577:
the last 10,200 years of explosive eruptions have been characterised locally, and the record gets more inaccurate with time especially prior to 1598, which is first eruption timed to the day. The Laki eruptions which were both effusive and explosive between June 1783 and
February 1784, produced the Skaftáreldahraun lava flows, which cover a large part of south-east Iceland. Before this the tip of the Rauðhólar-Eldgígur fissure system was active with the production of the 4550 BCE Botnahraun lava flow which extends beyond the furtherest extent to the south of the Laki lava field. The Rauðhólar-Eldgígur fissure system also formed the Núpahraun lava flows around 4000
451:
4923:
246:
410:
128:
353:. Eruptions or geothermal activity, melt enough ice to fill the Grímsvötn caldera with water, and the pressure may be enough to suddenly lift the ice cap, allowing huge quantities of water to escape rapidly. Earthquakes and seismic tremor may occur. Jökulhlaup can occur independent of eruptions or be followed by eruptions. Jökulhlaup independent of eruptions occurred in November, December 2021 and October 2022. Jökulhlaup which were followed by eruptions occurred in 1922, 1934 and 2004. Consequently, the Grímsvötn caldera is monitored very carefully.
505:
467:
29:
121:
459:
2981:, and a close chemical affinity exists with the other lavas of the Grímsvötn-Laki volcanic system. The compositional separation from nearby systems has been studied in some detail, and is used to assign lava and tephra deposits to the volcanic system. Some of the tephra's erupted have transpired to have mixed compositions with nearby volcanic systems and it is not known if this is due to dual eruptions or intusions crossing magma reserviors. The volcanic system is part of the
4911:
4933:
3002:
Studies indicate that volcanic activity in
Iceland rises and falls so that the frequency and size of eruptions in and around the Vatnajökull ice cap varies with time. It is believed that the four eruptions between 1996 and 2011 could mark the beginning of an active period, during which an eruption in
2933:
Also has some
Borrobol tephra like compositional characteristics - may be mixed eruption or mis–assigned. Lake Lögurinn, Svartárkort, Litligardur & Reitsvík cores and may be the Fosen tephra identified of same age in Fosen, Norway Tholeiite basalt tephra in several of seven layers in Torfdalsvatn
576:
Tephra studies on soil samples from around the Vatnajökull ice-cap, show that the Grímsvötn volcanic system has high activity for
Iceland, and had between 4 to 14 explosive eruptions every 100 years (mean about 7 eruptions every 100 years) between 7600 years ago and 870 AD. For technical reasons only
3128:
The precise relationships with the G10ka series tephra from Grímsvötn aged between 10.4 to 9.9 ka BP which includes the Faroes
Saksunarvatn Ash and appears to have at least 5 and up to 7 deposits is unclear as full correlation across all the potentially relevant tephra records in for example Iceland
2993:
and the 30 km (19 mi) long Rauðhólar-Eldgígur fissure system. The Rauðhólar-Eldgígur fissure system has been related by some authors to an alignment with the
Thordarhyrna central volcano with the Laki–Grímsvötn more in alignment with the Grímsvötn central volcano. Eruptives from Grímsvötn
555:
On 4 December 2021, a jökulhlaup occurred from Grímsvötn into the Gígjukvísl river, with an average flow of 2,600 m/s (92,000 cu ft/s). Two days later, the
Icelandic Meteorological Office increased the alert level for Grímsvötn from yellow to orange, after a series of earthquakes was
400:
and Grímsvötn. A strong earthquake at Bárðarbunga, about magnitude 5, is believed to have been related to the triggering of the eruption in Gjálp. On the other hand, because the magma erupted showed strong connections to the Grímsvötn
Volcanic System according to petrology studies, the 1996 as well
581:
that extend from the Vatnajökull glacier towards the south east coast and are covered in part by the northern Laki Skaftáreldahraun lava flow. There are two recent pre-historic but undated
Bergvatnsárhraun lava flows just on the south-eastern edge of the Vatnajökull glacier, related to the line of
3103:
Timings published before 2017 for eruptions between around 700 to 900 are likely inaccurate but need a source to update. Accordingly where the tephra layer is in publications based on
Greenland ice core studies since then, dates have been adjusted. Unadjusted timings based on Gudmundsdóttir et al
551:
In September 2021, an increase in water outflow from under the Vatnajökull ice cap was reported. The water contains elevated levels of dissolved hydrogen sulfide, suggesting increased volcanic activity under the ice. Jökulhlaup (glacial lake flooding) can occur before or after an eruption.
328:
fissure eruption of 1783–1784 took place in a part of the same Grímsvötn-Laki volcanic system. Grímsvötn was erupting at the same time as Laki during 1783, but continued to erupt until 1785. Because most of the volcanic system lies underneath Vatnajökull, most of its eruptions have been
4211:
Bindeman, I.; Gurenko, A.; Sigmarsson, O.; Chaussidon, M. (2008). "Oxygen isotope heterogeneity and disequilibria of olivine crystals in large volume Holocene basalts from Iceland: evidence for magmatic digestion and erosion of Pleistocene hyaloclastites".
4611:
Carley, T.; Banik, T.J.; Sigmarsson, O.; Halldorsson, S.A.; Valley, J.W.; Zhang; Merritt, M.; Driggs, L. (2023). "A Petrologic Introduction to Þórðarhyrna (Thordarhyrna), a Subglacial Silicic Formation in the Basaltic Grímsvötn-Laki Volcanic System".
516:
and a small part of Denmark on subsequent days. On 24 May the disruption spread to Northern Ireland and to airports in northern England. The cancellation of 900 out of 90,000 European flights in the period 23–25 May was much less widespread than the
247:
2949:
was detected in water of the Grímsvötn lake under the glacier, the first time that bacteria have been found in a subglacial lake. The lakes never freeze because of the volcanic heat. The bacteria can also survive at low concentrations of
4293:
Büntgen, U.; Eggertsson, Ó.; Wacker, L.; Sigl, M.; Ljungqvist, F.C.; Di Cosmo, N.; Plunkett; Krusic, P.J.; Newfield, T.P.; Esper, J.; Lane, C. (2017). "Multi-proxy dating of Iceland's major pre-settlement Katla eruption to 822–823 CE".
187:
Geological features near the Grímsvötn central volcano and its fissure swarm (red outlines). The fissure swarm's recent surface lava flows are shaded violet (darker if more recent, vents violet outline). Other shading shows:
446:
in the volcano, indicating magma movement under the caldera. On 1 November 2010 meltwater from the Vatnajökull glacier was flowing into a lake, suggesting that an eruption of the underlying volcano could be imminent.
3558:
Konstantinou, K.I.; Utami, I.W.; Giannopoulos, D; Sokos, E. (2019). "A reappraisal of seismicity recorded during the 1996 Gjálp eruption, Iceland, in light of the 2014–2015 Bárðarbunga–Holuhraun lateral dike intrusion".
4176:
Gudmundsdóttir, E.R.; Larsen, G.; Björck, S.; Ingólfsson, Ó; Striberger, J. (2016). "A new high-resolution Holocene tephra stratigraphy in eastern Iceland: Improving the Icelandic and North Atlantic tephrochronology".
3129:
has not yet been undertaken. It is suspected that more than 20 eruptions of Grímsvötn took place in the G10ka time period. This note accordingly applies to all tephra layers potentially dated to within this age range.
2994:
and Thordarhyrna are able to be geochemically distinguished between, so it is possible that the two central volcanoes are not one system. Thordarhyrna has rhyolite formations which have not been found at Grímsvötn.
3742:
324:
Grímsvötn is a basaltic volcano which has the highest eruption frequency of all the volcanoes in Iceland. It has a southwest-northeast-trending fissure system. The massive climate-impacting
3453:
501:
The ash cloud from the eruption rose to 20 km (12 mi), and was so far 10 times larger than the 2004 eruption, and the strongest in Grímsvötn in the last 100 years.
4369:Óladóttir, B.A.; Thordarson, T.; Geirsdóttir, Á.; Jóhannsdóttir, G.E.; Mangerud, J. (2020). "The Saksunarvatn Ash and the G10ka series tephra. Review and current state of knowledge".
3716:
2833:
Lake Lögurinn & Kirkjugardur cores. Tholeiite basalt tephra G9850 in Torfdalsvatn core dated at 9850 ± 300 BP. May be part of G10ka series tephra which covers a 500 year period.
2813:
Lake Lögurinn & Svartárkort cores Tholeiite basalt tephra G9740 in Torfdalsvatn core dated at 9740 ± 320 BP. May be part of G10ka series tephra which covers a 500 year period.
2913:
Lake Lögurinn, Kirkjugardur cores. May be part of G10ka series tephra which covers a 500 year period. Tholeiite basalt tephra in at least one of seven layers in Torfdalsvatn core.
518:
4404:
Gaidos, E; Lanoil, B; Thorsteinsson, T; Graham, A; Skidmore, M; Han, SK; Rust, T; Popp, B (2004). "A viable microbial community in a subglacial volcanic crater lake, Iceland".
360:
knew well in advance that a glacial burst was imminent. It did not occur until several weeks after the eruption finished, but monitoring ensured that the Icelandic ring road (
3811:
4000:Óladóttir, B.A.; Larsen, G.; Sigmarsson, O. (2011). "Holocene volcanic activity at Grímsvötn, Bárdarbunga and Kverkfjöll subglacial centres beneath Vatnajökull, Iceland".
3595:
Elín Margrét Magnúsdóttir: Gjóska úr Grímsvötnum 2011 og Bárðarbungu 2014-2015 : Ásýndar- ogkornastærðargreining. BS ritgerð. Jarðvísindadeild Háskóli Íslands (2017)
421:
from the eruption fell as far away as mainland Europe and caused short-term disruption of airline traffic into Iceland, but again no glacial burst followed the eruption.
3750:
548:, which is indicative of the presence of shallow magma. IMO warned that a glacial flood as a result of melting ice could trigger an eruption. No eruption occurred.
2793:
Lake Lögurinn core. Tholeiite basalt tephra G9630 in Torfdalsvatn core dated at 9630 ± 350 BP. May be part of G10ka series tephra which covers a 500 year period.
3931:
3007:
is known to be associated with increased activity in Grímsvötn. Seismic activity has been increasing in the area in recent years, indicating the entry of magma.
77:
4252:
Gabriel, I.; Plunkett, G.; Abbott, P.M.; Behrens, M.; Burke, A.; Chellman, N.; Cook, E.; Fleitmann, D.; Hörhold, M.; Hutchison, W.; McConnell, J.R. (2024).
417:
A week-long eruption occurred at Grímsvötn starting on 28 December 1998, but no glacial burst occurred. In November 2004, a week-long eruption occurred.
556:
detected. On 7 December, the alert level was lowered back to yellow, after seismic activity decreased and no signs of eruptive activity were detected.
4342:"High-resolution Holocene record from Torfdalsvatn, north Iceland, reveals natural and anthropogenic impacts on terrestrial and aquatic environments"
3610:
3462:
4968:
3907:
3819:
3720:
2982:
4586:
Origin, extent, and emplacement conditions of newly exposed pillow lavas and hyaloclastites in the Kverkfjöll region, Iceland. M.S. thesis
4517:
Manning, C.J.; Thirlwall, M.F. (2014). "Isotopic evidence for interaction between Öræfajökull mantle and the Eastern Rift Zone, Iceland".
3374:"Dynamics, stratigraphy and proximal dispersal of supraglacial tephra during the ice-confined 2004 eruption at Grímsvötn Volcano, Iceland"
2961:, because there are also traces of volcanism and glaciers on Mars and thus the findings could help identify how to look for life on Mars.
4726:
3658:
438:
were recorded twice around Grímsvötn on 2 and 3 October 2010, possibly indicating an impending eruption. At the same time, sudden
544:(IMO) issued a warning that an eruption might take place in the coming weeks or months, following scientists reporting high levels of
5218:
5243:
4554:"Volcanoes as elastic inclusions: their effects on the propagation of dykes, volcanic fissures, and volcanic zones in Iceland"
3066:
491:
5248:
3495:
2713:
Lake Lögurinn core. Possibly in Snæfell core. Tholeiite basalt G9410 tephra in Torfdalsvatn core dated at 9410 ± 340 BP.
413:
Satellite images of the November 2004 Grímsvötn Eruption. The lower image assigns a false color (red) to the surface ice.
2893:
Lake Lögurinn, Svartárkort & Kirkjugardur cores. May be part of G10ka series tephra which covers a 500 year period.
2853:
Lake Lögurinn, Svartárkort & Kirkjugardur cores. May be part of G10ka series tephra which covers a 500 year period.
4961:
4666:
289:
4254:"Decadal-to-centennial increases of volcanic aerosols from Iceland challenge the concept of a Medieval Quiet Period"
4584:
3594:
3104:
2016 could be inaccurate.Literature timings were adjusted after the Icelandic tree ring series was extended to 822.
5078:
4340:
Harning, D.J.; Florian, C.R.; Geirsdóttir, Á.; Thordarson, T.; Miller, G.H.; Axford, Y.; Ólafsdóttir, S. (2024).
3315:
541:
479:
430:
3626:
223:
seismically active areas. Clicking on the image enlarges to full window and enables mouse-over with more detail.
5035:
4719:
3056:
5223:
5213:
5107:
4986:
4954:
3797:
401:
as a former eruption at Gjálp in the 1930s are thought to have taken place within Grímsvötn Volcanic system.
120:
3694:
5258:
5253:
4978:
3455:
PhD Dissertation: Volcanotectonic Evolution and Characteristic Volcanism of the Neovolcanic Zone of Iceland
3071:
70:
63:
3517:
Russell, Andrew J.; Gregory, Andrew R.; Large, Andrew R. G.; Fleisher, P. Jay; Harris, Timothy D. (2007).
267:
3979:
3036:
3021:
2693:
compositional characteristics - may be mixed eruption or mis–assigned. Lake Lögurinn & Snæfell cores
174:
4682:
3672:
3654:
3041:
603:
512:
Disruption to air travel in Iceland commenced on 22 May, followed by Greenland, Scotland, Norway,
475:
560:
528:
The eruption stopped at 02:40 UTC on 25 May 2011, although there was some explosive activity from the
144:
140:
5238:
5233:
5208:
4712:
3957:
3607:
450:
439:
5090:
3841:
2989:. The volcanic system has crater rows extending to the south east; the 25 km (16 mi) long
386:
5228:
4900:
4735:
3289:
3046:
334:
5203:
5059:
3627:"Possible Harmonic tremor pulse at Grímsfjall volcano | Iceland Volcano and Earthquake blog"
3294:
337:
explosive activity. Within the Grímsvötn-Laki volcanic system is a second central volcano called
5263:
4676:
4553:
3885:
3003:
Grímsvötn in Vatnajökull may be expected every 2–7 years. Parallel volcanic activity in nearby
162:
3717:"Iceland volcanic eruption 'not linked to the end of the world' | IceNews – Daily News"
2973:
propagation between Grímsvötn and Thordarhyrna. Interactions can also occur with the nearby
4621:
4526:
4486:
4378:
4303:
4265:
4221:
4009:
3568:
3530:
3385:
3061:
3016:
409:
5072:
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8:
5136:
330:
5162:
4999:
4815:
4625:
4530:
4490:
4382:
4307:
4269:
4225:
4013:
3572:
3534:
3519:"Tunnel channel formation during the November 1996 jökulhlaup, Skeiðarárjökull, Iceland"
3389:
586:
Eruptions Grímsvötn volcanic system last 10,000 years (unconfirmed eruptions not shown)
522:
495:
3431:
3409:
3351:
2977:
volcano, which is part of a separate volcanic system. The volcano erupts predominantly
2873:
Lake Lögurinn core. May be part of G10ka series tephra which covers a 500 year period.
240:
58:
4775:
4760:
504:
4569:
4421:
3413:
3401:
2978:
529:
4875:
4190:
4994:
4770:
4565:
4534:
4494:
4450:
4445:
4413:
4386:
4349:
4311:
4273:
4229:
4186:
4017:
3863:
3576:
3538:
3393:
3004:
2974:
397:
4885:
4790:
4679:– from the Icelandic Met Office and University of Iceland (updated at least daily)
3785:
5146:
4946:
4865:
4805:
4693:
4670:
4639:
4390:
3614:
3608:
Anne Schöpa: Subglacial volcanism with examples from Iceland. TU Freiberg. (2008)
3051:
3026:
2986:
483:
435:
275:
5115:
3908:"Evidences that Grímsvötn volcano is getting ready for the next eruption | News"
3372:
Jude-Eton, T. C.; Thordarson, T.; Gudmundsson, M. T.; Oddsson, B. (2012-03-08).
5084:
4937:
4890:
4870:
4755:
4278:
4253:
3580:
3543:
3518:
3373:
3284:
2970:
545:
263:
4538:
4233:
4021:
3432:"Þórðarhyrna central volcano (Grímsvötn-Laki volcanic system) e: Thordarhyrna"
3397:
2690:
2186:
1979:
1836:
1743:
317:, at an elevation of 1,725 m (5,659 ft). Beneath the caldera is the
279:
34:
5197:
5014:
4780:
4417:
3461:(Thesis). Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen. pp. 1–122. Archived from
3405:
3031:
466:
368:
365:
318:
304:
291:
92:
79:
4830:
4825:
4765:
4663:
2122:
1832:
350:
28:
5183:
4927:
4425:
4368:
458:
418:
393:
338:
5167:
4880:
4855:
4850:
4835:
4810:
4795:
462:
View of Icelandic landscape beneath the ash-cloud during the 2011 eruption
5120:
4820:
4699:
4688:
4499:
4474:
4455:
4440:
2934:
core. May be part of G10ka series tephra which covers a 500 year period.
508:
Satellite image from 23 May 2011 of the ash-cloud to the south of Iceland
278:
is completely subglacial and located under the northwestern side of the
5141:
4860:
4840:
4354:
4341:
2189:
compositional characteristics - may be mixed eruption or mis–assigned.
2125:
compositional characteristics - may be mixed eruption or mis–assigned.
1982:
compositional characteristics - may be mixed eruption or mis–assigned
1839:
compositional characteristics - may be mixed eruption or mis–assigned.
1746:
compositional characteristics - may be mixed eruption or mis–assigned.
487:
361:
4895:
5096:
4315:
3932:"Grimsvötn volcano (Iceland): subglacial meltwater flood in progress"
3630:
3371:
1924:
Lake Lögurinn, Kárahnjúkar, Snæfell, Svartárkort & marine cores.
357:
4845:
4175:
490:, Until 25 May, the eruption scale had been larger than that of the
454:
Satellite image from 22 May 2011 of the volcanic plume above Iceland
349:
Eruptions in the caldera regularly cause glacial outbursts known as
4800:
4704:
4339:
4210:
2946:
2185:
Lake Lögurinn, Kárahnjúkar & Snæfell cores. Has some Veidivötn-
513:
470:
Grímsvötn in August 2011. Ash covering the surrounding snow and ice
364:) was closed when the burst occurred. A section of road across the
3597:(in Icelandic, abstract also in English) Retrieved 24 August 2020.
3557:
5067:
5025:
4750:
4739:
283:
271:
167:
4610:
396:
eruption in 1996 revealed that an interaction may exist between
5048:
4403:
2955:
2951:
333:
and the interaction of magma and meltwater from the ice causes
48:
5178:
Note: Volcanoes listed here have "central volcanoes" unless a
3774:
3651:
5043:
5009:
4475:"Mechanical interaction between active volcanoes in Iceland"
4251:
5019:
4552:
Andrew, Ruth E. B.; Gudmundsson, Agust (20 November 2008).
4292:
3516:
2990:
2958:
1856:
Greenland, Lake Lögurinn, Kárahnjúkar & Snæfell cores.
946:
371:
was washed away in the ensuing flood, but no one was hurt.
325:
216:
subglacial terrain above 1,100 m (3,600 ft), and
2969:
There is the potential for mechanical interaction such as
2229:
Lake Lögurinn core. Trace possible in a Kárahnjúkar core.
374:
3999:
443:
2209:
Lake Lögurinn, Kárahnjúkar, Snæfell & marine cores.
2042:
Lake Lögurinn, Kárahnjúkar, Snæfell & marine cores.
2022:
Lake Lögurinn, Kárahnjúkar, Snæfell & marine cores.
266:
with a (partially subglacial) fissure system located in
3786:
Scottish flights grounded by Iceland volcanic ash cloud
4171:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4157:
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4151:
4149:
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4141:
4139:
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4133:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4109:
4107:
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4103:
4101:
4099:
4097:
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4091:
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4087:
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4083:
4081:
4079:
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4069:
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4065:
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4059:
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4055:
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559:
On 11 December 2023, a jökulhlaup followed in time, a
4049:
4047:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4039:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4031:
3743:"Largest Volcanic Eruption in Grímsvötn in 100 Years"
2289:
Lake Lögurinn. Trace possible in a Kárahnjúkar core.
1255:
Approx 345 BP eruption - Oct 1603 Lake Lögurinn core
3812:"European proceedures (sic) cope with new ash cloud"
3749:. Iceland Review Online. 22 May 2011. Archived from
2369:
Lake Lögurinn, Kárahnjúkar & Svartárkort cores.
2269:
Lake Lögurinn core. Possibly in a Kárahnjúkar core.
578:
5182:is place after name, in that case the volcano is a
2940:
2489:Lake Lögurinn core a possibly in Svartárkort core.
595:
4976:
4694:Report on the 2011 start of the Grímsvötn eruption
4468:
4466:
4028:
3878:
3864:"Iceland volcano ash: German air traffic resuming"
2954:. The site is a possible analogue for life on the
535:
4551:
4472:
3429:
3349:
5195:
4516:
3670:
2101:Lake Lögurinn, Kárahnjúkar & Snæfell cores.
1941:Lake Lögurinn, Kárahnjúkar & Snæfell cores.
1814:Lake Lögurinn, Kárahnjúkar & Snæfell cores.
1763:Lake Lögurinn, Kárahnjúkar & Snæfell cores.
1709:Lake Lögurinn, Kárahnjúkar & Snæfell cores.
1676:Lake Lögurinn, Kárahnjúkar & Snæfell cores.
1531:Lake Lögurinn, Kárahnjúkar & Snæfell cores.
4592:(Thesis). University of Iceland. pp. 1–120
4582:
4463:
4206:
4204:
4202:
4200:
3809:
3770:
3768:
3695:"Iceland's most active volcano erupts – Europe"
3430:Guðmundsson, Magnús T.; Larsen, Guðrún (2019).
3350:Guðmundsson, Magnús T.; Larsen, Guðrún (2019).
2249:Lake Lögurinn. Possibly in a Kárahnjúkar core.
571:
257:
4558:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
4512:
4510:
4335:
4333:
4331:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4247:
4245:
4243:
3842:"Volcanic Ash Advisory at 1241 on 25 May 2011"
3490:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3482:
4962:
4720:
4700:Official Website of Vatnajökull National Park
3834:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3089:
4197:
3803:
3765:
3352:"Grímsvötn Alternative name: Grímsvötn-Laki"
4689:BBC news report of the 23 May 2011 eruption
4507:
4322:
4286:
4240:
3479:
1126:Approx 280 BP eruption Lake Lögurinn core.
532:affecting only the area around the crater.
4969:
4955:
4727:
4713:
4640:"Icelandic Met Office on 1 September 2011"
3886:"Update on volcanic activity in Grímsvötn"
3659:National and University Library of Iceland
3086:
404:
4583:Valdimarsdóttir, Iðunn Kara (June 2023).
4519:Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology
4498:
4454:
4353:
4277:
3687:
3542:
561:
3664:
503:
482:began, with 12 km (7 mi) high
465:
457:
449:
408:
356:When a large eruption occurred in 1996,
4673:in the Catalogue of Icelandic Volcanoes
3980:"UGS:M 4.5 - 109 km W of Höfn, Iceland"
3798:Iceland eruption hits Norwegian flights
3709:
3629:. Jonfr.com. 2010-10-02. Archived from
3124:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3110:
2609:Lake Lögurinn & Svartárkort cores.
2429:Lake Lögurinn & Kárahnjúkar cores.
2389:Lake Lögurinn & Kárahnjúkar cores.
2349:Lake Lögurinn & Kárahnjúkar cores.
2329:Lake Lögurinn & Kárahnjúkar cores.
2309:Lake Lögurinn & Kárahnjúkar cores.
2081:Lake Lögurinn & Kárahnjúkar cores.
1978:Lake Lögurinn core. Has some Veidivötn-
1797:Lake Lögurinn & Kárahnjúkar cores.
1780:Lake Lögurinn & Kárahnjúkar cores.
1742:Lake Lögurinn core. Has some Veidivötn-
375:Eruption history between 1990 and today
5196:
4473:Gudmundsson, A.; Andrew, R.E. (2007).
4438:
4258:Communications Earth & Environment
3451:
3425:
3423:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3165:
2629:Lake Lögurinn & Svartárkort cores
4950:
4708:
3619:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3067:List of volcanic eruptions in Iceland
590:
239:
4734:
3107:
4683:Current seismology around Grímsvötn
3673:"Vegurinn um Skeiðarársand lokaður"
3496:"Flood tremor gradually increasing"
3420:
2165:Lake Lögurinn & Snæfell cores.
13:
3671:Njörður Helgason (14 April 2011).
3330:
3142:
1890:Lake Lögurinn, Kárahnjúkar cores.
14:
5275:
4657:
3697:. Al Jazeera English. 21 May 2011
582:the Rauðhólar-Eldgígur fissures.
127:
4931:
4921:
4909:
4570:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.07.025
2997:
2983:Eastern volcanic zone of Iceland
2941:Bacteria in the subglacial lakes
424:
126:
119:
27:
5219:Subglacial volcanoes of Iceland
4632:
4604:
4576:
4545:
4432:
4397:
4362:
4346:Climate of the Past Discussions
4214:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
4191:10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.08.011
3993:
3972:
3950:
3924:
3912:Icelandic Meteorological office
3900:
3856:
3810:David Learmount (26 May 2011).
3791:
3779:
3735:
3645:
3600:
3587:
542:Icelandic Meteorological Office
536:2020 onward threats of eruption
4685:– Earthquakes in last 48 hours
3551:
3510:
3445:
3365:
3316:"How to pronounce /grímsvötn/"
3308:
3057:Timeline of volcanism on Earth
600:Lake Lögurinn tephra thickness
1:
5244:East Volcanic Zone of Iceland
4696:from the Icelandic Met Office
4441:"Glacial lake hides bacteria"
3136:
2991:Laki–Grímsvötn fissure system
2121:Lake Lögurinn core. Has some
1831:Lake Lögurinn core. Has also
379:
344:
5130:Snæfellsjökull Volcanic Zone
4677:Update on Grímsvötn Activity
4560:. Volcanic Flows and Falls.
4479:Geophysical Research Letters
4391:10.1016/j.quageo.2019.101041
3800:, The Foreigner, 23 May 2011
3719:. Icenews.is. Archived from
3661:, 24 May 2011 (in Icelandic)
3072:List of volcanoes in Iceland
2929:
2909:
2889:
2869:
2849:
2829:
2789:
2769:
2749:
2729:
2709:
2685:
2665:
2645:
2625:
2605:
2585:
2565:
2545:
2525:
2505:
2485:
2465:
2445:
2425:
2405:
2385:
2365:
2345:
2325:
2305:
2285:
2265:
2245:
2225:
2205:
2181:
2161:
2141:
2117:
2097:
2077:
2058:
2038:
2018:
1998:
1974:
1954:
1937:
1920:
1903:
1886:
1869:
1852:
1827:
1810:
1793:
1776:
1759:
1738:
1722:
1705:
1689:
1672:
1656:
1640:
1624:
1608:
1592:
1576:
1560:
1544:
1527:
1511:
1495:
1479:
1463:
1447:
1431:
1415:
1399:
1383:
1367:
1350:
1333:
1316:
1300:
1284:
1268:
1251:
1235:
1219:
1203:
1187:
1171:
1155:
1139:
1122:
1106:
1090:
1074:
1058:
1042:
1026:
1010:
994:
978:
962:
942:
926:
910:
894:
878:
862:
846:
830:
814:
798:
782:
765:
749:
733:
717:
701:
685:
669:
653:
637:
621:
572:Eruption history before 1990
385:(See also the main article:
64:List of volcanoes in Iceland
53:1,725 m (5,659 ft)
7:
5249:Volcanic systems of Iceland
3561:Pure and Applied Geophysics
3037:List of glaciers of Iceland
3022:Glacial lake outburst flood
3010:
2985:, and is directly over the
37:glacier, Iceland, July 1972
10:
5280:
4614:AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts
4564:(4). Elsevier: 1045–1054.
4279:10.1038/s43247-024-01350-6
4179:Quaternary Science Reviews
3581:10.1007/s00024-019-02387-x
3544:10.3189/172756407782282552
3042:List of islands of Iceland
2964:
431:2011 eruption of Grímsvötn
428:
321:of the Grímsvötn volcano.
5176:
5156:Öræfajökull Volcanic Zone
5155:
5129:
5106:
5058:
5034:
4985:
4918:
4907:
4746:
4539:10.1007/s00410-013-0959-1
4234:10.1016/j.gca.2008.06.010
4022:10.1007/s00445-011-0461-4
3452:Andrew, R. E. B. (2008).
3398:10.1007/s00445-012-0583-3
268:Vatnajökull National Park
183:
173:
161:
156:
113:
108:
69:
57:
47:
42:
26:
21:
4418:10.1089/1531107041939529
4371:Quaternary Geochronology
3958:"IWO:Flood in Grímsvötn"
3290:Global Volcanism Program
3079:
3047:List of lakes of Iceland
2945:In 2004, a community of
2847:1 cm (0.39 in)
2807:2 cm (0.79 in)
2787:2 cm (0.79 in)
2523:2 cm (0.79 in)
2503:2 cm (0.79 in)
2443:1 cm (0.39 in)
2423:2 cm (0.79 in)
2283:2 cm (0.79 in)
2223:1 cm (0.39 in)
2095:1 cm (0.39 in)
1952:1 cm (0.39 in)
1850:2 cm (0.79 in)
1825:2 cm (0.79 in)
1249:2 cm (0.79 in)
486:accompanied by multiple
474:On 21 May 2011 at 19:25
282:ice cap. The subglacial
237:Icelandic pronunciation:
5060:Reykjanes Volcanic Belt
4002:Bulletin of Volcanology
3866:. BBC News. 25 May 2011
3378:Bulletin of Volcanology
3295:Smithsonian Institution
2887:5 cm (2.0 in)
2867:6 cm (2.4 in)
2767:6 cm (2.4 in)
2747:8 cm (3.1 in)
2727:4 cm (1.6 in)
2707:8 cm (3.1 in)
2683:3 cm (1.2 in)
2663:5 cm (2.0 in)
2643:3 cm (1.2 in)
2623:5 cm (2.0 in)
2603:6 cm (2.4 in)
2583:6 cm (2.4 in)
2563:8 cm (3.1 in)
2543:9 cm (3.5 in)
2483:9 cm (3.5 in)
2463:6 cm (2.4 in)
2383:3 cm (1.2 in)
2363:6 cm (2.4 in)
2343:7 cm (2.8 in)
2323:8 cm (3.1 in)
2263:7 cm (2.8 in)
2243:7 cm (2.8 in)
2203:7 cm (2.8 in)
2179:7 cm (2.8 in)
2159:4 cm (1.6 in)
2139:5 cm (2.0 in)
2115:9 cm (3.5 in)
2075:4 cm (1.6 in)
2036:9 cm (3.5 in)
2016:4 cm (1.6 in)
1996:7 cm (2.8 in)
1972:3 cm (1.2 in)
1935:6 cm (2.4 in)
1918:4 cm (1.6 in)
1901:5 cm (2.0 in)
1884:9 cm (3.5 in)
1808:5 cm (2.0 in)
1791:3 cm (1.2 in)
1774:9 cm (3.5 in)
1736:5 cm (2.0 in)
1703:5 cm (2.0 in)
1670:5 cm (2.0 in)
1331:8 cm (3.1 in)
1120:7 cm (2.8 in)
763:9 cm (3.5 in)
405:1998 and 2004 eruptions
241:[ˈkrimsˌvœhtn̥]
145:Vestur-Skaftafellssýsla
141:Austur-Skaftafellssýsla
5036:Northern Volcanic Zone
4642:. Icelandic Met Office
509:
471:
463:
455:
414:
387:1996 eruption of Gjálp
258:
256:= "waters", singular:
202:central volcanoes and
5108:Western Volcanic Zone
4987:Eastern Volcanic Zone
4439:Peplow, Mark (2004).
769:,Lake Lögurinn core.
507:
469:
461:
453:
412:
93:64.42000°N 17.33000°W
5224:Volcanoes of Iceland
5214:Highlands of Iceland
4979:volcanoes of Iceland
4500:10.1029/2007GL029873
4456:10.1038/news040712-6
3888:. Iceland Met Office
3652:Eldgos í Grímsvötnum
3523:Annals of Glaciology
3062:Volcanism of Iceland
3017:Geography of Iceland
2987:Iceland mantle plume
2773:Lake Lögurinn core.
2753:Lake Lögurinn core.
2733:Lake Lögurinn core.
2669:Lake Lögurinn core.
2649:Lake Lögurinn core.
2589:Lake Lögurinn core.
2569:Lake Lögurinn core.
2549:Lake Lögurinn core.
2529:Lake Lögurinn core.
2509:Lake Lögurinn core.
2469:Lake Lögurinn core.
2449:Lake Lögurinn core.
2409:Lake Lögurinn core.
2145:Lake Lögurinn core.
2002:Lake Lögurinn core.
1958:Lake Lögurinn core.
1907:Lake Lögurinn core.
1354:Lake Lögurinn core.
1337:Lake Lögurinn core.
1320:Lake Lögurinn core.
5259:Calderas of Iceland
5254:Subglacial calderas
4626:2023AGUFM.V21C01.4C
4531:2014CoMP..167..959M
4491:2007GeoRL..3410310G
4383:2020QuGeo..5601041O
4308:2017Geo....45..783B
4270:2024ComEE...5..194G
4226:2008GeCoA..72.4397B
4014:2011BVol...73.1187O
3573:2019PApGe.177.2579K
3535:2007AnGla..45...95R
3390:2012BVol...74.1057J
2689:Has some Veidivötn-
587:
301: /
98:64.42000; -17.33000
89: /
5091:Eldvörp–Svartsengi
4938:Iceland portal
4669:2017-02-04 at the
4355:10.5194/cp-2024-26
3938:. 3 September 2021
3788:, BBC, 23 May 2011
3657:2011-08-03 at the
3613:2017-05-17 at the
585:
540:In June 2020, the
510:
472:
464:
456:
415:
43:Highest point
33:Grímsvötn and the
16:Volcano in Iceland
5191:
5190:
5073:Brennisteinsfjöll
4944:
4943:
4220:(17): 4397–4420.
3960:. 8 December 2021
3936:Volcano Discovery
3498:. 12 January 2023
2979:tholeiitic basalt
2938:
2937:
305:64.417°N 17.333°W
230:
229:
5271:
5239:Lakes of Iceland
5234:Subglacial lakes
5209:Active volcanoes
5000:Eyjafjallajökull
4971:
4964:
4957:
4948:
4947:
4936:
4935:
4934:
4928:Lakes portal
4926:
4925:
4924:
4913:
4729:
4722:
4715:
4706:
4705:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4647:
4636:
4630:
4629:
4620:(14). V21C-014.
4608:
4602:
4601:
4599:
4597:
4591:
4580:
4574:
4573:
4549:
4543:
4542:
4514:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4470:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4436:
4430:
4429:
4401:
4395:
4394:
4366:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4337:
4320:
4319:
4316:10.1130/G39269.1
4290:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4249:
4238:
4237:
4208:
4195:
4194:
4173:
4026:
4025:
4008:(9): 1187–1208.
3997:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3976:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3954:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3928:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3918:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3893:
3882:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3860:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3838:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3818:. Archived from
3807:
3801:
3795:
3789:
3783:
3777:
3775:Eurocontrol news
3772:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3739:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3691:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3668:
3662:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3623:
3617:
3604:
3598:
3591:
3585:
3584:
3567:(6): 2579–2595.
3555:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3514:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3492:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3467:
3460:
3449:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3427:
3418:
3417:
3384:(5): 1057–1082.
3369:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3347:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3281:
3130:
3126:
3105:
3101:
2920:
2900:
2880:
2860:
2840:
2820:
2800:
2780:
2760:
2740:
2720:
2700:
2676:
2656:
2636:
2616:
2596:
2576:
2556:
2536:
2516:
2496:
2476:
2456:
2436:
2416:
2396:
2376:
2356:
2336:
2316:
2296:
2276:
2256:
2236:
2216:
2196:
2172:
2152:
2132:
2108:
2088:
2068:
2049:
2029:
2009:
1989:
1965:
597:
588:
584:
580:
568:4.5 earthquake.
566:
523:Eyjafjallajökull
496:Eyjafjallajökull
442:was measured by
436:Harmonic tremors
316:
315:
313:
312:
311:
306:
302:
299:
298:
297:
294:
261:
251:
250:
249:
243:
238:
222:
220:
215:
213:
209:fissure swarms,
208:
206:
201:
199:
194:
192:
168:Volcanic caldera
130:
129:
123:
104:
103:
101:
100:
99:
94:
90:
87:
86:
85:
82:
31:
19:
18:
5279:
5278:
5274:
5273:
5272:
5270:
5269:
5268:
5229:VEI-6 volcanoes
5194:
5193:
5192:
5187:
5172:
5151:
5125:
5102:
5054:
5030:
4981:
4975:
4945:
4940:
4932:
4930:
4922:
4920:
4914:
4905:
4776:Frostastaðavatn
4742:
4733:
4671:Wayback Machine
4660:
4655:
4645:
4643:
4638:
4637:
4633:
4609:
4605:
4595:
4593:
4589:
4581:
4577:
4550:
4546:
4515:
4508:
4471:
4464:
4437:
4433:
4402:
4398:
4367:
4363:
4338:
4323:
4291:
4287:
4250:
4241:
4209:
4198:
4174:
4029:
3998:
3994:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3977:
3973:
3963:
3961:
3956:
3955:
3951:
3941:
3939:
3930:
3929:
3925:
3916:
3914:
3906:
3905:
3901:
3891:
3889:
3884:
3883:
3879:
3869:
3867:
3862:
3861:
3857:
3847:
3845:
3844:. Met Office UK
3840:
3839:
3835:
3825:
3823:
3822:on July 3, 2015
3808:
3804:
3796:
3792:
3784:
3780:
3773:
3766:
3756:
3754:
3741:
3740:
3736:
3726:
3724:
3715:
3714:
3710:
3700:
3698:
3693:
3692:
3688:
3678:
3676:
3669:
3665:
3650:
3646:
3636:
3634:
3625:
3624:
3620:
3615:Wayback Machine
3605:
3601:
3592:
3588:
3556:
3552:
3515:
3511:
3501:
3499:
3494:
3493:
3480:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3458:
3450:
3446:
3436:
3434:
3428:
3421:
3370:
3366:
3356:
3354:
3348:
3331:
3321:
3319:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3299:
3297:
3283:
3282:
3143:
3139:
3134:
3133:
3127:
3108:
3102:
3087:
3082:
3052:Plate tectonics
3027:Iceland hotspot
3013:
3000:
2967:
2943:
2918:
2898:
2878:
2858:
2838:
2818:
2798:
2778:
2758:
2738:
2718:
2698:
2674:
2654:
2634:
2614:
2594:
2574:
2554:
2534:
2514:
2494:
2474:
2454:
2434:
2414:
2394:
2374:
2354:
2334:
2314:
2294:
2274:
2254:
2234:
2214:
2194:
2170:
2150:
2130:
2106:
2086:
2066:
2047:
2027:
2007:
1987:
1966:18±100 BCE
1963:
1873:Greenland core
574:
565:
538:
519:2010 disruption
433:
427:
407:
382:
377:
347:
341:(Þórðarhyrna).
335:phreatomagmatic
310:64.417; -17.333
309:
307:
303:
300:
295:
292:
290:
288:
287:
276:central volcano
245:
244:
236:
226:
225:
224:
218:
217:
211:
210:
204:
203:
197:
196:
190:
189:
152:
151:
150:
149:
148:
138:
137:
136:
135:
131:
97:
95:
91:
88:
83:
80:
78:
76:
75:
38:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5277:
5267:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5189:
5188:
5177:
5174:
5173:
5171:
5170:
5165:
5159:
5157:
5153:
5152:
5150:
5149:
5144:
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5137:Snæfellsjökull
5133:
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5085:Fagradalsfjall
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4876:Sultartangalón
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4871:Skorradalsvatn
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4658:External links
4656:
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4603:
4575:
4544:
4506:
4485:(10): L10310.
4462:
4431:
4396:
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4321:
4302:(9): 783–786.
4285:
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4027:
3992:
3971:
3949:
3923:
3899:
3877:
3855:
3833:
3802:
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3764:
3753:on 24 May 2011
3734:
3723:on 24 May 2011
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573:
570:
563:
546:sulfur dioxide
537:
534:
530:eruptive vents
429:Main article:
426:
423:
406:
403:
381:
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376:
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346:
343:
264:active volcano
228:
227:
186:
185:
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73:
67:
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61:
55:
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51:
45:
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40:
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32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5276:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
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5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
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5217:
5215:
5212:
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5207:
5205:
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5199:
5185:
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5175:
5169:
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5160:
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5148:
5145:
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5138:
5135:
5134:
5132:
5128:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5113:
5111:
5109:
5105:
5098:
5095:
5092:
5089:
5086:
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5080:
5077:
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5033:
5027:
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5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
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4996:
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4992:
4990:
4988:
4984:
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4967:
4965:
4960:
4958:
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4952:
4949:
4939:
4929:
4917:
4912:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4886:Þingvallavatn
4884:
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4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4730:
4725:
4723:
4718:
4716:
4711:
4710:
4707:
4701:
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4692:
4690:
4687:
4684:
4681:
4678:
4675:
4672:
4668:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4641:
4635:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4607:
4588:
4587:
4579:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4548:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4513:
4511:
4501:
4496:
4492:
4488:
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4469:
4467:
4457:
4452:
4448:
4447:
4442:
4435:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4412:(3): 327–44.
4411:
4407:
4400:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4365:
4356:
4351:
4347:
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4317:
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4122:
4120:
4118:
4116:
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4112:
4110:
4108:
4106:
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4102:
4100:
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4058:
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4054:
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4038:
4036:
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4032:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3996:
3981:
3975:
3959:
3953:
3937:
3933:
3927:
3913:
3909:
3903:
3887:
3881:
3865:
3859:
3843:
3837:
3826:September 28,
3821:
3817:
3813:
3806:
3799:
3794:
3787:
3782:
3776:
3771:
3769:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3738:
3722:
3718:
3712:
3696:
3690:
3674:
3667:
3660:
3656:
3653:
3648:
3633:on 2010-10-10
3632:
3628:
3622:
3616:
3612:
3609:
3603:
3596:
3590:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3554:
3545:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3529:(1): 95–103.
3528:
3524:
3520:
3513:
3497:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3468:on 2012-03-09
3464:
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3318:. youtube.com
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3208:
3206:
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3202:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3192:
3190:
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3186:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3174:
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3160:
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3154:
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3150:
3148:
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3141:
3125:
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3121:
3119:
3117:
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3058:
3055:
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3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3032:Iceland plume
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3008:
3006:
2998:Future trends
2995:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2953:
2948:
2932:
2926:
2923:
2921:8250 BCE
2917:
2916:
2912:
2906:
2903:
2901:8248 BCE
2897:
2896:
2892:
2886:
2883:
2881:8069 BCE
2877:
2876:
2872:
2866:
2863:
2861:8053 BCE
2857:
2856:
2852:
2846:
2843:
2841:7919 BCE
2837:
2836:
2832:
2826:
2823:
2821:7899 BCE
2817:
2816:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2801:7826 BCE
2797:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2783:
2781:7703 BCE
2777:
2776:
2772:
2766:
2763:
2761:7585 BCE
2757:
2756:
2752:
2746:
2743:
2741:7577 BCE
2737:
2736:
2732:
2726:
2723:
2721:7536 BCE
2717:
2716:
2712:
2706:
2703:
2701:7483 BCE
2697:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2682:
2679:
2677:7394 BCE
2673:
2672:
2668:
2662:
2659:
2657:7318 BCE
2653:
2652:
2648:
2642:
2639:
2637:7234 BCE
2633:
2632:
2628:
2622:
2619:
2617:7180 BCE
2613:
2612:
2608:
2602:
2599:
2597:7171 BCE
2593:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2579:
2577:7162 BCE
2573:
2572:
2568:
2562:
2559:
2557:7136 BCE
2553:
2552:
2548:
2542:
2539:
2537:7108 BCE
2533:
2532:
2528:
2522:
2519:
2517:6876 BCE
2513:
2512:
2508:
2502:
2499:
2497:6716 BCE
2493:
2492:
2488:
2482:
2479:
2477:6695 BCE
2473:
2472:
2468:
2462:
2459:
2457:6692 BCE
2453:
2452:
2448:
2442:
2439:
2437:5889 BCE
2433:
2432:
2428:
2422:
2419:
2417:5889 BCE
2413:
2412:
2408:
2402:
2399:
2397:5830 BCE
2393:
2392:
2388:
2382:
2379:
2377:5758 BCE
2373:
2372:
2368:
2362:
2359:
2357:5073 BCE
2353:
2352:
2348:
2342:
2339:
2337:4849 BCE
2333:
2332:
2328:
2322:
2319:
2317:4738 BCE
2313:
2312:
2308:
2302:
2299:
2297:4674 BCE
2293:
2292:
2288:
2282:
2279:
2277:4338 BCE
2273:
2272:
2268:
2262:
2259:
2257:4333 BCE
2253:
2252:
2248:
2242:
2239:
2237:4276 BCE
2233:
2232:
2228:
2222:
2219:
2217:4187 BCE
2213:
2212:
2208:
2202:
2199:
2197:4117 BCE
2193:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2178:
2175:
2173:3745 BCE
2169:
2168:
2164:
2158:
2155:
2153:3711 BCE
2149:
2148:
2144:
2138:
2135:
2133:3607 BCE
2129:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2111:
2109:3343 BCE
2105:
2104:
2100:
2094:
2091:
2089:2701 BCE
2085:
2084:
2080:
2074:
2071:
2069:2406 BCE
2065:
2064:
2061:
2055:
2052:
2050:1950 BCE
2046:
2045:
2041:
2035:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2015:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1692:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1579:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1563:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1007:
1004:
1001:
1000:
997:
991:
988:
985:
984:
981:
975:
972:
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968:
965:
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956:
953:
952:
948:
945:
939:
936:
933:
932:
929:
923:
920:
917:
916:
913:
907:
904:
901:
900:
897:
891:
888:
885:
884:
881:
875:
872:
869:
868:
865:
859:
856:
853:
852:
849:
843:
840:
837:
836:
833:
827:
824:
821:
820:
817:
811:
808:
805:
804:
801:
795:
792:
789:
788:
785:
779:
776:
773:
772:
768:
762:
759:
756:
755:
752:
746:
743:
740:
739:
736:
730:
727:
724:
723:
720:
714:
711:
708:
707:
704:
698:
695:
692:
691:
688:
682:
679:
676:
675:
672:
666:
663:
660:
659:
656:
650:
647:
644:
643:
640:
634:
631:
628:
627:
624:
618:
615:
612:
611:
607:
605:
602:
599:
593:
591:Standard Date
589:
583:
569:
567:
557:
553:
549:
547:
543:
533:
531:
526:
524:
520:
515:
506:
502:
499:
497:
493:
492:2010 eruption
489:
485:
481:
477:
468:
460:
452:
448:
445:
441:
437:
432:
425:2011 eruption
422:
420:
411:
402:
399:
395:
390:
389:
388:
372:
370:
367:
363:
359:
354:
352:
342:
340:
336:
332:
327:
322:
320:
319:magma chamber
314:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
260:
255:
248:
242:
234:
182:
178:
176:
175:Last eruption
172:
169:
166:
164:
163:Mountain type
160:
155:
146:
142:
122:
112:
107:
102:
74:
72:
68:
65:
62:
60:
56:
52:
50:
46:
41:
36:
30:
25:
20:
5179:
5116:Prestahnúkur
5004:
4901:Úlfljótsvatn
4785:
4644:. Retrieved
4634:
4617:
4613:
4606:
4594:. Retrieved
4585:
4578:
4561:
4557:
4547:
4522:
4518:
4482:
4478:
4444:
4434:
4409:
4406:Astrobiology
4405:
4399:
4374:
4370:
4364:
4345:
4299:
4295:
4288:
4261:
4257:
4217:
4213:
4182:
4178:
4005:
4001:
3995:
3983:. Retrieved
3974:
3962:. Retrieved
3952:
3940:. Retrieved
3935:
3926:
3915:. Retrieved
3911:
3902:
3890:. Retrieved
3880:
3868:. Retrieved
3858:
3846:. Retrieved
3836:
3824:. Retrieved
3820:the original
3816:Flightglobal
3815:
3805:
3793:
3781:
3755:. Retrieved
3751:the original
3746:
3737:
3725:. Retrieved
3721:the original
3711:
3699:. Retrieved
3689:
3677:. Retrieved
3666:
3647:
3635:. Retrieved
3631:the original
3621:
3602:
3589:
3564:
3560:
3553:
3526:
3522:
3512:
3500:. Retrieved
3470:. Retrieved
3463:the original
3454:
3447:
3435:. Retrieved
3381:
3377:
3367:
3355:. Retrieved
3320:. Retrieved
3310:
3298:. Retrieved
3288:
3001:
2968:
2944:
2030:834 BCE
2010:800 BCE
1990:589 BCE
1835:, Veidivötn-
575:
558:
554:
550:
539:
527:
511:
500:
473:
434:
419:Volcanic ash
416:
394:fissure vent
391:
384:
383:
355:
348:
339:Thordarhyrna
323:
253:
232:
231:
5264:Jökulhlaups
5163:Öræfajökull
5121:Hveravellir
4995:Bárðarbunga
4821:Kleifarvatn
4816:Jökulsárlón
4771:Fjallsárlón
4646:2 September
4185:: 234–249.
3942:9 September
3285:"Grímsvötn"
3005:Bárðarbunga
2975:Bárðarbunga
2691:Bárdarbunga
2187:Bárdarbunga
1980:Bárdarbunga
1837:Bárdarbunga
1744:Bárdarbunga
488:earthquakes
480:an eruption
398:Bárðarbunga
308: /
280:Vatnajökull
96: /
71:Coordinates
35:Vatnajökull
5198:Categories
5147:Ljósufjöll
5142:Helgrindur
4977:Monitored
4866:Sigöldulón
4861:Reynisvatn
4841:Laugarvatn
4831:Lagarfljót
4826:Kvíslavatn
4806:Hvítárvatn
4766:Elliðavatn
4761:Breiðárlón
4377:. 101041.
4264:(1): 194.
3985:13 January
3964:13 January
3917:2020-08-05
3747:Daily News
3606:See also:
3502:13 January
3472:2011-05-24
3137:References
2123:Kverkfjöll
1833:Kverkfjöll
949:eruption.
525:eruption.
521:after the
392:The Gjálp
380:Gjálp 1996
362:Hringvegur
358:geologists
351:jökulhlaup
345:Jökulhlaup
331:subglacial
195:calderas,
84:17°19′48″W
81:64°25′12″N
5204:Grímsvötn
5168:Esjufjöll
5097:Reykjanes
5005:Grímsvötn
4891:Þórisvatn
4881:Svínavatn
4856:Rauðavatn
4851:Öskjuvatn
4836:Langisjór
4811:Hvítavatn
4796:Hreðavatn
4786:Grímsvötn
4756:Blöndulón
4664:Grímsvötn
4596:31 August
3593:See eg.:
3414:128678427
3406:0258-8900
440:inflation
233:Grímsvötn
147:, Iceland
134:Grímsvötn
109:Geography
49:Elevation
22:Grímsvötn
5079:Krýsuvík
4801:Hvalvatn
4781:Grænalón
4667:Archived
4525:: 1–22.
4426:15383238
4348:: 1–41.
3675:. mbl.is
3655:Archived
3611:Archived
3437:31 March
3357:31 March
3300:27 April
3011:See also
2947:bacteria
1969:1968±100
608:Comment
514:Svalbard
366:Skeiðará
262:) is an
179:May 2011
5184:fissure
5068:Hengill
5026:Surtsey
4896:Tjörnin
4751:Apavatn
4740:Iceland
4622:Bibcode
4527:Bibcode
4487:Bibcode
4379:Bibcode
4304:Bibcode
4296:Geology
4266:Bibcode
4222:Bibcode
4010:Bibcode
3569:Bibcode
3531:Bibcode
3386:Bibcode
2965:Geology
1632:1230±10
1616:1270±10
1600:1290±10
1584:1310±10
1487:1370±10
1471:1390±10
1455:1430±10
1439:1450±10
1407:1470±10
1375:1490±10
1276:1530±10
296:17°20′W
293:64°25′N
284:caldera
272:Iceland
157:Geology
59:Listing
5049:Krafla
4846:Mývatn
4446:Nature
4424:
3892:27 May
3870:25 May
3848:25 May
3757:22 May
3727:22 May
3701:22 May
3679:22 May
3637:22 May
3412:
3404:
3322:23 May
2956:planet
2952:oxygen
1635:720±10
1619:680±10
1603:660±10
1587:640±10
1490:580±10
1474:560±10
1458:520±10
1442:500±10
1410:480±10
1378:460±10
1279:420±10
596:Cal BP
484:plumes
369:sandur
286:is at
274:. The
221:
219:
214:
212:
207:
205:
200:
198:
193:
191:
5186:only.
5044:Askja
5015:Katla
5010:Hekla
4736:Lakes
4590:(PDF)
3466:(PDF)
3459:(PDF)
3410:S2CID
3080:Notes
2924:10200
2919:-8250
2904:10198
2899:-8248
2884:10019
2879:-8069
2864:10003
2859:-8053
2839:-7919
2819:-7899
2799:-7826
2779:-7703
2759:-7585
2739:-7577
2719:-7536
2699:-7483
2675:-7394
2655:-7318
2635:-7234
2615:-7180
2595:-7171
2575:-7162
2555:-7136
2535:-7108
2515:-6876
2495:-6716
2475:-6695
2455:-6692
2435:-6226
2415:-5889
2395:-5830
2375:-5758
2355:-5073
2335:-4849
2315:-4738
2295:-4674
2275:-4338
2255:-4333
2235:-4276
2215:-4187
2195:-4117
2171:-3745
2151:-3711
2131:-3607
2107:-3343
2087:-2701
2067:-2406
2048:-1950
594:Date
5020:Laki
4648:2011
4618:2023
4598:2024
4422:PMID
3987:2023
3966:2023
3944:2021
3894:2011
3872:2011
3850:2011
3828:2015
3759:2011
3729:2011
3703:2011
3681:2011
3639:2011
3504:2023
3439:2024
3402:ISSN
3359:2024
3324:2011
3302:2024
2971:dyke
2959:Mars
2844:9869
2824:9849
2804:9776
2784:9653
2764:9535
2744:9527
2724:9486
2704:9433
2680:9344
2660:9268
2640:9184
2620:9130
2600:9121
2580:9112
2560:9086
2540:9058
2520:8826
2500:8666
2480:8645
2460:8642
2440:8176
2420:7839
2400:7780
2380:7708
2360:7023
2340:6799
2320:6688
2300:6624
2280:6288
2260:6283
2240:6226
2220:6137
2200:6067
2176:5695
2156:5661
2136:5557
2112:5293
2092:4651
2072:4356
2053:3900
2033:2784
2028:-834
2013:2750
2008:-800
1993:2539
1988:-589
1949:1767
1932:1734
1915:1670
1898:1647
1881:1448
1864:1197
1847:1169
1822:1100
1805:1098
1788:1097
1771:1092
1754:1065
1714:1010
1697:1050
1681:1090
1664:1162
1648:1190
1568:1332
1552:1341
1536:1350
1519:1354
1503:1369
1423:1469
1391:1471
1359:1500
1342:1500
1325:1508
1308:1510
1292:1521
1260:1598
1243:1603
1227:1610
1211:1619
1195:1622
1179:1629
1163:1632
1147:1638
1131:1659
1114:1665
1098:1681
1082:1684
1066:1697
1050:1706
1034:1716
1018:1725
1002:1730
986:1753
970:1768
954:1774
947:Laki
934:1783
918:1816
902:1838
886:1854
870:1867
854:1873
838:1883
822:1891
806:1897
790:1910
774:1919
757:1922
741:1933
725:1934
709:1938
693:1954
677:1983
661:1996
645:1998
629:2004
613:2011
326:Laki
259:vatn
254:vötn
5180:(f)
5099:(f)
5093:(f)
5087:(f)
5081:(f)
5075:(f)
5051:(f)
5022:(f)
4791:Hóp
4738:of
4566:doi
4562:177
4535:doi
4523:167
4495:doi
4451:doi
4414:doi
4387:doi
4350:doi
4312:doi
4274:doi
4230:doi
4187:doi
4183:150
4018:doi
3577:doi
3565:177
3539:doi
3394:doi
1964:-18
1946:183
1929:216
1912:280
1895:303
1878:502
1861:753
1844:781
1819:850
1802:852
1785:853
1768:858
1751:885
1733:973
1730:977
1717:940
1700:900
1684:860
1667:788
1651:760
1571:618
1555:609
1539:600
1522:596
1506:581
1426:481
1394:479
1362:450
1345:450
1328:442
1311:440
1295:429
1263:352
1246:347
1230:340
1214:331
1198:328
1182:321
1166:318
1150:312
1134:291
1117:285
1101:269
1085:266
1069:253
1053:244
1037:234
1021:225
1005:220
989:197
973:182
957:176
937:167
921:134
905:112
825:-41
604:VEI
494:of
476:UTC
444:GPS
5200::
4616:.
4556:.
4533:.
4521:.
4509:^
4493:.
4483:34
4481:.
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