Young wanted to represent the fantasies created by the two ethnic groups, namely the exaggeration of Cortez's exploits for the Mexicans and the belief that Cortez was at the head of an entire gang for the Anglos. He declared to Cinéaste that he "tried to take the audience into the story so they would make the same mistakes as the Anglos and, later, when they find out what happened, they wouldn't feel superior to the Anglo characters but realize that they'd made the same error".
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Gregorio Cortez, but also to the choice made by
Villasenor to develop the point of view of the people involved in the story, regardless of their ethnicity, thus presenting real historical characters and not the stereotypes of a myth. This process makes it possible to represent the hostility between communities in South Texas and the violation of the land rights of Mexican Americans by Texas Rangers or lynch mobs. On the other hand, through this process, the scriptwriters were able to highlight the origins of the myth as well as the stages of its construction. The myth is presented as an episode in the history of the conflict between the Anglo-Americans and The Mexican-Americans.
484:, was less heroic. Just hours after Cortez arrived at the ranch, Glover and his posse had surrounded the house and began to attack. Cortez fired at Glover, who fell dead, and Cortez ran into the brush behind the house to hide. Robledo, his eldest son, and Sandoval were involved in the shooting, while Robledo's wife, his two younger sons and RamĂłn RodrĂguez stayed unarmed inside the house. Shots were exchanged and RamĂłn RodrĂguez was wounded, as well as Robledo's wife. Another member of the posse shot and killed accidentally his companion, Henry Schnabel. In the end, the posse captured five of the Mexicans, including the two wounded. Cortez, however, escaped.
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idealized and formalized version of the legend." In the second part of the book "El
Corrido de Gregorio Cortez, a Ballad of Border Conflict,” Paredes provides a study of the narrative form of the corrido. This part integrates elements of sociolinguistics, through an analysis of the choice of words and the mixing of English and Spanish, anthropology, through an ethnographic description of the border culture, ethnomusicology with a study of the different variants of Gregorio Cortez's Ballad and their meanings
446:. There were seven persons at the Robledo house. MartĂn and Refugia Robledo, their three sons, RamĂłn RodrĂguez (a boy living with the Robledos) and a visitor, MartĂn Sandoval. Gonzales County Sheriff Robert M. Glover, a friend of Sheriff Morris, knew where Cortez was hiding, probably from information obtained under duress. This information would have been either provided by Cortez's mother, wife or sister-in-law as they were the only people who knew where Cortez was going.
465:, and there for the first time learned that Cortez was the man who had killed Sheriff Morris. Glover, knowing the rendezvous of Cortez, boarded a train in about twenty minutes after receiving the information that Cortez had done the killing and proceeded as expeditiously as he could to the town of Ottine, in Gonzales County; there secured horses, and accompanied by two deputy sheriffs of
673:, the word for house. The trial swayed all jurors, besides an A.L Sanders who believed Cortez to be innocent. However, as a family member of Sanders's soon developed a serious illness and the juror needed to return home. Sanders succumbed to the jury's pressure and agreed with the others that Cortez was guilty; ultimately sentencing Cortez to 50 years in prison for
266:. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo promised American citizenship to residents who wanted to stay in Texas, but Tejanos in the lower Rio Grande Valley were relegated to second-class status. Also, while it provided that the property rights of Mexican subjects would be inviolable, these rights were later challenged by the United States authorities. The vast majority of
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across the country started a defense fund for Cortez, saying that without the support it would be impossible for him to get a fair trial. The amount of money raised is unknown, however, the fund was largely advertised by a newspaper publisher, Pablo Cruz, and the
Sociedad Trabajador Miguel Hidalgo in
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If racism is portrayed throughout the film, the director downplays it. It was a deliberate choice to keep the humanity of the characters and to denounce it more vigorously. According to Young, "The people who perpetuate the racism are people, too, they're human. If you go too heavy on the racism, it
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collateral victims. However, the role of the Texas
Rangers in discrimination is a subject of historical controversy. On the one hand, the Texas Rangers were portrayed as heroic figures protecting settlers from Indian raids and Mexican banditry. On the other hand, they have been described as the main
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also suffered racial discrimination, and cultural, ethnic, and religious differences between Anglos and
Hispanics persisted in the decades after the Mexican War. Although the episodes of ethnic violence were episodic, the historian Alonzo argues that "Anglo superiority also served to rationalize the
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Interpreting the response as a lie, the
Sheriff made clear his intention to arrest the Cortez brothers. More words were exchanged and a gun battle followed. The sheriff was the first to draw a pistol despite the suspicion on his part that both Cortezes were probably unarmed. Gregorio killed Sheriff
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had also begun to penetrate the region in increasing numbers, particularly with the arrival of the railroad. As political and economic power shifted to the newcomers, most
Mexican Americans, like Cortez, lived as hired agricultural workers or as tenant farmers. Class and ethnicity relegated them to
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described the film as "the true history of the West". and the movie has been considered the most authentic
Westerns in the history of American cinema by the United States Historical Society. This sense of authenticity is due in part to the documentary style used by the director to tell the life of
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and received food and new clothes from locals. Cortez did not have a horse and was essentially surrounded by authorities. However, he went unnoticed, authorities believed he had acquired yet another horse, and that their only chance of catching Cortez would be by accident. Over his 10-day journey,
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called the Battle of
Belmont, as it came to be known, “a tale of bravery unsurpassed on the part of the officers and of desperation on the part of the Mexicans.”. According to this version of the story, Cortez was waiting in ambush, and as Sheriff Glover and Posseman Schnabel approached, he opened
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Texas was part of newly independent Mexico from 1821 until 1836 when it declared its independence. The annexation by the United States was approved by the congresses of Texas and the United States in 1845, and the transfer of authority from the republic to the state of Texas took place in 1846.
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The film is classified as a
Western, but it is different from other films of the genre due to its historical realism. While classic elements of a western are present in the film such as horse racing, a lynch mob, a heroic sheriff and the vast desert space of Texas, the film's authenticity is a
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Schnabel, one of the men killed at the Battle of Belmont (see above). The prosecution had originally claimed the murder to have been done by Mrs. Robledo during the fight, but they shifted the blame to Cortez and told Robledo to testify that she had seen Cortez shoot and kill both Schnabel and
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to explain the origin of ethnic tensions. In the third chapter, through extensive corpus sources (judicial reports, newspapers, and testimonies) he reconstructs in detail the whole life of Cortez. The second chapter could be classified as a study of regional folklore because he describes "an
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Cortez was sentenced not for the death of Morris (which sparked the entire escapade), but for his alleged murder of Sheriff Robert M. Glover, who was killed during the pursuit. Efforts to have Cortez pardoned began with his incarceration and finally succeeded in 1913 when Governor
705:. The Gonzales trial was ultimately a win for Cortez and his defense team, as he would not be tried for the murder of Schnabel again. However, the prosecution backed by the rage of local police forces continued working to see Cortez serve life behind bars or be sentenced to death.
216:, which examines the many versions of this corrido as well as the story's historical basis in order to understand how an average man such as Gregorio Cortez was canonized into a folkloric hero inspiring border residents. Cortez's story was also depicted in the movie
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on January 1, 2021, and was described as "a concept release going through the journey of Mexican outlaw Gregorio Cortez who evaded 300 Texas Rangers after killing 2 Sheriffs in self-defense. Becoming a local folk hero and legend in the Tejano/ Mexico border area."
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cultural studies and has received wide recognition and outstanding success in the academic world. The first chapter and the third chapters are historical. In the first one, he retraces the social and political background of the former Spanish province of
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and was sentenced to death for the murder of Sheriff Morris. At this trial, "the families of both Morris and Glover were sat in the front row, where the prosecution could point them out to the jury." However, eight months after the Karnes verdict, the
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reversed Cortez's sentence. The appeal was upheld as the court doubted that Cortez could have murdered both officers within quick succession, as he would have been in two places at the same time, and denied Manuel Tom's crude translation of the word
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and the Texas Rangers. While some rangers may have been "ruthless, brutal and more lawless than the criminals they were prosecuting," he argues that there is no systematic evidence of persecution of Mexican-Americans by this police force.
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to another friend, Ceferino Flores." Flores gave Cortez a horse and saddle to continue his journey. Cortez would frequently ride in circles and create paths in different directions to throw off the authorities. After days of travel, the
745:, where it was dismissed almost immediately, and then to Corpus Christi where Cortez was tried April 25–30, 1904. The jury, consisting of twelve white farmers, found Cortez not guilty for the killing of Morris, saying he acted in
324:. Two years later, Cortez joined his older brother, Romaldo Cortez, in finding seasonal employment on the farms and ranches of South Texas. Eventually, Cortez married Leonor DĂaz; they had four children. After eleven years as
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From June 15 to June 25, 1901, the story was front-page news of the San Antonio Express. Through the newspaper, Cortez, a lone Mexican vaquero, was transformed into a dynamic leader of well-organized thieves. While the
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During those 10 days, Cortez was pursued by a posse that at times included up to 300 men. He traveled nearly 400 miles on horseback and more than 100 miles on foot. His story was symbolic of the struggles between the
677:. Though Sanders later told the defense he voted "guilty" to be there for his sick family member and the attorneys motioned for a new trial, however, their plea was struck down and Sanders was fined $ 100 for
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384:), that Choate misunderstood when questioning Gregorio. The latter answered negatively when asked on behalf of the Sheriff whether he had recently traded for a horse. For, in truth, he had traded a mare.
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in hopes of hiding at the house of his friend, MartĂn Robledo. After spending a couple of days at the Robledo ranch, authorities discovered Cortez's whereabouts and thus begun the Battle of Belmont.
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for thirteen days. He became the target of the largest manhunt in U.S. history from June 14, 1901 to June 22, 1901. He was accused of murdering two sheriffs and finally convicted of horse theft.
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Valerio-Jiménez, Omar S., and e-Duke Books Scholarly Collection 2012. River of Hope: Forging Identity and Nation in the Rio Grande Borderlands. Duke University Press, Durham, NC, 2013;2012;.
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border. This legend, which took shape in a popular song, the "Corrido de Gregorio Cortez," dramatized Cortez's fight against the authorities and transformed him into an inspiration for the
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expansion on lands formerly occupied by Mexicans and Native Americans. To move beyond this dichotomy, historian Robert M. Utley exposes the complex nature of the relationship between the
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Lopez MorĂn, JosĂ© R., and Project Muse University Press Archival eBooks. The Legacy of AmĂ©rico Paredes. vol. no. 10, Texas A & M University Press, College Station, 2006.pp 71-82
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public viewed Cortez as a guilty Mexican, Mexican-Americans transformed Cortez into a heroic figure that could outrun the renowned Texas Rangers, and stand up to his oppressors.
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highlights the role of the Texas Rangers division in exacerbating the cultural conflicts on the border due to their alleged violent methods. An antagonistic relationship between
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Lopez MorĂn, JosĂ© R., and Project Muse University Press Archival eBooks. The Legacy of AmĂ©rico Paredes. vol. no. 10, Texas A & M University Press, College Station, 2006. p71
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where the jury could not agree on a sentence for Cortez with "seven for first-degree murder, four for second-degree murder, and one for acquittal." The trials soon went to
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being upheld, Cortez's lawyers had built a case saying that Cortez had not fired shots anywhere near Glover in the Battle of Belmont which many witnesses denied. The
937:. Paredes's work is about the life of Cortez, his legend, the formal aspects and variants of the corrido, and the cultural significance reflected in these products.
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Sommer, Doris (1993), "Cortez in the Courts: The Traps of Translation from Newsprint to Film", in Garber, Margorie B.; Matlock, Jann; Walkowitz, Rebecca (eds.),
419:, Cortez and his brother, Romaldo, struggled on their journey as Romaldo was severely hurt and kept falling off his horse. However, Gregorio eventually reached
208:), sung at local cantinas, resonated with its listeners, and ignited pride in the way of life on the border. The conversion of Cortez into myth was analyzed by
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As officers thought Cortez would be heading south to the border to escape, he decided to head north instead to confuse his pursuers. He traveled 55 miles from
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Celebrated by fellow Mexican-Americans for his ability to evade the authorities, as well as his impassioned words in court, Cortez's life was converted into a
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Gregorio managed to elude hundreds of men in parties of up to three hundred by riding four hundred miles on mares and walking at least 120 miles along the
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and owned horses. Gregorio Cortez and his first wife divorced in 1903, and in 1905 he married Estefana Garza. They had no children and later separated.
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after the Sheriff had fired repeatedly on his brother Romaldo who, thinking that Gregorio was unarmed, ran at the Sheriff trying to protect Gregorio.
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and saw donations flood in from rich landowners and even local "rancheros". Though Cortez's support was mainly from those of Mexican descent, some
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However, Mexico's rejection of this annexation and a disagreement over the location of the new border, namely, a dispute over the area between the
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According to the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals report of facts, on June 15, 1904, at the time Sheriff Morris was killed, Sheriff Glover was in
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very common idea in Texas that it is no wrong to kill a Mexican and, worse still, that killing an ethnic Mexican was an act to be proud of."
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where he was often revered as a hero of the border Mexican community whose resilience against persecutory law enforcement inspired many. In
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of the recently sentenced prisoner. The attempts were unsuccessful, but tensions grew further as soon thereafter, on January 15, 1902, the
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Weiss, Harold J. Jr. (2012), "Texas Rangers Revisited: Old Themes and New Viewpoints", in Glasrud, Bruce A.; Weiss, Harold J. Jr. (eds.),
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Though Cortez's sentence for the killing of Schnabel was reversed in early 1902, Cortez had faced a previous trial from Oct 7-11, 1901 in
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The Sheriff shot Romaldo and he fell away from the door. Cortez then shot Morris with his pistol. The killing occurred on June 14, 1901.
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in a doctoral thesis on corridos that was later published in a revised version by the University of Texas Press in 1958 under the title
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found Cortez guilty for the murder of Sheriff Glover and sentenced him to life in prison. Though the defense was optimistic about their
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had their own style, flair, or message wanting to be relayed, they all exaggerated the life of Cortez to transform him into a Mexican
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Crossing Country and County Borders: The Cortez Family's Movement North from Northern Mexico to South and Central Texas; 1851-1901
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Sorell, Victor A. (1983), "Ethnomusicology, Folklore, and the History in the Filmmaker's Art: The Ballad of Gregorio Cortez",
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where Robledo described. However, when asked what was the Spanish word for barn (granero) the best Tom could do was say
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Morris and Choate's questioning of Cortez followed their interrogation of Villareal in connection with a reported
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Garber, Margorie B.; Matlock, Jann; Walkowitz, Rebecca (1993). Media Spectacles. New York: Routledge. pp. 91–116.
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Cortez had ridden three horses, traveled over 500 miles, and had seemingly blended in with the townspeople of
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W.T. (Brack) Morris were related to the subject of a horse trade. Morris arrived accompanied by one of his
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belonging to Gregorio Cortez. And it was exactly this distinction made in Spanish, between a male horse (
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grew weary and dropped dead. Soon saddling another small horse, Cortez continued south, just outside of
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Sandlin, Michael. The Ballad of Gregorio Cortez. vol. 44, Cineaste Publishers, Inc, NEW YORK, 2018. p65
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Sandlin, Michael. The Ballad of Gregorio Cortez. vol. 44, Cineaste Publishers, Inc, NEW YORK, 2018.p 64
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After his pardon in 1913, Cortez thanked those who helped secure his freedom, spent his later years in
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Sandlin, Michael. The Ballad of Gregorio Cortez. vol. 44, Cineaste Publishers, Inc, NEW YORK, 2018.p64
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Sandlin, Michael. The Ballad of Gregorio Cortez. vol. 44, Cineaste Publishers, Inc, NEW YORK, 2018.P64
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Court records show that the killings of Romaldo (also known as Román) Cortez, Gregorio's brother, and
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has developed in Texas due to a cycle of revenge involving Bandit Gang, Texas Rangers and innocent
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done unto him by "enemies who did not want to see him free." He was buried eight miles outside of
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admired his "intellect, wisdom and ingenuity. Some prominent Anglo-Texans aiding Cortez were then
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Seal, Graham (2009). "The Robin Hood Principle: Folklore, History, and the Social Bandit".
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Deutsch, James I. 2012. "Gregorio Cortez." in Great Lives from History: Latinos.
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and the new border between Mexico and the United States was settled along the
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Proceed with Caution, When Engaged by Minority Writing in the Americas
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Boone, Cortez wanted to take his injured brother to the closest town,
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Explorations: Songs of Mexican-American Resistance and Cultural Pride
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The life and legend of Gregorio Cortez were studied by the scholar
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Tejano Legacy: Rancheros and Settlers in South Texas, 1734-1900
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the bottom of a discriminatory Anglo-dominated Texas society.
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161:(June 22, 1875 – February 28, 1916) was born in the state of
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Lone Star Lawmen: The Second Century of the Texas Rangers
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With His Pistol In His Hand: A Border Ballad and Its Hero
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López, José A. "Gregorio Cortez, the myth and the man."
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The first of Cortez's trials began on July 24, 1901, in
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Militarizing the Border: When Mexicans Became the Enemy
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Elitzik, Paul (1984), "The Ballad of Gregorio Cortez",
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Arteaga, Alfred (1985), "The Chicano-Mexican Corrido",
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fire. Sheriff Glover and Posseman Schnabel were killed
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W. T. (Brack) Morris, Cortez went on the run from the
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Cortez v. State, 83 S.W. 812 (Tex. Crim. App. 1904)
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2959:List of Mexican-American political organizations
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1006:Cortez's story was adapted into a concept EP by
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772:, and on Jan 1, 1905, Gregorio Cortez began his
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1765:Singin' a Lonesome Song: Texas Prison Tales
1499:
1014:. The EP was released to streaming service
996:makes it difficult to see them as people."
684:Many local officers were enraged about the
480:The actual story, according to the scholar
2131:
2117:
1985:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
1691:"Con Su Pistola en La Mano, by Maquahuitl"
1487:
1409:
1396:
274:In his book about Gregorio Cortez's life,
177:. After an altercation in which he killed
1884:, Austin, TX: University of Texas Press,
1829:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0600875
1245:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
752:However, there was no celebration of the
1994:, New York: Routledge, pp. 91–116,
1781:
1372:. Texas Christian University Press, 1994
1368:Afterword by Bill Crider. Elmer Kelton.
1085:
1068:
797:. He was freed on July 14 of that year.
722:reversed the sentence on the grounds of
708:
2929:U.S. communities with Hispanic majority
2313:Mission Cultural Center for Latino Arts
2090:
2029:
1919:
1876:
1845:
1800:
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1272:
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1142:
500:, Cortez "walked directly south to the
3018:Mexican emigrants to the United States
2990:
2008:
1989:
1980:
1732:
1722:
1406:. New York, Seven Stories Press, 1997.
1260:
1193:
1166:
1130:
1118:
1062:
988:In an interview, the film's director,
734:. The court ruling was soon reversed.
688:as they wanted to see Cortez face the
347:
2944:List of Hispanic and Latino Americans
2112:
2073:
2054:
1898:
1762:
1178:
1106:
1074:
859:
2954:List of Mexican-American communities
2379:1985–1987 Watsonville Cannery strike
2011:Bilingual Review/La Revista BilingĂĽe
1943:
1907:, Texas State Historical Association
1864:, Texas State Historical Association
1737:, The University of Texas at El Paso
958:The legend was turned into the film
783:
589:
437:
2756:DHS v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal.
2700:Espinoza v. Farah Manufacturing Co.
2059:, Oxford: Oxford University Press,
2034:: An Interview with Robert Young",
1786:, Oxford: Oxford University Press,
726:. Legal proceedings transferred to
13:
1855:
1329:San Antonio Express, June 16, 1901
1218:
780:for the murder of Sheriff Glover.
636:were vocal about and attended the
16:Mexican-American accused of murder
14:
3044:
3023:People from Matamoros, Tamaulipas
2084:
756:, as soon thereafter, a court in
623:
169:to the border communities of the
3028:People from Travis County, Texas
2548:Mexican-American women's fashion
1815:Jastrzembski, Joseph C. (2000),
893:, he recites eleven versions of
461:of De Witt County to Kenedy, in
2693:San Antonio I.S.D. v. Rodriguez
1901:"El Corrido de Gregorio Cortez"
1733:Alvear, Christina Lynn (2006),
1683:
1660:
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737:Cortez's hearings continued to
698:Texas Court of Criminal Appeals
656:tried Cortez for the murder of
3033:Deaths from pneumonia in Texas
2091:Mintz, S.; McNeil, S. (eds.),
1148:
1136:
1124:
1112:
1100:
1079:
1056:
968:, in 1982. It was directed by
380:) and a female horse or mare (
165:on June 22, 1875 and became a
1:
3008:People from American folklore
2358:Occupation of Catalina Island
2333:Farm workers' rights campaign
2032:The Ballad of Gregorio Cortez
1922:The Ballad of Gregorio Cortez
1782:Campbell, Randolf B. (2003),
1745:The Journal of Ethnic Studies
1049:
961:The Ballad of Gregorio Cortez
895:El Corrido de Gregorio Cortez
865:El Corrido de Gregorio Cortez
594:
303:
229:
219:The Ballad of Gregorio Cortez
1946:Journal of Folklore Research
881:, it was transformed into a
869:As Cortez's story spread to
492:After narrowly escaping the
7:
1846:Levario, Miguel A. (2012),
1823:, Oxford University Press,
1821:American National Biography
1767:, Republic of Texas Press,
1022:
974:With His Pistol in His Hand
935:With His Pistol in His Hand
925:With His Pistol in His Hand
918:With His Pistol in His Hand
891:With His Pistol in His Hand
399:Escape to the Robledo ranch
352:
249:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
214:With His Pistol in His Hand
10:
3049:
2030:Sunness, Sheldon (1984), "
1920:Sandlin, Michael (2018), "
1716:
972:, and based on Paredes's
953:
922:
801:Post-prison life and death
564:
457:. Glover proceeded with a
2967:
2911:
2765:
2667:
2611:
2543:Mexican-American folklore
2465:
2366:
2323:Plan Espiritual de Aztlán
2268:
2202:
2151:
2055:Utley, Robert M. (2007),
1356:San Antonio Express-News,
1012:Con Su Pistola en La Mano
1001:Con Su Pistola en La Mano
793:issued him a conditional
766:Court of Criminal Appeals
720:Court of Criminal Appeals
584:
487:
149:
144:
140:
117:
113:
93:
79:
69:
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28:
21:
2538:Mexican-American cuisine
1958:10.2979/jfr.2009.46.1.67
1899:RodrĂguez, Juan Carlos,
1010:band Maquahuitl, titled
809:, and joined the losing
614:Texas Secretary of State
2728:Flores-Figueroa v. U.S.
2624:Coyolxauhqui imperative
1858:"Cortez Lira, Gregorio"
1817:"Cortez Lira, Gregorio"
903:Mexican-American border
873:settlements across the
856:on which he was born."
778:Huntsville Penitentiary
198:Mexican-American border
2707:U.S. v. Brignoni-Ponce
2473:Anti-Mexican sentiment
2435:Killing of Adam Toledo
2418:Great American Boycott
2288:Centro de Arte PĂşblico
1981:Sommer, Doris (1999).
1723:Alonzo, A. C. (1998),
901:(guitarists) near the
897:each sung by numerous
821:then later resided in
403:After the run-in with
2742:Mendez v. Westminster
2679:Botiller v. Dominguez
2659:Youth control complex
2528:Estrada Courts murals
2389:2019 El Paso shooting
2367:Post-Chicano Movement
2328:Plan de Santa Bárbara
2283:CatĂłlicos por La Raza
709:Further legal battles
43:Matamoros, Tamaulipas
2735:Leal Garcia v. Texas
2430:Justice for Janitors
2348:Los Siete de la Raza
2343:Colegio César Chávez
2235:Mexican Repatriation
2203:Pre-Chicano Movement
1763:Brown, Gary (2001),
807:Nuevo Laredo, Mexico
675:second-degree murder
644:consisted of eleven
616:, F.C. Weinert, and
455:DeWitt County, Texas
245:Mexican-American War
159:Gregorio Cortez Lira
130:Second-degree murder
128:(50 year sentence),
2558:New Mexican cuisine
2384:1992 Drywall Strike
2353:Los Seis de Boulder
2338:Land grant struggle
2255:Sleepy Lagoon trial
1809:(4): 38 & 40–41
571:Mexico-Texas border
474:San-Antonio Express
348:Adventure of Cortez
2766:By city and region
2686:Hernandez v. Texas
2649:Spiritual activism
2493:Chicano literature
2308:Chicano Moratorium
2215:Bisbee Deportation
966:Edward James Olmos
860:In popular culture
815:Mexican Revolution
715:Karnes City, Texas
224:Edward James Olmos
200:communities. This
163:Tamaulipas, Mexico
2985:
2984:
2934:Mexican Americans
2882:Dallas–Fort Worth
2749:Bernal v. Fainter
2721:MedellĂn v. Texas
2250:Porvenir Massacre
2245:Plan de San Diego
2240:Operation Wetback
2093:"Gregorio Cortez"
1905:Handbook of Texas
1891:978-0-292-70128-1
1862:Handbook of Texas
1856:Orozco, Cynthia,
1838:978-0-19-860669-7
1774:978-1-55622-845-2
1739:. Masters Thesis.
1404:The Last Carousel
1241:Jastrzembski 2000
828:To this day, the
784:Prison and pardon
728:Pleasanton, Texas
679:contempt of court
640:in Gonzales, the
601:Mexican-Americans
590:Court proceedings
555:Mexican Americans
438:Battle of Belmont
297:Mexican Americans
284:Mexican-Americans
268:Mexican-Americans
192:by people on the
156:
155:
54:February 28, 1916
3040:
3013:American outlaws
2972:Category:Chicano
2902:Salt Lake Valley
2612:Chicana/o Theory
2583:Teatro Campesino
2573:Regional Mexican
2563:New Mexico music
2553:Mexican muralism
2440:Murder of Selena
2303:Chicano Blowouts
2298:Chicana feminism
2270:Chicano Movement
2164:Mexican American
2144:Mexican American
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2110:
2109:
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2025:
2017:(2/3): 153–158,
2004:
1992:Media Spectacles
1986:
1977:
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1878:Paredes, Américo
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1697:. Archived from
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1680:Sunness, page 39
1678:
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1648:Sunness, page 40
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1580:
1571:. Archived from
1567:Américo Paredes.
1561:
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1044:Manifest Destiny
1039:Tiburcio Vasquez
1034:Joaquin Murietta
871:Mexican-American
768:soon upheld the
661:Glover. Another
650:African-American
288:Mexican-American
122:
106:Esther MartĂnez*
74:Mexican-American
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2593:Tex-Mex cuisine
2461:
2451:Proposition 187
2400:Arizona SB 1070
2362:
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2260:Zoot Suit Riots
2220:Bracero program
2210:1917 Bath riots
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1695:Balamku Records
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931:Américo Paredes
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887:Américo Paredes
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758:Columbus, Texas
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646:Anglo-Americans
630:Gonzales, Texas
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610:Anglo-Americans
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551:Anglo-Americans
506:Guadalupe River
496:on the Robledo
490:
482:Américo Paredes
467:Gonzales County
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280:Anglo-Americans
276:Américo Paredes
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210:Américo Paredes
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830:cause of death
813:forces of the
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2523:Cinco de Mayo
2521:
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2509:
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2499:
2498:Chicano names
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2129:
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2111:
2103:on 2006-09-01
2102:
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2020:
2016:
2012:
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2003:
2001:9780415907514
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1793:9780195138436
1789:
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1758:
1754:
1751:(2): 75–105,
1750:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1720:
1701:on 2020-12-02
1700:
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1673:
1663:
1654:
1645:
1643:
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1595:, p. 108
1594:
1589:
1575:on 2019-08-08
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1540:
1534:, p. 175
1533:
1528:
1522:, p. 104
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1263:, p. 154
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1199:
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1187:
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1169:, p. 132
1168:
1163:
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1133:, p. 134
1132:
1127:
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1120:
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1086:Campbell 2003
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875:United States
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835:
831:
826:
824:
820:
816:
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792:
781:
779:
775:
774:life sentence
771:
767:
763:
759:
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748:
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740:
739:Goliad, Texas
735:
733:
729:
725:
721:
716:
706:
704:
699:
695:
691:
690:death penalty
687:
682:
680:
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582:
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579:Euro-American
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546:
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485:
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478:
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463:Karnes County
460:
456:
452:
447:
445:
435:
433:
429:
424:
422:
418:
414:
413:Kenedy, Texas
410:
406:
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391:
385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
366:
364:
360:
345:
342:
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330:Karnes County
327:
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311:
301:
298:
294:
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269:
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260:
258:
254:
250:
246:
243:, led to the
242:
238:
227:
225:
221:
220:
215:
211:
207:
206:border ballad
203:
199:
195:
191:
186:
184:
183:Texas Rangers
180:
176:
172:
171:United States
168:
164:
160:
151:* = Contested
148:
143:
139:
135:
134:life sentence
131:
127:
124:
121:
120:Conviction(s)
116:
112:
105:
102:
99:
98:
96:
92:
89:
86:
82:
78:
75:
72:
68:
63:
53:
49:
44:
39:June 22, 1875
31:
27:
20:
2949:Bibliography
2870:Philadelphia
2847:New Mexico (
2800:California (
2754:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2691:
2684:
2677:
2644:Rasquachismo
2598:Tortilla art
2588:Tejano music
2513:Chicano rock
2508:Chicano Park
2449:
2422:
2410:
2398:
2101:the original
2096:
2075:
2056:
2042:(4): 39–40,
2039:
2035:
2031:
2014:
2010:
1991:
1982:
1952:(1): 67–89.
1949:
1945:
1932:(1): 64–65,
1929:
1925:
1921:
1909:, retrieved
1904:
1881:
1866:, retrieved
1861:
1847:
1820:
1806:
1802:
1783:
1764:
1748:
1744:
1734:
1724:
1703:. Retrieved
1699:the original
1694:
1685:
1662:
1653:
1630:
1625:, p. 38
1623:Elitzik 1984
1618:
1609:
1600:
1593:Paredes 2016
1588:
1577:. Retrieved
1573:the original
1566:
1559:
1550:
1544:Paredes 2016
1539:
1532:Paredes 2016
1527:
1520:Paredes 2016
1515:
1484:, p. 94
1482:Paredes 2016
1477:
1472:, p. 93
1470:Paredes 2016
1465:
1456:
1451:, p. 92
1449:Paredes 2016
1444:
1435:
1430:, p. 91
1428:Paredes 2016
1423:
1403:
1398:
1377:
1369:
1364:
1355:
1341:, p. 72
1339:Paredes 2016
1334:
1325:
1320:, p. ??
1318:Paredes 2016
1303:, p. 66
1301:Paredes 2016
1296:
1275:, p. 40
1273:Paredes 2016
1268:
1186:
1181:, p. 41
1174:
1162:
1157:, p. 18
1155:Levario 2012
1150:
1143:Paredes 2016
1138:
1126:
1114:
1109:, p. 36
1102:
1093:
1088:, p. ??
1081:
1070:
1058:
1029:Juan Cortina
1011:
1005:
1000:
994:
990:Robert Young
987:
981:
978:
973:
970:Robert Young
959:
957:
939:
934:
928:
917:
898:
894:
890:
868:
838:heart attack
827:
823:Anson, Texas
819:Manor, Texas
804:
787:
751:
747:self-defense
736:
712:
702:
683:
670:
627:
598:
575:
568:
547:
491:
479:
471:
448:
441:
425:
402:
394:
390:self-defense
386:
381:
377:
367:
356:
338:
325:
318:Manor, Texas
307:
273:
261:
241:Nueces River
233:
217:
213:
212:in his book
187:
158:
157:
62:Anson, Texas
56:(1916-02-28)
3003:1916 deaths
2998:1875 births
2802:Californios
2787:Los Angeles
2518:Chicano rap
2483:Chicano art
2445:Party crews
2406:Castro 2020
2394:Abolish ICE
1358:7 May 2016.
1261:Sorell 1983
1167:Alonzo 1998
1131:Alonzo 1998
1119:Alonzo 1998
1065:, p. 1
1063:Alvear 2006
1008:black metal
964:, starring
899:guitarreros
732:horse theft
654:prosecution
606:San Antonio
559:South Texas
517:, close to
515:Floresville
407:Morris and
370:horse theft
222:, starring
126:Horse theft
100:Leonor Diaz
70:Nationality
2992:Categories
2854:New York (
2840:Nebraska (
2833:Michigan (
2826:Maryland (
2814:Illinois (
2807:Colorado (
2783:California
2293:Chicanismo
2230:La Matanza
2225:Korean War
1757:1300561467
1705:2021-01-27
1579:2023-08-27
1496:Brown, 150
1439:Paredes 94
1418:Paredes 91
1381:Alvear, 28
1370:Manhunters
1179:Weiss 2012
1107:Weiss 2012
1050:References
770:conviction
595:Supporters
388:Morris in
310:Tamaulipas
304:Early life
257:Rio Grande
237:Rio Grande
230:Background
194:Rio Grande
80:Occupation
35:1875-06-22
2828:Baltimore
2795:San Diego
2654:VergĂĽenza
2603:Zoot suit
2578:Skull art
1974:144567050
1911:March 31,
1880:(2016) ,
1868:March 31,
1460:Brown 146
1075:RodrĂguez
911:folk hero
889:'s book,
846:poisoning
842:pneumonia
754:acquittal
724:prejudice
658:Constable
417:horseback
247:. In the
167:folk hero
2862:Oklahoma
2772:Arizona
2634:Nepantla
2533:Lowrider
2189:Blaxican
2048:41692563
2036:Cinéaste
2023:25744069
1966:40206940
1938:26563073
1926:Cineaste
1803:Cineaste
1753:ProQuest
1023:See also
1016:Bandcamp
982:Cinéaste
811:Huertist
694:lynching
648:and one
634:Mexicans
523:railroad
494:standoff
363:deputies
353:Incident
326:vaqueros
291:tool of
239:and the
45:, Mexico
2939:Writers
2895:Tejanos
2893:Texas (
2887:Houston
2835:Detroit
2816:Chicago
2466:Culture
2179:Pachuco
2169:La Raza
2159:Chicano
2140:Chicano
1717:Sources
954:In film
942:Chicano
907:corrido
776:in the
686:verdict
663:witness
565:Capture
543:Cotulla
538:Cotulla
519:Cotulla
504:of the
432:Belmont
405:Sheriff
378:caballo
359:Sheriff
334:English
264:Tejanos
202:corrido
179:Sheriff
94:Spouses
83:Tenant
2900:Utah (
2822:Kansas
2809:Denver
2776:Tucson
2457:Xicanx
2374:Aztlán
2278:Aztlán
2194:Xicanx
2146:topics
2063:
2046:
2021:
1998:
1972:
1964:
1936:
1888:
1835:
1790:
1771:
1755:
1219:Orozco
883:ballad
879:Mexico
854:Border
795:pardon
762:appeal
585:Trials
534:herder
531:cattle
527:Laredo
488:Flight
428:Kenedy
421:Kenedy
409:Deputy
341:Anglos
322:Austin
314:Mexico
190:legend
175:Mexico
88:farmer
64:, U.S.
2912:Lists
2877:Texas
2842:Omaha
2671:cases
2184:Pinto
2174:Cholo
2152:Terms
2044:JSTOR
2019:JSTOR
1970:S2CID
1962:JSTOR
1934:JSTOR
850:Anson
638:trial
502:banks
498:ranch
451:Cuero
382:yegua
320:near
293:Anglo
253:Texas
145:Notes
85:maize
2568:Paño
2478:CalĂł
2424:IRCA
2412:DACA
2318:PCUN
2142:and
2061:ISBN
1996:ISBN
1913:2020
1886:ISBN
1870:2020
1833:ISBN
1788:ISBN
1769:ISBN
877:and
703:barn
671:casa
667:barn
642:jury
553:and
511:mare
472:The
374:mare
282:and
204:(or
173:and
51:Died
29:Born
1954:doi
1924:",
1825:doi
557:in
430:to
2994::
2793:•
2789:•
2095:,
2040:13
2038:,
2015:10
2013:,
1968:.
1960:.
1950:46
1948:.
1930:44
1928:,
1903:,
1860:,
1831:,
1819:,
1807:13
1805:,
1749:13
1747:,
1693:.
1671:^
1639:^
1501:^
1489:^
1411:^
1386:^
1346:^
1308:^
1280:^
1247:^
1225:^
1195:^
913:.
840:,
836:,
749:.
681:.
561:.
545:.
453:,
312:,
259:.
226:.
2904:)
2897:)
2858:)
2851:)
2844:)
2837:)
2830:)
2818:)
2811:)
2804:)
2797:)
2785:(
2132:e
2125:t
2118:v
2080:.
2070:.
2051:.
2026:.
2005:.
1976:.
1956::
1916:.
1895:.
1873:.
1852:.
1842:.
1827::
1811:.
1797:.
1778:.
1729:.
1708:.
1582:.
1569:"
136:)
132:(
37:)
33:(
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