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274:: "To suppose that the spirit of our people will not rise to the occasion is to suppose that our people are not genuine Americans. We shall make the fire of 1904 a landmark not of decline but of progress." McLane then refused assistance, "As head of this municipality, I cannot help but feel gratified by the sympathy and the offers of practical assistance which have been tendered to us. To them I have in general terms replied, 'Baltimore will take care of its own, thank you.'"
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condemned
Baltimore and exaggerated locals' response during the crisis. In addition, many newspapers published accounts by travelers who, in actuality, had only seen the fire as their trains passed through Baltimore. Nonetheless, the responding agencies and their equipment did prove useful, since the uncouplable hoses only represented a small part of the transported equipment. Ultimately, the tragedy led to the standardization of hydrants nationwide.
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1275:"BALTIMORE IS BURNING! CONFLAGRATION BIDS FAIR TO ECLIPSE THE CHICAGO FIRE OF 1871. At Eight o'clock This Morning the Flames Had Swept a Path Five Blocks Wide and a Mile Long—Their Progress is Still Unchecked In Spite of the Desperate Efforts of the Firemen of Baltimore and of Neighboring Cities—Loss is From One to Two Hundred Millions—Blaze Fanned by a High Wind"
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commendation). Meanwhile, back at the
General Post Office, employees kept spraying water on the building's sides and roof and were able to minimize damage and save the 1889 Italian Renaissance edifice with its nine towers and central tall clock tower (later razed and replaced by the current 1932 building, later converted to city use as Courthouse East).
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manufacturer. By 1903, over 600 sizes and variations of fire hose couplings existed in the United States. Despite efforts to establish standards being made since the 1870s, they had little effect: no city wanted to abandon its system, few saw any reason to adopt standards, and equipment manufacturers did not want competition.
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of the city did start making coupling rings to overcome this problem. High winds and freezing temperatures further contributed to the fire's extent and firefighters' difficulties. As a result, the fire burned over 30 hours, destroying 1,545 buildings spanning 70 city blocks—amounting to over 140 acres (57 ha).
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and the Naval
Brigade, were utilized during the fire to maintain order and protect the city. Police and soldiers not only kept looters away, but also prevented civilians from inadvertently interfering with firefighting efforts. The Naval Brigade secured the waterfront and waterways to keep spectators
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were blocked by a train accident; they arrived the next day – Monday, February 8). The crews brought their own equipment. Most could only watch helplessly after discovering that their hoses could not connect to
Baltimore's gauge size of water hydrants, although a machine shop in the Locust Point area
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The BCFD memorializes the fire annually at the bronze statue of a firefighter at the
Department's old headquarters, facing City Hall, the War Memorial Building and the broad ceremonial plaza in between at East Lexington and North Gay Streets. Observances are also held at the closest street corner to
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helped bring the blaze under control, both professional paid truck and engine companies from the
Baltimore City Fire Department (B.C.F.D.) and volunteers from the surrounding counties and outlying towns of Maryland, as well as out-of-state units that arrived on the major railroads. It destroyed much
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of 1962, currently the CFG Bank Arena) in the western part of downtown
Baltimore at 10:48 a.m. on Sunday, February 7, and quickly spread. Soon, it became apparent that the fire was outstripping the ability of the city's firefighting resources to fight it, and calls for help were telegraphed to
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Most agreed that the Great Fire directly caused no deaths. An autobiography written by Alice Mae
Cawthorne tells of a couple named Mr. and Mrs. Chambre who lost their twin daughters in the Baltimore fire. There are also reports of a merchant suffering a heart attack while evacuating goods from his
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In centuries past, fires regularly ravaged cities, frequently destroying large areas within. Close living quarters; lax, unenforced, or non-existent building codes; and a widespread dearth of firefighting services were all contributing factors to the frequency and extent of urban fires. The rapid
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adopted a national standard for fire hydrant and hose connections. However, inertia remained. Conversion was slow and still remains incomplete. One hundred years after the
Baltimore Fire, only 18 of the 48 most populous American cities were reported to have national standard fire hydrants. Hose
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While
Baltimore was criticized for its hydrants, this problem was not uniquely its own. During that era, American cities had more than six hundred different sizes and variations of fire hose couplings. As outside firefighters returned to their home cities, newspapers published interviews that
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In addition, firefighting practices and equipment were largely unstandardized, with each city having its own system. As time passed, these cities invested more in the systems that they already had, increasing the costs of any conversion. In addition, early equipment was often patented by its
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Square, on North Calvert Street, between East Lexington and Fayette Streets. Lurz gathered a group of men who loaded bags of mail onto horse–drawn wagons, took them to North and Pennsylvania Avenues, and stood guard until the Maryland National Guard arrived (for which he later received a
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due to exposure during the Great Fire. Martin Mullin, the proprietor of Mullin's Hotel (on the northwest corner of West Baltimore and North Liberty Streets, above Hopkins Place), a block to the north of the John E. Hurst Building, where the fire started, also later died.
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136:) responding with horse-drawn pumpers, wagons and other related equipment (primitive by modern-day standards, but only steam engines were motorized in that era) carried by the railroads on flat cars and in box cars, many were unable to help since their
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590:(USO), sending refreshments and break-time trucks to the sites of major alarms and fires to provide exhausted firefighters some comfort and snacks. It is named after the first alarm box pulled on the morning of Sunday, February 7, 1904.
509:, published 1941, "When I came out of it at last I was a settled and indeed almost a middle-aged man, spavined by responsibility and aching in every sinew, but I went into it a boy, and it was the hot gas of youth that kept me going."
505:(at the northwest corner of St. Paul and East Fayette Streets), were destroyed on the northern edge of the "Burnt District". Mencken related the fire and its aftermath near the end of the second volume of his autobiographical trilogy,
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As a result of the fire, Baltimore finally adopted a city building code after seventeen nights of hearings and multiple City Council reviews. The city's downtown "Burnt District" was rebuilt using more fireproof materials, such as
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from Sunday February 7 to Monday February 8, 1904. In the fire, more than 1,500 buildings were completely leveled, and some 1,000 severely damaged, bringing property loss from the disaster to an estimated $ 100 million. 1,231
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From North Howard Street in the west and southwest, the flames spread north through the retail shopping area as far as Fayette Street and began moving eastward, pushed along by the prevailing winds. Narrowly missing the new
616:, and the four local television stations' and several documentaries and interviews/discussion programs on the city's public radio network (NPR) station, WYPR-FM, also commemorated the event.
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buildings around the existing fire. This tactic, however, proved unsuccessful. Not until 5:00 p.m. the next day was the fire brought under control, after burning for thirty hours.
499:, future famed columnist/commentator/author and linguist, survived the fire at the beginning of his blossoming journalism and literary career, but the offices of his newspaper, the
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coast in August 2005. One reason for the fire's long duration involved the lack of national standards in firefighting equipment. Despite fire engines from nearby cities (such as
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materials. Perhaps the greatest legacy of the fire was the impetus it gave to efforts to standardize firefighting equipment in the United States, especially hose couplings.
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Mayor McLane's mysterious and sudden death later that year, ruled a suicide, was also attributed by some of his contemporaries to the stress of post-fire reconstruction.
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In the aftermath, 35,000 people were left unemployed. Over $ 150 million (in 1904 USD) worth of damage was done, which is approximately $ 3.84 billion in 2014 dollars.
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Fire was reported first at the John Hurst and Company building on West German Street at Hopkins Place (modern site at the southwest corner of the
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commemorated the fire's centennial in 2004 with a website, two books and various events, lectures, and tours through the auspices of the
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reported that the city had risen from the ashes and that "One of the great disasters of modern time had been converted into a blessing."
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stream which divided the downtown business district from the old East Baltimore tightly-packed residential neighborhoods of
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73:. The fire's wide swath burned as far south as the wharves and piers lining the north side of the old "Basin" (today's "
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821:, by Sherry H. Olson, published 1980, revised edition published 1997, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore (Md.),
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pavers. Public pressure, coupled with demands of companies insuring the newly re-built buildings, spurred the effort.
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565:, founded 1871 and built in 1873 with its mansard roof and corner clock tower. Baltimore's oldest news publication,
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commemorating "The Great Fire" was placed next to the main western entrance of the "Wholesale Fish Market" (now the
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chronicles major fires and events only synonymous to the City of Baltimore like the Great Baltimore Fire of 1904
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with its famous "Iron Building", considered the forerunner of modern steel skyscrapers, built 1851 at East
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and transported 100 miles (160 km) to Baltimore on a special train, provided free of charge by the
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Five lost lives were indirectly attributed to the fire. Two members of the 4th Regiment of the Maryland
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571:(dating back to 1773 or 1796 by various accounts and owned and published by local civic titan, General
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It is considered historically the third worst conflagration in an American city, surpassed only by the
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of central Baltimore, including over 1,500 buildings covering an area of some 140 acres (57 ha).
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Major U.S. Cities Using National Standard Fire Hydrants, One Century After the Great Baltimore Fire
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559:. Across the intersecting South Street-Guilford Avenue was the publishing headquarters of the
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1063:, by Peter B. Petersen, Published 2004, Maryland Historical Society, Baltimore (Md.), p. 196.
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1286:. Vol. XXXIII, no. 94. February 8, 1904. Page 1, columns 2-4; page 7, columns 3-4
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878:, Peter B. Petersen, Published 2004, Maryland Historical Society, Baltimore (Md.), p. 127.
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expansion of American cities during the nineteenth century also contributed to the danger.
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Much of the destroyed area was rebuilt in relatively short order, and the city adopted a
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Thomas Albert Lurz (b. January 9, 1874), a Baltimore native and letter carrier with the
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the Great Fire's beginnings at South Howard and West Lombard Streets alongside the
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354:. Fireman Mark Kelly and Fire Lieutenant John A. McKnew also died of pneumonia and
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of 1906. Other major urban disasters that were comparable (but not fires) were the
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other cities. By 1:30 p.m., units from Washington, D.C. were arriving on the
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954:, February 2004; archived online at DuffyWriter.com; retrieved December 26, 2016
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Square from 1815 to 1827 at North Calvert Street, and the quarter-century-old
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1248:"Baltimore City Fire Department Releases 150th Anniversary History Pictorial"
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store. It may be that deaths were not recorded accurately. In 1907 a bronze
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An illustration of the aftermath of the Great Baltimore Fire in February 1904
489:: although the standard hose coupling has 2.5 inches (64 mm) diameter,
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549:. The fire also devastated the city's other major newspapers, including
53:, now the Clarence M. Mitchell Jr. Courthouse, fire passed the historic
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1999:
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400: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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The Baltimore Sun, "One Life Lost in Fire." February 20, 1904, p. 12.
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Baltimore's Great Fire Marker – The Historical Marker Database.
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In addition to firefighters, outside police officers, as well as the
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of 1851. Since the late 1980s, the structure has been renamed the
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away. Officers from Philadelphia and New York also assisted the
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memorialized the fire in "Nineteen Ought Four", on their album
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printed an edition the first night of the fire on the press of
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One reason for the fire's duration was the lack of national
1075:. "Death Result of Baltimore Fire." March 13, 1904, p. 14.
1091:; published February 7, 2004; retrieved December 26, 2016
77:") of the Northwest Branch of the Baltimore Harbor and
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Maryland Digital Cultural Cultural Heritage Project.
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Mayor's death, blaze still linked in mystery (page 3)
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The Architecture of Baltimore: An Illustrated History
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on York Road in Lutherville-Timonium-Cockeysville in
635:(15509-D, May 6, 1929) also commemorates the event.
910:"Great Fire is history that did not go up in smoke"
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John E. Hurst Building, site of the fire's outbreak
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578:The "Box 414 Association", which has assisted the
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290:Great Baltimore Fire of 1904, looking West from
1192:"Aftermath of the Great Baltimore Fire of 1904"
493:'s hydrants had 3-inch (76 mm) couplings.
197:. To halt the fire, officials decided to use a
16:1904 fire in Baltimore, Maryland, United States
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798:National Institute of Standards and Technology
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675:More recently, the Baltimore-based rock band
965:"Two Years After Fire Baltimore is Booming"
819:Baltimore: The Building of an American City
521:, in exchange for providing photographs to
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1307:
1245:
1140:. Enoch Pratt Free Library. Archived from
212:in firefighting equipment. Fire crews and
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989:
460:Learn how and when to remove this message
305:Same view in 1906, 2 years after the fire
894:"Eye Witnesses Tell of Rush of Flames,"
539:was printed nightly on the press of the
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277:Two years later, on September 10, 1906,
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1507:Maryland Center for History and Culture
1236:Dynamited buildings on Baltimore Street
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998:"Great Fire of 1904 took several lives"
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2122:Baltimore–Washington metropolitan area
908:Kaltenbach, Chris (February 6, 2004).
788:
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1121:. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. p.
650:All the world was one sad cry of pity
1038:Jensen, Brennen (September 3, 2003)
932:
807:
482:National Fire Protection Association
398:adding citations to reliable sources
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220:and Washington that day (units from
1212:"National Photo Company Collection"
996:Kelly, Jacques (February 5, 2011).
864:National Bureau of Standards (NIST)
779:
485:incompatibility contributed to the
332:tells of the charred remains of a "
13:
1246:DonMonique, Joyce (May 23, 2011).
792:Momar D. Seck and David D. Evans,
670:Fair Baltimore, the beautiful city
660:Calling out to the heavens for aid
582:for many years, acts like a local
67:Jonestown (also known as Old Town)
14:
2213:
1818:Francis Scott Key Bridge collapse
1241:Early City Hydrant Specifications
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973:. 7 February 1906. Archived from
763:"The Great Baltimore Fire begins"
677:J. Roddy Walston and the Business
94:San Francisco Earthquake and Fire
2202:Urban fires in the United States
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665:While the fire in ruins was laid
645:From every breeze that passes by
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324:Port Discovery children's museum
316:Port Discovery children's museum
2187:1904 fires in the United States
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385:needs additional citations for
1168:"Great Baltimore Fire of 1904"
1138:"Great Baltimore Fire of 1904"
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580:Baltimore City Fire Department
542:Philadelphia Evening Telegraph
1:
2086:BWI Thurgood Marshall Airport
1639:Baltimore City Public Schools
1233:Liberty & Lombard Streets
1040:Charmed Life: Lives Lost: One
948:, by Jim Duffy, published in
748:
640:Fire!, fire!, I heard the cry
158:
2016:Johns Hopkins mens' lacrosse
655:Strong men in anguish prayed
264:Immediately after the fire,
256:
7:
2117:Baltimore metropolitan area
1834:Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
1226:Electric Railway Powerhouse
1087:, by Scott Calvert, in the
686:
600:Maryland Historical Society
588:United Service Organization
191:Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
98:Galveston Hurricane of 1900
10:
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1492:Baltimore Streetcar Museum
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1283:The Kingston Daily Freeman
535:. For the next five weeks
140:could not fit Baltimore's
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1808:Howard Street Tunnel fire
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1649:Colleges and Universities
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1117:Newspaper days: 1899–1906
507:Newspaper Days: 1899–1906
487:Oakland firestorm of 1991
365:
216:came from as far away as
2035:Maryland Cycling Classic
1763:Baltimore City Landmarks
1634:Enoch Pratt Free Library
1214:. Shorpy (Higginbotham).
1196:Enoch Pratt Free Library
1061:The Great Baltimore Fire
876:The Great Baltimore Fire
1879:McCormick & Company
1813:2015 Baltimore protests
1758:National Register sites
1598:Meyerhoff Symphony Hall
1512:Maryland Science Center
1497:B&O Railroad Museum
1487:Baltimore Museum of Art
1100:Seck and Evans, p. 111.
860:"Measures for Progress"
804:, August 2004, pp. 7-9.
629:North Carolina Ramblers
604:Fire Museum of Maryland
234:Maryland National Guard
172:Progression of the fire
51:1900 Circuit Courthouse
1869:JoS. A. Bank Clothiers
1803:Baltimore riot of 1968
1783:Baltimore riot of 1861
1654:City Community College
1477:Johns Hopkins Hospital
1174:. 2003. Archived from
734:39.288694°N 76.61917°W
596:old Civic Center/Arena
568:The Baltimore American
562:Baltimore Evening News
532:Baltimore Evening News
409:"Great Baltimore Fire"
306:
298:
239:City Police Department
186:Baltimore Civic Center
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120:as well as units from
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1230:Church of the Messiah
858:Rexmond C. Cochrane,
304:
289:
195:Camden Street Station
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22:
2177:February 1904 events
2143:Baltimore portal
2091:Martin State Airport
2011:Baltimore Grand Prix
1990:M&T Bank Stadium
1793:Great Baltimore Fire
1573:Charm City Art Space
1258:on February 16, 2016
1050:Baltimore City Paper
1008:on January 17, 2013.
739:39.288694; -76.61917
708:Baltimore portal
623:"Baltimore Fire" by
394:improve this article
29:Great Baltimore Fire
2101:Baltimore Belt Line
2044:Pimlico Race Course
1773:Battle of Baltimore
1768:Historical timeline
1547:Washington Monument
1144:on 15 February 2004
977:on January 31, 2013
898:, February 9, 1904.
730: /
527:The Washington Post
518:The Washington Post
343:Dock (old Pier 2).
100:and most recently,
59:Baltimore City Hall
2197:1900s in Baltimore
1542:Walters Art Museum
1198:: Digital Maryland
1178:on January 4, 2020
1045:2006-02-21 at the
944:2016-12-27 at the
896:The New York Times
584:American Red Cross
320:Maryland Institute
307:
299:
267:The Baltimore News
182:
90:Great Chicago Fire
25:
2182:Fires in Maryland
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2096:Port of Baltimore
1854:DeBaufre Bakeries
1613:Power Plant Live!
1522:National Aquarium
1338:City of Baltimore
1002:The Baltimore Sun
970:The Baltimore Sun
914:The Baltimore Sun
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613:The Baltimore Sun
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312:historical marker
296:North Gay Streets
102:Hurricane Katrina
92:of 1871, and the
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2192:1904 in Maryland
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2061:Metro SubwayLink
2020:womens' lacrosse
1884:Schmidt Bakeries
1730:State's Attorney
1725:Sheriff's Office
1568:Arch Social Club
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1172:Digital Maryland
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920:on June 29, 2011
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547:B&O Railroad
502:Baltimore Herald
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69:and newly named
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1618:Rams Head Live!
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450:February 2018
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411: –
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383:This section
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344:
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340:Constellation
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272:Robert McLane
270:quoted Mayor
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149:building code
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142:fire hydrants
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134:Atlantic City
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122:New York City
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2081:Penn Station
2030:Kinetic Race
1980:Camden Yards
1935:Gwynns Falls
1899:Under Armour
1792:
1680:City Council
1578:Hammerjack's
1517:Mount Vernon
1472:Inner Harbor
1462:Fort McHenry
1452:Federal Hill
1288:. Retrieved
1281:
1267:
1260:. Retrieved
1256:the original
1200:. Retrieved
1180:. Retrieved
1176:the original
1146:. Retrieved
1142:the original
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918:the original
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770:. Retrieved
766:
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722:39°17′19.3″N
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392:Please help
387:verification
384:
361:
356:tuberculosis
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218:Philadelphia
214:fire engines
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151:, stressing
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114:Philadelphia
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83:Pratt Street
75:Inner Harbor
47:
42:firefighters
28:
26:
1945:Herring Run
1894:Royal Farms
1537:Skyscrapers
1467:Harborplace
1457:Fells Point
1440:Attractions
1368:Ethnicities
1262:February 9,
924:February 5,
802:NISTIR 7158
737: /
573:Felix Agnus
334:colored man
106:New Orleans
63:Jones Falls
2171:Categories
2076:MARC Train
2000:SECU Arena
1930:Druid Hill
1874:Legg Mason
1663:Government
1583:Hippodrome
1502:Public art
1217:Pictures:
981:7 February
772:2020-02-07
749:References
537:The Herald
513:The Herald
420:newspapers
292:East Pratt
159:Background
130:Wilmington
2040:Preakness
1950:Patterson
1849:CoverGirl
1690:Delegates
1685:City Hall
1627:Education
1290:March 16,
1252:Baltimore
1202:March 16,
1182:March 16,
951:Baltimore
849:, p. 237.
725:76°37′9″W
621:folk song
352:pneumonia
338:USS
257:Aftermath
210:standards
203:dynamited
199:firebreak
153:fireproof
104:that hit
33:Baltimore
31:raged in
2155:Category
2006:Marathon
1955:Sherwood
1827:Industry
1700:Archives
1695:Senators
1447:Churches
1113:(1941).
1043:Archived
942:Archived
687:See also
627:and the
529:and the
523:The Post
126:Virginia
108:and the
37:Maryland
1976:Orioles
1925:Cylburn
1920:Clifton
1915:Carroll
1859:Hecht's
1750:History
1608:Ottobar
1482:Museums
1395:Markets
1358:Culture
1148:22 June
767:HISTORY
552:The Sun
491:Oakland
475:granite
434:scholar
329:The Sun
280:The Sun
1986:Ravens
1969:Sports
1940:Leakin
1720:Police
1715:Health
1705:Courts
1415:People
1373:Events
1353:Accent
1346:Topics
882:
845:
825:
598:. The
436:
429:
422:
415:
407:
366:Legacy
201:, and
132:, and
2110:Misc.
2071:Buses
1996:Blast
1960:Wyman
1908:Parks
1670:Mayor
1603:Lyric
1532:Ships
1405:Music
1400:Media
1363:Crime
1278:(PDF)
441:JSTOR
427:books
2018:and
1710:Fire
1388:Seal
1383:Flag
1378:Film
1292:2022
1264:2016
1204:2022
1184:2022
1150:2012
983:2012
926:2011
880:ISBN
843:ISBN
823:ISBN
619:The
480:The
413:news
294:and
116:and
27:The
1552:Zoo
1123:278
396:by
193:at
2173::
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809:^
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35:,
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1998:(
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1988:(
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1978:(
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1672:(
1322:e
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463:)
457:(
452:)
448:(
438:·
431:·
424:·
417:·
390:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
