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794:. Time and time again we have gone into Woolworth stores in Greensboro. We have bought thousands of items at the hundreds of counters in your stores. Our money was accepted without rancor or discrimination, and with politeness towards us, when at a long counter just three feet away our money is not acceptable because of the colour of our skins...... We are asking your company to take a firm stand to eliminate discrimination. We firmly believe that God will give you courage and guidance in solving the problem. Sincerely Yours, Student Executive Committee.
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customers for swearing and yelling, and then police arrested three white patrons before the store closed at 5:30 pm. Another meeting between students, college officials, and store representatives took place, and again there was no resolution. The store representatives were frustrated that only certain segregated stores were being protested, and asked for intervention by the college administrators, while some administrators suggested a temporary closure of the counters.
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Woolworth store. However, the sit-ins made local news on the second day, with reporters, a TV cameraman and police officers present throughout the day. Back on campus that night, the
Student Executive Committee for Justice was organized, and the committee sent a letter asking the president of F.W. Woolworth to "take a firm stand to eliminate discrimination." Upon hearing of the sit-ins, the president of the college,
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907:, Moody describes their treatment from whites who were at the counter when they sat down, the formation of the mob in the store and how they managed finally to leave. The sit-ins spread to other forms of public accommodation, including transport facilities, swimming pools, lunch counters, libraries, art galleries, parks and beaches and museums, primarily in the South.
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768:, had purchased toothpaste and other products from a desegregated counter at the store with no problems, but were then refused service at the store's lunch counter when they each asked for a cup of coffee and a donut with cream on the side. According to a witness, a white waitress told the boys "We don't serve
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As the sit-ins continued, tensions started growing in
Greensboro. Students began a far-reaching boycott of stores with segregated lunch counters. Sales at the boycotted stores dropped by a third, leading their owners to abandon segregation policies. On Monday, July 25, 1960, after nearly $ 200,000 in
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On
February 4, 1960, more than 300 people took part. The group now included students from North Carolina A&T University, Bennett College, and Dudley High School, and they filled the entire seating area at the lunch counter. Three white female students from the Woman's College of the University of
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On
Saturday, February 6, 1960, over 1,400 North Carolina A&T students met in the Richard B. Harrison Auditorium on campus. They voted to continue the protests and went to the Woolworth store, filling up the store. More than 1,000 protesters and counter-protesters packed themselves into the store
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The next day, on
February 2, 1960, more than twenty black students (including four women), recruited from other campus groups, joined the sit-in. This group sat with school work to stay busy from 11 a.m. to 3 p.m. The group was again refused service, and were harassed by the white customers at the
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asked them to leave, and, when they would not budge, called his supervisor, who told him, "They'll soon give up, leave and be forgotten". Harris allowed the students to stay and did not call police to evict them. The four freshmen stayed until the store closed that night, and then went back to the
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On
February 5, 1960, a high tension environment at the Woolworth counter emerged when 50 white men sat at the counter, in opposition to the protesters, which now included white college students. Again, more than 300 were at the store by 3:00 pm, at which time the police removed two young white
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here". Blair responded that he was just served 2 feet away, to which the waitress replied "Negroes eat at the other end". An
African-American girl who was cleaning behind the counter called them "stupid, ignorant, rabble-rousers, troublemakers". Another African-American told them, "You're just
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asked four black employees, Geneva
Tisdale, Susie Morrison, Anetha Jones, and Charles Bess, to change out of their work clothes and order a meal at the counter. They were, quietly, the first to be served at a Woolworth lunch counter. Most stores were soon desegregated, though in
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store, ask to be served, and when they were inevitably denied service, they would not leave. They would repeat this process every day for as long as it would take. Their goal was to attract widespread media attention to the issue, forcing
Woolworth to implement
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to end its segregation policy. Like the
Greensboro sit-ins, the participants in the two 1958 sit-ins employed a similar strategy and sought to desegregate store lunch counters. Between 1958 and 1964, Oklahoma City would serve as a hotspot for sit-ins.
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expressed his concern for those who were fighting for their human and civil rights, saying that he was "deeply sympathetic with the efforts of any group to enjoy the rights of equality that they are guaranteed by the Constitution."
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Board of Education voted to rename The Middle College at N.C. A&T, a high school for boys on the N.C. A&T campus, "A&T Four Middle College at North Carolina A&T State University" effective July 1, 2022.
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bus station, but was refused service. Shortly thereafter, the four men decided that it was time to take action against segregation. They came up with a simple plan: they would occupy seats at the local
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by noon. Around 1 pm, a bomb threat set for 1:30 pm was delivered by call to the store, causing the protesters to head to the Kress store, which immediately closed, along with the Woolworth store.
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hurting race relations by sitting there". However, an elderly white woman told them, "I am just so proud of you. My only regret is that you didn't do this ten or fifteen years ago". Store manager
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store that day. Students, college administrators, and representatives from F.W. Woolworth and Kress met to discuss, but with the stores' refusal to integrate, the meeting was not resolved.
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1630:"WOMAN HONORED AS UNSUNG HERO DURING SIT-INS\ ANN DEARSLEY-VERNON IS THE FIRST WHITE PERSON HONORED BY SIT-IN MOVEMENT, WHICH IS RAISING FUNDS TO BUILD A CIVIL RIGHTS MUSEUM"
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On February 3, 1960, the number grew to over 60, including students from Dudley High School. An estimated one third of the protesters were women, many of them students from
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store at 132 South Elm Street in Greensboro, North Carolina. The men, Ezell Blair Jr., David Richmond, Franklin McCain and Joseph McNeil, who would become known as the
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818:), Genie Seaman, Marilyn Lott, and Ann Dearsley, also joined the protest. Organizers agreed to expand the sit-in protests to include the lunch counter at Greensboro's
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591:, the Greensboro sit-ins were an instrumental action, and also the best-known sit-ins of the civil rights movement. They are considered a catalyst to the subsequent
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attained desegregation of the downtown department store lunch counters in May 1960. Most of these protests were peaceful, but there were instances of violence. In
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in their freshman year who often met in their dorm rooms to discuss what they could do to stand against segregation. They were inspired by
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in Greensboro has portions of the lunch counter,and donated part of their lunch counter to the Smithsonian's African American Museum
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In 1990, the street south of the site was renamed February One Place, in commemoration of the date of the first Greensboro sit-in.
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The Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States. Dwight D. Eisenhower. January 1, 1960, to January 20, 1961
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losses ($ 2.1 million in 2023 dollars), and a reduction in salary for not meeting sales goals, store manager
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North Carolina A&T University campus, where they recruited more students to join them the next morning.
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of a diorama made by Karen Collins to commemorate the 60th anniversary of the Greensboro sit-in.
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in Greensboro, North Carolina. During Christmas vacation of 1959, McNeil attempted to buy a
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Civilities and Civil Rights: Greensboro, North Carolina, and the Black Struggle for Freedom
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1949:"The story behind the iconic photo of Greensboro sit-ins that the world almost didn't see"
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1304:"African-American history in Oklahoma contains sit-ins, soldiers, entrepreneurs and more"
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1896:"Smithsonian's African American Museum opens with lunch counter display from Greensboro"
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Dear Mr. President: We the undersigned are students at the Negro college in the city of
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920:, Woolworth's continued to be segregated until around 1965, despite multiple protests.
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Remembering Woolworth's: A Nostalgic History of the World's Most Famous Five-and-Dime
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1588:"Congressional resolution recognizes Woolworth lunch counter civil rights protests"
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2029:"Middle College at N.C. A&T renamed for A&T Four to honor sit-in movement"
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1735:"Freedom on the Border: An Oral History of the Civil Rights Movement in Kentucky"
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2110:"Dime Store Demonstrations: Events and Legal Problems of First Sixty Days, 1960"
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protests in February to July 1960, primarily in the Woolworth store — now the
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1215:"Baltimore, MD, students sit-in to integrate Read's drug stores, USA, 1955"
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and had already started the sit-in process when Greensboro occurred. The
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protest, and specifically wanted to change the segregational policies of
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1875:"Civil Rights in Public Accommodations and Facilities: Law and History"
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Agricultural and Technical College of North Carolina Historic District
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Kowal, Rebekah J. (Winter 2004). "Staging the Greensboro Sit-Ins".
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staged a sit-in on May 28, 1960, recounted in the autobiography of
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1916:"Collections: Greensboro Lunch Counter: Catalog No. 1994.0156.01"
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1378:
1349:"sit-in movement | history & impact on civil rights movement"
1327:"Oklahoma City African Americans sit-in for integration, 1958-64"
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2008:"Google Doodle Honors 60th Anniversary of Greensboro Sit-In"
752:, the four sat down at the 66-seat L-shaped stainless steel
344:
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Formation of Student Executive Committee for Justice (SECJ)
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North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University
1261:"60 Years Later, Oklahoma's Sit-In Movement is Remembered"
696:
North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University
641:
in 1952. College students led a successful 1955 sit-in at
173:
North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University
1245:
1173:"Samuel Tucker: Unsung Hero of the Civil Rights Movement"
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A four-seat portion of the lunch counter acquired by the
234:
1733:
Fosl, Catherine; K'Meyer, Tracy E. (December 23, 2009).
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5208:
Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam
4986:"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)"
1712:"93 The President's News Conference of March 16, 1960."
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National Museum of African American History and Culture
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The Greensboro Four (as they would soon be known) were
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African American founding fathers of the United States
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Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement
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John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights
3057:
1394:"When the Greensboro Four Took a Stand by Sitting-In"
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Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument
1652:
Signs of the Times: The Visual Politics of Jim Crow
1318:
75:. Photo by Jack Moebes. Jack Moebes Photo Archive.
2051:
1420:. A&E Television Networks. February 10, 2020 .
927:mandated desegregation in public accommodations.
456:Lassiter v. Northampton County Board of Elections
6258:
5857:School of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences
3816:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
845:then spread to other Southern cities, including
143:Greensboro businesses desegregate lunch counters
5872:Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering
3806:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
3739:Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights
3630:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County
1732:
1609:"Roots Our History: We Could Not Have Imagined"
1530:
5929:Southeastern Universities Research Association
5285:Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument
2232:International Civil Rights Center & Museum
2227:International Civil Rights Center & Museum
2216:Making Equality a Reality – History of Sit ins
1009:February One: The Story of the Greensboro Four
937:International Civil Rights Center & Museum
575:department store chain removing its policy of
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5479:
5193:List of lynching victims in the United States
3531:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
3043:
2268:
1324:
330:
86:(5 months, 3 weeks and 3 days)
27:1960 nonviolent protests in the United States
5701:International Civil Rights Center and Museum
2971:International Civil Rights Center and Museum
565:International Civil Rights Center and Museum
3660:Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights
2167:Civil Rights Greensboro: Greensboro sit-ins
1989:"60th Anniversary of the Greensboro Sit-in"
1934:"Travel guide a civil rights tour and more"
1474:"CLARENCE HARRIS, 94, ALLOWED LUNCH SIT-IN"
930:
6307:Riots and civil disorder in North Carolina
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5486:
5472:
3709:Council for United Civil Rights Leadership
3050:
3036:
2275:
2261:
2172:University of North Carolina at Greensboro
1893:
1706:
1607:Brown, Linda Beatrice (January 27, 2017).
1567:"Four Men, a Counter and Soon, Revolution"
1560:
1558:
1429:
1427:
1325:Smith-Estrada, Carmen (December 9, 2011).
954:and a six-seat portion was donated to the
816:University of North Carolina at Greensboro
613:In August 1939, African-American attorney
337:
323:
53:
5265:Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument
2816:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
1679:
1564:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1372:
1104:
597:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
148:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
133:that spread to more than 55 cities in 13
6287:History of African-American civil rights
5300:King Center for Nonviolent Social Change
3340:University of Georgia desegregation riot
2241:Guide to the Edward Raymond Zane Letters
1894:McLaughlin, Nancy (September 15, 2016).
1531:Plunkett-Powell, Karen (April 8, 2014).
1301:
735:
6302:North Carolina A&T State University
5214:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence
4951:"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus"
4946:"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round"
2107:
2005:
1857:"Timeline of civil rights in Tennessee"
1843:University of North Carolina Greensboro
1555:
1471:
1424:
1100:
1098:
1056:
1054:
740:The event took place at this Woolworth
14:
6259:
5128:African-American women in the movement
3580:White House Conference on Civil Rights
3411:"Segregation now, segregation forever"
2140:
2026:
1969:"FEBRUARY ONE MONUMENT TO BE UNVEILED"
1585:
1565:Rothstein, Edward (January 31, 2010).
1488:
1391:
1127:"First Southern Sit-in, Greensboro NC"
877:were trained by civil rights activist
6292:History of Greensboro, North Carolina
5775:
5467:
3569:Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections
3031:
2256:
2076:
2049:
1946:
1777:
1627:
1606:
1472:KAUFMAN, MICHAEL T. (July 18, 1999).
1433:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1039:Timeline of the civil rights movement
318:
59:The Greensboro Four: (left to right)
5337:St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument
3801:Regional Council of Negro Leadership
3749:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
3695:Committee on Appeal for Human Rights
3172:Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company
3097:Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore
2806:Committee on Appeal for Human Rights
2181:Object of History: The Lunch Counter
1759:"Civil rights movement in Nashville"
1648:
1586:Weston, Annette (January 29, 2020).
1499:
1392:Cannon, Carl M. (February 1, 2016).
1241:"Kansas Sit-In Gets Its Due at Last"
1095:
1051:
1012:is a 2003 documentary film shown on
6297:History of racism in North Carolina
3744:Lowndes County Freedom Organization
3680:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
3350:Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address
2282:
2006:Crowley, James (February 1, 2020).
1920:National Museum of American History
1683:Black Revolt: Strategies of Protest
1212:
1189:
1105:Schlosser, Jim (January 27, 2005).
1024:is a 2010 documentary film for the
952:National Museum of American History
602:
24:
5188:African-American churches attacked
3754:Montgomery Improvement Association
3729:Georgia Council on Human Relations
3714:Council of Federated Organizations
3685:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
3443:16th Street Baptist Church bombing
3401:Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot
3207:1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom
3111:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents
2108:Pollitt, Daniel H. (Summer 1960).
2043:
1628:ANNAS, TERESA (February 4, 2001).
1302:Backburn, Bob L. (July 29, 2018).
1072:
673:
25:
6318:
5260:Birmingham Civil Rights Institute
5133:Jews in the civil rights movement
2158:
2027:Pounds, Jessie (April 13, 2022).
1947:Loman, Cindy (January 30, 2020).
1373:McDermott, Nancie (Spring 2007).
1219:Global Nonviolent Action Database
1213:Liu, Nancy (September 11, 2011).
1085:"Greensboro Lunch Counter Sit-In"
1021:Seizing Justice: The Greensboro 4
961:
146:Catalyst to the formation of the
5951:
5862:School of Business and Economics
5454:Civil rights movement portal
5447:
5295:Freedom Riders National Monument
5037:The Kingdom of God Is Within You
3549:1965 Selma to Montgomery marches
3508:1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests
3395:Second Emancipation Proclamation
1737:. University Press of Kentucky.
1680:Wilkinson, Doris Yvonne (1969).
1129:. Civil Rights Movement Archive.
748:On February 1, 1960, at 4:30 pm
108:"Whites Only" lunch counters at
5322:Mississippi Civil Rights Museum
5310:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial
3786:National Council of Negro Women
3724:Deacons for Defense and Justice
2777:Audubon Regional Library sit-in
2141:Walzer, Michael (Spring 1960).
2020:
1999:
1981:
1961:
1940:
1926:
1908:
1887:
1867:
1849:
1831:
1806:
1802:, Civil Rights Movement Archive
1799:Sit-ins Spread Across the South
1790:
1771:
1751:
1726:
1700:
1673:
1649:Abel, Elizabeth (May 6, 2010).
1642:
1621:
1600:
1579:
1524:
1465:
1406:
1385:
1366:
1341:
1295:
1273:
1253:
1233:
623:Alexandria Black History Museum
6208:Blue and Gold Marching Machine
6049:Ellis F. Corbett Sports Center
5934:Thurgood Marshall College Fund
5847:College of Arts & Sciences
5643:Woolworth v. Contemporary Arts
3202:Mansfield school desegregation
2841:Peterson v. City of Greenville
1657:University of California Press
1500:Sink, Alice (April 29, 2011).
1206:
1183:
1165:
1151:
1133:
1119:
1107:"We'll see sit-in stamp first"
731:
694:, all young black students at
13:
1:
6223:"NC A&T Aggie Fight Song"
5991:North Carolina A&T Aggies
5553:Other divisions and namesakes
5332:National Voting Rights Museum
5275:Civil Rights Movement Archive
5074:Lynching in the United States
4961:"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize"
3416:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
3389:University of Chicago sit-ins
3156:Davis v. Prince Edward County
2765:University of Chicago sit-ins
2050:Chafe, William Henry (1981).
1044:
950:in 1993, is displayed in the
833:On March 16, 1960, President
389:Simkins v. City of Greensboro
5979:Coastal Athletic Association
5924:University of North Carolina
5327:National Civil Rights Museum
5183:March on Washington Movement
5168:Dexter Avenue Baptist Church
3637:Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.
2143:"A Cup of Coffee and a Seat"
1814:"The Man Behind the Counter"
1780:Coming of Age in Mississippi
904:Coming of Age in Mississippi
211:Business lunch counters at:
7:
6218:Fraternities and Sororities
6213:"Dear A&T" (Alma Mater)
5569:List of Woolworth buildings
4971:"This Little Light of Mine"
3719:Dallas County Voters League
3665:Atlanta Negro Voters League
3428:Letter from Birmingham Jail
3135:Brown v. Board of Education
2833:Gober v. City of Birmingham
1283:. Kansas Historical Society
1032:
627:Congress of Racial Equality
198:Congress of Racial Equality
183:James B. Dudley High School
84:February 1 – July 25, 1960
10:
6323:
5903:Presidents and Chancellors
5887:School of Graduate Studies
5819:Greensboro, North Carolina
5305:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
5173:Holt Street Baptist Church
5143:16th Street Baptist Church
4127:Annie Bell Robinson Devine
3771:Nashville Student Movement
3701:An Appeal for Human Rights
2801:Nashville Student Movement
1778:Moody, Anne (1968). "23".
1281:"Dockum Drug Store Sit-In"
1001:
975:monument and sculpture by
875:Nashville Student Movement
606:
569:Greensboro, North Carolina
449:Keys v. Carolina Coach Co.
96:Greensboro, North Carolina
6195:
6140:
6107:
6067:
6041:
5971:
5960:
5949:
5916:
5895:
5833:
5826:
5811:
5731:
5668:
5660:Foot Locker Cross Country
5652:
5631:Love at the Five and Dime
5622:
5561:
5505:
5443:
5345:
5247:
5061:
4994:
4936:
4915:
4802:Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson
4772:Modjeska Monteith Simkins
3844:
3836:Women's Political Council
3831:Wednesdays in Mississippi
3826:United Auto Workers (UAW)
3811:Southern Regional Council
3781:Northern Student Movement
3690:Committee for Freedom Now
3650:
3597:Memphis sanitation strike
3563:Voting Rights Act of 1965
3485:
3306:Savannah Protest Movement
3268:
3126:
3087:Journey of Reconciliation
3079:
3066:
2946:
2915:
2905:Hamm v. City of Rock Hill
2865:Bouie v. City of Columbia
2824:
2793:
2786:
2745:
2362:
2298:Alexandria Library sit-in
2290:
1839:"Civil Rights Greensboro"
1437:Lunch at the Five and Ten
956:Greensboro History Museum
619:Alexandria Library sit-in
376:Freedom Highways campaign
358:
254:
249:
161:
156:
123:
102:
90:
80:
52:
39:
34:
6152:1969 Greensboro uprising
5739:Frank Winfield Woolworth
3670:Atlanta Student Movement
3619:Civil Rights Act of 1968
3544:1964–1965 Scripto strike
3525:Civil Rights Act of 1964
3423:1963 Birmingham campaign
3316:Civil Rights Act of 1960
3240:Civil Rights Act of 1957
2897:Barr v. City of Columbia
2811:Atlanta Student Movement
2334:Dockum Drug Store sit-in
2322:Read's Drug Store sit-in
2093:10.1162/1054204042442008
1161:. History Learning Site.
931:Lunch counter on display
925:Civil Rights Act of 1964
651:Dockum Drug Store sit-in
231:Organizations involved:
194:Organizations involved:
117:in public accommodations
6282:F. W. Woolworth Company
6164:formerly Ezell A. Blair
5513:F. W. Woolworth Company
5495:F. W. Woolworth Company
5222:Voter Education Project
4976:"We Shall Not Be Moved"
4637:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
4072:Josephine Dobbs Clement
3498:Chester school protests
3493:Twenty-fourth Amendment
3455:Detroit Walk to Freedom
3197:Tallahassee bus boycott
3118:Baton Rouge bus boycott
2857:Avent v. North Carolina
2208:, History Learning Site
2060:Oxford University Press
1686:. Berkeley: McCutchan.
1353:Encyclopedia Britannica
1194:. baltimoreheritage.org
1062:"The Greensboro Sit-In"
993:On April 12, 2022, the
958:in 1993 is on display.
948:Smithsonian Institution
758:F. W. Woolworth Company
721:F. W. Woolworth Company
708:F. W. Woolworth Company
573:F. W. Woolworth Company
544:Black Christmas boycott
538:Avent v. North Carolina
396:Wolfe v. North Carolina
361:State of North Carolina
215:F. W. Woolworth Company
110:F. W. Woolworth Company
6267:1960 in North Carolina
6021:North Carolina Central
5852:College of Engineering
5435:Movement photographers
4677:Bernice Johnson Reagon
4397:Martin Luther King Sr.
4392:Martin Luther King Jr.
3962:William Holmes Borders
3734:Highlander Folk School
3624:Poor People's Campaign
3477:St. Augustine movement
3327:Gomillion v. Lightfoot
3250:Katz Drug Store sit-in
3221:Royal Ice Cream sit-in
3183:Montgomery bus boycott
2634:Corpus Christi sit-ins
2568:St. Petersburg sit-ins
2406:Elizabeth City sit-ins
2346:Katz Drug Store sit-in
2328:Royal Ice Cream sit-in
1720:University of Michigan
1375:"Civil Rights Sit-Ins"
887:Chattanooga, Tennessee
796:
745:
700:Martin Luther King Jr.
665:the same year led the
659:Katz Drug Store sit-in
583:. While not the first
581:Southern United States
487:Elizabeth City sit-ins
5750:Poor Little Rich Girl
5270:Civil Rights Memorial
5158:Bethel Baptist Church
4807:Charles Kenzie Steele
4252:Audrey Faye Hendricks
4157:Myrlie Evers-Williams
4137:Patricia Stephens Due
4107:Abraham Lincoln Davis
4042:Colia Lafayette Clark
3796:Operation Breadbasket
3791:National Urban League
3538:Katzenbach v. McClung
3406:Atlanta's Berlin Wall
3059:Civil rights movement
2640:St. Augustine sit-ins
2562:Daytona Beach sit-ins
2388:Winston-Salem sit-ins
2340:Oklahoma City sit-ins
1818:THE BITTER SOUTHERNER
1708:Eisenhower, Dwight D.
1434:Wolff, Miles (1970).
982:On February 1, 2020,
820:S. H. Kress & Co.
788:
739:
629:sponsored sit-ins in
621:in Virginia (now the
615:Samuel Wilbert Tucker
589:civil rights movement
472:Winston-Salem sit-ins
347:Civil Rights Movement
47:Civil Rights Movement
6059:War Memorial Stadium
6026:South Carolina State
5882:School of Technology
5718:Lexington Woolworths
5315:other King memorials
5290:Freedom Rides Museum
5227:1960s counterculture
5178:Edmund Pettus Bridge
4857:Walter Francis White
4762:Alexander D. Shimkin
3276:New Year's Day March
3245:Ministers' Manifesto
3092:Executive Order 9981
2849:Lombard v. Louisiana
2616:Jacksonville sit-ins
2382:Fayetteville sit-ins
1539:Bedford/St. Martin's
1329:. Swarthmore College
1177:Alexandria, Virginia
1147:. November 12, 2009.
901:, a participant. In
891:Jackson, Mississippi
871:Nashville, Tennessee
835:Dwight D. Eisenhower
814:North Carolina (now
702:and his practice of
467:Fayetteville sit-ins
366:Pupil Assignment Act
6031:Winston-Salem State
5867:School of Education
5053:Mary McLeod Bethune
5014:Sermon on the Mount
4981:"We Shall Overcome"
4562:William Lewis Moore
4342:Frank Minis Johnson
4317:Richie Jean Jackson
4272:Donald L. Hollowell
4077:Charles E. Cobb Jr.
3882:Gwendolyn Armstrong
3877:William G. Anderson
3857:Victoria Gray Adams
3821:The Freedom Singers
3675:Black Panther Party
3460:March on Washington
3373:Garner v. Louisiana
3334:Boynton v. Virginia
2981:Tallahassee jail-in
2889:Robinson v. Florida
2873:Griffin v. Maryland
2771:Woolworth's sit-ins
2688:Baton Rouge sit-ins
2646:Statesville sit-ins
2622:San Antonio sit-ins
2598:Little Rock sit-ins
2592:New Orleans sit-ins
2496:Chattanooga sit-ins
2478:Chapel Hill sit-ins
2460:Tallahassee sit-ins
1995:. February 1, 2020.
1977:. January 29, 2002.
1414:"Greensboro Sit-In"
1249:. October 21, 2006.
1192:"Read's Drug Store"
1089:Library of Congress
1068:. January 25, 2022.
1026:Smithsonian Channel
873:, students of the
867:Lexington, Kentucky
571:, which led to the
527:Statesville sit-ins
517:Chapel Hill sit-ins
419:Monroe Freedom Ride
137:within three months
69:Ezell A. Blair, Jr.
18:Greensboro movement
6228:"Old Aggie Spirit"
6187:Greensboro sit-ins
6075:Earl M. Hilton III
6001:Women's Basketball
5939:NC Research Campus
5908:James R. Martin II
5676:Greensboro sit-ins
5574:Woolworth Building
5370:Michael Eric Dyson
5255:In popular culture
5138:Fifth Circuit Four
5122:Loving v. Virginia
5115:Hernandez v. Texas
5094:Buchanan v. Warley
5086:Separate but equal
5080:Plessy v. Ferguson
5043:Frederick Douglass
4877:Robert F. Williams
4787:Kelly Miller Smith
4767:Fred Shuttlesworth
4692:Frederick D. Reese
4672:George Raymond Jr.
4662:A. Philip Randolph
4642:Fay Bellamy Powell
4557:Queen Mother Moore
4442:Z. Alexander Looby
4387:Coretta Scott King
4332:Barbara Rose Johns
4312:Jimmie Lee Jackson
4237:William E. Harbour
4017:Stokely Carmichael
3932:Randolph Blackwell
3602:King assassination
3591:Loving v. Virginia
3575:March Against Fear
3555:How Long, Not Long
3433:Children's Crusade
3384:Cambridge movement
3321:Ax Handle Saturday
3286:Greensboro sit-ins
3213:Give Us the Ballot
3003:Biracial committee
2730:Starkville sit-ins
2712:Darlington sit-ins
2700:Birmingham sit-ins
2670:Wilmington sit-ins
2538:Petersburg sit-ins
2526:Orangeburg sit-ins
2520:Montgomery sit-ins
2484:Charleston sit-ins
2436:Portsmouth sit-ins
2418:High Point sit-ins
2370:Greensboro sit-ins
2191:Greensboro Sit-Ins
1572:The New York Times
1508:Arcadia Publishing
1482:The New York Times
1269:. August 12, 2018.
918:Jackson, Tennessee
863:Richmond, Virginia
746:
714:at the Greensboro
577:racial segregation
557:Greensboro sit-ins
532:Wilmington sit-ins
507:High Point sit-ins
497:High Point sit-ins
402:Greensboro sit-ins
382:City of Greensboro
115:Racial segregation
35:Greensboro Sit-ins
6254:
6253:
6247:
6239:
6165:
6120:Deese Clock Tower
6103:
6102:
5947:
5946:
5877:School of Nursing
5769:
5768:
5761:Seymour H. Knox I
5723:Nashville sit-ins
5461:
5460:
5238:Eyes on the Prize
5153:A.G. Gaston Motel
5148:Kelly Ingram Park
5108:Sweatt v. Painter
4792:Mary Louise Smith
4752:Cleveland Sellers
4737:Michael Schwerner
4702:Gloria Richardson
4482:Thurgood Marshall
4402:Bernard Lafayette
4132:John Wesley Dobbs
3646:
3645:
3365:Birmingham attack
3345:Rock Hill sit-ins
3296:Sibley Commission
3291:Nashville sit-ins
3163:Gebhart v. Belton
3149:Briggs v. Elliott
3142:Bolling v. Sharpe
3103:Sweatt v. Painter
3025:
3024:
3021:
3020:
2753:Rock Hill sit-ins
2682:Lynchburg sit-ins
2676:Arlington sit-ins
2610:Galveston sit-ins
2586:Knoxville sit-ins
2532:Lexington sit-ins
2514:Frankfort sit-ins
2508:Baltimore sit-ins
2472:Salisbury sit-ins
2454:Nashville sit-ins
2442:Rock Hill sit-ins
2412:Henderson sit-ins
2394:Charlotte sit-ins
2310:Baltimore sit-ins
2033:News & Record
1974:News & Record
1954:News & Record
1901:News & Record
1635:News & Record
1614:News & Record
1503:Wicked Greensboro
1399:RealClearPolitics
1159:"Greensboro 1960"
1112:News & Record
883:Nashville sit-ins
643:Read's Drug Store
633:, as they did in
559:were a series of
552:
551:
512:Salisbury sit-ins
492:Henderson sit-ins
477:Charlotte sit-ins
436:New Bern bombings
313:
312:
245:
244:
16:(Redirected from
6314:
6245:
6237:
6234:A&T Register
6163:
6144:
5996:Men's Basketball
5969:
5968:
5964:
5955:
5839:
5831:
5830:
5820:
5805:
5796:
5789:
5782:
5773:
5772:
5604:Wilmington Store
5584:St. Louis Office
5488:
5481:
5474:
5465:
5464:
5452:
5451:
5415:Charles M. Payne
5400:Steven F. Lawson
5390:David Halberstam
5360:Clayborne Carson
5101:Hocutt v. Wilson
5048:W. E. B. Du Bois
4897:Sammy Younge Jr.
4882:Q. V. Williamson
4847:Wyatt Tee Walker
4712:Bernice Robinson
4657:Lincoln Ragsdale
4647:Rodney N. Powell
4542:Douglas E. Moore
4417:Sanford R. Leigh
4352:J. Charles Jones
4227:Fannie Lou Hamer
4142:Joseph Ellwanger
4102:Jonathan Daniels
4092:Claudette Colvin
4082:Annie Lee Cooper
4067:Kathleen Cleaver
4062:Eldridge Cleaver
4037:Shirley Chisholm
3927:Gloria Blackwell
3518:workers' murders
3465:"I Have a Dream"
3360:Anniston bombing
3311:Greenville Eight
3226:Little Rock Nine
3189:Browder v. Gayle
3077:
3076:
3052:
3045:
3038:
3029:
3028:
2938:Greenville Eight
2881:Bell v. Maryland
2791:
2790:
2706:Danville sit-ins
2694:Marshall sit-ins
2658:New Bern sit-ins
2652:Savannah sit-ins
2556:Columbia sit-ins
2544:Tuskegee sit-ins
2502:Richmond sit-ins
2277:
2270:
2263:
2254:
2253:
2248:
2234:
2220:
2209:
2198:
2196:
2184:
2174:
2154:
2137:
2114:Duke Law Journal
2104:
2073:
2057:
2037:
2036:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1767:. March 2, 2017.
1755:
1749:
1748:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1562:
1553:
1552:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1497:
1486:
1485:
1469:
1463:
1455:
1431:
1422:
1421:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1102:
1093:
1092:
1081:
1070:
1069:
1058:
895:Tougaloo College
893:, students from
784:Warmoth T. Gibbs
667:Katz Drug Stores
625:). In 1942, the
603:Previous sit-ins
442:Other localities
431:New Bern sit-ins
425:City of New Bern
353:
339:
332:
325:
316:
315:
163:
162:
57:
32:
31:
21:
6322:
6321:
6317:
6316:
6315:
6313:
6312:
6311:
6277:Sit-in movement
6257:
6256:
6255:
6250:
6191:
6170:Franklin McCain
6142:
6136:
6099:
6063:
6037:
5962:
5956:
5943:
5912:
5891:
5837:
5835:
5822:
5818:
5807:
5803:
5800:
5770:
5765:
5756:Lance Reventlow
5727:
5713:Clarence Harris
5686:Franklin McCain
5681:Ezell Blair Jr.
5664:
5648:
5618:
5599:Watertown Store
5579:Lexington Store
5557:
5501:
5492:
5462:
5457:
5446:
5439:
5420:Thomas E. Ricks
5410:Diane McWhorter
5395:Vincent Harding
5380:Adam Fairclough
5347:
5341:
5243:
5198:Freedom Schools
5057:
4990:
4938:
4932:
4923:Omaha, Nebraska
4911:
4827:Hartman Turnbow
4817:Dorothy Tillman
4777:Glenn E. Smiley
4757:Charles Sherrod
4717:Jo Ann Robinson
4592:Charles Neblett
4582:Elijah Muhammad
4547:Harriette Moore
4507:Floyd McKissick
4492:Franklin McCain
4427:Stanley Levison
4292:T. R. M. Howard
4242:Vincent Harding
4172:Walter Fauntroy
4057:Xernona Clayton
4007:John H. Calhoun
3992:Aurelia Browder
3982:Stanley Branche
3977:Raylawni Branch
3957:Joseph E. Boone
3942:Ezell Blair Jr.
3937:Unita Blackwell
3912:Harry Belafonte
3852:Ralph Abernathy
3840:
3776:Nation of Islam
3652:
3642:
3481:
3438:Birmingham riot
3379:Albany Movement
3301:Atlanta sit-ins
3281:Sit-in movement
3264:
3260:Biloxi wade-ins
3232:Cooper v. Aaron
3122:
3068:
3062:
3056:
3026:
3017:
2964:Biloxi wade-ins
2942:
2928:Friendship Nine
2911:
2820:
2782:
2759:Sewanee sit-ins
2741:
2718:Augusta sit-ins
2664:Memphis sit-ins
2628:Atlanta sit-ins
2574:Houston sit-ins
2448:Norfolk sit-ins
2430:Hampton sit-ins
2424:Raleigh sit-ins
2400:Concord sit-ins
2358:
2316:Dresden sit-ins
2304:Chicago sit-ins
2286:
2284:Sit-in movement
2281:
2246:Duke University
2238:
2224:
2213:
2205:Greensboro 1960
2202:
2194:
2188:
2178:
2164:
2161:
2126:10.2307/1371082
2070:
2046:
2044:Further reading
2041:
2040:
2025:
2021:
2004:
2000:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1945:
1941:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1892:
1888:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1861:The Jackson Sun
1855:
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1837:
1836:
1832:
1822:
1820:
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1811:
1807:
1796:
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1330:
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1319:
1309:
1307:
1306:. The Oklahoman
1300:
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1120:
1103:
1096:
1083:
1082:
1073:
1060:
1059:
1052:
1047:
1035:
1004:
995:Guilford County
964:
933:
913:Clarence Harris
843:sit-in movement
800:Bennett College
775:Clarence Harris
766:Greensboro Four
734:
716:Greyhound Lines
688:Ezell Blair Jr.
684:Franklin McCain
676:
674:Activists' plan
655:Wichita, Kansas
611:
609:Sit-in movement
605:
593:sit-in movement
553:
548:
502:Raleigh sit-ins
482:Concord sit-ins
354:
345:
343:
309:
308:
294:Clarence Harris
284:
275:Ezell Blair Jr.
270:Franklin McCain
241:
205:
188:Woman's College
178:Bennett College
169:Students from:
131:sit-in movement
98:
85:
76:
65:Franklin McCain
44:
42:Sit-in movement
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6320:
6310:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
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6279:
6274:
6269:
6252:
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6240:
6230:
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6215:
6210:
6205:
6199:
6197:
6193:
6192:
6190:
6189:
6184:
6183:
6182:
6180:David Richmond
6177:
6172:
6167:
6160:Jibreel Khazan
6154:
6148:
6146:
6138:
6137:
6135:
6134:
6129:
6122:
6117:
6111:
6109:
6105:
6104:
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6098:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6071:
6069:
6065:
6064:
6062:
6061:
6056:
6054:Truist Stadium
6051:
6045:
6043:
6039:
6038:
6036:
6035:
6034:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6015:
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5998:
5988:
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5899:
5897:
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5890:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5843:
5841:
5836:Colleges &
5828:
5824:
5823:
5812:
5809:
5808:
5799:
5798:
5791:
5784:
5776:
5767:
5766:
5764:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5746:
5744:Barbara Hutton
5741:
5735:
5733:
5729:
5728:
5726:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5703:
5698:
5696:David Richmond
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5672:
5670:
5666:
5665:
5663:
5662:
5656:
5654:
5650:
5649:
5647:
5646:
5639:
5634:
5626:
5624:
5620:
5619:
5617:
5616:
5614:Winfield House
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5565:
5563:
5559:
5558:
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5555:
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5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5509:
5507:
5503:
5502:
5491:
5490:
5483:
5476:
5468:
5459:
5458:
5444:
5441:
5440:
5438:
5437:
5432:
5430:Akinyele Umoja
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
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5349:
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5342:
5340:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5318:
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5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
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5219:
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5165:
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5145:
5140:
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5130:
5125:
5118:
5111:
5104:
5097:
5090:
5089:
5088:
5076:
5071:
5065:
5063:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5033:
5032:
5031:
5026:
5019:Mahatma Gandhi
5016:
5011:
5010:
5009:
4998:
4996:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4942:
4940:
4934:
4933:
4931:
4930:
4928:South Carolina
4925:
4919:
4917:
4913:
4912:
4910:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4867:Hosea Williams
4864:
4859:
4854:
4852:Hollis Watkins
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4782:A. Maceo Smith
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4732:Bernie Sanders
4729:
4724:
4722:Angela Russell
4719:
4714:
4709:
4707:David Richmond
4704:
4699:
4697:Walter Reuther
4694:
4689:
4684:
4682:Cordell Reagon
4679:
4674:
4669:
4667:George Raymond
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4627:Charles Person
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4597:Huey P. Newton
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4552:Harry T. Moore
4549:
4544:
4539:
4537:Cecil B. Moore
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4517:James Meredith
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4347:Clarence Jones
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4287:Zilphia Horton
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4257:Lola Hendricks
4254:
4249:
4247:Dorothy Height
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4217:Lawrence Guyot
4214:
4209:
4207:Jack Greenberg
4204:
4199:
4194:
4192:Andrew Goodman
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4117:Joseph DeLaine
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4087:Dorothy Cotton
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4032:J. L. Chestnut
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3967:Amelia Boynton
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3887:Arnold Aronson
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3848:
3846:
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3841:
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3823:
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3808:
3803:
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3609:
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3565:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3546:
3541:
3534:
3527:
3522:
3521:
3520:
3513:Freedom Summer
3510:
3505:
3503:Bloody Tuesday
3500:
3495:
3489:
3487:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3479:
3474:
3473:
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3467:
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2749:
2747:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2736:Dallas sit-ins
2733:
2727:
2724:Biloxi sit-ins
2721:
2715:
2709:
2703:
2697:
2691:
2685:
2679:
2673:
2667:
2661:
2655:
2649:
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2619:
2613:
2607:
2604:Austin sit-ins
2601:
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2571:
2565:
2559:
2553:
2547:
2541:
2535:
2529:
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2517:
2511:
2505:
2499:
2493:
2490:Shelby sit-ins
2487:
2481:
2475:
2469:
2466:Sumter sit-ins
2463:
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2451:
2445:
2439:
2433:
2427:
2421:
2415:
2409:
2403:
2397:
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2376:Durham sit-ins
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2160:
2159:External links
2157:
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2138:
2120:(1): 315–365.
2105:
2087:(4): 135–154.
2074:
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1960:
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1830:
1805:
1789:
1770:
1764:The Tennessean
1750:
1744:978-0813139012
1743:
1725:
1722:. p. 294.
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1190:Pousson, Eli.
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977:James Barnhill
963:
962:Commemorations
960:
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730:
692:David Richmond
675:
672:
617:organized the
607:Main article:
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522:Shelby sit-ins
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462:Durham sit-ins
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6175:Joseph McNeil
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6156:A&T Four
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6090:Allen Johnson
6088:
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6080:Vincent Brown
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6019:
6018:
6016:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5993:
5992:
5989:
5985:
5982:
5981:
5980:
5977:
5976:
5974:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5959:
5954:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5921:
5919:
5915:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5900:
5898:
5894:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5844:
5842:
5840:
5832:
5829:
5825:
5821:
5815:
5810:
5806:
5797:
5792:
5790:
5785:
5783:
5778:
5777:
5774:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5751:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5736:
5734:
5730:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5708:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5691:Joseph McNeil
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5673:
5671:
5667:
5661:
5658:
5657:
5655:
5651:
5645:
5644:
5640:
5638:
5637:Seafoam salad
5635:
5632:
5628:
5627:
5625:
5621:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5609:Winfield Hall
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5566:
5564:
5560:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5548:Afterthoughts
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5518:Champs Sports
5516:
5514:
5511:
5510:
5508:
5504:
5500:
5496:
5489:
5484:
5482:
5477:
5475:
5470:
5469:
5466:
5456:
5455:
5450:
5442:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5425:Timothy Tyson
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5355:Taylor Branch
5353:
5352:
5350:
5344:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5316:
5313:
5312:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5246:
5240:
5239:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5215:
5211:
5210:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5203:Freedom songs
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5123:
5119:
5117:
5116:
5112:
5110:
5109:
5105:
5103:
5102:
5098:
5096:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5084:
5083:
5082:
5081:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5069:Jim Crow laws
5067:
5066:
5064:
5060:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5021:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5008:
5005:
5004:
5003:
5000:
4999:
4997:
4993:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4966:"Oh, Freedom"
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4935:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4920:
4918:
4914:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4892:Whitney Young
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4872:Kale Williams
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4832:Albert Turner
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4822:A. P. Tureaud
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4727:Bayard Rustin
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4577:William Moyer
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4512:Joseph McNeil
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4497:Charles McDew
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4487:Benjamin Mays
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4472:Vivian Malone
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4447:Joseph Lowery
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4372:Clyde Kennard
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4362:Vernon Jordan
4360:
4358:
4357:Matthew Jones
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4322:T. J. Jemison
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4307:Jesse Jackson
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4197:Robert Graetz
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4187:Golden Frinks
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4147:Charles Evers
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4097:Vernon Dahmer
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4052:Septima Clark
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3972:Bruce Boynton
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3897:James Baldwin
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3867:Mathew Ahmann
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3843:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3765:
3764:Youth Council
3762:
3761:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3703:
3702:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3649:
3639:
3638:
3634:
3632:
3631:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3556:
3552:
3551:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3484:
3478:
3475:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3424:
3421:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3396:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3355:Freedom Rides
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3267:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3214:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3191:
3190:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3164:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3153:
3151:
3150:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3080:Prior to 1954
3078:
3075:
3072:
3065:
3060:
3053:
3048:
3046:
3041:
3039:
3034:
3033:
3030:
3014:
3013:Direct action
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2998:Jail, No Bail
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2933:Tougaloo Nine
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2794:Organizations
2792:
2789:
2785:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2580:Miami sit-ins
2578:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2550:Tampa sit-ins
2548:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2354:
2353:Miami sit-ins
2351:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2278:
2273:
2271:
2266:
2264:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2219:, Core online
2218:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2162:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2081:
2075:
2071:
2069:9780195029192
2065:
2061:
2056:
2055:
2048:
2047:
2034:
2030:
2023:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2002:
1994:
1993:Google Doodle
1990:
1984:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1964:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1943:
1935:
1929:
1921:
1917:
1911:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1890:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1870:
1862:
1858:
1852:
1844:
1840:
1834:
1819:
1815:
1809:
1801:
1800:
1793:
1785:
1781:
1774:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1754:
1746:
1740:
1736:
1729:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1703:
1695:
1693:9780821122211
1689:
1685:
1684:
1676:
1668:
1666:9780520261839
1662:
1658:
1654:
1653:
1645:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1624:
1616:
1615:
1610:
1603:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1582:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1561:
1559:
1550:
1548:9781466867444
1544:
1540:
1536:
1535:
1527:
1519:
1517:9781614234401
1513:
1509:
1505:
1504:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1468:
1462:
1458:
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969:In 2002, the
967:
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738:
729:
727:
726:desegregation
722:
717:
713:
709:
705:
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697:
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680:Joseph McNeil
671:
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664:
663:Oklahoma City
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6196:Student life
6186:
6162:
6126:February One
6124:
5984:CAA Football
5917:Affiliations
5813:
5748:
5707:February One
5705:
5675:
5669:Civil rights
5641:
5594:Renton Store
5533:Kinney Shoes
5445:
5385:David Garrow
5365:John Dittmer
5236:
5163:Brown Chapel
5120:
5113:
5106:
5099:
5092:
5078:
5035:
4887:Andrew Young
4842:A. T. Walden
4837:C. T. Vivian
4797:Maxine Smith
4632:Homer Plessy
4612:James Orange
4567:Irene Morgan
4522:William Ming
4502:Ralph McGill
4437:Viola Liuzzo
4422:Jim Letherer
4407:James Lawson
4337:Vernon Johns
4327:Esau Jenkins
4282:Myles Horton
4232:Fred Hampton
4222:Prathia Hall
4212:Dick Gregory
4182:Marie Foster
4177:James Forman
4167:James Farmer
4152:Medgar Evers
4112:Angela Davis
4047:Ramsey Clark
4027:James Chaney
4022:Johnnie Carr
4002:Ralph Bunche
3997:H. Rap Brown
3987:Ruby Bridges
3947:Joanne Bland
3922:Claude Black
3902:Marion Barry
3872:Muhammad Ali
3699:
3635:
3628:
3589:
3567:
3536:
3529:
3371:
3332:
3325:
3285:
3255:Kissing Case
3230:
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3109:
3101:
2903:
2895:
2887:
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2855:
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2831:
2825:Sit-in cases
2369:
2240:
2226:
2215:
2204:
2190:
2180:
2166:
2150:
2146:
2117:
2113:
2084:
2078:
2058:. New York:
2053:
2032:
2022:
2011:
2001:
1983:
1972:
1963:
1952:
1942:
1928:
1910:
1899:
1889:
1878:
1869:
1851:
1833:
1823:February 18,
1821:. Retrieved
1817:
1808:
1798:
1792:
1784:Bantam Books
1782:. New York:
1779:
1773:
1762:
1753:
1728:
1715:
1702:
1682:
1675:
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1591:
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1570:
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1526:
1502:
1478:Sun-Sentinel
1467:
1436:
1417:
1408:
1397:
1387:
1368:
1356:. Retrieved
1352:
1343:
1331:. Retrieved
1320:
1308:. Retrieved
1297:
1285:. Retrieved
1275:
1264:
1255:
1244:
1235:
1223:. Retrieved
1221:. Swarthmore
1218:
1208:
1196:. Retrieved
1185:
1167:
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1135:
1121:
1110:
1019:
1007:
992:
981:
972:February One
970:
968:
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945:
934:
922:
909:
902:
879:James Lawson
840:
832:
828:
824:
812:
804:Ku Klux Klan
797:
789:
780:
765:
762:A&T Four
761:
747:
677:
637:in 1949 and
612:
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554:
536:
454:
447:
441:
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414:Kissing Case
407:
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401:
394:
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360:
299:
298:
287:
286:
258:
257:
250:Lead figures
129:Catalyst to
40:Part of the
29:
6243:WNAA 90.1FM
6238:(Newspaper)
6132:Observatory
5589:Shadow Lawn
5528:Foot Locker
5499:Foot Locker
5405:Doug McAdam
5375:Chuck Fager
5002:Nonviolence
4907:James Zwerg
4902:Bob Zellner
4862:Roy Wilkins
4812:Hank Thomas
4747:Pete Seeger
4742:Bobby Seale
4607:Jack O'Dell
4602:Edgar Nixon
4532:Amzie Moore
4527:Jack Minnis
4467:Mae Mallory
4452:Clara Luper
4412:Bernard Lee
4302:Cecil Ivory
4297:Ruby Hurley
4267:Oliver Hill
4262:Aaron Henry
4162:Chuck Fager
4122:Dave Dennis
4012:Guy Carawan
3952:Julian Bond
3917:James Bevel
3907:Daisy Bates
3178:Emmett Till
3061:(1954–1968)
3008:Nonviolence
2923:Richmond 34
2363:During 1960
2291:Before 1960
1145:History.com
756:inside the
732:The sit-ins
653:in 1958 in
135:U.S. states
124:Resulted in
6261:Categories
6095:Monté Ross
6042:Facilities
6017:Rivalries
5814:Located in
5348:historians
5029:Satyagraha
4995:Influences
4687:James Reeb
4622:James Peck
4617:Rosa Parks
4587:Diane Nash
4457:Danny Lyon
4432:John Lewis
4377:A. D. King
4277:James Hood
3892:Ella Baker
3862:Zev Aelony
2916:Defendants
2746:After 1960
2195:(timeline)
2153:: 111–120.
1461:0929587316
1045:References
899:Anne Moody
792:Greensboro
704:nonviolent
561:nonviolent
300:KKK member
5963:Athletics
5827:Academics
5562:Buildings
5007:Padayatra
4956:"Kumbaya"
4916:By region
4572:Bob Moses
4477:Bob Mants
4462:Malcolm X
4382:C.B. King
4202:Fred Gray
3845:Activists
3486:1964–1968
3269:1960–1963
3127:1954–1959
2738:(Apr. 28)
2732:(Apr. 23)
2726:(Apr. 17)
2702:(Mar. 31)
2696:(Mar. 29)
2690:(Mar. 28)
2684:(Mar. 26)
2678:(Mar. 19)
2672:(Mar. 19)
2666:(Mar. 19)
2660:(Mar. 17)
2654:(Mar. 16)
2648:(Mar. 15)
2642:(Mar. 15)
2636:(Mar. 15)
2630:(Mar. 15)
2624:(Mar. 13)
2618:(Mar. 12)
2612:(Mar. 11)
2606:(Mar. 11)
2600:(Mar. 10)
2552:(Feb. 27)
2546:(Feb. 26)
2540:(Feb. 26)
2534:(Feb. 26)
2528:(Feb. 25)
2522:(Feb. 25)
2516:(Feb. 22)
2510:(Feb. 22)
2504:(Feb. 20)
2498:(Feb. 19)
2492:(Feb. 18)
2486:(Feb. 18)
2480:(Feb. 17)
2474:(Feb. 16)
2468:(Feb. 14)
2462:(Feb. 13)
2456:(Feb. 13)
2450:(Feb. 12)
2444:(Feb. 12)
2438:(Feb. 11)
2432:(Feb. 11)
2426:(Feb. 10)
1333:April 27,
1310:April 27,
1287:April 27,
986:showed a
943:in 2016.
859:Charlotte
647:Baltimore
639:Baltimore
635:St. Louis
288:Woolworth
225:Walgreens
103:Caused by
6085:Ben Hall
6011:Baseball
6006:Football
5543:Claire's
4937:Movement
4367:Tom Kahn
3651:Activist
3071:timeline
2993:Study-in
2720:(Apr. 9)
2714:(Apr. 4)
2708:(Apr. 2)
2594:(Mar. 8)
2588:(Mar. 7)
2582:(Mar. 4)
2576:(Mar. 4)
2570:(Mar. 2)
2564:(Mar. 2)
2558:(Mar. 2)
2420:(Feb. 9)
2414:(Feb. 9)
2408:(Feb. 9)
2402:(Feb. 9)
2396:(Feb. 9)
2390:(Feb. 8)
2384:(Feb. 8)
2378:(Feb. 8)
2372:(Feb. 1)
2197:, CRMVet
2101:57564786
2013:Newsweek
1710:(1961).
1033:See also
599:(SNCC).
259:Students
91:Location
6246:(Radio)
6143:History
5838:schools
5623:Culture
5523:Eastbay
5506:Company
5062:Related
4652:Al Raby
3607:funeral
3470:Big Six
2988:Pray-in
2976:Jail-in
2959:Wade-in
2787:Related
2342:(1958)
2147:Dissent
2134:1371082
1880:FindLaw
1593:WCTI-TV
1418:History
1379:NCPedia
1225:May 25,
1198:May 25,
1066:History
1002:In film
855:Raleigh
770:Negroes
764:or the
712:hot dog
631:Chicago
587:of the
579:in the
157:Parties
45:in the
6203:Alumni
6108:Campus
6068:People
5972:Sports
5896:People
5732:Family
5653:Events
5538:Woolco
5248:Legacy
5024:Ahimsa
3653:groups
3114:(1950)
3106:(1950)
3067:Events
2954:Sit-in
2908:(1964)
2900:(1964)
2892:(1964)
2884:(1964)
2876:(1964)
2868:(1964)
2860:(1963)
2852:(1963)
2844:(1963)
2836:(1963)
2779:(1964)
2773:(1963)
2767:(1962)
2761:(1962)
2755:(1961)
2355:(1959)
2336:(1958)
2330:(1957)
2324:(1955)
2318:(1954)
2312:(1953)
2306:(1943)
2300:(1939)
2132:
2099:
2066:
1741:
1690:
1663:
1545:
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1459:
1448:
1358:May 5,
1141:"SNCC"
984:Google
865:, and
851:Durham
744:store.
690:, and
585:sit-in
200:(CORE)
150:(SNCC)
71:, and
5346:Noted
4939:songs
3759:NAACP
3612:riots
2947:Other
2130:JSTOR
2097:S2CID
869:. In
808:Kludd
567:— in
220:Kress
2064:ISBN
1825:2020
1739:ISBN
1688:ISBN
1661:ISBN
1543:ISBN
1512:ISBN
1457:ISBN
1446:ISBN
1360:2020
1335:2023
1312:2023
1289:2023
1227:2023
1200:2023
935:The
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555:The
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2122:doi
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1246:NPR
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