Great grey shrike - Knowledge

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surveying its territory: it spirals tens of meters/yards high into the air, usually briefly does a fluttering hover at the top of the spiral, and then glides down. Group neighbours will respond by performing the same type of flight, and eventually about half the group's members will depart to the meeting location where they will spend several tens of minutes – sometimes more than an hour – chattering, calling, duetting, and excitedly moving about the meeting site (which typically is some small tree or shrubbery). In winter, birds will often assemble in small groups and roost together, particularly to keep warm during the night; this is apparently not initiated with a specific assembly display however.

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tend to have their wintering grounds not far apart. As it seems, once an individual great grey shrike has found a wintering territory it likes, it will return there subsequently and perhaps even try to defend it against competitors just like a summer territory. Throughout the year, the birds regularly but briefly move through a range up to three times larger than their territory; this is tolerated by territory owners in winter more easily than in summer, and the parts of Europe where all-year residents and winter visitors co-occur typically have population densities around eight birds/km (about thirty per square mile) and occasionally more in winter.

1587:, but likes to breed in dispersed groups of a good half-dozen adults. It is not known to what extent the birds in such groups are related. In the temperate parts of its range, groups are perhaps 5 km (3.1 mi) apart, while individual territories within each group may be as small as 20 ha (49 acres) but more typically are about twice that size. In less hospitable climes, territories may be more than 350 ha (1.4 sq mi). Throughout the breeding season, in prime habitat, territories are held by mated pairs and single males looking for a partner. In less productive habitat, "floaters" hold territories more 2022:), usually starting about March and lasting to April/May. At first, the female rebuffs the male, only allowing him to feed her. Males give increasingly vocal displays and show off the white markings of the wings in flight and of the tail by fanning it and turning away from the female. He also occasionally turns to sit at a right angle to her. Eventually, the female will join in the male's displays, and the songs will become duets. To feed females and to show off their hunting prowess, males will make their food caches in conspicuous places during this time. When presenting nesting sites, males give the variety of calls described 2187: 831: 31: 2172: 1361: 1600: 1724: 102: 1576: 2060:, as neighbouring males will stray through each other's territory to snatch a quick fling with the resident females. In this, they have almost a one-in-three chance of success, and consequently the average grey shrike nest is very likely to contain offspring of more than one male. Females may deposit their eggs in neighbours' nests, but this seems to occur more rarely; in general, mated females are fairly reclusive after their eggs have started developing. A full 77: 2144: 238: 1010: 1672: 1248: 2030: 1712:. Small birds are sometimes caught in flight too, usually by approaching them from below and behind and seizing their feet with the beak. If no prey ventures out in the open, great grey shrikes will rummage through the undergrowth or sit near hiding places and flash their white wing and tail markings to scare small animals into coming out. As noted 1503:

range. Birds leave for winter quarters a more or less short time after breeding – July to October, with most birds staying to September – and return to nest mainly in March/April, but some only arrive in May. In recent decades, the number of birds remaining on the breeding grounds all year has been noted to increase e.g. in

1942:. Thus secured, the food can be ripped into bite-sized pieces with the beak. Orthoptera that the birds have recognized as containing noxious chemicals are left impaled in the larder for several days, until the chemicals that usually deter predators have been degraded. Great grey shrikes have also been observed to impale 2351:). Wherever it occurs, its numbers are usually many hundreds or even thousands per country. Its stronghold is the region around Sweden, where at least almost 20,000, perhaps as many as 50,000 were believed to live in the late 20th century. However, in some countries it is not robustly established; in 1061:

Males and females are about the same size, and do not differ conspicuously in appearance except by direct comparison. In the female the underparts are greyer and are usually visibly barred greyish-brown, and the white wing and tail markings are characteristically less in extent (though this is rarely

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after 2–3 weeks, typically in late June or early July; they become independent of their parents about 3–6 weeks later. Sometimes, a parent will single out particular fledglings (possibly the weakest ones) and focus their care and feeding on these during this time. Other adults have occasionally been

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Laying usually takes place in May. The clutch numbers three to nine eggs, typically around seven, with North American clutches tending to be larger on average than European ones. If a second clutch is produced in one breeding season, it is smaller than the first one. The eggs have a white background

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is typically initiated by the male bringing an attractive prey item to the female. With both giving begging calls, they approach until they are side by side. The male then raises and swings his body left and right a few times, and passes the prey to the female, followed by the actual copulation. The

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between regions, as "floaters" move between groups of territorial birds in search of a bountiful unclaimed territory to settle down and/or a partner to mate with. On the wintering grounds, pairs separate to account for the lower amount of food available at that time, but if both members migrate they

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Usually more than half of all nests manage to hatch at least one young, and around three-quarters of all eggs laid hatch, suggesting that if eggs are lost before hatching, it usually is the entire clutch. Half to three-quarters of the hatched young successfully fledge under most circumstances. They

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is strong during the breeding season and loosens over winter; birds often choose a different mate than the year before. To seek out potential mates, males will venture outside their breeding territories. If a female thus encountered finds a male to her liking, she will visit to see whether they get

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or similar elevated spot in a characteristic upright stance some metres/yards (at least one and up to 18 m/20 yd) above ground. Alternatively, it may scan the grassland below from flight, essentially staying in one place during prolonged bouts of mainly hovering flight that may last up to

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flights, which last briefly but may be repeated time after time because of the birds' considerable stamina. It will usually stay low above the ground in flight, approaching perches from below and landing in an upward swoop. In social interactions, birds signal an aggressive stance by a bold upright

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to it. The populations of the Central Asian mountains mostly migrate downslope rather than southwards. Females are more prone to migration than males; they do not appear to migrate, on average, longer or shorter distances than males, and consequently are the dominant sex in many parts of the winter

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Fledgelings moult part of their juvenile plumage before their first winter, and the rest in spring. Adults moult on their breeding grounds before going on migration, or before the depth of winter if they are resident. Sometimes adults also seem to moult some feathers before attempting to breed. As

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Before and after the nesting season, groups of breeding birds will sometimes initiate gatherings; these seem to occur at the boundary of the group's combined range or in the unclaimed land separating it from neighbouring groups. The initiation signal is a conspicuous display flight given by a bird

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The Iberian grey shrike is clearer and usually darker grey above, and not tinged grey but often decidedly pinkish on the belly and particular breast; the white "eyebrow" extends to over the beak, which has typically a larger pale base. The barring pattern is less developed at all ages, hardly ever

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Prey is killed by hitting it with the hooked beak, aiming for the skull in vertebrates. If too large to swallow in one or a few chunks, it is transported to a feeding site by carrying it in the beak or (if too large) in the feet. The feet are not suited for tearing up prey, however. It is rather

1138:. These are frequently heard during courtship, interspersed with song phrases as the harsh whistles are in pre-courtship. The song becomes softer and more warbling as the male shows the female around his territory, and at potential nest sites the male gives a lively chatter containing fluting 1001:

adult weights between 48 and 81 g (1.7 and 2.9 oz) are recorded. The wings are around 11.4 cm (4.5 in) and the tail around 10.9 cm (4.3 in) long in the nominate subspecies, its bill measures about 23 mm (0.91 in) from tip to skull, and the

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killer", due to their use for luring carnivorous birds to hunters – but perhaps more likely "killer magpie", considering that the bird was believed to be a peculiar sort of magpie by Johann Leonhard Frisch and others, and that another vernacular English name was "murdering pie".

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colour, usually with a grey hue and sometimes with a blue one; they are patterned with blotches of yellowish- to reddish-brown and purplish-grey, often denser around the blunt end. They measure around 26 mm (1.0 in) in length and 19.5 mm (0.77 in) in width.

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The lesser grey shrike is a smaller and comparatively short-tailed bird. It can best be recognized by the rather large black area above the bill, almost reaching to the forehead and without a white stripe above it. In flight, the wide instead of pointed black tail end of

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hatch naked, blind and pink-skinned, weighing c. 4 g (0.14 oz); their skin turns darker after a few days. The inside of their beak is pink and they probably lack spots or other prominent marks; the wattles at the corners of the mouth are yellow as in many

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shrubs are used for nesting. The actual nesting site is chosen by the male; the courtship visits of the female are mainly to form and strengthen the pair bond. Also, though the partners build the nest together, the male collects most of the nesting material. The

2304:. Overall, its stocks seem to be declining in the European part of its range since the 1970s. The increase and decline seem to be reactions to changing land use, with an increase as the number of agricultural workers declined after World War II and land fell 2056:) cease when nesting is underway, and when the eggs are nearly ready to lay, the male guards his partner closely, perching higher than her to watch for threats and frequently feeding her. This apparently ensures her physical well-being rather than preventing 1954:

them – by ripping open the back skin and pulling it over the head – to avoid contamination of the meat by the toxic skin secretions. Large bones and similar inedible parts of prey animals are usually not ingested, but smaller ones such as tiny bones or the

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habitat seem to be required. It avoids low grassland with no lookouts and nesting opportunities (trees or large shrubs), as well as dense forest with no hunting ground. Apart from grassland, the birds will utilize a variety of hunting habitats, including

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is Latin for a watchman or sentinel. This refers to the birds' two most conspicuous behaviours – storing food animals by impaling them on thorns, and using exposed tree-tops or poles to watch the surrounding area for possible prey. Use of the former by

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The general colour of the upperparts is pearl grey, tinged brownish towards the east of its Eurasian range. The cheeks and chin as well as a thin and often hard-to-see stripe above the eye are white, and a deep black mask extends from the

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are built in April or May more than 1 m (3.3 ft) above ground in trees. This height varies according to habitat, but while nests have been found almost 40 m (44 yd) up, most are 2–16 m above ground. Presence of

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lineages) was probably somewhere between Asia Minor and central Asia. At the time of the Polgárdi fossil, it is rather likely that the grey shrikes were a distinct lineage already; given that they and the fiscals generally follow

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will become sexually mature in their first spring and often attempt to breed right away. On average, great grey shrikes get a chance at four breeding attempts during their life, with most birds in the wild getting eaten by a

654:("shrieker"). But it seems to have become the dominant term only in rather recent times, for as late as the 18th century, the species was still widely known as "greater butcher-bird" in English, just like it was known as the 1046:. In particular the breast is usually darker and sometimes browner than the rest of the light underside, and may appear as an indistinct band between the lighter belly and white throat. In the subspecies around the 2209:

takes around 16 days but may be closer to three weeks for large clutches; it is generally done only by the female. While the male may briefly take over incubating, his task during this time is to provide food. The

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are barely sympatric with the Chinese grey shrike. The latter is larger and generally differs from the northern species as the southern does, and in addition has much larger white areas in wings and tail.

1990:" are typically around 1 m (3.3 ft) above ground and can be found anywhere within the birds' territory, but tend to be rather in the general vicinity of nest sites than far away from them. 2136:, though bits of fabric and rubbish may be added. The interior cup is 8–12 cm (3.1–4.7 in) in diameter and 10–15 cm (3.9–5.9 in) deep; it is lined with fine twigs and roots, 1050:

in particular and in females elsewhere too, there may be faint brownish bars on the breast. The bill is large and hooked at the tip and coloured nearly black, but pale at the base of the under

377:), for which the description of the tail pattern is incorrect and which some authors already recognized as distinct – were considered separate species by Linnaeus, but that was to change soon. 2140:, hair and feathers. Building a nest from scratch takes a pair one to two weeks, but if nests of the previous year in good locations remain usable, they are repaired rather than discarded. 1498:. The migrations are triggered by scarcity of food and therefore, according to prey population levels, the winter range might little extend south beyond the breeding range, or be entirely 1986:, one or two additional vertebrate prey animals (including rodents), and up to a single vertebrate prey item's worth of invertebrates. Surplus food may be impaled for storage. These " 670:. A whimsical name – presumably from Scotland or nearby England – was "white wisky John" in reference to its wavy and somewhat unelegant flight, during which its large areas of light 822:

uncertainties surrounding this close-knit group in the absence of a good fossil record, some refrain from splitting them up into distinct species; most modern authors do so however.

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load, moulting can make a bird more physically attractive and healthy, and may thus increase its chance of successful reproduction. The phenomenon is not well understood, however.

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or dying of other causes before the end of their fifth winter. Raptorial birds are the main threat to shrikes after fledging, with regular predators including species as small as

1982:. An adult of this species needs about 50 g (1.8 oz) of prey a day, probably somewhat more in winter. Under most circumstances, this would thus translate to one or two 1353:

between Eastern Europe and Central Asia; it may be more closely related to the small brown shrikes and resemble the bold, aggressive and hard-to-catch grey shrikes because of

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posture, fanning and then flicking the tail and eventually the wings also as the bird gets more excited. It signals its readiness to strike at an intruder by shifting to a

1030:; the area immediately above the beak is grey. The scapulars (shoulder feathers) are white, and the wings are black with a white bar made up by the bases of the primary 2132:

is quite sizable, measuring 20–28 cm (7.9–11.0 in) in outer diameter. Its body is constructed of coarse vegetable material – mainly large twigs and chunks of

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to the African radiation of fiscal shrikes. These two seem to have originated in a west- or southwestward expansion from the genus' origin, which (considering the

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are the second-most important prey by quantity, though not by biomass; in the latter respect they are only a bit more important than birds, except as food for

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into a female-like plumage with the tertiary bars usually remaining in autumn. Across its range, the young acquire the adult plumage in their first spring.

369:– "a shrike with a wedge-shaped white-bordered tail, back grey, wings black with white spot". At that time, none of the other grey shrikes – including the 1802:) make up most of the remaining vertebrate prey. Birds are generally of little importance however, except in spring when male songbirds are engaged in 1998:

Great grey shrikes breed during the summer, typically once per year. In exceptionally good conditions, they raise two broods a year, and if the first

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interspersed, and adjacent lookout points. These are normally trees – at forest edges in much of the habitat, but single trees or small stands at the

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The flight of the great grey shrike is undulating and rather heavy, but its dash is straight and determined. It is, as noted above, also capable of

1416:; they lack white scapulars (grey-backed fiscal) or wingspots (Mackinnon's fiscal) and differ in some other details, particularly the tail pattern. 1122:. These whistles are also used in duets between mates in winter and neighbours in the breeding season. Various contact calls have been described as 3263: 2095:) nesting in the vicinity will also increase the desirability of nest sites to great grey shrikes, which moreover often refuse to prey upon these 4150: 2099:' nestlings though the opportunity is there. Apparently, the two species are more efficient in spotting potential nest predators – in particular 1034:, continuing slightly offset onto the bases of the secondary remiges in some regions. The tail is black, long, and pointed at the tip; the outer 1193:

calls are given by adults confronted with a potential threat to their young. To beg for food – young to adults or mates to each other – rows of

2330:(which will accumulate in adult carnivores and inhibit breeding success) around the 1960s probably had a detrimental influence on stocks too. 751:, the smallish fossil makes an unlikely ancestor to the large grey shrikes even when taking into account the somewhat warmer Miocene climate. 731:, Hungary. Its relationship to the modern species is unclear. However, all things considered, the grey shrike lineage probably represents the 4202: 993:, measuring from 22 to 26 cm (8.7 to 10.2 in) long. It typically weighs around 60 to 70 g (2.1 to 2.5 oz), although some 3376: 3128: 1006:

part of its "legs" (actually feet) is around 27.4 mm (1.08 in) long. Wingspan can range from 30 to 36 cm (12 to 14 in).

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plentiful high-quality habitat is found; though the number of great grey shrikes in this tiny country is necessarily limited, the average

3344: 3290: 841: 1078:, the fledglings are tinged quite brown indeed on upperside and wings, and have sharp and dark underside bars. In Eurasia, fledglings 3272:

Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis

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are rarely if ever eaten; though it might occasionally plunder songbird nests this is not well documented and it is not known to eat

802:). The centre of this group's radiation is probably in the eastern Mediterranean region, and the southern grey shrike represents the 2458:

Systema Naturæ per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis

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form. The other three only diverged during the expansion into temperate regions. This must have happened fairly recently, because

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in winter quarters with each of its three close relatives at the north of their range. Their overall colouration is – apparently

2816: 2363:, respectively. The 10 birds or so in Denmark might disappear because of a few years of adverse circumstances. By contrast, in 3303:

Sangster, George; Knox, Alan G.; Helbig, Andreas J.; Parkin, David T. (2002). "Taxonomic recommendations for European birds".

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Shrikes & bush-shrikes: including wood-shrikes, helmet-shrikes, flycatcher-shrikes, philentomas, batises and wattle-eyes

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and southern Germany small populations were found in the mid-20th century but have declined or even disappeared since then.

4338: 3278: 2482: 567:) and lingered on into modern times in Yorkshire. Along the upper Rhine, between Strasbourg and Heidelberg for example, 4124: 4059: 3442: 701:(crows and allies). Little reliable data exists on its evolution; certainly (even though the supposed ancestral shrike 4259: 3336: 3164: 3146: 932:– Eastern Morocco, northeastern Mauritania and northwestern Mali to northeastern Sudan, Egypt and southwestern Israel 3072:

Antczak, Marcin; Hromada, Martin; Tryjanowski, Piotr (2005). "Frogs and toads in the food of the Great Grey Shrike (

2087:) on side branches near the trunk (where nests are preferentially built) will make a tree markedly more attractive. 4333: 4207: 4090: 1094:

consists of short pleasant warbling strophes, interspersed with fluid whistles. The individual phrases may go like

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are eaten. Prey animals may exceptionally be almost as large as the birds themselves, for example chicks of the

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The loggerhead shrike is hard to distinguish, but the proportion of the head to the beak (which seems stubby in

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Aldrovandi (1646), Willughby (1676): p. 53, Ray (1713), Frisch (1720), Albin (1731–1738), Linnaeus (1746, 1758)

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in the past; for reasons unknown this has ceased since the late 1970s or so. It may well be that the cuckoo's

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Jønsson, Knud A.; Fjeldså, Jon (2006). "A phylogenetic supertree of oscine passerine birds (Aves: Passeri)".

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by head-turns away from them (if close by), or by imitating the crouching fluttering pose and calls given by

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Clement & Worfolk (1995), Tenuvuo & Varrela (1998), Harris & Franklin (2000): pp. 62–63, 150–151

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In: Vorstellung der Vögel in Teutschland, und beyläuffig auch einiger fremden, mit ihren natürlichen Farben

2124: 1931: 1118:. To announce to females, it often mixes these whistles with a strophe of song. A softer whistle goes like 314:). Males and females are similar in plumage, pearly grey above with a black eye-mask and white underparts. 58: 2592:

Gessner (1555): p. 557, Aldrovandi (1646), Willughby (1676): pp. 52–53, Ray (1713), Swainson (2008): p. 47

3984: 2284:(which are close to the same size as the shrike). The maximum documented lifespan, however, is 12 years. 2107:

them off cooperatively than either is on its own. Otherwise, there is no clear preference for particular

1640: 3989: 2416: 3913: 3258: 3240: 3156: 2641: 2265:(Corvidae) – extremely close relatives of the shrikes (Laniidae) as it happens – are most significant. 3953: 3401: 2618:

Harris & Franklin (2000): pp. 24–25, Mlíkovský (2003): pp. 233, 251, Jønsson & Fjeldså (2006)

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in various German dialects (e.g. around Frankfurt and Strasbourg) probably mean "choking angel" (cf.

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Clement, Peter; Worfolk, Tim (1995). "Southern and eastern Great Grey Shrikes in northwest Europe".

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Generally, its breeding range is found in Eurasia and northern Africa. In the high mountains of the

1169:, often repeated twice. The more excited the birds become, the higher and faster the calls get, via 1066:

young birds are heavily tinged greyish-brown all over, with barring on the upperside and indistinct

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where they usually form a substantial part of the diet. Most important among invertebrate prey are

101: 3358: 3113: 3059: 2186: 1437: 1433: 410:, who in his splendid colour plate confused male and female. But most authors cited by Linnaeus – 318: 3137: 2680: 2545: 2523:

Gessner (1555): p. 557, Linnaeus (1758), Glare (1968–1982): pp. 637, 1000, Swainson (2008): p. 47

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Linnaeus' binomial name replaced the cumbersome and confusing descriptive names of the earlier

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only a few hundred are found, with less than 200 in Belgium and some more or less than 100 in

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are offspring of previous years, or unrelated non-breeding "floaters" or breeding neighbours.

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and specifically means the red-backed shrike, but could in earlier times refer to any native

196: 3976: 4254: 3922: 3799: 3759: 2909: 2889: 2461:(in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 94. 1964: 942: 624: 430:

or similar, which is a near-literal equivalent of the common name "great grey shrike". The

249:, Resident in red, breeding in yellow, non-breeding in green, and passage migrant in blue. 3251:, etc. (1st ed.): 68–69 . Conrad & Georg Jacob Wishoff, Leiden ("Lugdunum Batavorum"). 2393: 2322:

and similar elevated growth formerly common amidst the agricultural landscape. For such a

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Medium grey above, pale grey hue below; some white on primaries and sometimes secondaries

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and often rather oblivious of their surroundings, in late summer when inexperienced

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might not belong in the Laniidae, and probably does not belong in the same genus as

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is destroyed before hatching they are usually able to produce a second one. Their

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are also buffy, with a black band in the latter. In the North American subspecies

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in the southern grey shrike – and where the species' ranges overlap, they do not

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The scientific name of the great grey shrike literally means "sentinel butcher":

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Altogether, the great grey shrike is common and widespread and not considered a

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recorded assisting in feeding a pair's offspring; it is not clear whether these

697:. Among its superfamily, the closest relatives of the Laniidae are probably the 4098: 4085: 3579: 3305: 3123: 2242: 2120: 1971: 1732: 1608: 1495: 989:

An adult great grey shrike is a medium-sized passerine about as large as a big

875: 620: 544: 493: 451: 326: 2456: 2041:) and great grey shrikes apparently cooperate to protect their offspring from 1723: 1599: 639: 4312: 4176: 3898: 3821: 3777: 3732: 3420: 3254: 3236: 3100: 3090: 3042: 2681:"Northern Shrike, Life History, All About Birds – Cornell Lab of Ornithology" 2645: 2452: 2402: 2234: 2160: 2096: 2061: 1999: 1923: 1859: 1575: 1449: 1067: 1047: 990: 505: 466:

and announces of songbirds" as he put it. This habit was also put to use in

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Der V.ten Hauptart II.te Abtheilung, Viererley Arten Aelstern – II.te Platte

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calls are given. This species sometimes tries to attract small songbirds by

980:) – Central Asia and parts of northern China, Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan 810:

is not complete in the grey shrikes, and most of the present-day habitat of

4064: 3836: 3723: 3543: 3516: 2270: 2148: 1696: 1692: 1564: 1504: 1350: 1182: 1071: 819: 755: 739: 735: 721: 551:("choking bird") might, however, do so. The English version, having become 283: 4137: 3907: 2998:"Effects of Little Owl Predation on Northern Shrike Postfledging Success" 2301: 2274: 1943: 1935: 1911: 1879: 1867: 1863: 1743: 1633: 1473: 1330: 1302: 970:– Pakistan through central India and southern Nepal to western Bangladesh 661: 475: 3963: 728: 4277: 4116: 3016: 2364: 2281: 2080: 1823: 1763: 1688: 1647:

gesture to prevent an imminent attack by a conspecific is pointing the

1644: 1543: 1499: 1480: 1409: 1262: 1218: 1102:.... To announce that it has become aware of someone straying into its 1043: 1027: 994: 946:– east-central Sudan to northwestern Somalia northwest to Iraq and Iran 860: 763: 572: 381: 287: 4220: 4142: 2143: 595:. It literally means "killer of nine " and refers to the food caches. 366:

L cauda cuneiformi lateribus alba, dorso cano, alis nigris macula alba

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moult requires a considerable investment of energy, some significant

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by comparison and is all-dark) is usually reliable. Indeed, the word

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present even in females, and slighter in the otherwise very similar

938:– central and southern Mauritania to southern Chad and central Sudan 237: 4051: 3892: 3470: 3286: 2323: 2319: 2258: 2214: 2129: 2042: 1951: 1899: 1895: 1875: 1847: 1660: 1091: 1051: 724: 698: 619:, meanwhile, is of Germanic origin also and dates back at least to 599: 543:). These names are unlikely to significantly pre-date the times of 521: 497: 467: 419: 269: 133: 3387:

European Breeding Bird Atlas 2: Distribution, Abundance and Change

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Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Norway Bird Collection

1579:

Perching sites are important features of great grey shrike habitat

1009: 4290: 4233: 3948: 2352: 2297: 2254: 2253:

laying eggs similar to those of the great grey shrike has become

2112: 1919: 1915: 1799: 1775: 1771: 1755: 1671: 1547: 1457: 1445: 1342: 1031: 710: 671: 395: 272: 3076:): larders and skinning as two ways to consume dangerous prey". 1247: 912:

above, dull white below; more white on primaries and secondaries

627: 547:(c. 700 AD) because of their Christian connotation; the related 3935: 3499: 3464: 3451: 3068:(3rd ed., Vol. 1): 389 . Nicolò Tebaldini, Bologna ("Bononia"). 2356: 2305: 2277: 2262: 2223: 2137: 2100: 1987: 1983: 1956: 1939: 1903: 1891: 1855: 1851: 1787: 1759: 1747: 1709: 1539: 1535: 1461: 1107: 1063: 1055: 717: 611: 591: 403: 334: 276: 173: 163: 123: 3389:. Barcelona: European Bird Census Council & Lynx Editions. 2029: 1695:. To hunt, this bird perches on the topmost branch of a tree, 1659:

benefits to offset this are likely. Reducing feather wear and

1400:

refers to the relatively larger head of the southern species.

1042:. The underparts are white, slightly tinged with grey in most 4033: 3274:(10th ed., Vol. 1): 94 . Lars Salvius, Stockholm ("Holmius"). 3120:, etc. (Vol. 5): plate 55 . F.H.Frisch, Berlin ("Berolinum"). 1907: 1839: 1783: 1676: 1531: 1527: 1490:

in the temperate European parts of its range with their mild

1468:. There do not appear to be breeding records from the entire 1465: 1318: 1079: 3342: 3205: 2123:

is used just as well. Far more rarely, large and especially

3476: 3345:"Identification of the Great Grey Shrike complex in Europe" 3051:. Vol. 2. London: William Innys. p. 13, plate 13. 2338: 2198: 2180: 2133: 2108: 2076: 2010:

along well and inspect the nesting sites he can offer. The

1887: 1827: 1819: 1795: 1791: 1767: 1720:

songbirds to entice them to come within striking distance.

1705: 1648: 1512: 1230: 1023: 463: 143: 54: 3097: 1628:

pose and fluffing its feathers, raising them into a small

1345:

to Central Asia) seems to be quite distinct indeed and is

1070:-white markings. The tips of the tertiary remiges and the 2064:

of eggs can be produced by a female in about 10–15 days.

1815: 1779: 1552: 1542:, it will utilize any isolated perch, be it fence posts, 1154: 677:

The "grey shrike" is also sometimes named "gray shrike."

632:. This is related to such words as Norwegian and Swedish 3172:"A preliminary list of the birds of Seneca County, Ohio" 2111:

of nesting trees, provided they are sufficiently dense.

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their calls, so it may attempt to catch them for food.

3297:

Synopsis methodica avium & piscium: opus posthumum

2512:

Accipitres adventantes observat & aviculis indicat

2391: 1408:

is characteristic. The African species are completely

3132:(Vol. 3) . Christoph Froschauer, Zürich ("Tigurium"). 3384: 2736:

Harris & Franklin (2000): pp. 150–151, Sangster

1217:) was formerly included in the great grey shrike as 333:

regions. The great grey shrike is carnivorous, with

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Harris & Franklin (2000): pp. 58–59, 66–67, 151

2417:

10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T103718932A200213300.en

1700:20 minutes. It will drop down in a light glide for 1546:or rocks. In general, some 5–15 perching sites per 1486:which is largely all-year resident, and subspecies 1106:– be it a female or male of its species or a large 2627:Harris & Franklin (2000): pp. 24–25, Sangster 2533: 1978:, or somewhat more than 11 milliwatts per gram of 1297:) from North America. The northern grey shrike is 997:are noticeably smaller or larger, and even in the 903:– breeds in southeast Europe and southwest Siberia 3243:Ampelis caerulescens, alis caudaque nigricantibus 1511:seems to be as rare a winter visitor in northern 1240:at present (though they may have done so in past 391:ampelis caerulescens, alis caudaque nigricantibus 4310: 2959: 2957: 2845: 2843: 2709:Harris & Franklin (2000): pp. 60–61, 151–152 2700:Harris & Franklin (2000): pp. 60–61, 150–151 2532: 474:later. The common English name "shrike" is from 398:, wings and tail blackish"), while it is called 3328:Provincial Names and Folk Lore of British Birds 3169: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2115:seem to have become more popular with European 727:age, c. 6 million years ago, has been found at 665: 649: 3450: 2296:, the great grey shrike has apparently become 1810:abound, and in winter when most small mammals 1229:– lightly wooded grassland in the great, more 693:, the most ancient of the four large songbird 680: 664:. In Norway a vernacular name for the bird is 3436: 2995: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2954: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2840: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2712: 2293: 633: 610:from the western Alps. These terms may mean " 3141:(1st ed.). Oxford University Press, Oxford. 2749:Harris & Franklin (2000): pp. 24–25, 151 2484:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names 2431: 1993: 1890:. Invertebrate prey of minor importance are 1778:(Eurasian mice and sometimes young Eurasian 1683:) are killed and eaten by great grey shrikes 655: 643: 585:were also used; this has today evolved into 3249:Fauna Svecica Sistens Animalia Sveciæ Regni 2776:Harris & Franklin (2000): pp. 64–65,151 2640: 2371:there is 25 times as high as in Lithuania. 1419: 1110:– it gives long shrill raspy whistles like 559:, was eventually transferred to the native 389: 364: 340: 3443: 3429: 3061:De alio laniorum genera majore Ornithologi 2966: 2922: 2920: 2874:Harris & Franklin (2000): pp. 150, 153 2852: 2826: 2670:Harris & Franklin (2000): pp. 150, 155 2300:as a breeding bird in Switzerland and the 1675:Occasionally, animals as large as a young 1563:. Breeding birds appear to have different 1452:, the Mediterranean region (excluding the 1432:region, it ranges south perhaps as far as 1153:When disturbed, its alarm note is a harsh 770:, the other members of this group are the 524:of England (where the bird was noted as a 481:, "shriek", referring to the shrill call. 462:because the species "observes approaching 384:books he gives as his sources: in his own 236: 75: 29: 3151:Harris, Tony & Franklin, Kim (2000): 2963:Harris & Franklin (2000): pp. 154–155 2849:Harris & Franklin (2000): pp. 153–154 2767:Harris & Franklin (2000): pp. 58, 151 2718:Harris & Franklin (2000): pp. 153–155 2442:Harris & Franklin (2000): pp. 152–153 2415: 1632:along the top of the head. Birds appease 1567:desires, but little detail is known yet. 3299:, etc. (Vol. 1) . William Innys, London. 2940: 2938: 2936: 2451: 2185: 2170: 2142: 2028: 1722: 1670: 1598: 1574: 1359: 1246: 1008: 890:continental Europe and northwest Siberia 840: 829: 317:Breeding takes place generally north of 3343:Tenuvuo, Jorma; Varrella, Juha (1998). 2917: 2646:"Shrikes, vireos & shrike-babblers" 2480: 2318:) had seriously depleted the number of 2155:), the great grey shrike seems to have 2014:period is generally longer than in the 1974:of the great grey shrike is around 800 1309:by the somewhat more distantly related 445:is the Latin term for a butcher, while 4311: 3283:(Part 1: Europe). Ninox Press, Prague. 2905:"Lanius excubitor (Great grey shrike)" 2885:"Lanius excubitor (Great grey shrike)" 2387: 2385: 2383: 2287: 2119:in recent decades, but a diversity of 952:– southern Lebanon and northern Israel 602:'s name for the great grey shrike was 454:established the quasi-scientific term 3874: 3873: 3424: 3041: 2933: 2727:Harris & Franklin (2000): pp. 154 2652:. International Ornithologists' Union 2487:. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 2026:and jerk their head and fanned tail. 1221:. It occurs in south western Europe ( 814:was uninhabitable during much of the 4296:27C01D6A-19A5-4397-9B4A-7F79142C9DE1 4104:a8dd428f-31e5-4eb8-aa4d-f19a27d9e281 3029:Harris & Franklin (2000): p. 154 2977:Harris & Franklin (2000): p. 155 2865:Harris & Franklin (2000): p. 153 2837:Harris & Franklin (2000): p. 152 2812:Ohio Ornithological Society (2004): 2595: 2554:participating institution membership 2052:gatherings of neighbour groups (see 767: 571:is attested; its origin is unclear. 458:for the shrikes. Linnaeus chose his 4319:IUCN Red List least concern species 2634: 2403:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2380: 1938:– or wedged firmly between forking 1666: 1062:clearly visible except in flight). 1058:). The legs and feet are blackish. 484: 13: 4130:great-grey-shrike-lanius-excubitor 3292:Lanius seu Collurio cinereus major 2526: 2474: 2023: 1754:Typically, at least half the prey 1713: 1494:, the species is a short-distance 1472:; in Switzerland, the present day 1436:. Its northern limit is generally 1225:and France). It prefers different 1204: 14: 4350: 3394: 3385:Keller; Herrado; Voříšek (2020). 3135:Glare, P.G.W. (ed.) (1968–1982): 1687:The great grey shrike eats small 766:southern relatives. As mentioned 3319:10.1046/j.0019-1019.2001.00026.x 3222:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2006.00221.x 3112:Frisch, Johann Leonhard (1720): 2326:bird, the indiscriminate use of 1085: 100: 3855:Southern white-crowned shrike ( 3846:Northern white-crowned shrike ( 3023: 2989: 2980: 2897: 2877: 2868: 2806: 2797: 2794:Keller, Herrado, Voříšek et al. 2788: 2779: 2770: 2761: 2752: 2743: 2730: 2721: 2703: 2694: 2673: 2664: 2644:; Donsker, David, eds. (2017). 2621: 2612: 2586: 2392:BirdLife International (2021). 1959:of beetles are eaten and later 1786:, songbirds, other passerines, 1643:(if sitting father apart). The 974:Lanius excubitor pallidirostris 920:– endemic to the Canary Islands 434:of Linnaeus is simply given as 3058:(Ulyssis Aldrovandus) (1646): 2814:Annotated Ohio state checklist 2560: 2517: 2505: 2465: 2445: 1185:alert is given with a whistle 984: 689:(Laniidae) is a member of the 400:pica cinerea sive lanius major 337:making up over half its diet. 1: 3289:(Joannis Raii) (1713): A. 3. 3035: 2241:) have been noted as regular 1930:impaled upon a sharp point – 926:– coastal northwestern Africa 825: 2986:Jønsson & Fjeldså (2006) 2374: 2053: 1570: 1017:with fledging young (bottom) 1013:Adult male (top) and female 924:Lanius excubitor algeriensis 470:, as fancifully recorded by 7: 4339:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 3280:Cenozoic Birds of the World 2650:World Bird List Version 7.3 2341:(though they still include 1559:or non-industrially farmed 936:Lanius excubitor leucopygos 886:) – breeds in temperate to 681:Relationships and evolution 10: 4355: 3417:Great grey shrike pictures 3325:Swainson, Charles (2008): 3187:(2): 47–60. Archived from 3048:A Natural History of Birds 2410:: e.T103718932A200213300. 1746:in a great grey shrike's " 1591:. This leads to shifts in 1317:) which is found from the 1054:(though the extent varies 962:Lanius excubitor uncinatus 868:Lanius excubitor excubitor 709:) the genus dates back to 42:Lanius excubitor excubitor 3882: 3834: 3812: 3790: 3497: 3459: 3402:"Great grey shrike media" 3357:(1): 2–11. Archived from 2541:Oxford English Dictionary 2481:Jobling, James A (2010). 1994:Breeding and life history 1515:as it was a century ago. 950:Lanius excubitor theresae 901:Lanius excubitor homeyeri 244: 235: 228: 223: 202: 195: 97:Scientific classification 95: 73: 64: 37: 28: 23: 3407:Internet Bird Collection 3378:Ornithologiae libri tres 3277:Mlíkovský, Jirí (2002): 3170:Henninger, W.F. (1906). 3091:10.1163/1570756054472836 2951:. Retrieved 2009-SEP-19. 1440:. It is only found as a 1420:Distribution and habitat 968:Lanius excubitor lahtora 943:Lanius excubitor aucheri 930:Lanius excubitor elegans 918:Lanius excubitor koenigi 846:Indian great grey shrike 648:("scream") or Icelandic 347:scientifically described 341:Taxonomy and systematics 290:southern relatives, the 4334:Birds described in 1758 3138:Oxford Latin Dictionary 2574:. Naturhistorisk museum 2546:Oxford University Press 2308:, declining again when 2261:of eggs and nestlings, 2191:Cuculus canorus canorus 1026:through the eye to the 628: 406:or greater shrike") by 353:in his 1758 edition of 321:in northern Europe and 282:(Laniidae). It forms a 3800:Yellow-billed shrike ( 3381:. John Martyn, London. 2996:Yosef, Reuven (1993). 2609:(accessed 2022-05-05). 2201: 2183: 2168: 2058:extra-pair copulations 2045: 1758:is made up from small 1751: 1684: 1612: 1607:perching on a wire in 1580: 1507:, whereas for example 1371: 1258: 1018: 956:Lanius excubitor buryi 859:There are a number of 856: 838: 666: 656: 650: 644: 634: 606:, which is related to 408:Johann Leonhard Frisch 390: 365: 345:The species was first 4242:Paleobiology Database 3688:Chinese grey shrike ( 3679:Iberian grey shrike ( 2189: 2174: 2146: 2032: 1726: 1674: 1602: 1578: 1438:70° northern latitude 1434:42° northern latitude 1363: 1349:with the grey shrike 1250: 1012: 844: 833: 816:Quaternary glaciation 428:lanius cinereus major 363:. His description is 319:50° northern latitude 4099:Fauna Europaea (new) 3715:Long-tailed fiscal ( 3706:Grey-backed fiscal ( 3643:Lesser grey shrike ( 3634:Mackinnon's shrike ( 3616:Grey-backed shrike ( 3607:Long-tailed shrike ( 3535:Bull-headed shrike ( 2910:Animal Diversity Web 2890:Animal Diversity Web 2167:) for the time being 1716:, it will sometimes 964:– endemic to Socotra 835:L. e. "melanopterus" 625:Early Modern English 530:Warkangel, Werkengel 3697:Giant grey shrike ( 3670:Great grey shrike ( 3652:Loggerhead shrike ( 3598:Bay-backed shrike ( 3571:Red-tailed shrike ( 3562:Isabelline shrike ( 3553:Red-backed shrike ( 3129:Historiae animalium 2683:. Allaboutbirds.org 2607:birdsoftheworld.org 2544:(Online ed.). 2288:Conservation status 2229:helpers at the nest 2016:Iberian grey shrike 1470:Kamchatka Peninsula 1271:Chinese grey shrike 1256:Lanius ludovicianus 1211:Iberian grey shrike 1100:trr-turit trr-turit 1096:tu-tu-krr-pree-pree 999:nominate subspecies 837:wintering in Poland 788:Chinese grey shrike 772:Iberian grey shrike 660:("butcher") in the 329:south in winter to 325:. Most populations 306:) and the American 300:Chinese grey shrike 292:Iberian grey shrike 67:Conservation status 47:striped field mouse 39:Nominate subspecies 3454:(family: Laniidae) 3373:Willughby, Francis 3266:2017-06-13 at the 3056:Aldrovandi, Ulisse 2819:2004-07-18 at the 2568:"Lanius excubitor" 2369:population density 2335:threatened species 2310:land consolidation 2202: 2184: 2169: 2046: 1752: 1708:-like on a flying 1685: 1613: 1593:population density 1581: 1522:is generally open 1372: 1365:Lesser grey shrike 1335:lesser grey shrike 1323:Mackinnon's fiscal 1311:grey-backed fiscal 1307:sub-Saharan Africa 1259: 1019: 978:Steppe grey shrike 958:– endemic to Yemen 908:Lighter grey than 857: 839: 780:steppe grey shrike 703:"Lanius" miocaenus 510:Germanic languages 504:also reported old 371:lesser grey shrike 359:under the current 24:Great grey shrike 4306: 4305: 3876:Taxon identifiers 3867: 3866: 3769:Woodchat shrike ( 3760:São Tomé fiscal ( 3751:Southern fiscal ( 3742:Northern fiscal ( 3708:L. excubitoroides 3661:Northern shrike ( 3625:Mountain shrike ( 3573:L. phoenicuroides 3510: 3507:(Typical shrikes) 3209:Zoologica Scripta 2949:life history data 2601:For instance: at 2552:(Subscription or 2514:: Linnaeus (1758) 2498:978-1-4081-2501-4 2177:Ménil-en-Xaintois 1804:courtship display 1454:Iberian Peninsula 1315:L. excubitoroides 1303:plesiomorphically 1291:loggerhead shrike 1265:relatives of the 1252:Loggerhead shrike 1223:Iberian Peninsula 1038:have white outer 818:. Because of the 796:loggerhead shrike 784:L. pallidirostris 674:are conspicuous. 561:red-backed shrike 502:Francis Willughby 490:Ulisse Aldrovandi 424:Francis Willughby 416:Ulisse Aldrovandi 308:loggerhead shrike 265:) is a large and 257:great grey shrike 253: 252: 188:L. excubitor 90: 51:Apodemus agrarius 4346: 4299: 4298: 4286: 4285: 4283:Lanius-excubitor 4273: 4272: 4263: 4262: 4250: 4249: 4237: 4236: 4224: 4223: 4211: 4210: 4198: 4197: 4195:NHMSYS0000530425 4185: 4184: 4172: 4171: 4159: 4158: 4146: 4145: 4133: 4132: 4120: 4119: 4107: 4106: 4094: 4093: 4081: 4080: 4068: 4067: 4055: 4054: 4042: 4041: 4029: 4028: 4016: 4015: 4003: 4002: 3993: 3992: 3980: 3979: 3967: 3966: 3957: 3956: 3954:B215F75A482EBDE1 3944: 3943: 3941:lanius-excubitor 3931: 3930: 3928:Lanius_excubitor 3918: 3917: 3916: 3914:Lanius excubitor 3903: 3902: 3901: 3884:Lanius excubitor 3871: 3870: 3627:L. validirostris 3580:Burmese shrike ( 3526:Souza's shrike ( 3509: 3508: 3504: 3445: 3438: 3431: 3422: 3421: 3411: 3390: 3369: 3367: 3366: 3322: 3260:Lanius excubitor 3233: 3202: 3200: 3199: 3193: 3176: 3157:Christopher Helm 3109: 3094: 3074:Lanius excubitor 3066:In: Ornithologia 3052: 3030: 3027: 3021: 3020: 3002: 2993: 2987: 2984: 2978: 2975: 2964: 2961: 2952: 2947:Lanius excubitor 2942: 2931: 2924: 2915: 2914: 2901: 2895: 2894: 2881: 2875: 2872: 2866: 2863: 2850: 2847: 2838: 2835: 2824: 2810: 2804: 2803:Henninger (1906) 2801: 2795: 2792: 2786: 2783: 2777: 2774: 2768: 2765: 2759: 2756: 2750: 2747: 2741: 2734: 2728: 2725: 2719: 2716: 2710: 2707: 2701: 2698: 2692: 2691: 2689: 2688: 2677: 2671: 2668: 2662: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2638: 2632: 2625: 2619: 2616: 2610: 2599: 2593: 2590: 2584: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2564: 2558: 2557: 2549: 2537: 2530: 2524: 2521: 2515: 2509: 2503: 2502: 2478: 2472: 2469: 2463: 2462: 2449: 2443: 2440: 2429: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2419: 2396:Lanius excubitor 2389: 2195:Lanius excubitor 1934:or the barbs of 1872:darkling beetles 1832:willow ptarmigan 1667:Food and feeding 1641:begging for food 1583:This species is 1492:maritime climate 1355:Batesian mimicry 1177:or an explosive 850:Lanius excubitor 754:The grey shrike 669: 659: 653: 647: 637: 631: 485:Vernacular names 393: 368: 262:Lanius excubitor 245:Native range of 240: 208: 206:Lanius excubitor 105: 104: 84: 79: 78: 57:propped up on a 33: 21: 20: 4354: 4353: 4349: 4348: 4347: 4345: 4344: 4343: 4329:Holarctic birds 4309: 4308: 4307: 4302: 4294: 4289: 4281: 4276: 4268: 4266: 4258: 4253: 4245: 4240: 4232: 4227: 4219: 4216:Observation.org 4214: 4206: 4201: 4193: 4188: 4180: 4175: 4167: 4162: 4154: 4149: 4141: 4136: 4128: 4123: 4115: 4110: 4102: 4097: 4089: 4084: 4076: 4071: 4063: 4058: 4050: 4045: 4037: 4032: 4024: 4019: 4011: 4006: 3998: 3996: 3988: 3983: 3975: 3970: 3962: 3960: 3952: 3947: 3939: 3934: 3926: 3921: 3912: 3911: 3906: 3897: 3896: 3891: 3878: 3868: 3863: 3830: 3824:U. melanoleucus 3822:Magpie shrike ( 3808: 3786: 3778:Masked shrike ( 3733:Somali fiscal ( 3690:L. sphenocercus 3681:L. meridionalis 3654:L. ludovicianus 3589:Emin's shrike ( 3582:L. collurioides 3506: 3505: 3503: 3493: 3455: 3449: 3400: 3397: 3364: 3362: 3268:Wayback Machine 3197: 3195: 3191: 3180:Wilson Bulletin 3174: 3124:Gessner, Conrad 3038: 3033: 3028: 3024: 3000: 2994: 2990: 2985: 2981: 2976: 2967: 2962: 2955: 2943: 2934: 2925: 2918: 2903: 2902: 2898: 2883: 2882: 2878: 2873: 2869: 2864: 2853: 2848: 2841: 2836: 2827: 2821:Wayback Machine 2811: 2807: 2802: 2798: 2793: 2789: 2784: 2780: 2775: 2771: 2766: 2762: 2757: 2753: 2748: 2744: 2735: 2731: 2726: 2722: 2717: 2713: 2708: 2704: 2699: 2695: 2686: 2684: 2679: 2678: 2674: 2669: 2665: 2655: 2653: 2639: 2635: 2626: 2622: 2617: 2613: 2600: 2596: 2591: 2587: 2577: 2575: 2566: 2565: 2561: 2551: 2531: 2527: 2522: 2518: 2510: 2506: 2499: 2479: 2475: 2470: 2466: 2450: 2446: 2441: 2432: 2422: 2420: 2390: 2381: 2377: 2344:L. meridionalis 2315:Flurbereinigung 2290: 2247:L. e. excubitor 2243:brood parasites 2239:Cuculus canorus 2165:Cuculus canorus 2121:deciduous trees 2103:– early on and 2020:L. meridionalis 1996: 1836:Lagopus lagopus 1814:. Occasionally 1681:Mustela erminea 1669: 1605:L. e. excubitor 1573: 1526:, perhaps with 1479:Except for the 1422: 1392:L. ludovicianus 1367: 1321:eastwards, and 1295:L. ludovicianus 1283:northern shrike 1261:Elsewhere, the 1254: 1215:L. meridionalis 1207: 1205:Similar species 1088: 1015:L. e. excubitor 1004:tarsometatarsus 987: 848: 828: 808:lineage sorting 800:L. ludovicianus 776:L. meridionalis 749:Bergmann's Rule 683: 538:Standard German 487: 472:William Yarrell 356:Systema Naturae 343: 312:L. ludovicianus 296:L. meridionalis 219: 210: 204: 191: 99: 91: 80: 76: 69: 44: 17: 16:Species of bird 12: 11: 5: 4352: 4342: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4304: 4303: 4301: 4300: 4287: 4274: 4264: 4251: 4238: 4225: 4212: 4199: 4186: 4173: 4160: 4147: 4134: 4121: 4108: 4095: 4086:Fauna Europaea 4082: 4069: 4056: 4043: 4030: 4017: 4004: 3994: 3981: 3968: 3958: 3945: 3932: 3919: 3904: 3888: 3886: 3880: 3879: 3865: 3864: 3862: 3861: 3857:E. anguitimens 3852: 3842: 3840: 3832: 3831: 3829: 3828: 3818: 3816: 3810: 3809: 3807: 3806: 3796: 3794: 3788: 3787: 3785: 3784: 3775: 3766: 3757: 3748: 3739: 3730: 3724:Taita fiscal ( 3721: 3712: 3703: 3694: 3685: 3676: 3667: 3658: 3649: 3640: 3631: 3622: 3618:L. tephronotus 3613: 3604: 3595: 3586: 3577: 3568: 3564:L. isabellinus 3559: 3550: 3544:Brown shrike ( 3541: 3532: 3523: 3517:Tiger shrike ( 3513: 3511: 3495: 3494: 3492: 3491: 3485: 3479: 3473: 3467: 3460: 3457: 3456: 3448: 3447: 3440: 3433: 3425: 3419: 3418: 3412: 3396: 3395:External links 3393: 3392: 3391: 3382: 3370: 3340: 3331:. BiblioLife. 3323: 3313:(1): 153–159. 3300: 3284: 3275: 3257:(1758): 43.2. 3255:Linnaeus, Carl 3252: 3237:Linnaeus, Carl 3234: 3216:(2): 149–186. 3203: 3167: 3149: 3133: 3121: 3110: 3095: 3085:(3): 227–233. 3069: 3053: 3043:Albin, Eleazar 3037: 3034: 3032: 3031: 3022: 3011:(2): 396–398. 2988: 2979: 2965: 2953: 2932: 2916: 2896: 2876: 2867: 2851: 2839: 2825: 2805: 2796: 2787: 2778: 2769: 2760: 2751: 2742: 2729: 2720: 2711: 2702: 2693: 2672: 2663: 2633: 2620: 2611: 2594: 2585: 2559: 2525: 2516: 2504: 2497: 2473: 2464: 2453:Linnaeus, Carl 2444: 2430: 2378: 2376: 2373: 2289: 2286: 2235:Common cuckoos 2193:in a spawn of 2093:Turdus pilaris 2039:Turdus pilaris 1995: 1992: 1972:metabolic rate 1860:ground beetles 1798:(typically as 1733:Bombus lucorum 1704:prey or swoop 1668: 1665: 1609:Lasy Janowskie 1572: 1569: 1518:The preferred 1460:but including 1421: 1418: 1275:L. sphenocerus 1206: 1203: 1171:chek-chek-chek 1087: 1084: 986: 983: 982: 981: 971: 965: 959: 953: 947: 939: 933: 927: 921: 914: 913: 905: 904: 897: 896: 892: 891: 827: 824: 792:L. sphenocerus 682: 679: 604:mattages(s)(e) 545:Saint Boniface 508:, mainly from 494:Conrad Gessner 486: 483: 452:Conrad Gessner 342: 339: 304:L. sphenocerus 251: 250: 242: 241: 233: 232: 226: 225: 221: 220: 211: 200: 199: 193: 192: 185: 183: 179: 178: 171: 167: 166: 161: 157: 156: 151: 147: 146: 141: 137: 136: 131: 127: 126: 121: 117: 116: 111: 107: 106: 93: 92: 74: 71: 70: 65: 62: 61: 35: 34: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4351: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4316: 4314: 4297: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4265: 4261: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3995: 3991: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3959: 3955: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3924: 3920: 3915: 3909: 3905: 3900: 3894: 3890: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3872: 3860: 3858: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3844: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3838: 3833: 3827: 3825: 3820: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3811: 3805: 3803: 3798: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3789: 3783: 3781: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3636:L. mackinnoni 3632: 3630: 3628: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3591:L. gubernator 3587: 3585: 3583: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3537:L. bucephalus 3533: 3531: 3529: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3515: 3514: 3512: 3502: 3501: 3496: 3490: 3487:Superfamily: 3486: 3484: 3483:Passeriformes 3480: 3478: 3474: 3472: 3468: 3466: 3462: 3461: 3458: 3453: 3446: 3441: 3439: 3434: 3432: 3427: 3426: 3423: 3416: 3413: 3409: 3408: 3403: 3399: 3398: 3388: 3383: 3380: 3379: 3374: 3371: 3361:on 2010-12-16 3360: 3356: 3352: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3338: 3337:0-559-53114-1 3334: 3330: 3329: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3307: 3301: 3298: 3294: 3293: 3288: 3285: 3282: 3281: 3276: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3262: 3261: 3256: 3253: 3250: 3246: 3244: 3239:(1746): 181. 3238: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3210: 3204: 3194:on 2018-08-19 3190: 3186: 3182: 3181: 3173: 3168: 3166: 3165:0-7136-3861-3 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3148: 3147:0-19-864224-5 3144: 3140: 3139: 3134: 3131: 3130: 3125: 3122: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3108:(8): 300–309. 3107: 3103: 3102: 3101:Birding World 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3081: 3080: 3075: 3070: 3067: 3063: 3062: 3057: 3054: 3050: 3049: 3044: 3040: 3039: 3026: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 2999: 2992: 2983: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2960: 2958: 2950: 2948: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2929: 2923: 2921: 2912: 2911: 2906: 2900: 2892: 2891: 2886: 2880: 2871: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2846: 2844: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2822: 2818: 2815: 2809: 2800: 2791: 2782: 2773: 2764: 2755: 2746: 2739: 2733: 2724: 2715: 2706: 2697: 2682: 2676: 2667: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2637: 2630: 2624: 2615: 2608: 2604: 2598: 2589: 2573: 2569: 2563: 2555: 2547: 2543: 2542: 2536: 2529: 2520: 2513: 2508: 2500: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2485: 2477: 2468: 2460: 2459: 2454: 2448: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2418: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2404: 2399: 2397: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2379: 2372: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2345: 2340: 2336: 2331: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2316: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2285: 2283: 2279: 2276: 2272: 2266: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2230: 2225: 2221: 2216: 2213: 2208: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2182: 2178: 2173: 2166: 2162: 2161:common cuckoo 2158: 2154: 2150: 2149:reed-warblers 2145: 2141: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2069: 2065: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2050: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2031: 2027: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2008: 2005: 2001: 1991: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1968: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1927: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1854:, especially 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1838:) or a young 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1740: 1739:B. terrestris 1735: 1734: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1698: 1694: 1693:invertebrates 1690: 1682: 1678: 1673: 1664: 1662: 1658: 1652: 1651:straight up. 1650: 1646: 1642: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1610: 1606: 1601: 1597: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1577: 1568: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1516: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1482: 1477: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1450:British Isles 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1417: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1401: 1399: 1398: 1393: 1388: 1385: 1380: 1378: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1327:L. mackinnoni 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1202: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1151: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1086:Vocalizations 1083: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1059: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1048:North Pacific 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1016: 1011: 1007: 1005: 1000: 996: 992: 979: 975: 972: 969: 966: 963: 960: 957: 954: 951: 948: 945: 944: 940: 937: 934: 931: 928: 925: 922: 919: 916: 915: 911: 907: 906: 902: 899: 898: 894: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 866: 865: 864: 862: 855: 851: 847: 843: 836: 832: 823: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 752: 750: 745: 741: 737: 734: 730: 726: 723: 719: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 695:superfamilies 692: 688: 678: 675: 673: 668: 663: 658: 652: 646: 641: 636: 630: 626: 622: 618: 613: 609: 605: 601: 596: 594: 593: 588: 584: 581: 580:Middle German 577: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 539: 535: 531: 528:) as well as 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 482: 480: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 460:specific name 457: 453: 448: 444: 439: 437: 433: 432:type locality 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 412:Eleazar Albin 409: 405: 401: 397: 394:("light-blue 392: 387: 386:Fauna Svecica 383: 378: 376: 372: 367: 362: 361:binomial name 358: 357: 352: 351:Carl Linnaeus 348: 338: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 315: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 278: 274: 271: 268: 264: 263: 258: 248: 243: 239: 234: 231: 227: 222: 218: 214: 209: 207: 201: 198: 197:Binomial name 194: 190: 189: 184: 181: 180: 177: 176: 172: 169: 168: 165: 162: 159: 158: 155: 154:Passeriformes 152: 149: 148: 145: 142: 139: 138: 135: 132: 129: 128: 125: 122: 119: 118: 115: 112: 109: 108: 103: 98: 94: 88: 83: 82:Least Concern 72: 68: 63: 60: 56: 52: 48: 43: 40: 36: 32: 27: 22: 19: 3883: 3856: 3847: 3837:Eurocephalus 3835: 3823: 3813: 3801: 3791: 3779: 3770: 3761: 3752: 3744:L. humeralis 3743: 3735:L. somalicus 3734: 3725: 3716: 3707: 3699:L. giganteus 3698: 3689: 3680: 3672:L. excubitor 3671: 3669: 3662: 3653: 3644: 3635: 3626: 3617: 3608: 3599: 3590: 3581: 3572: 3563: 3554: 3546:L. cristatus 3545: 3536: 3527: 3518: 3498: 3405: 3386: 3377: 3363:. Retrieved 3359:the original 3354: 3348: 3327: 3310: 3304: 3296: 3291: 3279: 3271: 3259: 3248: 3242: 3213: 3207: 3196:. Retrieved 3189:the original 3184: 3178: 3152: 3136: 3127: 3117: 3105: 3099: 3082: 3077: 3073: 3065: 3060: 3047: 3025: 3008: 3004: 2991: 2982: 2946: 2927: 2908: 2899: 2888: 2879: 2870: 2808: 2799: 2790: 2781: 2772: 2763: 2754: 2745: 2737: 2732: 2723: 2714: 2705: 2696: 2685:. Retrieved 2675: 2666: 2654:. Retrieved 2649: 2636: 2628: 2623: 2614: 2597: 2588: 2576:. Retrieved 2571: 2562: 2539: 2528: 2519: 2511: 2507: 2483: 2476: 2467: 2457: 2447: 2421:. Retrieved 2407: 2401: 2395: 2349:L. excubitor 2348: 2342: 2332: 2313: 2292:As remarked 2291: 2271:bird of prey 2267: 2246: 2238: 2233: 2203: 2194: 2190: 2179:(France) at 2164: 2153:Acrocephalus 2152: 2117:L. excubitor 2116: 2092: 2085:Hedera helix 2084: 2066: 2047: 2038: 2019: 1997: 1969: 1961:regurgitated 1947: 1944:common toads 1928: 1880:grasshoppers 1868:rove beetles 1864:dung beetles 1835: 1753: 1737: 1731: 1697:utility pole 1686: 1680: 1657:evolutionary 1653: 1634:conspecifics 1618: 1614: 1604: 1582: 1565:microhabitat 1517: 1508: 1505:Fennoscandia 1487: 1483: 1478: 1456:and perhaps 1423: 1414:L. excubitor 1413: 1405: 1402: 1395: 1391: 1389: 1384:L. excubitor 1383: 1381: 1373: 1369:Lanius minor 1368: 1351:superspecies 1338: 1333:region. The 1326: 1314: 1305:– shared in 1294: 1286: 1274: 1267:L. excubitor 1266: 1260: 1255: 1214: 1208: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1183:bird of prey 1178: 1174: 1173:to a rattle 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1152: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1099: 1095: 1089: 1075: 1072:wing coverts 1060: 1020: 1014: 988: 973: 967: 961: 955: 949: 941: 935: 929: 923: 917: 909: 900: 883: 879: 874:– which may 872:melanopterus 871: 867: 858: 853: 849: 834: 820:phylogenetic 812:L. excubitor 811: 799: 791: 783: 775: 760:L. excubitor 759: 758:consists of 756:superspecies 753: 743: 740:biogeography 722:Late Miocene 714: 707:L. excubitor 706: 702: 684: 676: 616: 607: 603: 597: 590: 586: 582: 575: 568: 564: 556: 552: 548: 540: 533: 529: 517: 513: 488: 478: 455: 446: 442: 440: 438:("Europe"). 435: 427: 426:– called it 399: 388:he named it 385: 379: 374: 354: 344: 316: 311: 303: 295: 284:superspecies 261: 260: 256: 254: 247:L. excubitor 246: 229: 205: 203: 187: 186: 174: 50: 41: 18: 4138:iNaturalist 3908:Wikispecies 3848:E. ruppelli 3753:L. collaris 3726:L. dorsalis 3717:L. cabanisi 3663:L. borealis 3600:L. vittatus 3555:L. collurio 3519:L. tigrinus 3415:Oiseaux.net 3079:Anim. Biol. 2642:Gill, Frank 2578:18 February 2423:21 February 2302:Netherlands 2282:little owls 2275:carnivorous 2157:out-evolved 1936:barbed wire 1912:oligochaete 1826:, and even 1824:salamanders 1744:barbed wire 1742:) stuck on 1702:terrestrial 1689:vertebrates 1589:ephemerally 1585:territorial 1544:power lines 1538:border. In 1474:Netherlands 1382:East Asian 1331:Congo Basin 1287:L. borealis 1179:aak-aak-aak 1175:trr-trr-trr 1146:trills and 1090:The male's 1028:ear coverts 985:Description 870:(including 685:The shrike 662:French Jura 642:"), German 576:Neghen-doer 565:L. collurio 549:Werkenvogel 476:Old English 402:("ash-grey 224:Subspecies 4313:Categories 4278:Xeno-canto 3802:C. corvina 3792:Corvinella 3780:L. nubicus 3771:L. senator 3762:L. newtoni 3365:2009-09-19 3198:2013-03-10 3159:, London. 3036:References 2687:2013-03-10 2656:28 October 2556:required.) 2365:Luxembourg 2328:pesticides 2312:(see e.g. 2220:passerines 2207:Incubation 2175:Eggs from 2089:Fieldfares 2081:common ivy 2073:mistletoes 2049:Copulation 2035:fieldfares 2004:monogamous 1976:milliwatts 1970:The basic 1884:bumblebees 1844:arthropods 1808:fledglings 1764:Cricetidae 1691:and large 1645:submission 1638:fledglings 1626:horizontal 1500:parapatric 1481:subspecies 1410:allopatric 1397:loggerhead 1377:fledglings 1263:parapatric 1219:subspecies 1148:kwiw...püh 1116:(t')kwiiet 1056:seasonally 1044:subspecies 995:subspecies 876:intergrade 861:subspecies 826:Subspecies 794:) and the 764:parapatric 742:of living 638:("shriek, 608:mat'agasse 573:Low German 541:Würgeengel 534:Wurchangel 506:folk names 382:naturalist 288:parapatric 4182:103718932 3977:103718932 3814:Urolestes 3609:L. schach 3528:L. souzae 3489:Corvoidea 3463:Kingdom: 3287:Ray, John 2603:ebird.org 2375:Footnotes 2361:Lithuania 2324:predatory 2320:hedgerows 2259:predators 2215:nestlings 2212:altricial 2043:predators 2012:courtship 2007:pair bond 1980:body mass 1948:Bufo bufo 1896:scorpions 1848:nestlings 1812:hibernate 1762:from the 1728:Bumblebee 1603:An alert 1571:Behaviour 1557:clearings 1524:grassland 1488:excubitor 1430:Tian Shan 1347:sympatric 1329:) of the 1299:sympatric 1279:East Asia 1242:millennia 1238:hybridize 1234:shrubland 1199:mimicking 1104:territory 1036:rectrices 910:excubitor 888:subarctic 880:sibiricus 804:basalmost 733:Holarctic 720:from the 713:times. A 691:Corvoidea 587:Neuntöter 583:Nünmörder 557:weirangle 553:wariangle 520:from the 518:Wierangel 514:Wereangel 447:excubitor 331:temperate 286:with its 267:predatory 230:See text 182:Species: 120:Kingdom: 114:Eukaryota 45:Note the 4156:10188463 4013:bob15201 3972:BirdLife 3961:BioLib: 3893:Wikidata 3645:L. minor 3471:Chordata 3469:Phylum: 3465:Animalia 3375:(1676): 3264:Archived 3230:85317440 3126:(1555): 3045:(1734). 2944:AnAge : 2926:Antczak 2817:Archived 2535:"Shrike" 2455:(1758). 2257:. Among 2130:cup nest 2113:Conifers 2097:thrushes 2033:Nesting 1940:branches 1900:crayfish 1876:crickets 1842:. Large 1800:tadpoles 1772:lemmings 1661:parasite 1621:hovering 1611:, Poland 1509:borealis 1484:bianchii 1406:L. minor 1339:L. minor 1281:and the 1269:are the 1187:breezeek 1124:chlie(p) 1112:trrii(u) 1076:borealis 1052:mandible 762:and its 729:Polgárdi 725:Turolian 699:Corvidae 629:schricum 600:falconer 569:Linkenom 522:Pennines 498:John Ray 468:falconry 420:John Ray 375:L. minor 270:songbird 213:Linnaeus 164:Laniidae 160:Family: 134:Chordata 130:Phylum: 124:Animalia 110:Domain: 87:IUCN 3.1 4291:ZooBank 4270:2328344 4234:1484468 4117:2492858 4039:norshr1 4000:norshr1 3949:Avibase 3899:Q184508 3481:Order: 3475:Class: 3452:Shrikes 3017:4088571 2491:, 219. 2353:Estonia 2337:by the 2298:extinct 2263:corvids 2255:extinct 2147:Unlike 2105:mobbing 2101:corvids 1988:larders 1984:rodents 1965:pellets 1920:berries 1916:Carrion 1914:worms. 1904:isopods 1892:spiders 1856:beetles 1852:insects 1788:lizards 1776:Murinae 1760:rodents 1756:biomass 1548:hectare 1520:habitat 1496:migrant 1464:), and 1458:Romania 1446:Iceland 1442:vagrant 1343:Balkans 1277:) from 1227:habitat 1159:k(w)eee 1150:calls. 1140:tli-tli 1120:trüü(t) 1064:Fledged 1032:remiges 884:galliae 854:lahtora 786:), the 778:), the 711:Miocene 672:plumage 667:varsler 657:boucher 651:shrikja 526:vagrant 396:waxwing 335:rodents 327:migrate 298:), the 275:in the 273:species 170:Genus: 150:Order: 140:Class: 85: ( 4324:Lanius 4267:uBio: 4247:211583 4208:158049 4169:178511 4143:204532 4073:EURING 4052:LANIEX 3936:ARKive 3500:Lanius 3335: 3295:. In: 3270:. In: 3247:. 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