620:
46:
226:
551:
934:
751:
1082:
495:
911:
90:
65:
879:
657:
the old and new skins; the snake's coloration will also look dull, as though the animal is dusty. This process affects the eyesight of the snakes and they do not move or hunt during this time; they are also, in common with most other snakes, more aggressive. The outer skin is eventually sloughed in one piece (inside-out) and normal movement activity is resumed.
827:). These works include another common theme in Baltic mythology: that grass snakes wear crowns (note grass snake's yellow spots) and that there is a king of snakes who wears a golden crown. In some traditions the king of snakes changes every year; he drops his crown in spring and the other snakes fight for it (possibly based on the mating of grass snakes).
628:
environmental temperatures are favourable. The leathery-skinned eggs are laid in batches of eight to 40 in June to July and hatch after about 10 weeks. To survive and hatch, the eggs require a temperature of at least 21 °C (70 °F), but preferably 28 °C (82 °F), with high humidity. Areas of rotting
894:
656:
occurs at least once during the active season. As the outer skin wears and the snake grows, the new skin forms underneath the old, including the eye scales which may turn a milky blue/white colour at this time—referred to as being 'in blue'. The blue-white colour comes from an oily secretion between
807:
symbolic meaning as a symbol of evil in
Christianity, in Latvia and Lithuania there were various folk beliefs, dating even to the late 19th century, that killing grass snakes might bring grave misfortune or that an injured snake will take revenge on the offender. The ancient Baltic belief of grass
502:
The grass snake is typically dark green or brown in colour with a characteristic yellow or whitish collar behind the head, which explains the alternative name ringed snake. The colour may also range from grey to black, with darker colours being more prevalent in colder regions, presumably owing to
627:
As spring approaches, the males emerge first and spend much of the day basking in an effort to raise body temperature and thereby metabolism. This may be a tactic to maximise sperm production, as the males mate with the females as soon as they emerge up to two weeks later in April, or earlier if
644:
After breeding in summer, snakes tend to hunt and may range widely during this time, moving up to several hundred metres in a day. Prey items tend to be large compared to the size of the snake, and this impairs the movement ability of the snake. Snakes that have recently eaten rarely move any
830:
Today grass snakes hold a meaning of house blessing among many
Latvians and Lithuanians. One tradition is to put a bowl of milk near a snake's place of residence, although there is no evidence of a grass snake ever drinking milk. Driven by late 19th century and 20th century
808:
snakes as household spirits transformed into a belief that there is a snake (known or not to the inhabitants) living under every house; if it leaves, the house will burn down. Common
Latvian folk sayings include "who kills a grass snake, kills his happiness" and "when the
898:
677:) from the mouth and nose. They may also perform an aggressive display in defence, hissing and striking without opening the mouth. They rarely bite in defense and lack venomous fangs. When caught they often regurgitate the contents of their stomachs.
1035:
Kindler, Carolin; Chèvre, Maxime; Ursenbacher, Sylvain; Böhme, Wolfgang; Hille, Axel; Jablonski, Daniel; Vamberger, Melita; Fritz, Uwe (2017), "Hybridization patterns in two contact zones of grass snakes reveal a new
Central European snake species",
895:
610:
Grass snakes, like most reptiles, are at the mercy of the thermal environment and need to overwinter in areas which are not subject to freezing. Thus, they typically spend the winter underground where the temperature is relatively stable.
645:
significant distance and will stay in one location, basking to optimize their body temperature until the prey item has been digested. Individual snakes may only need two or three significant prey items throughout an entire season.
897:
503:
the thermal benefits of being dark in colour. The underside is whitish with irregular blocks of black, which are useful in recognizing individuals. It can grow to 1 m (3 ft 3 in) or more in length.
698:, suggesting that the grass snake's behavioral mimicry of cobras is a fossil behavior, although it may protect against predatory birds which migrate to Africa for the winter and encounter cobras there.
835:, grass snake motifs in Latvia have gained a meaning of education and wisdom, and are common ornaments in the military, folk dance groups and education logos and insignia. They are also found on the
792:: zalktis) is seen as a sacred animal. It was frequently kept as a pet, living under a married couple's bed or in a special place near the hearth. Supposedly, snakes ate food given to them by hand.
607:
through basking. Pond edges are also favoured and the relatively high chance of observing this secretive species in such areas may account for their perceived association with ponds and water.
603:
The preferred habitat appears to be open woodland and "edge" habitat, such as field margins and woodland borders, as these may offer adequate refuge while still affording ample opportunity for
933:
600:
Grass snakes are strong swimmers and may be found close to fresh water, although there is evidence individual snakes often do not need bodies of water throughout the entire season.
1850:
896:
584:
offered by hand, but dead prey items are never taken. The snake will search actively for prey, often on the edges of the water, using sight and sense of smell (using
684:'s hood, although the geographic ranges of grass snakes and of cobras overlap very little. However, the fossil record shows that the extinct European cobra
910:
1349:
Eckert, Rainer (1998). "On the Cult of the Snake in
Ancient Baltic and Slavic Tradition (based on language material from the Latvian folksongs)".
1728:
729:
In
Denmark it is protected, as all five species of reptiles were protected in 1981. Two of the subspecies are considered critically endangered:
19:
This article is about the
European grass snake or ringed snake, Natrix natrix. "Grass snake" is also used in the United Kingdom to refer to the
1095:
680:
Grass snakes display a rare defensive behavior involving raising the front of the body and flattening the head and neck so that it resembles a
1780:
1927:
1124:
636:
heaps, are preferred locations. The young are about 18 centimetres (7 in) long when they hatch and are immediately independent.
454:, 1789) was formerly treated as a subspecies, but following genetic analysis it was recognised in August 2017 as a separate species,
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occurs in
Miocene-aged strata of France, Germany, Austria, Romania, and Ukraine and thus overlapped with
878:
1459:
800:
750:
265:
1430:. Doniger, Wendy., Encyclopaedia Britannica, inc. Chicago, IL: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. 2006.
1335:
Lūvena, Ivonne. "Egle — zalkša līgava. Pasaka par zalkti — baltu identitāti veidojošs stāsts" . In:
1103:
1081:
580:, although they may also occasionally eat ants and larvae. Captive snakes have been observed taking
1952:
89:
1605:
287:
992:
1837:
1733:
1567:
839:. The grass snake has also become one of the main symbols of the Lithuanian neo-pagan movement
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1824:
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8:
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1932:
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Well-known literary works based on these traditions include
Lithuanian folk tale
803:, the grass snake still retained some mythological significance. In spite of the
674:
1772:
1241:
1689:
1676:
1405:
1057:
561:
276:
1362:
1337:
LATVIJAS UNIVERSITĀTES raksti. n. 732: Literatūrzinātne, folkloristika, māksla
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69:
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511:
The grass snake is widely distributed in mainland Europe, ranging from mid
321:
1629:
1219:
537:
in
Britain are now considered to have originated from imported specimens.
1715:
1599:
1295:
921:
863:) describes the grass snake as a large feared snake living in marshes in
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577:
573:
512:
325:
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1707:
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335:
101:
1561:
1190:
785:
1871:
1668:
1584:
1220:
Gregory, Patrick T.; Leigh Anne Isaac; Richard A Griffiths (2007).
864:
856:
141:
121:
809:
1811:
1384:
Straižys, Vytautas (1997). "The Cosmology of the Ancient Balts".
944:
925:
861:
707:
653:
633:
522:
Grass snakes in Britain were thought to belong to the subspecies
131:
673:) by becoming completely limp when they may also secrete blood (
1655:
885:
851:
666:
519:. It is also found in the Middle East and northwestern Africa.
334:. It is often found near water and feeds almost exclusively on
171:
111:
1221:
963:
961:
1034:
711:
681:
516:
331:
151:
823:) and the Latvian folk fairytale "The grass snake's bride" (
958:
939:
Grass snake in a pond in the nature resort in Zell am See,
715:
968:
European Reptile & Amphibian Specialist Group (1996).
723:
719:
669:-smelling fluid from the anal glands, and feign death (
1177:
Milius, Susan (October 28, 2006). "Why Play Dead?".
1030:
1028:
706:
The species has various predator species, including
23:(N. helvetica) and in North America to refer to the
1025:
1919:
812:sees a dead grass snake, she cries for 9 days".
498:A specimen showing the distinctive yellow collar
1339:. Rīga: LU Akadēmiskais apgāds, 2008. p. 16-22.
1279:) mimicking cobras display a 'fossil behavior'"
1226:) in response to handling by human "predators""
462:. Four other subspecies were transferred from
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1315:Ministry of Environment and Food of Denmark
993:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T14368A4436775.en
1428:Britannica encyclopedia of world religions
224:
63:
44:
1294:
1139:
1065:
991:
701:
1383:
1166:(PhD thesis). University of Southampton.
1160:Ecology and vagility of the grass snake
749:
618:
588:). They consume prey live without using
549:
493:
1268:
916:Grass snake looking out its hideout of
754:Lithuanians worshipping a grass snake (
1920:
1348:
1176:
765:Historia de Gentibus Septentrionalibus
1566:
1565:
1156:
648:
1695:4949bb15-64ad-42ac-b7d5-422a869a6ef1
1386:Journal for the History of Astronomy
1928:IUCN Red List least concern species
979:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
13:
1269:Pokrant, Felix (24 October 2017).
1007:
526:but have been reclassified as the
14:
1974:
1557:Amphibians and Reptiles of Europe
1550:
1230:Journal of Comparative Psychology
1222:"Death feigning by grass snakes (
718:and perhaps other birds of prey,
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909:
892:
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88:
1522:
1508:
1502:"Article "bringer of blessing""
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1342:
1329:
1317:. Miljø- og Fødevareministeriet
1303:
614:
506:
1262:
1213:
1170:
1117:
1088:
770:History of the Northern People
694:species including the extinct
665:In defence they can produce a
489:
1:
1096:"Grass snake (Natrix natrix)"
1020:Reptarium.cz Reptile Database
952:
797:Christianization of Lithuania
341:
27:(Opheodrys vernalis) and the
740:
733:(Sardinian grass snake) and
639:
568:Grass snakes mainly prey on
7:
1963:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1242:10.1037/0735-7036.121.2.123
364:Natrix natrix astreptophora
350:are recognized, including:
10:
1979:
1958:Reptiles described in 1758
1406:10.1177/002182869702802207
1058:10.1038/s41598-017-07847-9
870:
860:(book III, lines 425-439:
817:Eglė the Queen of Serpents
660:
595:
545:
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18:
1861:
1574:
1363:10.1524/slaw.1998.43.1.94
1351:Zeitschrift für Slawistik
1299:– via ResearchGate.
884:Hunting in early autumn,
867:, eating frogs and fish.
745:
401:Nilson & Andrén, 1981
244:
237:
232:
223:
200:
193:
85:Scientific classification
83:
61:
52:
43:
38:
1536:(in Latvian). 2014-01-31
846:
484:N. helvetica sicula
480:N. helvetica lanzai
472:N. helvetica cettii
430:Natrix natrix schweizeri
398:Natrix natrix gotlandica
309:), sometimes called the
233:Natrix natrix range map
1162:Natrix natrix helvetica
623:A juvenile grass snake.
476:N. helvetica corsa
448:Natrix natrix helvetica
375:Vanni & Lanza, 1983
1948:Reptiles of Azerbaijan
1458:: CS1 maint: others (
1022:. Accessed 3 May 2017.
773:
758:) and holy fire. From
702:Protection and threats
696:Natrix longivertebrata
624:
565:
499:
381:Natrix natrix cypriaca
1833:Paleobiology Database
1157:Brown, Peter (1991).
821:Eglė žalčių karalienė
753:
622:
553:
497:
438:Natrix natrix scutata
372:Natrix natrix calabra
359:(fide Sochurek, 1979)
356:Natrix natrix algirus
1690:Fauna Europaea (new)
1296:10.3897/vz.67.e31593
1127:. The Woodland Trust
986:: e.T14368A4436775.
833:Romantic nationalism
406:Natrix natrix natrix
1398:1997JHAS...28...57S
1050:2017NatSR...7.7378K
780:, the grass snake (
722:, and the domestic
422:Natrix natrix persa
390:Natrix natrix fusca
273:Tropidonotus natrix
55:Conservation status
1943:Reptiles of Russia
1938:Reptiles of Europe
1283:Vertebrate Zoology
1038:Scientific Reports
774:
649:Ecdysis (moulting)
625:
566:
528:barred grass snake
500:
460:barred grass snake
25:smooth green snake
21:barred grass snake
1915:
1914:
1820:Open Tree of Life
1568:Taxon identifiers
1488:"Ticējumi čūskas"
899:
572:, especially the
533:. Any records of
468:N. helvetica
442:
434:
426:
418:
402:
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29:rough green snake
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1474:"Folklora Ailab"
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1374:
1346:
1340:
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1277:N. astreptophora
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1168:
1167:
1154:
1137:
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1115:
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1111:
1102:. Archived from
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941:Salzburg (state)
936:
913:
901:
900:
881:
778:Baltic mythology
735:N. n. schweizeri
605:thermoregulation
586:Jacobson's organ
531:Natrix helvetica
456:Natrix helvetica
440:
432:
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16:Species of snake
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1953:Snakes of China
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1523:
1516:"Latvijas Daba"
1514:
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1481:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1451:
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1392:(22): S57–S81.
1382:
1378:
1347:
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1271:"Grass snakes (
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1191:10.2307/4017568
1175:
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1140:
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914:
905:
902:
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849:
772:), book 3, 1555
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675:autohaemorrhage
663:
651:
642:
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262:Natrix vulgaris
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1896:
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1863:Coluber natrix
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1677:Fauna Europaea
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1551:External links
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1388:. Supplement.
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1289:(2): 261–269.
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562:Czech Republic
547:
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508:
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464:N. natrix
444:
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441:(Pallas, 1771)
435:
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427:
425:(Pallas, 1814)
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393:Cattaneo, 1990
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367:(Seoane, 1885)
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31:(O. aestivus).
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1661:
1657:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1625:
1621:
1620:Natrix_natrix
1616:
1612:
1607:
1606:Natrix natrix
1601:
1597:
1592:
1586:
1582:
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1579:
1577:
1576:Natrix natrix
1573:
1569:
1564:
1558:
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1531:
1530:"Zalkša zīme"
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1437:9781593394912
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1357:(1): 94–100.
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1273:Natrix natrix
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1224:Natrix natrix
1216:
1208:
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1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1185:(18): 280–1.
1184:
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1165:
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1161:
1153:
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1145:
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1126:
1125:"Grass snake"
1120:
1106:on 2017-04-19
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1015:Natrix natrix
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854:in his 29 BC
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825:Zalkša līgava
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70:Least Concern
60:
56:
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42:
37:
34:
30:
26:
22:
1862:
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1538:. Retrieved
1533:
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1319:. Retrieved
1314:
1305:
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1264:
1253:. Retrieved
1233:
1229:
1223:
1215:
1182:
1179:Science News
1178:
1172:
1163:
1159:
1129:. Retrieved
1119:
1108:. Retrieved
1104:the original
1099:
1090:
1041:
1037:
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1009:
997:. Retrieved
983:
977:
971:
918:water violet
855:
850:
829:
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760:Olaus Magnus
755:
734:
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615:Reproduction
609:
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590:constriction
567:
555:
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523:
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515:to southern
510:
507:Distribution
501:
483:
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429:
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397:
389:
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363:
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322:semi-aquatic
314:
311:ringed snake
310:
305:
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283:
272:
261:
247:
203:
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185:
184:
172:
39:Grass snake
33:
1716:iNaturalist
1600:Wikispecies
1044:(1): 7378,
999:11 November
922:Kirchwerder
731:N. n. cetti
687:Naja romani
578:common frog
574:common toad
513:Scandinavia
490:Description
470:, becoming
315:water snake
301:grass snake
1922:Categories
1878:Q105080920
1540:2018-04-24
1534:Zīmju taka
1255:2011-07-11
1131:2 December
1110:2017-04-18
953:References
904:Copulation
795:After the
782:Lithuanian
671:thanatosis
632:, such as
630:vegetation
582:earthworms
570:amphibians
348:subspecies
342:Subspecies
336:amphibians
162:Colubridae
148:Suborder:
1454:cite book
1446:319493641
1414:117470993
1371:171032008
805:serpent's
741:Mythology
640:Migration
557:Bufo bufo
535:N. natrix
288:Stejneger
180:Species:
152:Serpentes
108:Kingdom:
102:Eukaryota
1872:Wikidata
1734:10361146
1627:BioLib:
1585:Wikidata
1250:17516791
1207:85722243
1076:28785033
865:Calabria
857:Georgics
576:and the
452:Lacépède
411:Linnaeus
329:colubrid
326:venomous
319:Eurasian
266:Laurenti
252:Linnaeus
239:Synonyms
212:Linnaeus
158:Family:
142:Squamata
132:Reptilia
122:Chordata
118:Phylum:
112:Animalia
98:Domain:
75:IUCN 2.3
1905:1085013
1825:1010557
1812:1498233
1708:6161347
1591:Q170713
1394:Bibcode
1321:27 June
1199:4017568
1067:5547120
1046:Bibcode
1018:at the
945:Austria
926:Hamburg
871:Gallery
790:Latvian
776:In the
708:corvids
661:Defence
654:Ecdysis
634:compost
596:Habitat
554:Eating
546:Feeding
541:Ecology
317:, is a
277:F. Boie
168:Genus:
138:Order:
128:Class:
73: (
1933:Natrix
1851:natrix
1786:100823
1747:700799
1721:966787
1682:214751
1669:NATRNA
1656:791395
1630:709523
1444:
1434:
1412:
1369:
1311:"Snog"
1248:
1205:
1197:
1074:
1064:
886:Sweden
852:Virgil
841:Romuva
801:Latvia
786:žaltys
756:žaltys
746:Baltic
712:storks
692:Natrix
667:garlic
458:, the
290:, 1907
279:, 1827
268:, 1768
173:Natrix
1892:10727
1887:EUNIS
1838:64962
1760:14368
1729:IRMNG
1643:745RJ
1410:S2CID
1367:S2CID
1203:S2CID
1195:JSTOR
847:Roman
810:Saulė
720:foxes
682:cobra
517:Italy
346:Many
332:snake
1900:ITIS
1807:OBIS
1781:NCBI
1755:IUCN
1742:ITIS
1703:GBIF
1664:EPPO
1460:link
1442:OCLC
1432:ISBN
1323:2018
1246:PMID
1133:2021
1072:PMID
1001:2021
984:1996
799:and
716:owls
482:and
415:1758
324:non-
299:The
256:1758
216:1758
1799:454
1768:NBN
1651:EoL
1638:CoL
1615:ADW
1402:doi
1359:doi
1291:doi
1238:doi
1234:121
1187:doi
1183:170
1062:PMC
1054:doi
988:doi
920:in
724:cat
466:to
313:or
1924::
1902::
1889::
1874::
1848::
1846:RD
1835::
1822::
1809::
1796::
1783::
1770::
1757::
1744::
1731::
1718::
1705::
1692::
1679::
1666::
1653::
1640::
1617::
1602::
1587::
1532:.
1456:}}
1452:{{
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1408:.
1400:.
1390:28
1365:.
1355:43
1353:.
1313:.
1287:67
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1281:.
1275:,
1244:.
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1193:.
1181:.
1141:^
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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