436:
493:
86:
42:
61:
383:
423:. The typical length ranges from about 3–7 in and the fish usually weighs less than a pound. The green sunfish reaches a maximum recorded length of about 30 cm (12 in), with a maximum recorded weight of 960 g (2.12 lb). Identification of sunfish species from one another can sometimes be difficult as these species frequently
509:
them and fanning them with his fins, keeping them clean and providing them with oxygenated water. When they hatch, the fry remain near the nest for a few days, then leave to feed and fend for themselves. After the eggs have hatched, the male will often seek to attract another female to lay her eggs in his nest.
516:
Green sunfish tend to nest in areas close to other green sunfish, as well as other species of sunfish. Due to the close proximity of multiple nests, a green sunfish female may deposit some of her eggs into the nest of a male of a different species. This in turn leads to the next generation containing
597:
Likely the most aggressive sunfish. Difficult to keep with other green sunfishes, other sunfishes, or even other perciform fishes in general unless kept in very spacious aquaria or ponds. Like many fishes, more tolerant of distantly related species (i.e., catfishes and minnows), if too large to be
548:
is employed by the fish. Experimental evidence, however, suggests that green sunfish are not able to visually discriminate on the basis of light polarization. Thus, the function of the green sunfish's retinal patterning is not known, although the two different types of cone cell present in green
443:
The species prefers areas in sluggish backwaters, lakes, and ponds with gravel, sand, or bedrock bottoms. They also can be found in very muddy waters and are able to tolerate poor water conditions. Green sunfish tend to spend their time hiding around rocks, submerged logs, plants, and other things
508:
They continue their courtship dance, swimming with each other around the nest until the female descends to deposit her eggs in the nest. The female will lay 2,000 to 26,000 eggs and leave them for the male to guard. He keeps watch over them until they hatch in three to five days, while protecting
504:
in the summer with the exact time varying with location and water temperature. When they do spawn, the males create nests in shallow water by clearing depressions in the bottom, often near a type of shelter such as rocks or submerged logs. The male defends his nest from other males using visual
543:
cells in a regular arrangement. The green sunfish has been theorized to have vision that is sensitive to the polarization of light, which could enhance visibility of targets in scattering media if a processing technique called
247:
fish by hobbyists, they need a 55-75 gallon tank and can be fed minnows, mealworms, or nightcrawlers. They are usually caught by accident, while fishing for other game fish. Green sunfish can be caught with live bait, such as
505:
displays and physical force when necessary. On occasion, simply constructing a nest is sufficient for the male to attract a mate, but when it is not he will court a female with grunts and lead her to his nest.
1523:
Paulson, Nicole, and Jay T. Hatch. "Fishes of
Minnesota-Green Sunfish." Green Sunfish. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources' MinnAqua Aquatic Program, 25 Aug. 2004. Web. 30 Apr. 2011. <
403:
sides. The gill covers and sides of head have broken bright blue stripes, causing some to mistakenly confuse them with bluegill. They also have a dark spot located near the back end of the
260:, and blood worms. Grocery store baits, such as pieces of hot dog or corn kernels, can even catch fish. Green sunfish are aggressive and will hit small lures. They can be caught with
598:
eaten. Very aware of environment outside of aquarium, making it an engaging "wet pet." Accepts a variety of foods (flakes, pellets, krill, brine shrimp, bloodworms, and live prey).
545:
1492:
351:
and its tributaries. Their invasive potential is due in part to their penchant for chasing other sunfish away from mutually preferred habitat of submerged vegetation, a form of
517:
some amount of hybrids. These green sunfish hybrids will often look like a combination of their parents, often making it difficult to distinguish one species from another.
1857:
1872:
1240:
1780:
1687:
1852:
1762:
359:, as of 2021, anglers must destroy green sunfish when caught and should report their catch to a state fisheries biologist. In the state of
1842:
1488:"Green Sunfish." Ohio Department of Natural Resources - Camping, Boating, Fishing, Hunting, Biking, Hiking in Ohio. Web. 26 Apr. 2011. <
1862:
1513:
1468:
Philips, Gary, Schmid, W., Underhill, J. (1982) "Fishes of the
Minnesota Region". University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, Minnesota,
1489:
1185:
1502:"Sunfish Biology and Identification: Minnesota DNR." Minnesota Department of Natural Resources: Minnesota DNR. Web. 26 Apr. 2011. <
1661:
1713:
1373:
1347:
1315:
196:
1463:
754:
315:
Green sunfish have been introduced to many bodies of water all across the United States. The green sunfish is considered an
1718:
1365:
1775:
558:
411:. and on the ear plate. It has a relatively big mouth and long snout that extends to beneath the middle of the eye. Its
561:(IGFA) all tackle world record for the species stands at 0.96 kg (2 lb 2 oz), caught from Stockton Lake,
1635:
1215:
352:
1483:
1473:
1441:
1420:
1390:
435:
363:, a permit is required in order to possess green sunfish as it is listed as a prohibited non-native species there.
1801:
1767:
1478:
Page, Lawrence, Burr, B. (1991) "A Field Guide to
Freshwater Fishes". Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, New York,
1867:
1819:
17:
400:
355:, their relatively large mouth, high fecundity and ability to tolerate sediment pollution. In the state of
1700:
1583:
1574:
1588:
1509:"Green Sunfish: Identifying Characteristics." Wyoming Game and Fish - Home - 1. Web. 26 Apr. 2011. <
1806:
1793:
878:. Division of Fish & Wildlife, New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. 2021. p. 17
1490:
http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/Home/species_a_to_z/SpeciesGuideIndex/greensunfish/tabid/6655/Default.aspx
1524:
85:
639:
1754:
395:
The green sunfish is blue-green in color on its back and sides with yellow-flecked bony-ridged (
1741:
1692:
1536:
1023:
897:
701:
1510:
540:
281:
180:
771:
1731:
1609:
332:
983:
8:
1024:"Graded-index model of a fish double cone exhibits differential polarization sensitivity"
50:
1157:
1127:
868:
264:
tackle. They usually get 10 inches long, but in some cases they can get 12 inches long.
1503:
1431:
1100:
843:
795:
80:
1596:
1479:
1469:
1459:
1437:
1416:
1386:
1092:
1044:
799:
750:
616:
348:
309:
1847:
1601:
1104:
1084:
1036:
835:
787:
745:
Ross, Stephen T. (2013). "Chapter Eleven, Interactions in
Resource Acquisition I".
634:
424:
316:
221:
791:
1517:
1496:
501:
304:. They are specifically indigenous to a number of lakes and rivers, such as the
277:
229:
217:
492:
1559:
1410:
578:
526:
293:
127:
1072:"Double Cones As A Basis For A New Type Of Polarization Vision In Vertebrates"
1836:
1726:
1343:
625:
344:
297:
273:
225:
147:
70:
65:
1640:
1129:
Polarization difference imaging: A means for seeing through scattering media
1040:
1705:
1265:
1071:
675:
481:
420:
416:
412:
408:
1291:
1096:
1048:
41:
1749:
1674:
1568:
477:
305:
261:
232:
137:
1666:
1653:
847:
822:
581:λεπίς (scale) and πώμα (cover, plug, operculum). The specific epithet,
404:
356:
336:
324:
285:
1679:
1622:
1088:
536:
249:
97:
1530:
1241:"Sunfish Care - Keeping Pumpkinseeds, Bluegills and Their Relatives"
839:
1648:
1627:
1553:
1356:
562:
469:
461:
257:
244:
117:
1402:
America's
Favorite Fishing-A Complete Guide to Angling for Panfish
1814:
1525:
http://hatch.cehd.umn.edu/research/fish/fishes/green_sunfish.html
1292:"Green Sunfish 101: Care, Diet, Tank Size, Tank Mates & More"
902:
473:
439:
Green sunfish from Walnut Point State Park, east-central
Illinois
396:
360:
340:
328:
320:
253:
240:
236:
157:
823:"Competition and Habitat Shift in Two Sunfishes (Centrarchidae)"
382:
1614:
532:
457:
453:
376:
368:
301:
289:
107:
749:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 242–243.
700:
Fuller, Pam; Cannister, Matt; Neilson, Matt (14 August 2019).
1788:
465:
982:
Clemons, Emily (2005). Dewey, Tanya; Harrel, Sherry (eds.).
876:
New Jersey Fish & Wildlife Digest, 2021 Freshwater Issue
1511:
http://gf.state.wy.us/fishexam/species/frmGreenSunfish.aspx
776:: Density and Competition among Sunfish: Some Alternatives"
608:
372:
1021:
Rowe, M.P.; Engheta, N.; Easter, S.S.; Pugh, E.N. (1994).
1266:"Green Sunfish – The Complete Fishing and Species Guide"
931:(Philips et al. 1982, p. 208; Page et al. 1991, p. 267).
1159:
Categorical color discrimination in the green sunfish,
922:(Philips et al. 1982, p. 208; Page et al. 1991, p. 267)
699:
1020:
1504:
http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/fish/sunfish/biology.html
484:, and sometimes plant material. They are omnivores.
770:Werner, Earl E.; Hall, Donald J. (7 January 1977).
680:
1156:
1126:
1070:
1022:
821:
513:typically live between 4 and 6 years in the wild.
472:, turtle food, frogs, some small fish, fish eggs,
1456:Dr. Axelrod's Atlas of freshwater aquarium fishes
419:, a dorsal fin with about 10 dorsal spines and a
415:are short with rounded edges containing 13 to 14
1834:
1383:The Sunfishes-A Fly Fishing Journey of Discovery
1858:Fauna of the Great Lakes region (North America)
1458:T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey,
1069:Cameron, David A.; Pugh Jr., Edward N. (1991).
1068:
959:
957:
955:
676:"Datasheet: Lepomis cyanellus (green sunfish)"
640:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T61248A58309866.en
399:) scales, as well as yellow coloration on the
272:The green sunfish is native to a wide area of
1320:CT.gov - Connecticut's Official State Website
1436:. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Dillon Press Inc.
952:
549:sunfish do facilitate color discrimination.
1873:Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque
1385:. Bennington, VT: Abenaki Publishers, Inc.
1029:Journal of the Optical Society of America A
904:. Florida Department of State. 27 June 2022
747:Ecology of North American Freshwater Fishes
614:
379:, where it has become established in some.
1238:
898:"Fla. Admin. Code 68-5.006 & 68-5.007"
819:
769:
535:of the green sunfish includes a mosaic of
267:
59:
40:
820:Werner, Earl E.; Hall, Donald J. (1977).
674:Allen, Uma Sabapathy (20 November 2019).
638:
520:
1150:
1148:
491:
434:
381:
1374:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
1342:
981:
243:, the green sunfish is also kept as an
14:
1835:
669:
667:
665:
663:
661:
659:
657:
367:has been transplanted to countries in
1535:
1534:
1380:
1336:
1289:
1196:. International Game Fish Association
1154:
1145:
673:
1853:Freshwater fish of the United States
1820:943253A1-BE58-48D7-8DE2-6B1B63A932D9
1794:2157802E-C95F-2D94-1C19-47A21B8D033C
1429:
1408:
1399:
744:
460:, insects that fall into the water,
1843:IUCN Red List least concern species
1124:
702:"Lepomis cyanellus (green sunfish)"
654:
626:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
559:International Game Fish Association
24:
1863:Fauna of the Eastern United States
940:(Philips et al. 1982, p. 208-209).
25:
1884:
1263:
1166:(PhD). University of Pennsylvania
1133:(PhD). University of Pennsylvania
1239:Indiviglio, Frank (2012-12-13).
735:Electro-fishing surveys, NH DES.
84:
1308:
1283:
1257:
1232:
1208:
1178:
1118:
1062:
1014:
1005:
975:
966:
943:
934:
925:
916:
890:
552:
546:polarization difference imaging
487:
339:, with unconfirmed presence in
1011:(Philips et al. 1982, p. 209).
861:
813:
763:
738:
729:
720:
693:
390:
308:and some of the basins of the
13:
1:
1415:. New York: Stackpole Books.
949:(Philips et al. 1982, p. 209)
792:10.1126/science.195.4273.94.b
706:Nonindigenous Aquatic Species
601:
452:Its diet can include aquatic
216:) is a species of aggressive
568:
7:
1216:"Rating Sunfish Aggression"
1155:Lynch, Eileen Mary (1998).
726:(Page et al. 1991, p. 267).
10:
1889:
1290:Smith, Rich (2021-09-14).
592:
524:
430:
1543:
284:in the east and from the
186:
179:
81:Scientific classification
79:
57:
48:
39:
34:
1409:Rice, F. Philip (1984).
1400:Rice, F. Philip (1964).
1346:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
708:. U.S. Geological Survey
353:interference competition
1433:Fly-Fishing for Panfish
1404:. New York: Harper Row.
1041:10.1364/JOSAA.11.000055
585:derives from the Greek
447:
268:Geographic distribution
1868:Fish described in 1819
1220:MonsterFishKeepers.com
1125:Tyo, J. Scott (1997).
521:Anatomy and physiology
497:
440:
387:
633:: e.T61248A58309866.
495:
438:
385:
282:Appalachian Mountains
1450:Axelrod, Herbert R.
1381:Ellis, Jack (1993).
1360:. June 2014 version.
992:Animal Diversity Web
615:NatureServe (2019).
500:Green sunfish begin
444:that provide cover.
1430:Malo, John (1981).
407:, the bases of the
280:in the west to the
51:Conservation status
1516:2011-07-21 at the
1495:2011-05-12 at the
1337:General References
869:"2021 Regulations"
498:
441:
388:
1830:
1829:
1575:Lepomis cyanellus
1545:Lepomis cyanellus
1537:Taxon identifiers
1464:978-0-7938-0616-4
1368:Lepomis cyanellus
1350:Lepomis cyanellus
1188:Lepomis cyanellus
1186:"Sunfish, green (
1161:Lepomis cyanellus
1083:(6340): 161–164.
986:Lepomis cyanellus
756:978-0-520-24945-5
619:Lepomis cyanellus
577:derives from the
573:The generic name
511:Lepomis cyanellus
417:pectoral fin rays
349:Connecticut River
319:by the states of
310:Mississippi River
213:Lepomis cyanellus
204:
203:
190:Lepomis cyanellus
172:L. cyanellus
74:
16:(Redirected from
1880:
1823:
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1089:10.1038/353161a0
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1060:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1026:
1018:
1012:
1009:
1003:
1002:
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998:
988:(Green sunfish)"
979:
973:
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964:
961:
950:
947:
941:
938:
932:
929:
923:
920:
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691:
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671:
652:
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649:
647:
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612:
317:invasive species
192:
89:
88:
68:
63:
62:
44:
32:
31:
21:
1888:
1887:
1883:
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1600:
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1558:
1557:
1552:
1539:
1518:Wayback Machine
1497:Wayback Machine
1444:
1423:
1393:
1364:
1339:
1334:
1333:
1324:
1322:
1316:"Green Sunfish"
1314:
1313:
1309:
1300:
1298:
1288:
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1274:
1272:
1262:
1258:
1249:
1247:
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1209:
1199:
1197:
1184:
1183:
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1123:
1119:
1109:
1107:
1067:
1063:
1053:
1051:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1006:
996:
994:
980:
976:
971:
967:
963:(Paulson 2004).
962:
953:
948:
944:
939:
935:
930:
926:
921:
917:
907:
905:
896:
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881:
879:
871:
867:
866:
862:
852:
850:
840:10.2307/1936222
818:
814:
804:
802:
786:(4273): 94–95.
768:
764:
757:
743:
739:
734:
730:
725:
721:
711:
709:
698:
694:
684:
682:
672:
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645:
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613:
609:
604:
595:
571:
555:
529:
523:
490:
450:
433:
421:homocercal tail
393:
278:Rocky Mountains
270:
220:in the sunfish
218:freshwater fish
200:
194:
188:
175:
83:
75:
64:
60:
53:
28:
27:Species of fish
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1886:
1876:
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1855:
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1406:
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1391:
1378:
1362:
1344:Froese, Rainer
1338:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1307:
1282:
1270:panfish nation
1256:
1245:That Fish Blog
1231:
1207:
1177:
1144:
1117:
1061:
1013:
1004:
974:
972:(Paulson 2004)
965:
951:
942:
933:
924:
915:
889:
860:
834:(4): 869–876.
812:
762:
755:
737:
728:
719:
692:
653:
606:
605:
603:
600:
594:
591:
570:
567:
554:
551:
527:Vision in fish
522:
519:
489:
486:
480:, other small
449:
446:
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429:
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389:
269:
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202:
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176:
169:
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128:Actinopterygii
125:
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111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
77:
76:
58:
55:
54:
49:
46:
45:
37:
36:
35:Green sunfish
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1874:
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1838:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1781:green-sunfish
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274:North America
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250:nightcrawlers
246:
242:
239:popular with
238:
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226:Centrarchidae
223:
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209:
208:green sunfish
198:
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181:Binomial name
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148:Centrarchidae
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18:Green Sunfish
1544:
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1349:
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556:
553:IGFA records
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488:Reproduction
451:
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365:L. cyanellus
364:
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212:
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189:
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171:
170:
158:
29:
1750:NatureServe
1675:iNaturalist
1569:Wikispecies
646:19 November
541:double cone
478:zooplankton
391:Description
306:Great Lakes
276:, from the
262:fly fishing
233:Perciformes
138:Perciformes
1837:Categories
1412:Panfishing
1325:2022-07-21
1301:2022-07-21
1250:2022-07-21
1225:2022-07-21
602:References
583:cyanellus,
537:cone cells
525:See also:
405:dorsal fin
386:A juvenile
357:New Jersey
337:New Jersey
325:California
294:Gulf Coast
286:Hudson Bay
197:Rafinesque
800:239813025
569:Etymology
565:in 1971.
474:bryozoans
425:hybridize
409:anal fins
288:basin in
258:mealworms
166:Species:
104:Kingdom:
98:Eukaryota
1755:2.103917
1693:11073169
1649:FishBase
1560:Q1543413
1554:Wikidata
1514:Archived
1493:Archived
1357:FishBase
1194:igfa.org
774:Response
589:(blue).
563:Missouri
502:spawning
470:molluscs
468:, other
462:crayfish
254:waxworms
245:aquarium
144:Family:
118:Chordata
114:Phylum:
108:Animalia
94:Domain:
71:IUCN 3.1
1848:Lepomis
1815:ZooBank
1807:1022845
1667:2394494
1454:(2007)
1275:21 July
1200:12 July
1170:15 July
1137:15 July
1110:15 July
1105:4252617
1097:1891046
1054:15 July
1049:8106915
997:12 July
908:12 July
882:12 July
853:13 July
848:1936222
828:Ecology
805:13 July
780:Science
712:12 July
685:12 July
593:Aquaria
575:Lepomis
454:insects
431:Habitat
401:ventral
397:ctenoid
361:Florida
341:Vermont
333:Georgia
329:Florida
321:Arizona
296:in the
292:to the
241:anglers
237:panfish
159:Lepomis
154:Genus:
134:Order:
124:Class:
69: (
1768:201691
1719:168132
1628:LEPMCY
1615:207660
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1452:et al.
1440:
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1077:Nature
1047:
846:
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587:κυανός
533:retina
466:snails
458:larvae
377:Europe
375:, and
369:Africa
302:Mexico
290:Canada
222:family
199:, 1819
1802:WoRMS
1789:Plazi
1739:NAS:
1732:61248
1706:77079
1688:IRMNG
1680:58636
1641:10070
1636:EUNIS
1602:3TG2D
1589:56076
1527:>.
1520:>.
1506:>.
1499:>.
1101:S2CID
872:(PDF)
844:JSTOR
796:S2CID
579:Greek
496:Adult
230:order
228:) of
1776:ODNR
1763:NCBI
1727:IUCN
1714:ITIS
1662:GBIF
1654:3371
1623:EPPO
1584:BOLD
1480:ISBN
1470:ISBN
1460:ISBN
1438:ISBN
1417:ISBN
1387:ISBN
1277:2022
1202:2022
1172:2022
1139:2022
1112:2022
1093:PMID
1056:2022
1045:PMID
999:2022
910:2022
884:2022
855:2022
807:2022
751:ISBN
714:2022
687:2022
648:2021
631:2019
557:The
539:and
531:The
456:and
448:Diet
373:Asia
343:and
335:and
235:. A
206:The
1742:380
1701:ISC
1610:EoL
1597:CoL
1085:doi
1081:353
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