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20:
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damage, calligraphers were hired to add new text, often from the wrong part of the work, as
Demotte did not expect his new clientele of wealthy collectors to be able to read Persian. This has left the subject of some miniatures still uncertain, as the surrounding text does not match them. Scholars have been very critical of the "infamous" Demotte, and it irked many that the manuscript he treated so brutally carried his name, so the new name of "Great Mongol
2441:
366:
76:
2103:
426:, with work on the manuscript probably brought to an end by his murder in May 1336. Both these points have been generally accepted, though the lack of evidence for either has been noted, and in particular some scholars favour a period of creation stretching over a much longer period. The main alternative initial patron proposed has been the last of the main line of Ilkhanid rulers,
345:, where the book was researched, scribed, illustrated and bound. The intention was to produce two illustrated manuscript copies each year, one in Persian and one in Arabic, for distribution around the empire; parts of three of these survive, as well as parts of other books from the workshop. They are illustrated in a fairly consistent style, which the Great Mongol
176:, in the shape of gnarled trees, round-topped wave-like rocks and tightly curling strips of cloud, dominate the landscapes and skies. In many images, large main figures dominate the composition in a way unusual in Persian miniatures, though common in the West. In Chinese art, there were large main figures, but these were not combined with
465:
library: the folios were trimmed, remargined, and renumbered, with missing text supplemented on new paper folios, written out by Tehran calligraphers following fourteenth-century style. Many of the paintings were retouched, with occasional
Persian commentary written onto them. It first appeared in Europe with
621:
488:
and other potential buyers. He then separated the miniatures and sold them, after various physical interventions to increase the sale value, and without properly recording the original form of the book. Pages were pulled apart to give two sides with miniatures, and to disguise this and the resulting
315:
The books had a political purpose, which is reflected in the choice of incidents to illustrate: "in such works, the hitherto stubbornly alien rulers of Iran were expressing a new and public commitment to the religion and cultural heritage of the very lands that they themselves had devastated some two
110:
Like other
Persian manuscripts, it uses paper. Excluding blank margins, the pages are 41 by 29 cm, with the text in six columns of 31 lines where not interrupted by the miniatures. These mostly take the full width of the page, and are placed at various heights within it. None are full page. Some
114:
The style, technique and artistic quality of the miniatures are highly variable; it has been suggested that different artists were responsible for them, but attempts to assign the miniatures to different hands have not achieved consensus. There seems to be experimentation in several respects. Some
406:
period, and was clearly a massive project commissioned by someone important in the court, probably with the ruler as the ultimate recipient, either through a gift or a delegated commission. Recent studies of the manuscript have been dominated by the conclusions reached at a seminar at
Harvard in
1122:
Canby, 33; Iranica:"The manuscript is thought to have belonged to the Qajar royal library, for it was photographed while still bound ... by Antoin
Sevrugin, court photographer to the rulers Nāṣer-al-Dīn Shah (1264-1313/1848-96) and Moẓaffar-al-Dīn Shah (1313-24/1896-1907 ...). Moḥammad-ʿAlī Shah
164:
much less so. Themes given emphasis by the choices of what to illustrate include "the enthronement of minor kings, dynastic legitimacy, and the role of women as kingmakers", as well as scenes of murder and mourning. These choices are usually taken as reflecting contemporary political events,
464:
The manuscript seems to have remained in Tabriz until the early 16th century, if not later, and then at some point entered the main library of the shahs, where it was photographed in the late 19th century, still bound. At this point it was extensively restored, probably at the
Golestan Palace
68:, probably dating to the 1330s. In its original form, which has not been recorded, it was probably planned to consist of about 280 folios with 190 illustrations, bound in two volumes, although it is thought it was never completed. It is the largest early book in the tradition of the
72:, in which it is "the most magnificent manuscript of the fourteenth century", "supremely ambitious, almost awe-inspiring", and "has received almost universal acclaim for the emotional intensity, eclectic style, artistic mastery and grandeur of its illustrations".
200:. It covers the pre-Islamic history of Persia, beginning in pure legend, but by the final Sassanid kings giving a reasonable accurate historical account, mixed in with romantic stories. It represented an assertion of Persian national identity, begun during the
430:, who died in 1335, as did his sons, all apparently of the plague, so precipitating the splitting of the Ilkhanate into small states. If this was the case, Ḡīāṯ-al-Dīn Moḥammad might very well have still been responsible for fulfilling the commission.
645:
1282:
276:
Tiles with verses from the
Shahnameh have been found in a Mongol palace, dating from about 1280. It is clear from literary references that there was a pre-Islamic tradition of illustrating stories later included in the
600:
183:
As regards their shape, 29 are horizontal rectangles, 8 vertical ones, and 12 squares, giving a total of 49 rectangular images. Stepped images total nine, with 5 symmetrical and four not (so 58 in total).
704:
682:
1066:
660:
550:
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art dealer active from 1900–23 in Paris: "Demotte is said to have acquired the manuscript in Paris in about 1910; he bought it from
Shemavan Malayan, brother-in-law of the well-known dealer
238:). The Mongols initially mostly continued a nomadic lifestyle and lived separately from their Persian subjects, but increasingly settled in Persian cities and developed an understanding of
119:
have not lasted well. The miniatures have elements derived from both
Chinese and (less often) Western traditions; for example the mourners of Iskandar draw from Christian depictions of the
2095:
98:, about a century after their conquest, and just as the dynasty was about to collapse. It remained in Persia until the early 20th century, when it was broken up in Europe by the dealer
296:
s, perhaps the earliest, whose small size (text and image area of 250 x 170 mm in a typical example) may have suited nomadic owners, and four manuscripts for the semi-independent
576:
285:
before the 14th century, and the ten surviving manuscripts from between 1300 and 1350 all appear to have been produced for
Mongols. Possibly a relative unfamiliarity with the
1451:
1123:(1324-27/1907-09) and members of his household are said to have been selling manuscripts from the dynastic collection as early as 1908, in order to meet personal expenses."
111:
miniatures use irregular "stepped" shapes to suit the subject. Given the history of the manuscript (see below), the usual system of numbering by folios cannot be applied.
281:
in wall-paintings and probably other media, and some Islamic ceramics may well show such scenes. But there are no survivals, or mentions, of illustrated books of the
222:
had begun to conquer Persia in 1219, and completed it in the 1250s, founding the sub-dynasty and state known as the Ilkhanate, which as well as Persia included modern
180:, as they are here. The display of emotion by figures is also unusual; the convention for depicting grief is borrowed from Christian art. Kings often have halos.
398:
with details of when the work was produced and who commissioned it, which many Persian manuscripts have, has been lost. The work has always been located to
153:
1468:
418:
This proposed a short period of creation, with the start of work very precisely dated to "between November 1335 and May 1336", and a commission by
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257:
556:
461:
dynasty reigning 1356–74. If the period of creation was in fact protracted, this account might refer to the later stages of work.
136:
349:
builds on and significantly develops. After Rašīd-al-Dīn was executed in 1318 the workshop declined or ceased, but his son
19:
1207:
Carboni and Adamjee; but Blair & Bloom and Iranica say 58; apparently one was destroyed in 1937, see Sims, 274, in note
1506:
102:, and now exists as 57 individual pages, many significantly tampered with, in a number of collections around the world.
376:
115:
miniatures are paintings in ink lines and coloured washes, others use opaque watercolour, in a range of palettes. Some
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2465:
1401:
1331:
674:
541:
250:
reached the throne in 1295. However, the Mongols remained largely culturally distinct at the time the Great Mongol
437:
wrote a history of Persian painting in about 1544, over 200 years later, in which he refers to an important royal
423:
350:
449:. Dust Muhammad traced the style of painting used in his day to a painter called Ahman Musa, and described the
1415:
1375:
1360:
1317:
327:
was commissioned by Ghazan to continue a history of the Mongols, which he completed in 1307, and the next khan
152:, and even allowing for the limited proportion that have survived, the illustrations show unusual choices. The
496:
Currently, 57 miniatures from this manuscript have been identified in museums around the world, including the
27:
1478:
1657:
129:
appear in other miniatures. Even costumes are highly variable: 37 styles of hat have been found, and 8 of
1463:
2253:
613:
1283:"Bahram Gur Sends his Brother Narsi as Viceroy to Khurasan, from the Great Mongol ('Demotte') Shahnamah"
2174:
1865:
485:
316:
generations previously—and doing so with an urgency that suggested they were making up for lost time."
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2323:
652:
592:
568:
427:
1251:
1155:
1216:
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1270:
1052:
Sims, 277 (see also David Morgan, p. 429-430, in the same volume); Blair & Bloom, 28; Iranica
637:
1382:
2230:
696:
587:
501:
419:
324:
2371:
1231:
Zal meets king Manuchihr, asking for his mercy, from the Book of Kings (Shahnama) by Firdausi
1135:
Zal meets king Manuchihr, asking for his mercy, from the Book of Kings (Shahnama) by Firdausi
466:
395:
126:
121:
99:
1187:"Nushirvan Eating Food Brought by the Sons of Mahbud", Folio from a Shahnama (Book of Kings)
169:, which was ravaging Persia in these years. They have been described as "often doom-laden".
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761:
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333:
84:
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8:
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80:
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2005:
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201:
177:
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1355:, Volume 3, Editors: Jonathan Bloom, Sheila S. Blair, 2009, Oxford University Press,
1327:
1313:
342:
269:; as he dies Rustam shoots his treacherous brother through the tree he hides behind.
205:
69:
1432:
Epic Images and Contemporary History: The Illustrations of the Great Mongol Shahnama
445:
is not. Nevertheless, many scholars have thought he was describing the Great Mongol
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2190:
2063:
1700:
1599:
670:
286:
209:
2389:
2379:
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1805:
1705:
1472:
1063:
Masterpieces from the Department of Islamic Art in The Metropolitan Museum of Art
560:
537:
474:
388:
165:
including "tensions between the Il-khanid dynasty and Persian subjects", and the
308:
in the south-west. This latter group, probably all later than the Great Mongol
2240:
2235:
2078:
2068:
1637:
1061:
Ekhtiar, Maryam, Sheila R. Canby, Navina Haidar, and Priscilla P. Soucek, ed.,
509:
270:
1368:
The Legacy of Genghis Khan: Courtly Art and Culture in Western Asia, 1256–1353
1264:
739:
484:
Demotte failed to raise the price he wanted for the whole manuscript from the
337:, the earliest manuscript of which also dates to 1307. Rašīd-al-Dīn set up a
246:, which happened rapidly, at least among the elite, after the newly-converted
2459:
2409:
1957:
1665:
434:
219:
95:
61:
1760:
1408:
Persian Miniature Painting, and its Influence on the Art of Turkey and India
2384:
1908:
1065:, 2011, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, no. 57, pp. 89, 96–97, ill. p. 96,
412:
328:
235:
65:
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1607:
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2136:
2020:
1622:
1617:
1427:
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338:
227:
173:
166:
1926:
1883:
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revived it when he rose in the court in the 1330s, and the Great Mongol
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1913:
1632:
632:
583:
380:
365:
239:
208:
had lost effective control of Persia. By the time it was finished the
75:
1878:
1016:
Grove (fullest); Canby, 31–32; Blair & Bloom, 26–28; Titley, 18–19
144:) at the Talking Tree, which foretells his death. Freer Gallery of Art
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403:
212:
91:
56:
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small thumb images and catalogue information; full images restricted
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small thumb images and catalogue information; full images restricted
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2035:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1918:
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1770:
1725:
1564:
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1521:
666:
607:
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470:
441:, which he describes as "square" in format, which the Great Mongol
197:
23:
196:, an epic poem of about 60,000 couplets, was completed in 1010 by
2225:
2164:
2154:
2058:
1980:
1975:
1903:
1898:
1873:
1840:
1800:
1795:
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536:, and other cities, as well as private collections including the
525:
305:
116:
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2010:
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Ilkhanid Illustrations in the Great Mongol (Demotte) Shāh-Nāmeh
1366:
Hillenbrand, Robert, in Linda Komaroff, Stefano Carboni, eds.,
989:
Discussed at length by Sims; Grove; Canby, 34–38; Titley, 38–39
759:
Hillenbrand, 155; it is slightly larger than the copies of the
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301:
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From the vast range of potential moments to illustrate in the
125:, and reminiscences of several other standard scenes from the
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2210:
2195:
2015:
1967:
1825:
1785:
1715:
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692:
243:
130:
1219:; technically some are Freer Gallery, others Sackler Gallery
971:, the oldest text-only manuscript to survive, dates to 1217
234:
and several other countries (especially parts of the former
1941:
1584:
1569:
319:
In the first decade of the 13th century the Persian Jewish
312:, are influenced by it, though much less complex in style.
223:
1439:
Shahnama: The Visual Language of the Persian Book of Kings
160:, is very heavily illustrated, while the longer story of
1353:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
1312:, 1995, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art,
823:
Hillenbrand, 162–165; Blair & Bloom, 30; Canby, 34
453:
as produced by a pupil of his, called Shamsuddin, for
1338:
Folios from the Great Mongol Shahnama (Book of Kings)
289:and the text may have encouraged adding pictures.
493:" was promoted, and has generally won acceptance.
512:, Metropolitan Museum of Art (2), and museums in
2457:
717:, asking for his mercy, Chester Beatty Library
1500:
1310:The Art and Architecture of Islam, 1250–1800
1189:, Metropolitan Museum of Art; see commentary
500:, which has the largest group at 16 pages,
1507:
1493:
750:Carboni and Adamjee; Blair & Bloom, 28
40:(persian: شاهنامه دموت) also known as the
1514:
651:Ardashir Battles Bahman, Son of Ardavan.
1392:Sims, Eleanor, in Komaroff, Linda (ed),
375:
364:
256:
135:
74:
18:
1308:Blair, Sheila, and Bloom, Jonathan M.,
357:is assumed to have been created there.
2458:
1481:(All 58 folios attributed by D. Brian)
669:Sends his Brother Narsi as Viceroy to
90:It was produced in the context of the
54:, is an illustrated manuscript of the
1488:
2471:14th-century illuminated manuscripts
1434:, 1980, University of Chicago Press.
1370:, 2002, Metropolitan Museum of Art,
16:Persian style illustrated manuscript
1410:, 1983, University of Texas Press,
1067:online at MMA, in "Catalogue entry"
1007:Canby, 31; Blair & Bloom, 26–28
691:dictates a letter to the Khaqan of
504:(11 folios with 7 miniatures), the
94:court ruling Persia as part of the
13:
2108:
2101:
2094:
1421:
1336:Carboni, Stefano, Adamjee, Qamar,
242:culture, as well as converting to
14:
2482:
1445:
1394:Beyond the Legacy of Genghis Khan
1342:Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History
850:Canby, 34; Titley, 22; Grove, 202
675:Khalili Collection of Islamic Art
631:Holds a Banquet for his Minister
542:Khalili Collection of Islamic Art
2440:
2439:
2269:Gonbadan Castle (Dez-i Gonbadan)
859:Blair & Bloom, 30; Canby, 34
703:
681:
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549:
1381:"Iranica", "Demotte ŠĀH-NĀMA",
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1346:The Metropolitan Museum of Art
1326:, 1993, British Museum Press,
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790:
781:
772:
753:
744:
728:
538:Keir Collection of Islamic Art
1:
2278:Bahman Castle (Dezh-i Bahman)
1475:, incomplete list with images
1302:
415:(see Further reading below).
331:ordered a world history, the
187:
105:
28:Harvard University Art Museum
2281:Alanan Castle (Dezh-i Alanan
292:These include three "small"
79:Mourning the dead Iskandar (
7:
614:Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art
407:1975, published in 1980 by
156:, a Persianized version of
10:
2487:
2275:Sepid Castle (Dezh-i Sepid
2272:Roein Castle (Dez-i Roein)
1437:Hillenbrand, Robert, ed.,
486:Metropolitan Museum of Art
477:, who had brought it from
360:
2435:
2359:
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2262:
2183:
2119:
2092:
2049:
1966:
1940:
1864:
1656:
1598:
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1528:
1389:, accessed 28 August 2016
1348:(accessed 22 August 2016)
1266:Bahram Gur Slays a Dragon
769:of a few decades earlier.
653:Detroit Institute of Arts
593:Arthur M. Sackler Gallery
569:Arthur M. Sackler Gallery
2466:Manuscripts of Shahnameh
1095:Blair & Bloom, 30–31
886:Titley, 22–24; Canby, 34
814:Blair & Bloom, 28–30
767:Compendium of Chronicles
722:
341:in the Tabriz suburb of
1271:Cleveland Museum of Art
904:Grove, 216–217; Iranica
638:Cleveland Museum of Art
2405:Rostam's Seven Labours
2284:Gang Castle (Gang-Dez)
2113:
2106:
2099:
1458:University of Michigan
1217:Freer/Smithsonian page
967:Hillenbrand, 150; The
697:Chester Beatty Library
502:Chester Beatty Library
391:
373:
273:
261:The death of the hero
145:
87:
30:
2400:Rostam and Esfandiyar
2112:
2105:
2098:
1113:Blair & Bloom, 28
958:Titley, 22; Canby, 30
841:Blair & Bloom, 30
832:Blair & Bloom, 30
778:Blair & Bloom, 28
563:and the Visit to the
379:
368:
260:
139:
127:Life of Christ in art
122:Lamentation of Christ
78:
22:
1856:Eskandar (Alexander)
1430:, and Sheila Blair,
1383:Encyclopædia Iranica
498:Freer Gallery of Art
455:Shaikh Awais Jalayir
424:Ḡīāṯ-al-Dīn Moḥammad
351:Ḡīāṯ-al-Dīn Moḥammad
85:Freer Gallery of Art
1287:Khalili Collections
158:Alexander the Great
142:Alexander the Great
81:Alexander the Great
2416:Khosrow and Shirin
2254:Other locations...
2114:
2107:
2100:
1471:2019-05-06 at the
1406:Titley, Norah M.,
1322:Canby, Sheila R.,
969:Florence Shahnameh
740:by the Fogg Museum
392:
374:
274:
215:had taken over.
202:Iranian Intermezzo
178:landscape painting
146:
88:
31:
2453:
2452:
2427:Persian mythology
2422:Bijan and Manijeh
2395:Rostam and Sohrab
2090:
2089:
1866:Female characters
1846:Rostam Farrokhzād
1791:Zangay-i Shavaran
762:Jami' al-tawarikh
457:, a ruler of the
369:Enthroned ruler,
334:Jami' al-tawarikh
206:Abbasid Caliphate
154:story of Iskandar
70:Persian miniature
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2443:
2442:
2064:House of Goudarz
1533:
1532:
1509:
1502:
1495:
1486:
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1465:Shahnama Project
1441:, 2004, Ashgate.
1324:Persian Painting
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998:Hillenbrand, 137
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949:Hillenbrand, 135
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931:Hillenbrand, 154
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734:"Great Ilkhanid
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433:The miniaturist
287:Persian language
172:Borrowings from
26:killing a wolf,
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2390:Zal and Rudabeh
2380:Derafsh Kaviani
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2327:of Shah Tahmasp
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2179:
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2086:
2074:House of Nowzar
2051:
2045:
1962:
1936:
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1658:Male characters
1652:
1594:
1524:
1513:
1473:Wayback Machine
1448:
1424:
1422:Further reading
1396:, 2012, BRILL,
1378:, 9781588390714
1363:, 9780195309911
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2312:(or Demotte)
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2083:House of Sām
1909:Banu Goshasp
1515:
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1428:Grabar, Oleg
1407:
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1290:. Retrieved
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796:Canby, 33–34
792:
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627:
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582:
540:(4) and the
495:
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463:
450:
446:
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432:
420:Rašīd-al-Dīn
417:
413:Sheila Blair
402:in the late
393:
354:
346:
332:
325:Rašīd-al-Dīn
318:
314:
309:
293:
291:
282:
278:
275:
251:
236:Soviet Union
217:
193:
191:
182:
171:
149:
147:
120:
113:
109:
89:
66:Greater Iran
55:
50:
48:
43:
41:
36:
34:
32:
2316:Baysonghor
2292:Manuscripts
2142:Div-e Sepid
2137:Arzhang Div
2122:and animals
1623:Kay Lohrasp
1618:Kay Khosrow
713:meets king
409:Oleg Grabar
339:scriptorium
228:Afghanistan
174:Chinese art
167:Black Death
2460:Categories
2335:of Rashida
2263:Structures
2236:Alborzkouh
2231:Mazandaran
2201:Zabulistan
2120:Creatures
2059:Kashvadian
1914:Gordafarid
1761:Esfandiyār
1633:Kay Bahman
1537:Pishdadian
1529:Characters
1416:0292764847
1376:1588390713
1361:019530991X
1318:0300064659
1303:References
1292:2021-08-11
1198:Grove, 216
1077:Titley, 22
940:Titley, 17
877:Titley, 22
689:Anushirvan
667:Bahram Gur
633:Bozorgmehr
629:Anushirwan
584:Ardashir I
300:rulers of
240:Persianate
213:Ghaznavids
188:Background
140:Iskandar (
106:Miniatures
24:Bahram Gur
2374:Shahnameh
2350:Shahnameh
2342:Shahnameh
2333:Shahnameh
2325:Shahnameh
2318:Shahnameh
2309:Shahnameh
2301:Shahnameh
2299:Florence
2250:Kasa-Roud
2221:Ctesiphon
2150:Huma bird
2129:Akvan Div
2050:Clans and
2041:Biderafsh
1686:Kayanoush
1643:Kay Darab
1613:Kay Kāvus
1608:Kay Kawād
1575:Manuchehr
1517:Shahnameh
1351:"Grove",
1250:ignored (
1240:cite book
1154:ignored (
1144:cite book
1104:Canby, 33
1086:Canby, 33
1043:Sims, 276
1034:Sims, 276
980:Canby, 30
922:Sims, 275
787:Sims, 277
715:Manuchihr
586:Captures
522:Cleveland
491:Shahnameh
459:Jalayirid
451:Shahnameh
447:Shahnameh
443:Shahnameh
439:Shahnameh
428:Abu Sa'id
404:Il-khanid
355:Shahnameh
347:Shahnameh
310:Shahnameh
294:Shahnameh
283:Shahnameh
279:Shahnameh
252:Shahnameh
194:Shahnameh
150:Shahnameh
92:Il-khanid
57:Shahnameh
44:Shahnameh
37:Shahnameh
2445:Category
2340:Windsor
2246:Tammisha
2170:Shabrang
2052:families
2036:Nastihan
1996:Afrasiab
1991:Garsivaz
1986:Aghrirat
1968:Turanian
1927:Katāyoun
1923:Manizheh
1919:Farangis
1889:Sindukht
1884:Shahrnāz
1781:Siyâvash
1776:Fariborz
1771:Faramarz
1766:Pashotan
1731:Gershasp
1726:Gostaham
1676:Shahrasp
1628:Goshtasb
1600:Kayanian
1590:Garshasp
1565:Fereydun
1555:Tahmuras
1545:Keyumars
1522:Ferdowsi
1469:Archived
1344:, 2003,
738:", used
736:Shahnama
671:Khurasan
608:Afrasiab
565:Brahmans
561:Iskandar
534:Montreal
396:colophon
383:and his
381:Ardashir
198:Ferdowsi
117:pigments
51:Shahnama
42:Demotte
2360:Related
2348:Davari
2226:Estakhr
2165:Shabdiz
2155:Simurgh
1981:Pashang
1976:Zadashm
1904:Tahmina
1899:Sudabeh
1879:Arnavāz
1874:Faranak
1841:Shaghad
1801:Goudarz
1796:Kashvad
1736:Nariman
1648:Dara II
1560:Jamshid
1550:Hushang
1177:Iranica
1168:Iranica
868:Iranica
805:Iranica
588:Ardavan
559:Before
557:Taynush
526:Detroit
471:Belgian
422:’s son
361:History
329:Öljaitü
306:Isfahan
2367:Daqiqi
2206:Sistan
2184:Places
2160:Rakhsh
2031:Barman
2026:Houman
2011:Arjasp
2006:Shideh
2001:Tageuo
1953:Zahhak
1949:Mardas
1942:Tazian
1932:Azadeh
1894:Rudaba
1851:Barbad
1836:Zavara
1831:Gorgin
1821:Bahram
1816:Rohham
1811:Bizhan
1756:Sohrab
1751:Rostam
1671:Siamak
1666:Jamasp
1580:Nowzar
1414:
1400:
1387:online
1374:
1359:
1330:
1316:
530:Geneva
518:Boston
514:Berlin
506:Louvre
479:Tehran
400:Tabriz
385:Dastur
371:Louvre
321:vizier
302:Shiraz
298:Injuid
267:Rakhsh
263:Rustam
248:Ghazan
232:Turkey
210:Turkic
162:Rustam
131:lapels
60:, the
2216:Balkh
2211:Kabul
2196:Turan
2021:Piran
2016:Viseh
1826:Hojir
1786:Farud
1716:Qaren
1711:Qobád
1696:Arash
1681:Abtin
1340:, in
723:Notes
532:(3),
520:(2),
508:(2),
244:Islam
2191:Iran
1721:Tous
1701:Salm
1691:Kāve
1585:Zaav
1570:Iraj
1412:ISBN
1398:ISBN
1372:ISBN
1357:ISBN
1328:ISBN
1314:ISBN
1252:help
1156:help
693:Chin
544:(1)
469:, a
411:and
394:Any
304:and
224:Iraq
218:The
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