331:
31:
539:, in which the pyramidal cells modulate the secondary orientation reflex and the granule cell input is responsible for appropriate orientation. This is because the signals received by the granule cells contain information about the head position. Granule cells in the dorsal cochlear nucleus play a role in the perception and response to sounds in our environment.
650:. The TrkB regulation of granule cells is important in preventing memory deficits and limbic epilepsy. This is due to the fact that dentate granule cells play a critical role in the function of the entorhinal-hippocampal circuitry in health and disease. Dentate granule cells are situated to regulate the flow of information into the
522:
results in spatial memory deficits. Therefore, dentate granule cells are thought to function in the formation of spatial memories and of episodic memories. Immature and mature dentate granule cells have distinct roles in memory function. Adult-born granule cells are thought to be involved in pattern
505:
of mossy fiber inputs. In order for the granule cell to respond, it needs to receive active inputs from multiple mossy fibers. The combination of multiple inputs results in the cerebellum being able to make more precise distinctions between input patterns than a single mossy fiber would allow. The
670:
show a disrupted production of adult-born hippocampal granule cells. Epilepsy is associated with increased production - but aberrant integration - of new cells early in the disease and decreased production late in the disease. Aberrant integration of adult-generated cells during the development of
675:, thereby promoting seizures. Long-lasting epileptic seizure stimulate dentate granule cell neurogenesis. These newly born dentate granule cells may result in aberrant connections that result in the hippocampal network plasticity associated with
293:, similar to cerebellar granule cells. Its axon projects to the molecular layer of the dorsal cochlear nucleus where it forms parallel fibers, also similar to cerebellar granule cells. The dorsal cochlear granule cells are small excitatory
453:
The differences in mossy fibers that are sending signals to the granule cells directly effects the type of information that granule cells translate to
Purkinje cells. The reliability of this translation will depend on the reliability of
564:
transmits smell information from the nose to the brain, and is thus necessary for a proper sense of smell. Granule cells in the olfactory bulb have also been found to be important in forming memories linked with scents.
547:
Inhibition generated by granule cells, the most common GABAergic cell type in the olfactory bulb, plays a critical role in shaping the output of the olfactory bulb. There are two types of excitatory inputs received by
691:
have shorter granule cell dendrites. Furthermore, the dendrites were less branched and had fewer spines than those in patients not with
Alzheimer's. However, granule cell dendrites are not an essential component of
2004:
Wakabayashi K, Hansen LA, Vincent I, Mallory M, Masliah E (1997). "Neurofibrillary tangles in the dentate granule cells of patients with
Alzheimer's disease, Lewy body disease and progressive supranuclear palsy".
449:
Each granule cell is receiving an input from two different mossy fiber inputs. The input is thus coming from two different places as opposed to the granule cell receiving multiple inputs from the same source.
445:
is specific to the input that is received. Granule cells do not just relay signals from mossy fibers, rather they perform various, intricate transformations which are required in the spatiotemporal domain.
933:
Mugnaini E, Osen KK, Dahl AL, Friedrich VL Jr, Korte G (1980). "Fine structure of granule cells and related interneurons (termed Golgi cells) in the cochlear nuclear complex of cat, rat and mouse".
389:
The parallel fibers and ascending axon synapses from the same granule cell fire in synchrony which results in excitatory signals. In the cerebellar cortex there are a variety of inhibitory neurons (
400:. The function of cerebellar circuits is entirely dependent on processes carried out by the granular layer. Therefore, the function of granule cells determines the cerebellar function as a whole.
485:
Since multiple (~200,000) granule cells synapse onto a single
Purkinje cell, the effects of each parallel fiber can be altered in response to a “teacher signal” from the climbing fiber input.
149:
Granule cells in different brain regions are both functionally and anatomically diverse: the only thing they have in common is smallness. For instance, olfactory bulb granule cells are
309:
lacks an axon (as does the accessory neuron). Each cell gives rise to short central dendrites and a single long apical dendrite that expands into the granule cell layer and enters the
462:
depends on the function of the mossy fiber itself. Therefore, granule cells are able to integrate information from the different mossy fibers and generate new patterns of activity.
614:
is a negative regulator of granule cell precursor proliferation which promotes the differentiation of different granule cells. NO regulates interactions between granule cells and
1469:
M Colicos; P Dash (1996). "Apoptotic morphology of dentate gyrus granule cells following experimental cortical impact injury in rats: possible role in spatial memory deficits".
696:
and these plaques have no direct effect on granule cells in the dentate gyrus. The specific neurofibrillary changes of dentate granule cells occur in patients with
Alzheimer's,
285:
are small neurons with two or three short dendrites that give rise to a few branches with expansions at the terminals. The dendrites are short with claw-like endings that form
246:, these cells are characterized by a darkly stained nucleus surrounded by a thin rim of cytoplasm. The axon ascends into the molecular layer where it splits to form
165:, while cerebellar and cortical granule cells do not. Granule cells (save for those of the olfactory bulb) have a structure typical of a neuron consisting of
470:
Different patterns of mossy fiber input will produce unique patterns of activity in granule cells that can be modified by a teaching signal conveyed by the
220:
to be coupled to one another, allowing multiple cells to act in synchrony, and allows signalling functions necessary for granule cell development to occur.
1565:
T Nakashiba; J Cushman; K Pelkey; S Renaudineau; D Buhl; T McHugh; V Rodriguez
Barrera; R Chittajallu; K Iwamoto; C McBain; M Fanselow; S Tonegawa (2012).
712:
594:. The nature of the calcium signals that control the presynaptic and postsynaptic function of the olfactory bulb granule cells spines is mostly unknown.
242:. They are small and numerous. They are characterized by a very small soma and several short dendrites which terminate with claw-shaped endings. In the
882:
David G. Amaral; Helen E. Scharfman; Pierre
Lavenex (2007). "The dentate gyrus: Fundamental neuroanatomical organization (Dentate gyrus for dummies)".
646:
of the granule cells and is thus said to be important in regulating neuronal development, neuronal plasticity, learning, and the development of
506:
cerebellar granule cells also play a role in orchestrating the tonic conductances which control sleep in conjunction with the ambient levels of
2053:
1904:"Dentate Granule Cell Neurogenesis Is Increased by Seizures and Contributes to Aberrant Network Reorganization in the Adult Rat Hippocampus"
1720:
1212:
P. Seja; M. Schonewille; G. Spitzmaul; A. Badura; I. Klein; Y. Rudhard; W. Wisden; C.A. HĂĽbner; C.I. De Zeeuw; T.J. Jentsch (Mar 7, 2012).
834:
Claiborne BJ, Amaral DG, Cowan WM (1990). "A quantitative three-dimensional analysis of granule cell dendrites in the rat dentate gyrus".
262:
is the granule cell. The dentate gyrus granule cell has an elliptical cell body with a width of approximately 10 ÎĽm and a height of 18ÎĽm.
1631:
809:
195:: Each granule cell sends a single axon onto the Purkinje cell dendritic tree. The axon has an extremely narrow diameter: ½ micrometre.
1797:"Altered morphology of hippocampal dentate granule cell presynaptic and postsynaptic terminals following conditional deletion of TrkB"
1616:
Weedman DL, Ryugo DK (1996). "Projections from auditory cortex to the cochlear nucleus in rats: synapses on granule cell dendrites".
2099:
642:
is responsible for the maintenance of normal synaptic connectivity of the dentate granule cells. TrkB also regulates the specific
317:. In the mammalian olfactory bulb, granule cells can process both synaptic input and output due to the presence of large spines.
3376:
482:
suggested that the cerebellum operates as an adaptive filter, altering motor behaviour based on the nature of the sensory input.
123:
269:. The dendrite branches project throughout the entire molecular layer, and the furthest tips of the dendritic tree end at the
1284:
899:
353:. Mossy fibers make an excitatory connection onto granule cells, which causes the granule cells to fire an action potential.
375:
where they branch out and spread through
Purkinje cell dendritic arbors. These parallel fibers form thousands of excitatory
2930:
1618:
836:
434:: Golgi cells receive excitatory stimuli from granule cells and in turn send back inhibitory signals to the granule cell.
376:
458:
activity in granule cells and on the nature of the stimulus being received. The signal a granule cell receives from a
3309:
1196:
1010:
985:
743:
671:
epilepsy may impair the ability of the dentate gyrus to prevent excess excitatory activity from reaching hippocampal
372:
273:
or at the ventricular surface. The granule cells are tightly packed in the granular cell layer of the dentate gyrus.
112:
1031:"Dendrodendritic Synaptic Signals in Olfactory Bulb Granule Cells: Local Spine Boost and Global Low-Threshold Spike"
427:
inhibition: granule cells excite
Purkinje cells but also excite GABAergic interneurons that inhibit Purkinje cells.
368:
108:
59:
2974:
2723:
2653:
1184:
1082:
243:
1744:"Impairment of LTD and cerebellar learning by Purkinje cell specific ablation of cGMP-dependent protein kinase I."
2718:
2648:
2263:
1567:"Young Dentate Granule Cells Mediate Pattern Separation, whereas Old Granule Cells Facilitate Pattern Completion"
1374:
701:
1214:"Raising cytosolic Cl(-) in cerebellar granule cells affects their excitability and vestibulo-ocular learning"
3346:
2998:
2338:
179:: Each granule cell has 3 – 4 stubby dendrites which end in a claw. Each of the dendrites are only about 15
3342:
3299:
3295:
2969:
2333:
2321:
2092:
1134:
M Manto; C De Zeeuw (2012). "Diversity and
Complexity of Roles of Granule Cells in the Cerebellar Cortex".
560:. This allows the granule cells to regulate the processing of the sensory input in the olfactory bulb. The
141:
and send projections to supragranular layers 2–3, but also to infragranular layers of the cerebral cortex.
2964:
2373:
2311:
1959:
1908:
1747:
1670:
1417:
1035:
772:
498:
475:
1516:"Episodic Memories: How do the Hippocampus and the Entorhinal Ring Attractors Cooperate to Create Them?"
313:
body layer. The dendrite branches terminate within the outer plexiform layer among the dendrites in the
3331:
3324:
2368:
734:
Llinás, Rodolfo; Walton, Kerry; Lang, Eric (2004). "Chapter 7: Cerebellum". In Shepherd, Gordon (ed.).
396:
Plasticity of the synapse between a parallel fiber and a Purkinje cell is believed to be important for
3318:
2939:
2878:
2728:
2663:
2291:
2058:
667:
409:
39:
3238:
2923:
2658:
2384:
459:
413:
346:
290:
161:. These two populations of granule cells are also the only major neuronal populations that undergo
97:
1001:
Neville, Kevin; Haberly, Lewis (2004). "Chapter 10: Olfactory Cortex". In Shepherd, Gordon (ed.).
3062:
2357:
2085:
1716:
1080:
Huang CM, Wang L, Huang RH (2006). "Cerebellar granule cell: ascending axon and parallel fiber".
532:
286:
282:
229:
89:
75:
2063:
3335:
3120:
2986:
2825:
2352:
2116:
1857:
1310:"Sensory transmission in cerebellar granule cells relies on similarly coded mossy fiber inputs"
606:. This enzyme is dependent on the presence of calcium and is responsible for the production of
424:
104:
1955:"Dendritic pathology of granule cells in Alzheimer's disease is unrelated to neuritic plaques"
1188:
1178:
976:
Young, Eric; Oertel, Donata (2004). "Chapter 4: Cochlear Nucleus". In Shepherd, Gordon (ed.).
3351:
3304:
3277:
3069:
3033:
2683:
2673:
2608:
2007:
1801:
761:"Olfactory Bulb Granule Cell Aggregates: Morphological Evidence for lnterperikaryal [
603:
438:
341:
in the cerebellum. (+) represent excitatory synapse, while (-) represent inhibitory synapses.
1372:
A Arenz; E Bracey; T Margrie (2009). "Sensory representations in cerebellar granule cells".
420:
both make synaptic connections with granule cells. Together these cells form the glomeruli.
2981:
2808:
2705:
2635:
2461:
2316:
1323:
643:
884:
The Dentate Gyrus: A Comprehensive Guide to Structure, Function, and Clinical Implications
618:
and is essential for protecting the granule cells from damage. NO is also responsible for
8:
3381:
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3228:
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3028:
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1981:
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1159:
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958:
910:
861:
796:
786:
591:
579:
578:
Calcium dynamics are essential for several functions of granule cells such as changing
162:
1484:
891:
760:
364:. The vast majority of granule cell axonal synapses are found on the parallel fibers.
3199:
3152:
3095:
3014:
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2858:
2843:
2748:
2613:
2394:
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2016:
1976:
1968:
1925:
1917:
1874:
1866:
1818:
1810:
1764:
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1742:
R Feil; J Hartmann; C Luo; W Wolfsgruber; K Schilling; S Feil; et al. (2003).
1687:
1683:
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1437:
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1383:
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1235:
1227:
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1143:
1091:
1052:
1048:
1044:
942:
905:
887:
865:
845:
791:
781:
611:
393:). The only excitatory neurons present in the cerebellar cortex are granule cells.
131:
3145:
3128:
3090:
3050:
2603:
2572:
2567:
2449:
2444:
2268:
1268:
676:
672:
619:
314:
297:
which are developmentally related and thus resemble the cerebellar granule cell.
247:
83:
3204:
535:
project directly on to the cochlear nucleus. This is important in the acoustic
3248:
3243:
3023:
2893:
2863:
2820:
2640:
2598:
2576:
2496:
2379:
2203:
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1584:
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693:
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397:
361:
357:
350:
338:
334:
306:
170:
79:
55:
1532:
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1147:
408:
Granule cell dendrites also synapse with distinctive unmyelinated axons which
3370:
3194:
3175:
3045:
2542:
2527:
2208:
557:
553:
523:
separation whereas old granule cells contribute to rapid pattern completion.
259:
213:
206:
154:
116:
67:
35:
20:
2908:
1902:
J. Parent; T Yu; R Leibowitz; D Geschwind; R Sloviter; D Lowenstein (1997).
1632:
10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19960722)371:2<311::AID-CNE10>3.0.CO;2-V
1336:
3262:
2788:
2710:
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2504:
2434:
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1832:
1778:
1701:
1602:
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1395:
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1231:
1155:
1103:
1066:
919:
607:
390:
294:
2028:
2020:
1990:
1939:
1760:
1717:"First glimpse of brain circuit that helps experience to shape perception"
1639:
1492:
1455:
1211:
954:
857:
849:
805:
759:
C. Reyher; J Liibke; W Larsen; G Hendrix; M Shipley; H Baumgarten (1991).
3180:
3111:
2803:
2618:
2522:
2480:
2412:
2407:
2228:
2166:
2161:
2131:
1564:
651:
519:
479:
442:
310:
235:
71:
24:
3218:
3162:
2943:
2873:
2562:
2439:
2402:
1814:
1666:"Multiple Modes of Synaptic Excitation of Olfactory Bulb Granule Cells"
946:
417:
265:
The granule cell has a characteristic cone-shaped tree of spiny apical
189:: Granule cells all have a small soma diameter of approximately 10 ÎĽm.
180:
63:
96:
in the human brain. These granule cells receive excitatory input from
2888:
2422:
2273:
2246:
2238:
2072:
1794:
697:
587:
549:
383:
266:
150:
137:
Layer 4 granule cells of the cerebral cortex receive inputs from the
127:
2552:
2537:
2532:
2256:
2251:
2178:
2173:
1901:
663:
647:
465:
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138:
126:
onto the intermediate and distal dendrites of Purkinje cells using
119:
1741:
758:
2815:
2776:
2668:
2077:
455:
325:
217:
202:
1795:
S Danzer; R Kotloski; C Walter; Maya Hughes; J McNamara (2008).
488:
403:
2475:
2430:
2195:
2054:
Position of granule cells within layers of the cerebella cortex
2003:
1005:. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 415–453.
980:. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 125–163.
932:
738:. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 271–309.
115:
where they branch out into parallel fibers that spread through
93:
51:
30:
634:
345:
Cerebellar granule cells receive excitatory input from 3 or 4
1663:
158:
2069:
Stained brain slice images which include the "Granule cells"
886:. Progress in Brain Research. Vol. 163. pp. 3–22.
602:
Granule neurons have high levels of the neuronal isoform of
153:
and axonless, while granule cells in the dentate gyrus have
2514:
1314:
639:
615:
507:
122:
arbors. These parallel fibers form thousands of excitatory
101:
54:
whose only common feature is that they all have very small
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1371:
1307:
1028:
42:, 1899. Instituto Santiago RamĂłn y Cajal, Madrid, Spain.
654:, a structure required for normal learning and memory.
356:
The axon of a cerebellar granule cell splits to form a
276:
1952:
1118:
1024:
1022:
657:
1853:"Depression, stress, epilepsy and adult neurogenesis"
1262:
1790:
1788:
833:
38:(A) and granule cells (B) from pigeon cerebellum by
1019:
713:
List of distinct cell types in the adult human body
1176:
305:The main intrinsic granule cell in the vertebrate
107:. Cerebellar granule cells project up through the
1785:
1133:
682:
50:has been used for a number of different types of
3368:
733:
568:
466:Climbing fiber input on cerebellar granule cells
1468:
1079:
1000:
877:
875:
765:] Electrotonic Coupling via Gap Junctions"
326:Neural pathways and circuits of the cerebellum
300:
2938:
2924:
2093:
489:Specific functions of different granule cells
437:Mossy fiber input codes are conserved during
404:Mossy fiber input on cerebellar granule cells
253:
238:, are found in the granule cell layer of the
1659:
1657:
1615:
729:
727:
367:The parallel fibers are sent up through the
1846:
1844:
1842:
975:
872:
635:Altered morphology of dentate granule cells
3200:Bergmann glia cell = Golgi epithelial cell
2931:
2917:
2100:
2086:
1953:Einstein G, Buranosky R, Crain BJ (1994).
1664:R Balu; R Pressler; B Strowbridge (2007).
223:
16:Type of neuron with a very small cell body
1980:
1929:
1878:
1822:
1768:
1691:
1654:
1592:
1541:
1531:
1445:
1345:
1335:
1263:Eccles JC, Ito M, Szentagothai J (1967).
1239:
1056:
909:
795:
785:
724:
1850:
1839:
1367:
1365:
501:suggested that the granule cells encode
329:
29:
969:
518:Loss of dentate gyrus neurons from the
441:between granule cells, suggesting that
3369:
1513:
1416:
1003:The synaptic organization of the brain
978:The synaptic organization of the brain
736:The synaptic organization of the brain
379:onto the dendrites of Purkinje cells.
216:between granule cells allows multiple
58:. Granule cells are found within the
2912:
2081:
1362:
1029:V Egger; K Svoboda; Z Mainen (2005).
552:granule cells; those activated by an
1619:The Journal of Comparative Neurology
1410:
837:The Journal of Comparative Neurology
277:Dorsal cochlear nucleus granule cell
1308:Bengtssona, F; Jörntell, H (2009).
815:from the original on 14 August 2021
658:Decreased granule cell neurogenesis
377:Granule-cell-Purkinje-cell synapses
234:The granule cells, produced by the
124:granule-cell–Purkinje-cell synapses
13:
2107:
1973:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.14-08-05077.1994
1922:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-10-03727.1997
1714:
1265:The cerebellum as a neural machine
787:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.11-06-01485.1991
629:
430:Granule cells are also subject to
14:
3393:
2047:
1723:from the original on 6 March 2014
1520:Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience
1185:Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
1180:Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain
382:This connection is excitatory as
201:: 100–300,000 granule cell axons
1096:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04690.x
1083:European Journal of Neuroscience
244:transmission electron microscope
2264:Oligodendrocyte progenitor cell
1997:
1946:
1895:
1871:10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.05.023
1735:
1708:
1609:
1558:
1507:
1462:
1422:"A theory of cerebellar cortex"
1375:Current Opinion in Neurobiology
1301:
1256:
1205:
1170:
258:The principal cell type of the
74:, the superficial layer of the
3377:Central nervous system neurons
2059:Architecture of the Cerebellum
1684:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4630-06.2007
1438:10.1113/jphysiol.1969.sp008820
1073:
1049:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4746-04.2005
994:
926:
827:
752:
702:progressive supranuclear palsy
683:Shorter granule cell dendrites
510:which are found in the brain.
1:
3347:Ventral spinocerebellar tract
1485:10.1016/S0006-8993(96)00824-4
1177:M. Bear; M. Paradiso (2006).
892:10.1016/S0079-6123(07)63001-5
717:
569:Critical factors for function
527:Dorsal cochlear granule cells
423:Granule cells are subject to
3300:Dorsal spinocerebellar tract
1514:Kovács KA (September 2020).
543:Olfactory bulb granule cells
144:
92:account for the majority of
7:
2374:Postganglionic nerve fibers
1960:The Journal of Neuroscience
1909:The Journal of Neuroscience
1748:The Journal of Cell Biology
1671:The Journal of Neuroscience
1036:The Journal of Neuroscience
773:The Journal of Neuroscience
707:
320:
301:Olfactory bulb granule cell
10:
3398:
3325:Trigeminocerebellar fibers
2369:Preganglionic nerve fibers
1585:10.1016/j.cell.2012.01.046
1388:10.1016/j.conb.2009.07.003
254:Dentate gyrus granule cell
227:
18:
3319:Vestibulocerebellar tract
3286:
3270:
3261:
3161:
3119:
3110:
3007:
2957:
2950:
2879:Olfactory receptor neuron
2834:
2775:
2768:
2704:
2634:
2591:
2551:
2543:Neurofibril/neurofilament
2513:
2495:
2488:
2474:
2421:
2393:
2299:
2290:
2237:
2194:
2187:
2124:
2115:
1533:10.3389/fnsys.2020.559186
1426:The Journal of Physiology
1277:10.1007/978-3-662-13147-3
1148:10.1007/s12311-012-0365-7
556:and those activated by a
531:Pyramidal cells from the
281:The granule cells in the
173:(cell body) and an axon.
935:Journal of Neurocytology
494:Cerebellum granule cells
90:Cerebellar granule cells
19:Not to be confused with
3063:Vallecula of cerebellum
1337:10.1073/pnas.0808428106
533:primary auditory cortex
283:dorsal cochlear nucleus
230:Cerebellar granule cell
224:Cerebellar granule cell
76:dorsal cochlear nucleus
3336:Pontocerebellar fibers
3121:Deep cerebellar nuclei
2826:Neuromuscular junction
2689:III or Aδ or fast pain
1858:Experimental Neurology
1232:10.1038/emboj.2011.488
410:Santiago RamĂłn y Cajal
342:
43:
40:Santiago RamĂłn y Cajal
3352:Dentatothalamic tract
3310:Cuneocerebellar tract
3305:Olivocerebellar tract
2021:10.1007/s004010050576
2008:Acta Neuropathologica
1761:10.1083/jcb.200306148
850:10.1002/cne.903020203
604:nitric oxide synthase
514:Dentate granule cells
439:synaptic transmission
333:
33:
2982:Flocculonodular lobe
2844:Meissner's corpuscle
2809:Postsynaptic density
2706:Efferent nerve fiber
2694:IV or C or slow pain
2636:Afferent nerve fiber
2462:Satellite glial cell
644:morphology (biology)
590:, and regulation of
3315:Juxtarestiform body
3229:Unipolar brush cell
3190:Purkinje cell layer
3079:Alar central lobule
2849:Merkel nerve ending
1328:2009PNAS..106.2389B
584:synaptic plasticity
432:feedback inhibition
271:hippocampal fissure
3214:Granule cell layer
2975:Horizontal fissure
2884:Photoreceptor cell
2854:Pacinian corpuscle
2785:Electrical synapse
2739:Lower motor neuron
2734:Upper motor neuron
2455:Internodal segment
2395:Connective tissues
2365:Autonomic ganglion
1815:10.1002/hipo.20426
947:10.1007/BF01204841
592:gene transcription
580:membrane potential
343:
163:adult neurogenesis
44:
23:in the kidney, or
3364:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3257:
3256:
3163:Cerebellar cortex
3106:
3105:
3096:Cerebellar tonsil
2906:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2869:Free nerve ending
2836:Sensory receptors
2764:
2763:
2679:Ib or Golgi or Aα
2587:
2586:
2470:
2469:
2347:Ramus communicans
2286:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2152:Commissural fiber
2147:Association fiber
2142:Projection fibers
2073:BrainMaps project
1916:(10): 3727–3738.
1851:S Danzer (2012).
1678:(21): 5621–5632.
1286:978-3-662-13149-7
1043:(14): 3521–3530.
901:978-0-444-53015-8
416:Mossy fibers and
360:which innervates
349:originating from
240:cerebellar cortex
212:The existence of
100:originating from
3389:
3268:
3267:
3117:
3116:
2955:
2954:
2933:
2926:
2919:
2910:
2909:
2799:Synaptic vesicle
2794:Chemical synapse
2773:
2772:
2493:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2297:
2296:
2192:
2191:
2122:
2121:
2102:
2095:
2088:
2079:
2078:
2041:
2040:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1984:
1967:(8): 5077–5088.
1950:
1944:
1943:
1933:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1882:
1848:
1837:
1836:
1826:
1792:
1783:
1782:
1772:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1719:. ScienceDaily.
1715:Jansen, Jaclyn.
1712:
1706:
1705:
1695:
1661:
1652:
1651:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1596:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1545:
1535:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1479:(1–2): 120–131.
1466:
1460:
1459:
1449:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1369:
1360:
1359:
1349:
1339:
1322:(7): 2389–2394.
1305:
1299:
1298:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1243:
1219:The EMBO Journal
1209:
1203:
1202:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1131:
1116:
1115:
1090:(7): 1731–1737.
1077:
1071:
1070:
1060:
1026:
1017:
1016:
998:
992:
991:
973:
967:
966:
930:
924:
923:
913:
879:
870:
869:
831:
825:
824:
822:
820:
814:
799:
789:
769:
756:
750:
749:
731:
612:neurotransmitter
132:neurotransmitter
3397:
3396:
3392:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3367:
3366:
3365:
3356:
3282:
3253:
3171:Molecular layer
3157:
3102:
3091:Biventer lobule
3003:
2999:Primary fissure
2946:
2937:
2907:
2898:
2830:
2760:
2709:
2700:
2684:II or Aβ and Aγ
2639:
2630:
2583:
2573:Apical dendrite
2568:Dendritic spine
2547:
2509:
2479:
2466:
2450:Node of Ranvier
2445:Myelin incisure
2417:
2389:
2278:
2269:Oligodendrocyte
2252:Ependymal cells
2233:
2183:
2111:
2106:
2050:
2045:
2044:
2002:
1998:
1951:
1947:
1900:
1896:
1849:
1840:
1793:
1786:
1740:
1736:
1726:
1724:
1713:
1709:
1662:
1655:
1614:
1610:
1563:
1559:
1512:
1508:
1467:
1463:
1415:
1411:
1370:
1363:
1306:
1302:
1287:
1269:Springer-Verlag
1261:
1257:
1210:
1206:
1199:
1175:
1171:
1132:
1119:
1078:
1074:
1027:
1020:
1013:
999:
995:
988:
974:
970:
931:
927:
902:
880:
873:
832:
828:
818:
816:
812:
780:(6): 1465–495.
767:
757:
753:
746:
732:
725:
720:
710:
685:
677:epileptogenesis
673:pyramidal cells
660:
637:
632:
630:Role in disease
620:neuroplasticity
571:
491:
468:
406:
373:molecular layer
335:Neural pathways
328:
323:
315:olfactory tract
303:
279:
256:
248:parallel fibers
232:
226:
147:
113:molecular layer
84:cerebral cortex
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3395:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3362:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3354:
3349:
3339:
3338:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3292:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3274:
3272:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3249:Parallel fiber
3246:
3244:Climbing fiber
3241:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3167:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3143:
3131:
3125:
3123:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3066:
3065:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3024:Central lobule
3011:
3009:
3008:Medial/lateral
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2970:Posterior lobe
2967:
2961:
2959:
2952:
2948:
2947:
2936:
2935:
2928:
2921:
2913:
2904:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2894:Taste receptor
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2864:Muscle spindle
2861:
2859:Ruffini ending
2856:
2851:
2846:
2840:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2823:
2821:Ribbon synapse
2818:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2791:
2781:
2779:
2770:
2766:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2715:
2713:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2645:
2643:
2641:Sensory neuron
2632:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2616:
2611:
2609:Pseudounipolar
2606:
2601:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2577:Basal dendrite
2570:
2565:
2557:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2528:Axon terminals
2525:
2519:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2501:
2499:
2490:
2483:
2472:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2427:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2399:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2380:Nerve fascicle
2377:
2371:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2303:
2301:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2249:
2243:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2200:
2198:
2189:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2134:
2128:
2126:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2109:Nervous tissue
2105:
2104:
2097:
2090:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2066:
2064:The Cerebellum
2061:
2056:
2049:
2048:External links
2046:
2043:
2042:
1996:
1945:
1894:
1838:
1809:(7): 668–678.
1784:
1755:(2): 295–302.
1734:
1707:
1653:
1626:(2): 311–324.
1608:
1579:(1): 188–201.
1557:
1506:
1472:Brain Research
1461:
1409:
1382:(4): 445–451.
1361:
1300:
1285:
1271:. p. 56.
1255:
1226:(5): 1217–30.
1204:
1197:
1169:
1136:The Cerebellum
1117:
1072:
1018:
1011:
993:
986:
968:
925:
900:
871:
844:(2): 206–219.
826:
751:
744:
722:
721:
719:
716:
709:
706:
694:senile plaques
687:Patients with
684:
681:
659:
656:
636:
633:
631:
628:
624:motor learning
600:
599:
576:
575:
570:
567:
562:olfactory bulb
545:
544:
537:startle reflex
529:
528:
516:
515:
496:
495:
490:
487:
472:climbing fiber
467:
464:
405:
402:
398:motor learning
369:Purkinje layer
362:Purkinje cells
358:parallel fiber
351:pontine nuclei
327:
324:
322:
319:
307:olfactory bulb
302:
299:
278:
275:
255:
252:
228:Main article:
225:
222:
205:onto a single
146:
143:
109:Purkinje layer
80:olfactory bulb
60:granular layer
36:Purkinje cells
21:granular cells
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3394:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3337:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3195:Purkinje cell
3193:
3192:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3176:Stellate cell
3174:
3173:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3160:
3154:
3151:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3084:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3039:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2965:Anterior lobe
2963:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2934:
2929:
2927:
2922:
2920:
2915:
2914:
2911:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2771:
2767:
2755:
2754:Îł motorneuron
2752:
2750:
2749:β motorneuron
2747:
2745:
2744:α motorneuron
2742:
2741:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2707:
2703:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2637:
2633:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2578:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2477:
2473:
2463:
2460:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2363:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2186:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2103:
2098:
2096:
2091:
2089:
2084:
2083:
2080:
2074:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2000:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1949:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1898:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1834:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1791:
1789:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1738:
1722:
1718:
1711:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1672:
1667:
1660:
1658:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1612:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1561:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1510:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1465:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1432:(2): 437–70.
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1413:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1368:
1366:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
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261:
260:dentate gyrus
251:
249:
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219:
215:
214:gap junctions
210:
208:
207:Purkinje cell
204:
200:
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156:
155:glutamatergic
152:
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129:
125:
121:
118:
117:Purkinje cell
114:
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99:
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69:
68:dentate gyrus
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
41:
37:
32:
26:
22:
3345:(midbrain):
3263:White matter
3239:Mossy fibers
3224:Granule cell
3223:
3213:
3205:Fañanas cell
3189:
3170:
3133:
3085:
3073:
3040:
3018:
2789:Gap junction
2711:Motor neuron
2505:Axon hillock
2481:nerve fibers
2435:Schwann cell
2345:
2328:
2306:
2224:Medium spiny
2213:
2137:White matter
2125:Tissue Types
2012:
2006:
1999:
1964:
1958:
1948:
1913:
1907:
1897:
1865:(1): 22–32.
1862:
1856:
1806:
1800:
1752:
1746:
1737:
1725:. Retrieved
1710:
1675:
1669:
1623:
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1611:
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1476:
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977:
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934:
928:
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835:
829:
817:. Retrieved
777:
771:
762:
754:
735:
711:
700:variant and
686:
661:
638:
608:nitric oxide
601:
598:Nitric oxide
577:
546:
530:
517:
503:combinations
502:
497:
484:
469:
452:
448:
436:
429:
425:feed-forward
422:
414:mossy fibers
407:
395:
391:interneurons
388:
381:
366:
355:
347:mossy fibers
344:
304:
295:interneurons
291:mossy fibers
280:
264:
257:
233:
211:
198:
197:
192:
191:
186:
185:
176:
175:
148:
136:
98:mossy fibers
88:
48:granule cell
47:
45:
25:granulocytes
3298:(medulla):
3278:Arbor vitae
3181:Basket cell
3112:Grey matter
2804:Active zone
2769:Termination
2619:Interneuron
2523:Telodendron
2431:Myelination
2413:Endoneurium
2408:Perineurium
2229:Interneuron
2219:Von Economo
2167:Decussation
2162:Nerve tract
2132:Grey matter
2015:(1): 7–12.
1802:Hippocampus
689:Alzheimer's
652:hippocampus
610:(NO). This
520:hippocampus
480:James Albus
460:Mossy fiber
443:innervation
418:golgi cells
311:mitral cell
289:to receive
236:rhombic lip
183:in length.
157:projection
72:hippocampus
56:cell bodies
34:Drawing of
3382:Cerebellum
3371:Categories
3219:Golgi cell
3141:Emboliform
3135:interposed
3070:Hemisphere
2944:cerebellum
2874:Nociceptor
2614:Multipolar
2563:Nissl body
2440:Neurilemma
2403:Epineurium
2188:Cell Types
1187:. p.
1142:(1): 1–4.
819:3 February
718:References
668:depression
499:David Marr
476:David Marr
82:, and the
64:cerebellum
3288:Peduncles
3153:Fastigial
3086:posterior
3041:posterior
2987:Flocculus
2889:Hair cell
2423:Neuroglia
2385:Funiculus
2274:Microglia
2247:Astrocyte
2204:Pyramidal
2157:Lemniscus
698:Lewy body
588:apoptosis
550:GABAergic
384:glutamate
371:into the
287:glomeruli
267:dendrites
177:Dendrites
167:dendrites
151:GABAergic
145:Structure
128:glutamate
120:dendritic
111:into the
46:The name
3343:Superior
3334:(pons):
3296:Inferior
3271:Internal
3237:Fibers:
3074:anterior
3019:anterior
2674:Ia or Aα
2604:Unipolar
2553:Dendrite
2538:Axolemma
2533:Axoplasm
2317:Ganglion
2257:Tanycyte
2209:Purkinje
2196:Neuronal
2179:Meninges
2174:Neuropil
2037:10136450
1889:21684275
1833:18398849
1779:14568994
1721:Archived
1702:17522307
1648:18382868
1603:22365813
1552:33013334
1501:26445302
1420:(1969).
1404:30942776
1396:19651506
1356:19164536
1295:20690516
1250:22252133
1156:22396329
1112:19270731
1104:16623829
1067:15814782
963:19588537
920:17765709
810:Archived
708:See also
664:epilepsy
648:epilepsy
474:input.
456:synaptic
339:circuits
321:Function
139:thalamus
3146:Globose
3129:Dentate
3034:Lingula
2951:Surface
2942:of the
2940:Anatomy
2816:Autapse
2777:Synapse
2624:Renshaw
2599:Bipolar
2476:Neurons
2329:Ventral
2300:General
2214:Granule
2071:at the
2029:9006651
1991:8046469
1982:6577187
1940:9133393
1931:6573703
1880:3199026
1824:3377475
1770:2173527
1727:2 March
1693:6672747
1640:8835735
1594:3319279
1543:7511719
1493:8955932
1456:5784296
1447:1351491
1347:2650166
1324:Bibcode
1241:3297995
1164:7270048
1058:6725376
955:7441303
911:2492885
866:1841245
858:2289972
806:1904478
797:6575397
574:Calcium
412:called
218:neurons
203:synapse
199:Synapse
102:pontine
94:neurons
70:of the
62:of the
52:neurons
3332:Middle
3046:Folium
3029:Culmen
3015:Vermis
2992:Nodule
2669:fibers
2307:Dorsal
2035:
2027:
1989:
1979:
1938:
1928:
1887:
1877:
1831:
1821:
1777:
1767:
1700:
1690:
1646:
1638:
1601:
1591:
1550:
1540:
1526:: 68.
1499:
1491:
1454:
1444:
1418:Marr D
1402:
1394:
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1293:
1283:
1248:
1238:
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1162:
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1055:
1009:
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918:
908:
898:
864:
856:
804:
794:
742:
105:nuclei
78:, the
66:, the
3056:Uvula
3051:Tuber
2958:Lobes
2592:Types
2489:Parts
2358:White
2339:Ramus
2322:Ramus
2239:Glial
2033:S2CID
1644:S2CID
1497:S2CID
1400:S2CID
1291:S2CID
1160:S2CID
1108:S2CID
959:S2CID
862:S2CID
813:(PDF)
768:(PDF)
662:Both
159:axons
130:as a
2515:Axon
2497:Soma
2353:Gray
2334:Root
2312:Root
2025:PMID
1987:PMID
1936:PMID
1885:PMID
1829:PMID
1775:PMID
1729:2014
1698:PMID
1636:PMID
1599:PMID
1572:Cell
1548:PMID
1489:PMID
1452:PMID
1392:PMID
1352:PMID
1315:PNAS
1281:ISBN
1246:PMID
1193:ISBN
1152:PMID
1100:PMID
1063:PMID
1007:ISBN
982:ISBN
951:PMID
916:PMID
896:ISBN
854:PMID
821:2016
802:PMID
740:ISBN
666:and
640:TrkB
622:and
616:glia
508:GABA
478:and
337:and
193:Axon
187:Soma
171:soma
169:, a
2729:SVE
2724:GVE
2719:GSE
2664:SVA
2659:SSA
2654:GVA
2649:GSA
2292:PNS
2117:CNS
2017:doi
1977:PMC
1969:doi
1926:PMC
1918:doi
1875:PMC
1867:doi
1863:233
1819:PMC
1811:doi
1765:PMC
1757:doi
1753:163
1688:PMC
1680:doi
1628:doi
1624:371
1589:PMC
1581:doi
1577:149
1538:PMC
1528:doi
1481:doi
1477:739
1442:PMC
1434:doi
1430:202
1384:doi
1342:PMC
1332:doi
1320:106
1273:doi
1236:PMC
1228:doi
1189:855
1144:doi
1092:doi
1053:PMC
1045:doi
943:doi
906:PMC
888:doi
846:doi
842:302
792:PMC
782:doi
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