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of self-governing village committees that were elected in a competitive, democratic process. Xu Wang from
Princeton University called the Congress mutually empowering for the state and the peasantry in that the state was given a renewed level of legitimacy by the democratic reforms and the peasantry was given far more political power. This manifested itself in increased voting rate, particularly for the poor, and increased levels of political awareness according to Wang's research. One example of the increased accountability from the new institutions was a province in which villagers gave 99,000 suggestions to the local government. Ultimately, 78,000 of these were adopted indicating a high rate of governmental responsiveness. This movement is considered grassroots because it focuses on systematically empowering the people. This focus manifested itself in the democratic institutions that focused on engaging the poor and in reform efforts that sought to make the government more responsive to the will of the people.
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used strategies of direct action such as land occupations. It largely maintained autonomy from the
Brazilian government. The MST traces its roots to discontent arising from large land inequalities in Brazil in the 1960s. Such discontent gained traction, particularly after Brazil became a democracy in 1985. The movement focused especially on occupying land that was considered unproductive, thus showing that it was seeking overall social benefit. In the 1990s the influence of the MST grew tremendously following two mass killings of protestors. Successful protests were those in which the families of those occupying properties receiving plots of land. Although the grassroots efforts of the MST were successful in Brazil when they were tried by the South African Landless People's Movement (LPM) in 2001 they were not nearly as successful. Land occupations in South Africa were politically contentious and did not achieve the positive results seen by the MST.
414:, dismissed the Tea Party as Astroturf. They say that the movement purports to represent large swaths of America when in reality it comes from a select few billionaires seeking policies favorable to themselves. The Tea Party has defended itself, arguing that it comes out of broad popular support and widespread anger at the Democratic Party and disenchantment with the GOP. Defenders of the Tea Party cite polls that find substantial support, indicating that the movement has some basis in grassroots politics. Critics point to the corporate influence on the Tea Party, which they believe indicates that the movement is more top-down than the grassroots rhetoric would suggest. The Tea Party can be considered grassroots to the extent that it comes from the people, but it is considered astroturfing to the extent that it is shaped by corporations and particularly wealthy individuals.
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he founded the
Nashville Community Relations Conference, which brought together leaders from various communities in Nashville to discuss the possibility of integration. In response to his attempts to network with leadership in the black community, residents of Nashville responded with violence and scare tactics. However, Van Til was still able to bring blacks and whites together to discuss the potential for changing race relations, and he was ultimately instrumental in integrating the Peabody College of Education in Nashville. Furthermore, the desegregation plan proposed by Van Til's Conference was implemented by Nashville schools in 1957. This movement is characterized as grassroots because it focused on changing a norm at the local level using local power. Van Til worked with local organizations to foster political dialogue and was ultimately successful.
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tracking large scale causal relationships in environmental systems and it has better funding. Top-down processing is typically designed by outsiders who can only perceive a community’s need and so community needs are often only marginally addressed or not addressed at all. By contrast, bottom-up processing is defined as “observing or monitoring efforts defined and undertaken at the local scale and brought forward to higher-level bodies, often with a focus on supporting outcomes desired by a local community.” Bottom-up processing has “local residents and co-facilitate the trainings and workshops” -- this “empowers participants.” Bottom-up approaches are often not impactful beyond local settings. Grassroots organizations take on a bottom-up approach as they often allow for direct community participation.
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reduce the military size. The push culminated in a protest by 300,000 people in the German capital Bonn. The movement was successful in producing a grassroots organization, the
Coordination Committee, which directed the efforts of the peace movements in the following years. The committee ultimately failed to decrease the size of the German military, but it laid the groundwork for protests of the Iraq war in the 2000s. Further, the movement started public dialogue about policy directed at peace and security. Like the Civil Rights Movement, the German Peace movement is considered grassroots because it focused on political change starting at the local level.
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with no prior NGO experience, began in earnest to self-organise and form groups taking aid to areas of displaced persons. The first wave of early responders reached camps in Calais and
Dunkirk in August 2015 and joined forces with existing local charities supporting the inhabitants there. Other volunteers journeyed to support refugees across the Balkans, Macedonia and the Greek islands. Grassroots aid filled voids and saved lives by plugging gaps in the system between governments and existing charities.
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American communities and other minorities. It sought to bring awareness to those communities and alter the focus from moving problematic waste to changing the system that produced such waste. The movement is considered grassroots because it utilized strategies that derived their power from the affected communities. For example, in North
Carolina, African American communities lay down in front of dump trucks to protest their environmental impact. The success of these movements largely remains to be seen.
51:, encourage community members to contribute by taking responsibility and action for their community. Grassroots movements utilize a variety of strategies from fundraising and registering voters, to simply encouraging political conversation. Goals of specific movements vary and change, but the movements are consistent in their focus on increasing mass participation in politics. These political movements may begin as small and at the local level, but grassroots politics as
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66:, a manifesto seeking a more democratic society, says that to create a more equitable society, "the grass roots of American Society" need to be the basis of civil rights and economic reform movements. The terms can be distinguished in that grassroots often refers to a specific movement or organization, whereas participatory democracy refers to the larger system of governance.
281:; Goldwater secured the Republican nomination. He sparked a grassroots movement among young conservatives by presenting himself as honest, committed and a genuine politician. The majority of his campaign donations were made by individual supporters; and only one-third of donations were greater than $ 500.
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A particular instantiation of grassroots politics in the
American Civil Rights Movement was the 1951 case of William Van Til working on the integration of the Nashville Public Schools. Van Til worked to create a grassroots movement focused on discussing race relations at the local level. To that end,
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movement is one that uses the people in a given district, region or community as the basis for a political or continent movement. Grassroots movements and organizations use collective action from the local level to implement change at the local, regional, national, or international levels. Grassroots
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More controversial examples of astroturfing often exhibit some characteristics of a real grassroots organization, but also characteristics of astroturf. Many of
President Obama's efforts, for example, have been deemed grassroots because of their focus on involving the electorate at large. Critics of
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The junior United States senator and former
Representative from Vermont, Bernie Sanders, formally announced his 2016 presidential campaign on May 26, 2015, on the foundation of reversing "obscene levels" of income and wealth inequality. Sanders stated that he would run an issue-oriented and positive
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Since the early 1900s, grassroots movements have been widespread both in the United States and in other countries. Major examples include parts of the
American Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s, Brazil's land equity movement of the 1970s and beyond, the Chinese rural democracy movement of
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has accused Obama of planting astroturf supporters in town hall meetings. Many movements and organizations must be placed on a continuum between grassroots and astroturf instead of labeled entirely as one or the other. For example, Australia's Convoy of No Confidence, a movement seeking to force an
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In 2015 the refugee crisis became front-page news across the world. Affected by images of the plight of refugees arriving and travelling across Europe, the grassroots aid movement (otherwise known as the people-to-people or people solidarity movement), consisting of thousands of private individuals
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Another example of grassroots in the 1980s was the Citizens Clearinghouse for Natural Waste, an organization that united communities and various grassroots groups in America in support of more environmentally friendly methods of dealing with natural waste. The movement focused especially on African
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The National People's Congress was a grassroots democratic reform movement that came out of the existing Chinese government in 1987. It encouraged grassroots elections in villages all around China with the express purpose of bringing democracy to the local level of government. Reforms took the form
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The Brazilian Landless Workers Movement (MST) was founded in the 1970s and has grown into an international organization. The MST focused on organizing young farmers and their children in fighting for a variety of rights, most notably the right to access land. The movement sought organic leaders and
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announced his candidacy on January 3, 1964. Goldwater focused on goals such as reducing the size of the federal government, lowering taxes, promoting free enterprise and a strong commitment to U.S. global leadership and fighting communism, which appealed strongly to conservatives in the Republican
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There is an ongoing debate as to whether a bottom-up or top-down approach is better suited to address the problems facing communities. Top-down processing involves large-scale programs or high-level frameworks, often driven by governmental or international action. Top-down processing is great for
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Grassroots movements use tactics that build power from local and community movements. Grassroots Campaigns, a non-profit organization dedicated to creating and supporting grassroots movements in America says that grassroots movements aim to raise money, build organizations, raise awareness, build
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Another instance of a historical grassroots movement was the 1980s German peace movement. The movement traces its roots to the 1950s movement opposing nuclear armament or the "Ban the Bomb" Movement. In the 1980s, the movement became far bigger. In 1981, 800 organizations pushed the government to
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The term "grassroots" is used by a number of sporting organizational bodies to reference the lowest, most elementary form of the game that anyone can play. Focusing on the grassroots of a sporting code can lead to greater participation numbers, greater support of professional teams/athletes and
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The Axis of Justice (AofJ) is a not-for-profit group co-founded by Tom Morello and Serj Tankian. Its intended purpose is to promote social justice by connecting musicians and music enthusiasts to progressive grassroots ideals. The group appears at music festivals; the most prominent being
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early election in 2011, incorporated elements of grassroots infrastructure in its reliance on the anger and discontentment of the participants. It also had elements of astroturf, namely the large extent to which it relied on support from political elites in the opposition party.
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Grassroots organizations derive their power from the people; thus their strategies seek to engage ordinary people in political discourse to the greatest extent possible. Below is a list of strategies considered to be grassroots because of their focus on engaging the populace:
333:(90.7 FM), a Pacifica Radio station in Los Angeles, California. The AofJ's mission is to connect local music fans to organizations, local and global, aimed at effectively working on issues like peace, human rights and economic justice within communities.
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Grassroots movements are usually criticized because the recent rise in social media has resulted in leaderless and horizontal movements. Some argue that social movements without a clear hierarchy are far less effective and are more likely to die off.
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campaign, focusing his efforts on getting corporate money out of politics, raising taxes on the wealthy, guaranteeing tuition-free higher education, incorporating a single-payer healthcare system, fighting against climate change and other key issues.
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state committee, the phrase was used as follows: "In regard to his political views Mr. Perry has issued the following terse platform: 'I am for a square deal, grass root representation, for keeping close to the people, against ring rule and for fair
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220:, started in 2017 in response to sexual assault allegations against prominent figures in the American entertainment industry. Grassroots movements also use hashtags to organize on a large scale on social media. Some examples include:
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Another influential way media is used to organize is through the use of hashtags to group together postings from across the network under a unifying message. Some hashtags that stirred up larger media coverage include the
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Corporation's push to disseminate false information about climate change. ExxonMobil was largely successful both in disseminating the information through think tanks and in disguising the true nature of the think tanks.
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name recognition, to win campaigns and to deepen political participation. Grassroots movements work toward these and other goals via strategies focusing on local participation in either local or national politics.
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Eicken, Hajo; Danielsen, Finn; Sam, Josephine-Mary; Fidel, Maryann; Johnson, Noor; Poulsen, Michael K; Lee, Olivia A; Spellman, Katie V; Iversen, Lisbeth; Pulsifer, Peter; Enghoff, Martin (April 28, 2021).
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refers to political action that is meant to appear to be grassroots, that is spontaneous and local, but in fact comes from an outside organization, such as a corporation or think tank. It is named after
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The earliest origins of "grass roots" as a political metaphor are obscure. In the United States, an early use of the phrase "grassroots and boots" was thought to have been coined by
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movements are associated with bottom-up, rather than top-down decision-making, and are sometimes considered more natural or spontaneous than more traditional power structures.
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in 2003. The Axis of Justice most regularly appears whenever the bands System of a Down or Audioslave are performing. The group also has a podcast on XM Satellite radio and
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Resist: This hashtag, used in cities throughout America, is another example of the power of organization through media platforms. It was used by event planning sites like
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Baletti, Brenda; Wolford, W; Johnson, Tamara (2008). "Late Mobilization: Transnational Peasant Networks and Grassroots Organizing in Brazil and South Africa".
303:, before ultimately losing. Sanders used his grassroots campaign to receive more than 7 million individual contributions averaging $ 27, effectively breaking
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Committee of the Regions.; European Institute Of Public Administration (European Institute Of Public Administration (Maastricht, The Netherlands)). (2011).
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ultimately provide performance and financial benefits to the organization to invest into the growth and development of the sport. Some examples of this are
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Obama have argued that some of these methods are in fact astroturfing because they believe that Obama faked the grassroots support. For example, the
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quotes a Kansas political organizer as saying: "Roosevelt and Torrance clubs will be organized in every locality. We will begin at the grass roots".
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contends are necessary in shaping progressive politics as they bring public attention to regional political concerns.
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Cho, Charles (July 3, 2011). "Astroturfing Global Warming: It Isn't Always Greener on the Other Side of the Fence".
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to bring together members of a community who wanted to get involved politically. It was used in the case of
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activities, which include the practices of reminding people to vote and transporting them to polling places.
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have all become hot spots for growing grassroots movements as platforms to inform, excite and organize.
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Wang, Xu (1997). "Mutual Empowerment of State and Peasantry: Grassroots Democracy in Rural China".
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ruled in favor of legalizing same-sex marriage, supporters used the hashtag #LoveWins.
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1708:""Grassroots movement working": Bernie Sanders gains on the Clinton Machine"
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Rickenbacker, Harold; Brown, Fred; Bilec, Melissa (May 1, 2019).
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In a 1907 newspaper article about Ed Perry, vice-chairman of the
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Mobilizing letter-writing, phone-calling and emailing campaigns
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International Journal of Architectural Research: ArchNet-IJAR
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1311:"Volunteers fill aid void in Greek 'crisis within a crisis'"
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Confronting Environmental Racism: Voices from the Grassroots
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1949: – guides to grassroots/community organizing
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1565:"Astroturf – The Big Business of Fake Grassroots Politics"
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A new world order: grassroots movements for global change
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1738:"What is Momentum, and why is it worrying Labour MPs?"
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Handbook of Community Movements and Local Organization
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Direct and Participatory Democracy at Grassroots Level
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the 1980s and the German peace movement of the 1980s.
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Caneparo, Luca; Bonavero, Federica (July 29, 2016).
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1080:"VIDEO: Bernie Sanders announces run for president"
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575:Yenerall, Kevan M. (2017). "grassroots politics.".
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101:" A 1904 news article on a campaign for possible
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1255:"History of the Calais Movement - Calaid-ipedia"
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1031:"These Were The Most Powerful Hashtags Of 2015"
751:. European Institute of Public Administration.
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1923:Fox, Jonathan A.; Brown David, L. (1998.)
1563:Walter Truett Anderson (January 5, 1996).
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974:. Cambridge, MA: South End Press. p.
715:Students for a Democratic Society (1962).
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1929:. Massachusetts Institute of Tech.
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1000:"Grassroots Campaigns: Our History"
942:. New York: Springer. p. 362.
938:Cnaan, Ram; Milofsky, Carl (2007).
417:
27:Movement based on local communities
24:
1901:
1885:from the original on March 4, 2014
1389:
1347:from the original on June 10, 2016
694:. Seattle: Bay Press. p. 45.
671:from the original on March 4, 2016
232:Supreme Court of the United States
137:Strategies of grassroots movements
25:
3890:
1940:
1317:. August 16, 2015. Archived from
1028:
853:. September 25, 1903. p. 6.
656:
342:Top-down vs. bottom-up processing
150:Hosting house meetings or parties
3817:
2791:International Conference of Rome
2781:International Conference of Rome
898:10.1111/j.1471-0366.2008.00171.x
823:. September 9, 1907. p. 4.
510:
496:
482:'s Grassroots Programme and the
351:Issues with horizontal movements
1873:Staff writers (April 3, 2014).
1866:
1836:
1790:
1760:
1730:
1699:
1681:
1645:
1610:
1575:
1491:
1450:
1359:
1333:
1303:
1273:
1213:
1182:
1157:
1127:
1097:
1072:
1053:
1022:
956:
931:
904:
869:
839:
611:10.26687/ARCHNET-IJAR.V10I2.960
472:
359:
180:Organizing large demonstrations
2903:Australian Anarchist Centenary
2828:German Revolution of 1918–1919
1463:Sustainable Cities and Society
809:
735:
708:
683:
583:
568:
553:
13:
1:
2542:Decentralized planned economy
1982:
1879:Football Federation Australia
1503:Berkeley Journal of Sociology
925:10.1016/s0305-750x(97)00047-8
560:Gove, Philip Babcock (1961).
546:
484:Football Federation Australia
195:Use of online social networks
174:Setting up information tables
2137:Proletarian internationalism
1772:sportsbusinessinsider.com.au
1631:10.1080/10361146.2013.864598
336:
47:Grassroots movements, using
32:Grass roots (disambiguation)
7:
2838:1919 United States bombings
613:(inactive April 24, 2024).
489:
428:International - Created by
249:
210:
10:
3895:
3793:Situationist International
2863:Spanish Revolution of 1936
2721:Self-managed social center
1584:Journal of Business Ethics
966:; Bullard, Robert (1993).
878:Journal of Agrarian Change
363:
311:UK grassroots aid movement
288:
258:
69:
29:
3812:
3697:
3257:
3207:
2932:
2918:Really Really Free Market
2913:1999 Seattle WTO protests
2735:
2607:
2515:
2479:
2432:
2355:
2286:
2277:
2227:
2202:Temporary autonomous zone
2127:Permanent autonomous zone
2062:Consensus decision-making
1990:
1596:10.1007/s10551-011-0950-6
1476:10.1016/j.scs.2019.101473
1139:www.realclearpolitics.com
1105:"Issues - Bernie Sanders"
690:Wallace, Michele (1992).
165:Gathering signatures for
79:Albert Jeremiah Beveridge
2908:Carnival Against Capital
2833:Bavarian Soviet Republic
2822:Manifesto of the Sixteen
2716:Radical environmentalism
2665:Independent Media Center
2597:Workers' self-management
2042:Autonomous social center
1660:. Baltimore: JHU Press.
504:Political science portal
2537:Cost the limit of price
432:and advertising agency
153:Having larger meetings—
60:participatory democracy
3333:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2142:Propaganda of the deed
2132:Prefigurative politics
2122:Participatory politics
2067:Conscientious objector
1947:The Citizen's Handbook
1693:The Japan Times Online
1418:10.1093/biosci/biab018
1165:"2016 Election Center"
796:"Beveridge, Albert J."
717:"Port Huron Statement"
659:"Grassroots Movements"
531:Grassroots fundraising
277:and Michigan governor
3783:Libertarian socialism
2898:Kate Sharpley Library
2873:Red inverted triangle
2816:High Treason Incident
2806:Congress of Amsterdam
2212:Voluntary association
2022:Anti-authoritarianism
2012:Anarchist criminology
2007:Anarchist Black Cross
1542:10.1353/dss.2012.0053
1084:Burlington Free Press
692:Black Popular Culture
541:Grassroots innovation
3864:Community organizing
3824:Anarchism portal
3228:Fictional characters
2711:Radical cheerleading
1907:Ekins, Paul (1992.)
1810:on February 22, 2014
1571:on January 29, 2011.
1505:. November 3, 2014.
1373:. December 6, 2017.
776:on November 23, 2015
526:Grassroots democracy
409:Speaker of the House
230:LoveWins. After the
64:Port Huron Statement
30:For other uses, see
3879:Political metaphors
3874:Political movements
3773:Left-libertarianism
2848:Kronstadt rebellion
2786:Trial of the Thirty
2751:Revolutions of 1848
2693:No gods, no masters
2502:Synthesis anarchism
2492:Anarcho-syndicalism
2480:Types of federation
1875:"FFA Play Football"
1195:The Huffington Post
1004:Grassroots Campaign
890:2008JAgrC...8..290B
851:Library of Congress
821:Library of Congress
536:Grassroots lobbying
320:The Axis of Justice
18:Grassroots activism
3723:Anti-globalization
3393:Dominican Republic
3218:Anarcho-punk bands
2878:Labadie Collection
2868:Barcelona May Days
2771:Cantonal rebellion
2705:Property is theft!
2671:The Internationale
2625:Anarchist bookfair
2424:Without adjectives
2279:Schools of thought
434:Leo Burnett Sydney
275:Nelson Rockefeller
245:for such purposes.
159:Putting up posters
103:Theodore Roosevelt
85:, who said of the
3846:
3845:
3803:Spontaneous order
3733:Anti-war movement
3238:Jewish anarchists
2746:French Revolution
2699:Popular education
2475:
2474:
2192:Spontaneous order
2052:Classless society
1854:on March 17, 2015
1695:. March 30, 2019.
1667:978-1-4214-0610-7
1261:on April 24, 2016
949:978-0-387-75729-2
913:World Development
805:on June 16, 2006.
766:978-92-895-0641-0
701:978-1-56584-459-9
393:Reason Foundation
87:Progressive Party
49:self-organization
16:(Redirected from
3886:
3822:
3821:
3820:
3713:Anti-consumerism
3708:Anti-corporatism
2858:Amakasu Incident
2801:Strandza Commune
2776:Haymarket affair
2677:Jewish anarchism
2619:A las Barricadas
2587:Social ownership
2572:Market socialism
2547:Free association
2507:Union of egoists
2284:
2283:
2217:Workers' council
2207:Union of egoists
2167:Security culture
2077:Decentralization
2072:Critique of work
1977:
1970:
1963:
1954:
1953:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1850:. Archived from
1840:
1834:
1833:
1827:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1809:
1803:. Archived from
1802:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1659:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1567:. Archived from
1560:
1554:
1553:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1478:
1454:
1448:
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1437:
1396:
1387:
1386:
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1363:
1357:
1356:
1354:
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1337:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1257:. Archived from
1251:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1161:
1155:
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1131:
1125:
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1120:
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1095:
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1069:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1015:
996:
990:
989:
973:
960:
954:
953:
935:
929:
928:
919:(9): 1431–1442.
908:
902:
901:
884:(2–3): 290–314.
873:
867:
866:
864:
862:
843:
837:
836:
834:
832:
813:
807:
806:
801:. Archived from
792:
786:
785:
783:
781:
775:
769:. Archived from
750:
739:
733:
732:
730:
728:
719:. Archived from
712:
706:
705:
687:
681:
680:
678:
676:
670:
663:
654:
645:
644:
638:
630:
596:
587:
581:
580:
579:. Facts On File.
572:
566:
565:
557:
520:
515:
514:
506:
501:
500:
499:
418:Current examples
380:artificial grass
225:BlackLivesMatter
188:get out the vote
100:
21:
3894:
3893:
3889:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3884:
3883:
3849:
3848:
3847:
3842:
3818:
3816:
3808:
3807:
3806:
3763:Labour movement
3693:
3692:
3691:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3203:
3202:
3201:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2923:Occupy movement
2796:Ferrer movement
2731:
2730:
2729:
2645:Escuela Moderna
2603:
2602:
2601:
2511:
2471:
2428:
2392:Insurrectionary
2351:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2147:Refusal of work
2032:Anti-militarism
2027:Anti-capitalism
1986:
1981:
1943:
1904:
1902:Further reading
1899:
1898:
1888:
1886:
1871:
1867:
1857:
1855:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1821:
1820:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1800:
1798:"Archived copy"
1796:
1795:
1791:
1781:
1779:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1751:
1749:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1721:
1719:
1704:
1700:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1650:
1646:
1615:
1611:
1580:
1576:
1561:
1557:
1526:
1522:
1512:
1510:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1455:
1451:
1397:
1390:
1380:
1378:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1350:
1348:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1324:
1322:
1321:on June 4, 2016
1309:
1308:
1304:
1294:
1292:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1264:
1262:
1253:
1252:
1245:
1235:
1233:
1218:
1214:
1204:
1202:
1187:
1183:
1173:
1171:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1148:
1146:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1118:
1116:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1088:
1086:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1058:
1054:
1044:
1042:
1027:
1023:
1013:
1011:
998:
997:
993:
986:
964:Taylor, Dorceta
961:
957:
950:
936:
932:
909:
905:
874:
870:
860:
858:
845:
844:
840:
830:
828:
815:
814:
810:
794:
793:
789:
779:
777:
773:
767:
748:
740:
736:
726:
724:
723:on July 5, 2009
713:
709:
702:
688:
684:
674:
672:
668:
661:
655:
648:
632:
631:
594:
588:
584:
573:
569:
558:
554:
549:
516:
509:
502:
497:
495:
492:
475:
420:
368:
362:
353:
344:
339:
322:
313:
301:Hillary Clinton
293:
287:
267:Barry Goldwater
263:
257:
252:
218:#MeToo movement
213:
197:
139:
98:
72:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3892:
3882:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3834:
3827:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3778:Libertarianism
3775:
3770:
3768:Left communism
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3699:Related topics
3695:
3694:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3668:United Kingdom
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
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3405:
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3383:Czech Republic
3380:
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3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
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3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3038:González Prada
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
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2965:
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2905:
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2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2853:Makhnovshchina
2850:
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2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
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2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2766:Hague Congress
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
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2615:
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2613:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2567:Labour voucher
2564:
2562:Give-away shop
2559:
2554:
2552:General strike
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2487:Affinity group
2483:
2481:
2477:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2457:Post-anarchist
2454:
2449:
2444:
2438:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2380:Social ecology
2377:
2367:
2361:
2359:
2357:Post-classical
2353:
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2349:
2348:
2347:
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2314:
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2255:
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2235:
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2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2177:Social ecology
2174:
2172:Self-ownership
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2102:Horizontalidad
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2057:Class struggle
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2037:Affinity group
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1980:
1979:
1972:
1965:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1942:
1941:External links
1939:
1938:
1937:
1921:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1865:
1844:"FIFA Courses"
1835:
1789:
1759:
1729:
1698:
1680:
1666:
1644:
1609:
1590:(4): 571–587.
1574:
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1449:
1412:(5): 467–483.
1388:
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1109:Bernie Sanders
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657:Poggi, Sarah.
646:
605:(2): 204–218.
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518:Society portal
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364:Main article:
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305:Barack Obama's
289:Main article:
286:
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259:Main article:
256:
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3673:United States
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2582:Mutual credit
2580:
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2527:Communization
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2317:Philosophical
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2087:Direct action
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2015:
2013:
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1989:
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1935:0-262-56117-4
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1916:
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1029:Gladu, Alex.
1025:
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985:0-89608-446-9
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467:
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462:Jeremy Corbyn
459:
455:
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438:Fairfax Media
435:
431:
430:WWF Australia
427:
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388:
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377:
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105:running mate
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3836:
3829:
3815:
3728:Anti-statism
3718:Anti-fascism
3623:South Africa
3123:Pi i Margall
2820:
2669:
2630:Anarcho-punk
2617:
2592:Wage slavery
2557:Gift economy
2452:Postcolonial
2434:Contemporary
2387:Independence
2334:Collectivist
2253:Love and sex
2082:Deep ecology
2017:Anationalism
1925:
1909:
1889:February 25,
1887:. Retrieved
1878:
1868:
1856:. Retrieved
1852:the original
1847:
1838:
1814:February 25,
1812:. Retrieved
1805:the original
1792:
1782:February 25,
1780:. Retrieved
1771:
1762:
1750:. Retrieved
1741:
1732:
1722:November 16,
1720:. Retrieved
1712:The Guardian
1711:
1701:
1692:
1683:
1673:November 28,
1671:. Retrieved
1655:
1647:
1625:(1): 54–67.
1622:
1618:
1612:
1587:
1583:
1577:
1569:the original
1558:
1536:(2): 49–57.
1533:
1529:
1523:
1513:November 18,
1511:. Retrieved
1502:
1493:
1466:
1462:
1452:
1409:
1405:
1381:February 22,
1379:. Retrieved
1370:
1361:
1349:. Retrieved
1335:
1323:. Retrieved
1319:the original
1314:
1305:
1293:. Retrieved
1284:
1275:
1263:. Retrieved
1259:the original
1236:December 14,
1234:. Retrieved
1226:The Guardian
1225:
1215:
1205:November 18,
1203:. Retrieved
1194:
1184:
1172:. Retrieved
1168:
1159:
1147:. Retrieved
1138:
1129:
1117:. Retrieved
1108:
1099:
1087:. Retrieved
1083:
1074:
1066:The Guardian
1065:
1055:
1045:February 22,
1043:. Retrieved
1034:
1024:
1012:. Retrieved
1003:
994:
969:
958:
939:
933:
916:
912:
906:
881:
877:
871:
859:. Retrieved
850:
841:
829:. Retrieved
820:
811:
803:the original
798:
790:
780:November 28,
778:. Retrieved
771:the original
744:
737:
727:November 28,
725:. Retrieved
721:the original
710:
691:
685:
673:. Retrieved
635:cite journal
602:
598:
585:
576:
570:
561:
555:
476:
473:Use in sport
466:Labour Party
451:
443:
423:
412:Nancy Pelosi
405:Barack Obama
398:
389:
371:Astroturfing
369:
366:Astroturfing
360:Astroturfing
354:
345:
327:Lollapalooza
323:
314:
298:
294:
272:
264:
214:
198:
144:
140:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:Eli Torrance
91:
73:
57:
46:
40:
38:
36:
3638:Switzerland
3598:Puerto Rico
3583:Philippines
3548:New Zealand
3543:Netherlands
3413:El Salvador
3248:Periodicals
2811:Tragic Week
2682:Lifestylism
2577:Mutual bank
2532:Cooperative
2497:Platformism
2447:Free-market
2375:Primitivist
2258:Nationalism
2187:Somatherapy
2097:Freethought
1858:November 2,
1752:October 24,
1149:October 27,
1119:October 27,
1089:October 26,
1014:October 13,
861:October 12,
831:October 12,
675:October 20,
53:Cornel West
3853:Categories
3758:Dual Power
3743:Autonomism
3738:Autarchism
3398:East Timor
3368:Costa Rica
3313:Bangladesh
3308:Azerbaijan
3018:Feyerabend
2655:Freeganism
2305:Illegalist
2243:Capitalism
2182:Sociocracy
2152:Revolution
2117:Mutual aid
2047:Black bloc
1469:: 101473.
1406:BioScience
627:1833257272
547:References
425:Earth Hour
384:ExxonMobil
239:Meetup.com
97:treatment.
41:grassroots
3798:Socialism
3748:Communism
3683:Venezuela
3618:Singapore
3553:Nicaragua
3478:Indonesia
3458:Hong Kong
3453:Guatemala
3298:Australia
3288:Argentina
3259:By region
3243:Musicians
3148:Santillán
3098:Malatesta
3068:Kropotkin
3048:Guillaume
2726:Symbolism
2640:DIY ethic
2517:Economics
2462:Post-left
2407:Christian
2402:Religious
2339:Communist
2324:Mutualist
2288:Classical
2248:Education
2197:Squatting
2157:Rewilding
2092:Free love
1984:Anarchism
1639:154415052
1604:154213597
1550:153750542
1485:2210-6707
1426:0006-3568
1174:April 18,
401:Tea Party
376:AstroTurf
337:Criticism
201:Instagram
167:petitions
3869:Activism
3831:Category
3593:Portugal
3573:Paraguay
3533:Mongolia
3518:Malaysia
3363:Colombia
3343:Bulgaria
3133:Proudhon
3093:Maksimov
3073:Landauer
3023:Giovanni
2973:Bookchin
2888:May 1968
2660:Infoshop
2412:Buddhist
2397:Pacifist
2365:Feminist
2344:Magonist
2312:Naturist
2268:Violence
2263:Religion
2162:Sabotage
1992:Concepts
1883:Archived
1848:FIFA.com
1824:cite web
1776:Archived
1746:Archived
1716:Archived
1507:Archived
1444:33986631
1375:Archived
1345:Archived
1295:June 21,
1289:Archived
1285:BBC News
1230:Archived
1199:Archived
1143:Archived
1113:Archived
1039:Archived
1008:Archived
855:Archived
825:Archived
666:Archived
623:ProQuest
619:59383878
490:See also
464:and the
453:Momentum
250:Examples
211:Hashtags
186:Holding
94:Oklahoma
3838:Outline
3788:Marxism
3688:Vietnam
3678:Uruguay
3663:Ukraine
3653:Tunisia
3603:Romania
3558:Nigeria
3538:Morocco
3488:Ireland
3468:Iceland
3463:Hungary
3443:Germany
3438:Georgia
3423:Finland
3418:Estonia
3403:Ecuador
3388:Denmark
3373:Croatia
3328:Bolivia
3323:Belgium
3318:Belarus
3303:Austria
3293:Armenia
3283:Andorra
3278:Algeria
3273:Albania
3193:Yarchuk
3168:Tolstoy
3163:Thoreau
3158:Stirner
3153:Spooner
3118:Parsons
3043:Graeber
3033:Goldman
2993:Durruti
2978:Chomsky
2968:Bonanno
2963:Berkman
2958:Bakunin
2737:History
2687:May Day
2609:Culture
2002:Anarchy
1530:Dissent
1435:8106998
1351:May 13,
1325:May 13,
1315:Reuters
1265:May 13,
886:Bibcode
456:in the
270:Party.
205:Twitter
83:Indiana
76:Senator
70:History
3658:Turkey
3648:Taiwan
3633:Sweden
3613:Serbia
3608:Russia
3588:Poland
3568:Panama
3563:Norway
3528:Monaco
3523:Mexico
3513:Latvia
3493:Israel
3448:Greece
3428:France
3348:Canada
3338:Brazil
3268:Africa
3198:Zerzan
3188:Warren
3173:Tucker
3143:Rocker
3138:Reclus
3128:Pouget
3108:Michel
3088:Makhno
3063:KĹŤtoku
3053:He-Yin
3028:Godwin
3013:Ferrer
2983:Cleyre
2948:Armand
2943:Alston
2934:People
2417:Jewish
2329:Social
2300:Egoist
2229:Issues
1933:
1917:
1664:
1637:
1602:
1548:
1483:
1442:
1432:
1424:
1035:Bustle
982:
946:
763:
698:
625:
617:
62:. The
3643:Syria
3628:Spain
3508:Korea
3503:Japan
3498:Italy
3473:India
3408:Egypt
3358:China
3353:Chile
3233:Films
3223:Books
3209:Lists
3178:Volin
3083:MagĂłn
3058:Kanno
3008:Faure
3003:Ervin
2998:Ellul
2883:Provo
2650:Films
2467:Queer
2442:Black
2370:Green
1808:(PDF)
1801:(PDF)
1635:S2CID
1600:S2CID
1546:S2CID
774:(PDF)
749:(PDF)
669:(PDF)
662:(PDF)
615:S2CID
595:(PDF)
3578:Peru
3483:Iran
3378:Cuba
3183:Ward
3113:Most
3103:Mett
2635:Arts
1931:ISBN
1915:ISBN
1891:2014
1860:2017
1830:link
1816:2014
1784:2014
1754:2015
1724:2015
1675:2015
1662:ISBN
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