402:
privatization targets. The Greek government liberalized product markets and improved bank recapitalization. According to the IMF, "Greece has made impressive progress under the new coalition government". Examples were a 15-percent drop in unit labor cost, an over-20-percent reduction in the minimum wage, and reforms which would reduce pension spending to about 14 percent of GDP. The Greek government also recapitalized important banks. Between May 31, 2013 and May 30, 2014, the IMF completed the third, fourth and fifth
Reviews Under Extended Fund Facility Arrangement and Greece drew a total of €6.87 billion.
350:. The SBA was approved six days later by the Executive Board of the IMF using its Emergency Financing Mechanism. The SBA totaled 26.4 billion SDR, with 4.8 billion immediately available. The arrangement aimed to improve competitiveness and investment (making Greece an export-led growth model) and suppress domestic demand with wage and benefit cuts. The state would have a minor role in the economy, and a Financial Stability Fund (FSF) would be created. Improved market confidence and growth was expected.
2931:
528:'s Commissioner for Human Rights, the austerity measures negatively impacted the rights to adequate housing, healthcare and education. The report quoted a Greek National Commission for Human Rights (GNCHR) statement that "austerity measures undermine fundamental constitutional principles and violate constitutionally-guaranteed human rights". The IMF has been held responsible for violating Greek human rights by the Hellenic League for Human Rights (HLHR), the country's oldest human-rights organization.
30:
477:
standards". The IMF said that important reforms of public financial management and revenue administration had been implemented, and the Greek government reformed the minimum wage, barriers to competition, privatization and collective bargaining. Imports and unit labor costs were reduced, making a three-percent deficit in 2011 a 0.5 percent surplus in 2013. The banking system had been consolidated, and the 2012 debt decreased to 160 percent of GDP from 172 percent.
446:
2022. The Greek government promised to relax capital controls and preserve labor-market reforms, liberalizing Sunday trade and facilitating investment. The program was expected to create a steady-rate growth of one percent. However, the IMF said that "Greece's debt remains unsustainable". Despite its approval in principle, the SBA was never approved; on June 21, 2018, Lagarde said that "time has clearly run out to enter into a Stand-By
Arrangement".
2396:
193:
365:) expressed satisfaction with the government's implementation of the program. According to the troika, the program "has made a strong start" with implementation in fiscal policy (the government "kept spending below the budget limit at the state level"), the financial sector (the FSF "will soon become operational") and structural reforms ("Parliament's approval of the landmark pension reform").
417:
missed an IMF payment. Another repayment, amounting to SDR 360 million, was missed on July 13. The IMF published a July 14 study of Greece's public debt, calling it highly unsustainable and saying that it should peak at 200 percent of GDP in the next few years. Greece repaid its IMF debt (1.6 billion
480:
The IMF emphasized, however, that exports under-performed; Greece's governance indicators worsened during the program, and the debt was declared unsustainable in 2015. Growth, debt sustainability and competitiveness targets were not met; growth was less than expected, unemployment was higher and the
376:
In their
February 2011 Third Review Mission to Greece, the troika reported that all necessary reforms were being adopted and expressed their support for the Greek government. The third SBA review, completed on March 14, allowed the government to draw 3.6 billion SDR. The troika acknowledged overall
445:
The IMF approved a 1.3 billion SBA on principle on July 20, awaiting assurances of Greece's debt sustainability. The Greek economic program was a macroeconomic stabilization with reforms including higher taxes on the middle class and pension cuts amounting to 3.5 percent of GDP (or surplus) until
463:
However, the IMF expressed disappointment at Greek privatization and labor-market flexibility; the government continued to spend more than the EU average on wages. The crisis was worse than expected; Greek GDP contracted 17 percent from 2009 to 2012 instead of the expected 5.5 percent, and the
441:
On May 2, 2017 the IMF said that it "reached a preliminary agreement with the Greek authorities on a policy package to support the recovery in Greece". On July 7, the Greek government requested an approval in principle for an SBA to the IMF. The SBA would last for 13 month and 12 days, and 1.3
368:
On
September 10, the IMF Executive Board completed its first review of Greece's performance under the SBA and authorized the disbursement of 2.16 billion SDR. The troika emphasized the need for more reforms, including cuts in health spending and wages, privatization and the abolition of trade
489:
Greece is subject to post-program monitoring (PPM), focusing on its ability to repay the IMF, as a country which owes the fund more than 1.5 billion SDR or 200 percent of its quota. The first PPM was completed on March 12, 2019; the IMF concluded that "recovery in Greece is accelerating and
476:
On
February 7, 2017, the IMF published a report evaluating Greece's EFF. According to the report, the program's implementation was hindered by Greece's political instability and any program would have failed under the circumstances: "protracted recession and ... rapidly falling living
401:
After a political crisis due to the Greek election, the IMF completed its First and Second
Reviews Under Extended Fund Facility Arrangement and approved an €3.24 billion disbursement on January 16, 2013 with the new government. Policies were modified, such as the fiscal adjustment path and
380:
On July 8, the Fourth Review Under Stand-By
Arrangement was completed and the IMF disbursed SDR 2.9 billion SDR. The fund said on October 11 that "the recession will be deeper than was anticipated in June and a recovery is now expected only from 2013 onwards. There is no evidence yet of an
372:
The second SBA review was completed on
December 17, and the IMF Executive Board approved a disbursement of 2.16 billion SDR. According to Deputy Managing Director and Acting Chair Murilo Portugal, "An arrangement for Greece under the Extended Fund Facility (...) will be brought forward for
397:
supported the agreement. It was approved on March 15, with an immediate disbursement of 1.4 billion SDR and an overall commitment of 23.7853 billion SDR (2.159 percent of the Greek quota). The SBA's undisbursed funds were also cancelled. The program aimed to return to growth with improved
381:
improvement in investor sentiment and the related increase in investments (...) Overall, the authorities continue to make important progress". On
December 5, 2011 The IMF completed its Fifth Review Under Stand-By Arrangement for Greece, approving a 1.9 billion SDR disbursement.
459:
On June 5, 2013, the IMF published its report evaluating Greece's SBA. According to the report, the SBA improved long-term sustainability due to cuts in wages and pensions and a VAT increase; the Greek government significantly reduced its fiscal deficit and unit labor cost.
481:
recession was deeper, Nominal GDP in 2013 and 2015 was 12 and 20 percent lower than initial estimates, which "may have been too optimistic". The Greek government met 61 of 97 structural conditions; one was waived, and 16 were outstanding when the review was completed.
409:
problems with the new government's intentions. Lagarde noted that the Greek government was unwilling to reform its VAT policy and pension system and implement policies agreed to by the former government in areas such as privatization and the labor market.
490:
broadening", with projected growth of 2.4 percent of GDP due to the export market, private consumption and investment. Although the country can repay its debt, the fund supports more reform for increased productivity and labor-market flexibility.
502:(ENNHRI) published a letter saying that privatization "complicated the access to essential public services such as water and sanitation and energy" and poor Greek citizens were denied healthcare because of government cuts. That year, the
1985:"PACE - Doc. 14450 Part 3 (GR) (2017) - The progress of the Assembly's monitoring procedure (January-December 2017) and the periodic review of the honouring of obligations by Estonia, Greece, Hungary and Ireland Periodic review: Greece"
384:
On March 9, 2012, the Greek government canceled the SBA and asked the IMF for an
Extended Fund Facility (EFF) agreement. The government borrowed and repaid a total of 17.54 million of the initially-agreed 26.43 million SDR.
2083:
283:
from 2010 to 2012 and an agreement under the Extended Fund Facility from 2012 to 2016, borrowing a total of 27,766.3 million SDR. Greece owes the IMF 6,735.64 million SDR, and is the fund's third-largest borrower (after
432:
The EFF agreement was canceled in January 2016. The Greek government drew 10.2 billion SDR (instead of the 23.7 SDR initially agreed), and the IMF conducted five (instead of the initially-agreed 16) program reviews.
308:
upgraded Greece from BBB+ (March 2000) to A+ (October 2003). It developed an economy based on large deficits and high debt levels which were vulnerable to a halt in private-capital flow. At the beginning of the
1946:
521:
reported that the austerity measures infringed the rights to healthcare, to an adequate standard of living, to work and to social security, with a "disproportionate impact on the most vulnerable".
1698:
1763:
333:
downgraded Greece to BBB+ with a negative watch. The country could no longer access the global market, and sought help from European institutions and the International Monetary Fund.
1848:
683:
2090:
442:
billion SDR (55 percent of the Greek quota) was requested. According to the government, the program would be active when Greece's European partners guaranteed debt relief.
1598:
1699:"Greece : Ex-Post Evaluation of Exceptional Access Under the 2012 Extended Arrangement-Press Release; Staff Report;and Statement by the Executive Director for Greece"
517:
directorate-general for internal policies said that the austerity measures infringed the rights to a pension, to work, to healthcare and to justice. In October 2017, the
1904:
2127:
1887:"Greece: Ex-Post Evaluation of Exceptional Access Under the 2012 Extended Arrangement-Press Release; Staff Report;and Statement by the Executive Director for Greece"
848:
1372:"Press Release: IMF Executive Board Completes First and Second Reviews Under Extended Fund Facility Arrangement for Greece and Approves €3.24 Billion Disbursement"
1791:
2327:
499:
2437:
2384:
2332:
110:
2272:
321:
announced a 15.5-percent revision of the public deficit. Earlier data about public debt and deficit had been masked by former governments with the help of
1724:
1816:
999:
2302:
2207:
2157:
2076:
518:
405:
On February 14, 2015, after the Greek elections, IMF chair and managing director Christine Lagarde explained in a letter to the president of the
2362:
3130:
2222:
2112:
138:
2342:
2307:
2257:
2187:
2172:
2107:
285:
653:
2352:
2317:
2312:
2287:
2267:
2242:
2152:
2132:
2347:
2337:
2322:
2292:
2262:
2252:
2247:
2212:
2182:
2177:
2167:
2122:
2117:
1175:"Press Release: IMF Executive Board Completes Fourth Review Under Stand-By Arrangement for Greece and Approves €3.2 Billion Disbursement"
873:
289:
223:
1226:"Press Release: IMF Executive Board Completes Fifth Review Under Stand-By Arrangement for Greece and Approves €2.2 Billion Disbursement"
393:
On March 9, 2012 (the same day the Greek government asked the IMF for an Extended Fund Facility (EFF) agreement), IMF managing director
2297:
2282:
2237:
2227:
2137:
2012:
1473:"Press Release: IMF Completes Fifth Review Under Extended Fund Facility Arrangement for Greece and Approves €3.41 Billion Disbursement"
2684:
2377:
2217:
2202:
2147:
2142:
1448:"Press Release: IMF Completes Fourth Review Under Extended Fund Facility Arrangement for Greece, Approves €1.72 Billion Disbursement"
2277:
2232:
2197:
2192:
88:
292:). In 2018, the fund began conducting annual post-program monitoring of Greece in addition to its annual Article IV consultation.
1963:
1764:"Greece : Request for Stand-By Arrangement-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Greece"
1548:
3125:
1270:
3080:
3076:
2603:
1750:"Greece - Request for Stand-By Arrangement - Press release; staff report; and statement by the executive director for Greece"
625:
498:
The IMF's austerity policies were criticized as violating the Greek constitution and human rights. On January 10, 2014, the
248:
3100:
3071:
2820:
2370:
975:"Press Release: IMF Completes First Review Under Stand-By Arrangement with Greece and Approves €2.57 Billion Disbursement"
506:
declared austerity measures such as the 2012 wage cuts for academic personnel and the planned privatization of the Athens
2875:
2735:
256:
1423:"IMF Completes Third Review Under Extended Fund Facility Arrangement for Greece, Concludes 2013 Article IV Consultation"
1125:"Press Release: IMF Completes Third Review Under Stand-By Arrangement for Greece and Approves €4.1 Billion Disbursement"
3019:
2528:
1050:"Press Release: IMF Completes Second Review Under Stand-By Arrangement for Greece, Approves €2.5 Billion Disbursement"
2030:
2664:
2462:
1929:
468:, and said that the country's reforms "failed to boost growth". Greece met 32 of the IMF's 45 structural conditions.
1984:
1254:"Greece: Letter of Intent, Memorandum of Economic and Financial Policies, and Technical Memorandum of Understanding"
2896:
2865:
2815:
2669:
2654:
2554:
174:
2912:
2810:
2629:
2624:
2569:
2564:
2392:
279:. Michail Psalidopoulos is the elected alternate director. Greece has signed two loan agreements with the IMF: a
216:
179:
2891:
2795:
2649:
2589:
2538:
2518:
2488:
1498:"Press Release: Letter by IMF Managing Director Christine Lagarde to the President of the Euro Group on Greece"
1150:"Press Release: Statement by the European Commission, the ECB, and IMF on the Fourth Review Mission to Greece"
464:
unemployment rate was 25 percent instead of the forecast 15 percent. The IMF had underestimated the impact of
2835:
2765:
2720:
2644:
2639:
2472:
2447:
1321:"Press Release: IMF Executive Board Approves €28 Billion Arrangement Under Extended Fund Facility for Greece"
2870:
2840:
2805:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2760:
2750:
2745:
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2725:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2689:
2634:
2579:
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2533:
2467:
2457:
2432:
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2845:
2830:
2825:
2790:
2755:
2730:
2679:
2619:
2609:
2513:
2498:
2493:
2400:
1964:"The impact of the crisis on fundamental rights across Member States of the EU. Country Report on Greece"
422:
240:
2930:
29:
3135:
3039:
2855:
2800:
2785:
2674:
2659:
2614:
2584:
2574:
2503:
2452:
2442:
209:
1749:
2599:
2594:
2523:
2508:
1886:
1397:
1346:
1199:
924:
503:
421:
Discussions by the Greek government and IMF staff from July 30 to August 12, 2015, resulted in a new
789:
425:. According to Lagarde, it aimed "to restore fiscal sustainability, financial sector stability, and
3090:
347:
280:
73:
247:
and 25,754 votes, 0.51% of the total IMF quota and votes. Greece has been represented on the IMF
93:
78:
66:
62:
1673:
1648:
1623:
1573:
1522:
1472:
1447:
1422:
1225:
1174:
1149:
1049:
1024:
974:
949:
898:
1497:
1371:
1320:
1295:
1124:
1099:
1074:
314:
304:, Greece obtained easier access to financial markets and experienced an economic boom. Indeed,
244:
143:
3095:
1200:"Statement by the European Commission, the ECB and IMF on the Fifth Review Mission to Greece"
377:
progress on June 3, citing the need for fiscal structural reform to reduce Greece's deficit.
358:
330:
164:
103:
46:
1849:"Greece : Ex Post Evaluation of Exceptional Access Under the 2010 Stand-By Arrangement"
711:
684:"Greece : Ex Post Evaluation of Exceptional Access Under the 2010 Stand-By Arrangement"
572:
761:
1253:
822:
8:
2068:
1025:"Press Release: Statement by the EC, ECB, and IMF on the Second Review Mission to Greece"
899:"Press Release: IMF Executive Board Approves €30 Billion Stand-By Arrangement for Greece"
544:
514:
362:
252:
122:
1792:"IMF Executive Board Approves in Principle €1.6 Billion Stand-By Arrangement for Greece"
1599:"Greece : An Update of IMF Staff's Preliminary Public Debt Sustainability Analysis"
1075:"Press Release: Statement by the EC, ECB, and IMF on the Third Review Mission to Greece"
3034:
736:
426:
398:
competitiveness, a reduced minimum wage and public spending, and fighting tax evasion.
597:
317:(GDP) and a public expenditure of 54.08 percent of GDP. That year, new prime minister
1905:"IMF Executive Board Concludes First Post-Program Monitoring Discussions with Greece"
797:
525:
414:
394:
318:
148:
117:
51:
21:
83:
2998:
2944:
354:
310:
1398:"IMF Survey: IMF Support for Greece Moves Ahead with €3.24 Billion Disbursement"
3085:
2993:
2988:
2973:
2963:
1674:"Press Release: Statement by IMF Managing Director Christine Lagarde on Greece"
1296:"Press Release: Statement by IMF Managing Director Christine Lagarde on Greece"
1100:"Press Release: Statement by the EC, ECB, and IMF on Greece's Economic Program"
98:
58:
3119:
3024:
3003:
801:
413:
On June 30, Greece did not repay 1.2 billion SDR to the IMF—the first time a
326:
322:
305:
197:
2413:
849:"Greek Debt Crisis: How Goldman Sachs Helped Greece to Mask its True Debt"
3029:
950:"Statement by the EC, ECB, and IMF on the First Review Mission to Greece"
2983:
276:
2013:"Report of the Commissioner for Human Rights of the Council of Europe"
243:, joining it on December 27, 1945. It has a quota of 2,428.90 million
1649:"Press Release: Statement at the End of an IMF Staff Visit to Greece"
465:
406:
1725:"Statement by the EC, ESM, ECB and IMF on negotiations with Greece"
272:
626:"Financial Position in the Fund for Greece as of October 31, 2019"
573:"IMF Members' Quotas and Voting Power, and IMF Board of Governors"
260:
1817:"Statement by IMF Managing Director Christine Lagarde on Greece"
925:"IMF Survey: IMF Approves €30 Bln Loan for Greece on Fast Track"
2395:
236:
762:"General government - General government spending - OECD Data"
255:
since 2019. Greece elects an Executive Director on the fund's
823:"General government - General government deficit - OECD Data"
507:
268:
264:
1347:"IMF Survey: IMF Board Approves €28 Billion Loan for Greece"
2968:
1000:"Greece : First Review Under the Stand-By Arrangement"
301:
2098:
2051:
737:"General government - General government debt - OECD Data"
346:
On May 3, 2010, the Greek government asked the IMF for a
500:
European Network of National Human Rights Institutions
313:
in 2009, Greece had a public debt of 135.4 percent of
2031:"Downgrading rights: the cost of austerity in Greece"
1549:"Greece fails to make IMF payment as bailout expires"
388:
1930:"Open letter on the upcoming Troika visit to Greece"
654:"Greece: Economy Improves, Key Reforms Still Needed"
471:
341:
1947:"Symvoulio tis Epikrateias, Plenary,no. 4741/2014"
300:During the early 2000s, after the adoption of the
454:
3117:
1547:Casert, Elena Becatoros and Raf (30 June 2015).
874:"Greece : Request for Stand-By Arrangement"
325:. Global markets began selling Greek bonds, and
1624:"Press Release: Statement by the IMF on Greece"
1574:"Press Release: Statement by the IMF on Greece"
1523:"Press Release: Statement by the IMF on Greece"
519:Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe
139:Economic history of Greece and the Greek world
2378:
2084:
373:consideration by the IMF's Executive Board".
217:
2943:
2385:
2371:
2091:
2077:
2007:
2005:
598:"IMF Executive Directors and Voting Power"
484:
353:On August 5, after a visit to Athens, the
224:
210:
170:Greece and the International Monetary Fund
1271:"History of Lending Arrangements: Greece"
2412:
2002:
524:According to a June 2018 report by the
3118:
2099:International Monetary Fund by country
1546:
846:
436:
239:is one of the original members of the
3131:International Monetary Fund relations
3060:
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2411:
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1881:
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1871:
1869:
1843:
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1248:
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784:
782:
3101:Visa requirements for Greek citizens
706:
704:
678:
676:
674:
648:
646:
620:
618:
567:
565:
449:
13:
2052:"Hellenic League for Human Rights"
1866:
1834:
1781:
1395:
1344:
1243:
922:
779:
389:Extended Fund Facility (2012-2016)
336:
14:
3147:
701:
671:
643:
615:
562:
508:Water Supply and Sewerage Company
2929:
2438:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2394:
847:Balzli, Beat (8 February 2010).
545:"List of Members' Date of Entry"
472:2012–2016 Extended Fund Facility
342:Stand-By Arrangement (2010-2012)
191:
28:
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2023:
1977:
1956:
1939:
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180:Thessaloniki International Fair
754:
729:
590:
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455:2010–2012 Stand-By Arrangement
1:
3126:1945 establishments in Greece
3061:
531:
418:SDR) on July 20, 2015.
295:
493:
7:
3072:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
2401:Foreign relations of Greece
423:memorandum of understanding
241:International Monetary Fund
10:
3152:
3040:Treaty of Guarantee (1960)
369:barriers, on November 23.
3067:
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2952:
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2905:
2884:
2698:
2547:
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2425:
2421:
2407:
2104:
716:worldgovernmentbonds.com
712:"Greece - Credit Rating"
790:"Greece's debt odyssey"
485:Post-program monitoring
251:by Minister of Finance
63:National Bank of Greece
3077:Diplomatic missions of
3020:Greek–Serbian Alliance
2128:Bosnia and Herzegovina
504:Greek Council of State
331:S&P Global Ratings
315:gross domestic product
175:International rankings
144:Greek economic miracle
3096:Visa policy of Greece
1204:European Central Bank
513:A 2015 report by the
359:European Central Bank
2685:United Arab Emirates
1396:online, IMF Survey.
1345:online, IMF Survey.
923:online, IMF Survey.
348:Stand-By Arrangement
281:Stand-By Arrangement
515:European Parliament
437:Proposed SBA (2017)
363:European Commission
253:Christos Staikouras
3035:Second Balkan Pact
2054:. 20 November 2016
1971:europarl.europa.eu
796:. 3 October 2019.
510:unconstitutional.
427:sustainable growth
249:Board of Governors
3136:Economy of Greece
3113:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3052:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3030:First Balkan Pact
2925:
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2921:
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2360:
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1705:. 7 February 2017
1206:. 11 October 2011
526:Council of Europe
415:developed country
395:Christine Lagarde
319:George Papandreou
234:
233:
198:Greece portal
149:Greek debt crisis
22:Economy of Greece
3143:
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2604:Kurdistan Region
2423:
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2273:Papua New Guinea
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2009:
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1995:
1989:assembly.coe.int
1981:
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1021:
1015:
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996:
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985:
971:
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819:
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786:
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758:
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749:
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708:
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612:
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569:
560:
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541:
450:Program outcomes
226:
219:
212:
196:
195:
194:
114:
111:companies listed
70:
32:
18:
17:
3151:
3150:
3146:
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3144:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3105:
3091:Greek diplomats
3063:
3044:
3008:
2999:Northern Epirus
2948:
2934:
2917:
2901:
2880:
2821:North Macedonia
2694:
2543:
2477:
2417:
2403:
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2100:
2097:
2067:
2057:
2055:
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2049:
2045:
2033:
2029:
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2024:
2011:
2010:
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1993:
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1983:
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496:
487:
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457:
452:
439:
391:
355:European troika
344:
339:
337:Loan agreements
311:Great Recession
298:
257:Executive Board
230:
192:
190:
108:
56:
12:
11:
5:
3149:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3111:
3110:
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3083:
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2994:Cyprus dispute
2991:
2989:Aegean dispute
2986:
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2974:European Union
2971:
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2328:United Kingdom
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2110:
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2043:
2022:
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1976:
1955:
1938:
1921:
1896:
1865:
1833:
1808:
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1755:
1741:
1716:
1690:
1665:
1640:
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1464:
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1414:
1388:
1363:
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1312:
1287:
1262:
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1217:
1191:
1166:
1141:
1116:
1091:
1066:
1041:
1016:
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966:
941:
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853:Spiegel Online
839:
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451:
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390:
387:
357:(the IMF, the
343:
340:
338:
335:
297:
294:
232:
231:
229:
228:
221:
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206:
203:
202:
201:
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101:
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86:
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74:Communications
71:
59:Bank of Greece
54:
49:
44:
39:
38:
34:
33:
25:
24:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3148:
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3028:
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3023:
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3018:
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3011:
3005:
3004:Craiova Group
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
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2529:United States
2527:
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2071:
2053:
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2039:
2032:
2026:
2018:
2014:
2008:
2006:
1990:
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1972:
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794:The Economist
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323:Goldman Sachs
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36:
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31:
27:
26:
23:
20:
19:
16:
2978:
2945:Multilateral
2665:Saudi Arabia
2463:South Africa
2162:
2058:27 September
2056:. Retrieved
2046:
2037:
2025:
2016:
1992:. Retrieved
1988:
1979:
1970:
1958:
1941:
1924:
1912:. Retrieved
1908:
1899:
1890:
1856:. Retrieved
1852:
1824:. Retrieved
1820:
1811:
1799:. Retrieved
1795:
1771:. Retrieved
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1758:
1744:
1732:. Retrieved
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1719:
1707:. Retrieved
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1681:. Retrieved
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1606:. Retrieved
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1505:. Retrieved
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1430:. Retrieved
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1405:. Retrieved
1401:
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1379:. Retrieved
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1366:
1354:. Retrieved
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1328:. Retrieved
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1315:
1303:. Retrieved
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1290:
1278:. Retrieved
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1265:
1233:. Retrieved
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