239:
2012:
263:
856:
38:
300:) indicate that he managed to restore the Gahadavala power in Kanyakubja and its surrounding area by 1109 CE. A peace treaty was probably concluded between the two parties, as indicated by the 1109 CE Rahin (or Rahan) inscription. According to this epigraph, prince Govindachandra fought repeatedly against "Hammira", and made him lay aside his enmity. Hammira is the
644:
Kalachuris as a common enemy. As a result, a
Gahadavala prince may have visited Gangaikonda Cholapuram and issued the inscription. The 1119 CE Set-Mahet inscription states that Govindachandra made some grants at the request of a monk from the Chola kingdom. This further corroborates the theory of friendly relations between the two kingdoms.
451:). Adakkamalla ruled the area even after the end of the imperial Gahadavala branch; Govindachandra might have appointed his ancestor as a governor of the newly conquered Kalachuri territory. If this assumption is true, the territory annexed by Govindachandra must have been located in the region between the
2032:
in 1992, also mentions one
Govindachandra. It records the construction of a temple by Govindachandra's subordinate Anayachandra. Its date portion is missing, and its authenticity has been a matter of controversy. Those who believe that a temple existed at Babri mosque site consider the inscription as
643:
territory. It ends abruptly, so the name of its issuer is not certain, but it appears to have been issued during the reign of either
Madanavarman or Govindachandra. Historian H. C. Ray speculated that the Gahadavalas and the Cholas may have developed friendly relations, because they both shared the
498:
This evidence cannot be interpreted with certainty, but it is possible that
Govindachandra invaded the Pala kingdom sometime around 1146 CE, and advanced up to Munger, where he issued the 1146 CE inscription. Madanapala repulsed this invasion and chased the Gahadavala army up to Patna before
820:(prince), as attested by the 1143 CE Gagaha inscription and the 1146 CE Varanasi inscription. But the actual successor of Govindachandra was Vijayachandra, whose first inscription is dated 1168 CE. It is not known why Vijayachandra ascended the throne when Asphotachandra was the
438:
The identity of the
Karanda and Karandatalla villages is not certain, so it is difficult to determine which part of the Kalachuri kingdom was annexed by Govindachandra. A 1237 CE inscription from the reign of a Gahadavala prince named Adakkamalla was found in the
581:
or his son
Khusrau Shah may have fought with a feudatory of Govindachandra at the kingdom's north-western border. The praise bestowed upon Govindachandra for protecting Varanasi may be a reference to his general vigilance against the potential Ghaznavid attacks.
478:
princess
Kumaradevi had secured the eastern frontier of the Gahadavala kingdom. However, there seems to have been some kind of conflict between the two kingdoms during the 1140s. The 1124 CE Maner inscription of Govindachandra was found in the present-day
661:
by
Jayasimha's courtier Mankha states that Govindachandra sent one Suhala to attend an assembly of scholars held by the Kashmiri minister Alamkara. These evidences point to friendly diplomatic relations between the Gahadavalas and the rulers of Kashmir.
703:
of Delhi may have served as
Govindachandra's feudatories in the north-west. However, P. C. Roy is critical of this theory, as no historical records establish the Gahadavala presence in Delhi. He points out that Rahin (or Rahan) village in
499:
returning to his own kingdom. Another possibility is that
Madanapala invaded the Gahadavala kingdom and advanced up to Patna. Govindachandra repulsed this invasion, and advanced up to Munger in the enemy's pursuit, before turning back.
221:. The last extant inscription from Madanapala's reign is dated 1109 CE, and the first inscription from Govindachandra's reign is dated 1114 CE. Thus, Govindachandra must have ascended the throne sometime during 1109–1114 CE.
487:(not to be confused with Govindachandra's father) is known to have gained control of this area sometime during 1145–1147 CE. The 1146 Lar inscription of Govindachandra records the grants of villages located in present-day
319:, written by Govindachandra's courtier Lakshmidhara, states that Govindachandra killed the Hammira. This incident may have happened during the reign of Madanapala, or early during the reign of Govindachandra. The undated
886:, this style was probably adapted by Govindachandra to celebrate his victory over the Kalachuris. One side of the coins features the king's name ("Shrimad-Govindachandra-deva") in three lines, usually followed by a
208:
by Muslim conquerors. Other historians allege that the Hindu activists planted the so-called Vishnu-Hari inscription at the Babri mosque site, and that the Govindachandra mentioned in it is a different person.
824:. It is possible that the other two princes died during Govindachandra's lifetime, or that Vijayachandra defeated them in a war of succession, but there is no concrete evidence for either of these hypotheses.
613:) remained friendly to him. This king of Kashi can be identified with Govindachandra. Although the Gahadavala records do not mention any friendship between the two kings, it is quite plausible, given that the
2011:
238:
224:
His mother was probably Ralhadevi, who seems to have died sometime before 1141 CE. An 1141 CE grant of Govindachandra mentions that it was made on the occasion of the "day of the great queen Ralhadevi".
377:). According to one theory, this term is a conventional literary device to announce the king's claim of being a leading monarch. Another interpretation is that it refers to Govindachandra's conquest of
577:). This has led to speculation that Govindachandra fought against the Ghaznavids as a sovereign as well. However, there is no record of any Ghaznavid army advancing up to Varanasi. It is possible that
56:
masha, gold. Obv: Four-armed Tathagat Buddha seated cross-legged on lotus on obverse side holding a lotus in the upper two hands. Rev: Inscription in Nagari script :'Shrimad-Govindachandra'.
871:
in 1887, during railway construction work. The coins are made of impure gold, and contain a large mixture of silver. Most of the other coins have been discovered at various parts of present-day
200:. The authenticity of this inscription is controversial. According to some historians, it proves that Govindachandra's subordinate Anayachandra constructed a temple at the site believed to be
431:
Govindachandra's coins also corroborate the theory that he defeated the Kalachuris. These coins featured a seated goddess: this design had originally been introduced by the Kalachuri king
370:
Govindachandra was the most powerful king of his family. The Gahadavalas became the most prominent power of northern India as a result of his military conquests and diplomatic relations.
831:
is dated 1168 CE. Such a long gap is unusual for the dynasty, and may indicate troubled times arising out of an external invasion or a war of succession after Govindachandra's death.
2037:, and planted at Ayodhya by Hindu activists. According to this theory, the "Govindachandra" mentioned in the inscription was not the Gahadavala monarch, but a subordinate noble.
550:, whose territory was located between the Gahadavala and Paramara kingdoms, were friendly with Govindachandra, and may have allowed him to pass through their kingdom.
358:
This war appears to have ended with a peace treaty concluded through a matrimonial alliance. Govindachandra married Kumaradevi, the daughter of a Devaraksita of the
708:
is the furthest point in the north-west where a Gahadavala inscription has been discovered. Therefore, he believes that Indrasthaniyaka is not same as Delhi.
373:
The 1114 CE Pali inscription, which is the earliest extant inscription from Govindachandra's reign, states that he captured the "elephants of nine kingdoms" (
553:
However, Nayachandra's claim is not supported by any other literary or epigraphic evidence. Therefore, the historical accuracy of this claim is doubtful.
762:
Four queens of Govindachandra are known: Nayanakeli-devi, Gosalla-devi, Kumara-devi, and Vasanta-devi. The first two bore the title of the chief queen (
839:
According to the Gahadavala inscriptions, Govindachandra appreciated and patronized different branches of learning (as indicated by his title
495:), which is located to the east of Patna and Gorakhpur. Inscriptional evidence proves that Munger later came under the control of Madanapala.
2965:
347:'s earlier invasion of their kingdom. The 1109 CE Rahin inscription boasts that even as a prince, Govindachandra subdued the elephants of
766:), probably one after another. The 1119 Kamauli grant of Govindachandra records a gift by the chief queen Nayanakeli. The later 1151 CE
293:. It appears that the Gahadavalas lost Kanyakubja somewhere between 1104 CE and 1105 CE, and Govindachandra led a war to recover it.
267:
247:
526:, a play by the 15th century writer Nayachandra, states that Jayachandra was born on the day his father Govindachandra conquered
428:"). This imitation was presumably a way of celebrating his victory over the Kalachuris. His descendants inherited these titles.
3037:
2876:
2813:
2758:
2726:
2167:
2925:
827:
The last extant inscription of Govindachandra is dated 1154 CE, and the earliest available inscription of his successor
3011:
1395:
808:
Three sons of Govindachandra are known: Asphota-chandra, Rajya-pala and Vijaya-chandra. Asphotachandra bore the title
2855:
2834:
2782:
2105:
684:
of these inscriptions and the locations mentioned in them provide an idea of the territorial extent of his kingdom.
308:", which was used by the Ghaznavids. According to Salman, the Ghaznavids released Malhi only after the payment of a
2958:
177:
Govindachandra was the most powerful ruler of his dynasty. As a prince, he achieved military successes against the
2991:
913:
The following inscriptions issued by Govindachandra, or issued by others during his reign, have been discovered:
790:
290:
218:
78:
719:
probably formed the southern boundary of his father's kingdom, and Govindachandra appears to have annexed some
543:
510:
theorized that the Palas may have occupied Varanasi (which was the seat of the Gahadavala power) at one time.
315:
Subsequently, a Ghaznavid general appears to have launched an unsuccessful attack on the Gahadavala kingdom.
742:
inscriptions in this area indicate that he lost this territory by the end of his reign. Nayachandra's play
2951:
2122:
404:
The Kalachuri king Yashahkarna had granted the Karanda and Karandatalla villages to his royal perceptor (
863:
Nearly 1,000 gold coins of Govindachandra have been discovered, besides some silver and copper coins. A
2029:
197:
3032:
2033:
an evidence of their claim. Others have claimed that the inscription was brought to Ayodhya from the
484:
2750:
2021:
782:
712:
621:
591:
475:
359:
282:
243:
193:
636:
408:) Rudra-Shiva. An 1120 CE inscription of Govindachandra records the grant of these villages to
393:, who were his southern neighbours. The Kalachuri king defeated by Govindachandra was probably
2909:
2866:
2845:
2801:
594:
princess Kumaradevi had led to peaceful relations between the two kingdoms for several years.
285:
invaded India. According to Salman, the Ghaznavid forces captured Malhi, the ruler of Kanauj (
2824:
1245:
883:
720:
614:
578:
502:
An inscription of Madanapala's war-and-peace minister Bhimadeva was discovered at Rajghat in
409:
390:
186:
43:
2157:
2921:
2905:
2768:
2034:
657:
king Jayasimha made the rulers of Kanyakubja and other kingdoms "proud of his friendship".
242:
Inscription of Kumaradevi, the Queen of Gahadawala king Govindachandra who belonged to the
196:" recording the construction of a temple during Govindachandra's reign was found among the
561:
An inscription of Govindachandra's queen Kumaradevi states that he had been sent by Hara (
8:
2746:
2740:
2736:
412:
Vashishtha. In this inscription, Govindachandra assumed the traditional Kalachuri titles
546:
were weak rulers, and the Gahadavalas may have taken advantage of this opportunity. The
1847:
1776:
1567:
1442:
1185:
985:
688:
606:
488:
348:
171:
2931:
2893:
2872:
2851:
2830:
2809:
2788:
2778:
2754:
2722:
2163:
2101:
1994:
1972:
1948:
1895:
1868:
1796:
1759:
1749:
1732:
1722:
1705:
1691:
1666:
1649:
1639:
1614:
1594:
1577:
1550:
1540:
1523:
1487:
1417:
1373:
1330:
1277:
1267:
1163:
1141:
1119:
1097:
1075:
1029:
1007:
962:
798:
435:. Govindachandra must have adapted this style after his victory over the Kalachuris.
107:
2138:
1818:
1513:
902:
531:
355:
declares that the mere sport of Govindachandra threatened the elephants of Gauda.
277:, a chronicle by the contemporary Muslim historian Salman, states that the Muslim
2887:
2772:
2716:
2095:
1843:
1822:
1055:
939:
734:. His 1146 CE Lar inscription mentions that it was issued from Mudgagiri (modern
705:
1958:
1922:
1310:
1205:
731:
700:
570:
480:
448:
444:
343:
of eastern India invaded the Gahadavala kingdom, probably as a retaliation for
328:
255:
695:
ruled a place called Indrasthaniyaka; some scholars identify it as the modern
3026:
3001:
2792:
2712:
1681:
872:
847:
at the king's request. Lakshmidhara was a scholar, a warrior and a diplomat.
828:
813:
649:
262:
113:
88:
2935:
624:
branch, also maintained friendly relations with Govindachandra. His 1114 CE
323:
inscription of Govindachandra's queen Kumaradevi praises him for protecting
2897:
2025:
716:
602:
507:
452:
425:
205:
3006:
2986:
898:
786:
739:
692:
632:
440:
432:
394:
344:
340:
182:
905:
also adapted this style, and issued coins featuring the seated goddess.
882:
Govindachandra's coins feature a seated goddess. Originally used by the
680:
A number of inscriptions from Govindachandra's reign are available. The
628:
inscription states that he had been honoured by the king of Kanyakubja.
2974:
890:. The other side features a four-armed seated goddess, identified with
631:
An inscription detailing the Gahadavala genealogy from Yashovigraha to
539:
378:
286:
125:
2802:"A tale of two edicts (Tretā Ka Ṭhākura and Vishṇu-hari inscriptions)"
754:) in the west, but this claim is not supported by any other evidence.
46:-style 'seated goddess' coin of Govindachandra (r. c. 1114–1155 CE). 4
2943:
1926:
767:
699:. Based on this identification, historian Roma Niyogi theorizes that
691:. The northern boundary of his kingdom is debatable. His grandfather
681:
672:
609:
inscription from Madanavarman's reign states that the king of Kashi (
574:
456:
398:
278:
204:'s birthplace; this temple was later destroyed and replaced with the
178:
2593:
1978:
1931:
1905:
1899:
1872:
1827:
1802:
1755:
1728:
1701:
1695:
1672:
1645:
1623:
1618:
1573:
1546:
1519:
1497:
1491:
1471:
1448:
1426:
1421:
1379:
1273:
1251:
1169:
1147:
1125:
1103:
1081:
1039:
1033:
1013:
991:
887:
778:
747:
625:
610:
598:
566:
547:
527:
503:
421:
324:
301:
1998:
1465:
1401:
891:
868:
774:
726:
In the east, Govindachandra controlled a part of the present-day
654:
417:
320:
251:
167:
120:
2689:
2677:
2418:
855:
816:), as attested by 1134 CE inscription. Rajyapala bore the title
389:
Govindachandra seems to have captured some territories from the
289:). "Malhi" is generally identified with Govindachandra's father
37:
1852:
946:
781:. Her father Devarakshita, a member of the Chikkora dynasty of
735:
492:
309:
2653:
2617:
2571:
2569:
2159:
Sarnath: A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began
1879:
1357:
1337:
1212:
969:
876:
864:
751:
727:
696:
640:
562:
535:
2665:
2542:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2474:
2472:
2445:
2435:
2433:
2394:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2353:
2317:
2307:
2305:
2268:
2266:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2234:
2232:
2217:
102:
Nayanakeli-devi, Gosalla-devi, Kumara-devi, and Vasanta-devi
2183:
2181:
2179:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2053:
2051:
2049:
1194:
Vidyadhara, a subject of Govindachandra's feudatory Madana
794:
687:
In the north-east, his kingdom was probably bounded by the
305:
201:
153:
2581:
2566:
2341:
2290:
2278:
2629:
2554:
2525:
2513:
2484:
2469:
2457:
2430:
2406:
2382:
2365:
2329:
2302:
2263:
2244:
2229:
730:. His easternmost inscription has been found at Maner in
2205:
2193:
2176:
2100:. British Museum Research Publications. pp. 40–58.
2063:
2046:
797:, who was also a Pala feudatory. Vasantadevi was also a
2910:"Large Find of Coins of Govinda Chandra Deva of Kanauj"
2641:
2605:
2501:
556:
296:
The inscriptions issued by Govindachandra as a prince (
789:
vassal. Her mother Shankaradevi was a daughter of the
770:
grant records a gift by the chief queen Gosalla-devi.
2927:
Catalogue of the coins in the Indian Museum, Calcutta
2864:
2599:
2097:
Pithipati Puzzles: Custodians of the Diamond Throne
843:). Govindachandra's courtier Lakshmidhara composed
777:inscription of Kumaradevi indicates that she was a
384:
381:from another ruler called Gadhipuradhipati Gopala.
2930:. Vol. 1, Part III. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
233:
217:Govindachandra was born to the Gahadavala monarch
3024:
738:), which is located further east. However, the
414:Ashva-pati Nara-pati Gaja-pati Rajatrayadhipati
30:Ashva-pati Nara-pati Gaja-pati Rajatrayadhipati
491:. However, it was issued at Mudgagiri (modern
2959:
2843:
2799:
2711:
2695:
2683:
2671:
2424:
867:of 800 of his gold coins was discovered near
518:
2914:Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal
2767:
2735:
2347:
2284:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2920:
2904:
2885:
2659:
2635:
2623:
2587:
2560:
2548:
2536:
2519:
2495:
2478:
2463:
2451:
2439:
2412:
2400:
2388:
2376:
2359:
2335:
2323:
2311:
2296:
2272:
2257:
2238:
2223:
2211:
2199:
2187:
2076:
2057:
675:of inscriptions from Govindachandra's reign
513:
462:
2966:
2952:
897:After defeating Govindachandra's grandson
331:(Turkic people, that is, the Ghaznavids).
170:from 1114 to 1155 and was a member of the
2868:History of Kanauj: To the Moslem Conquest
2822:
2647:
2611:
2575:
2507:
2082:
1655:Vatsaraja of Shingara family (feudatory)
416:(literally, "leader of three forces: the
334:
189:, and annexed some of their territories.
2156:Asher, Frederick M. (11 February 2020).
854:
665:
261:
237:
715:were Govindachandra's feudatories. The
605:also appear to have been friendly. The
585:
3025:
2973:
2093:
834:
2947:
2889:The History of the Gāhaḍavāla Dynasty
2155:
2120:
723:territories to the south of Yamuna.
597:Govindachandra's relations with the
557:Second battle against the Ghaznavids
266:Remains of decorated pillars in the
254:, and the invasions of the "wicked"
1197:Establishment of a Buddhist sangha
918:
530:. This territory was a part of the
246:, which refers the construction of
13:
538:. The contemporary Paramara kings
185:. As a sovereign, he defeated the
14:
3049:
2162:. Getty Publications. p. 7.
2024:, said to have been found at the
2009:Restoration of a Buddhist shrine
1456:Village grants to Buddhist monks
590:Govindachandra's marriage to the
474:Govindachandra's marriage to the
365:
2010:
1782:Gumjhada-grama on Triveni river
841:Vividha-vidya-vichara-vachaspati
385:Successes against the Kalachuris
270:established by Queen Kumaradevi.
36:
2704:
908:
803:Ashta-Sahasrika-Prajna-Paramita
801:, as attested by a text called
234:Repulsion of Ghaznavid invasion
158:
2865:Rama Shankar Tripathi (1964).
2149:
2131:
2114:
1961:(officer of Queen Gosaladevi)
565:) to protect the holy city of
228:
166:1114–1155 CE) was the King of
112:Asphotachandra, Rajyapala and
1:
2847:The Candellas of Jejākabhukti
2826:The Coinage of Northern India
2774:The Kānyakubja-Gauḍa Struggle
2040:
974:Govindachandra (as a prince)
951:Govindachandra (as a prince)
573:(Turkic people, that is, the
339:Sometime before 1109 CE, the
212:
163:
3038:12th-century Indian monarchs
2742:Indian Epigraphical Glossary
1951:: Hathia-Dah (near Deogaon)
620:Jajjaladeva, a ruler of the
7:
617:were their common enemies.
469:Gorakhpur, Patna and Munger
10:
3054:
2600:Rama Shankar Tripathi 1964
850:
519:Claim of Dasharna conquest
304:form of the Arabic title "
16:12th century King in India
2982:
2124:Epigraphia Indica Vol. 9
757:
746:claims that he conquered
483:. However, the Pala king
139:
131:
119:
106:
98:
94:
84:
74:
66:
61:
35:
28:
23:
2143:www.asisarnathcircle.org
1884:Rajyapala-deva (prince)
1785:Rajyapala-deva (prince)
1628:Asphotachandra (prince)
859:A coin of Govindachandra
514:Other possible conflicts
463:Conflict with Madanapala
351:(the Pala kingdom). The
268:Dharmachakra-Jina-Vihara
248:Dharmachakra-Jina-Vihara
2871:. Motilal Banarsidass.
2094:Balogh, Daniel (2021).
2022:Hari-Vishnu inscription
1902:(Near Bhadaini temple)
1875:(Near Bhadaini temple)
1494:(Near Bhadaini temple)
1036:(Near Bhadaini temple)
713:Rashtrakutas of Kannauj
360:Pithipatis of Bodh Gaya
244:Pithipatis of Bodh Gaya
194:Vishnu-Hari inscription
2844:R. K. Dikshit (1976).
2800:Kishore Kunal (2016).
1464:Unknown (from Raja of
860:
637:Gangaikonda Cholapuram
335:Conflict with Ramapala
271:
259:
2035:Lucknown State Museum
1964:Excavation of a tank
1680:Village grant during
1246:Kanpur Nagar district
1152:Queen Nayanakelidevi
1058:: Bashai (or Basahi)
884:Kalachuris of Tripuri
858:
744:Rambha-Manjari-Nataka
666:Extent of the kingdom
615:Kalachuris of Tripuri
524:Rambha-Manjari-Nataka
265:
241:
187:Kalachuris of Tripuri
2886:Roma Niyogi (1959).
2121:Konow, Sten (1907).
1356:Ishapratishthana on
1160:October 1118 – 1119
586:Diplomatic relations
2777:. Asiatic Society.
2747:Motilal Banarsidass
2698:, pp. 313–315.
2686:, pp. 312–313.
2662:, pp. 247–260.
2626:, pp. 220–221.
2427:, pp. 132–133.
2127:. pp. 319–330.
2006:Kumaradevi (queen)
1937:Gosaladevi (queen)
1396:Pratapgarh district
919:Date of issue (CE)
835:Cultural activities
653:, the contemporary
198:Babri mosque debris
2916:. Asiatic Society.
2823:P. C. Roy (1980).
2718:A History of India
2696:Kishore Kunal 2016
2684:Kishore Kunal 2016
2672:Kishore Kunal 2016
2425:R. K. Dikshit 1976
1777:Gorakhpur district
1758:(Avimukta-Kshetra
1648:(Avimukta-Kshetra
1568:Gorakhpur district
1443:Shravasti district
1186:Shravasti district
986:Gorakhpur district
942:: Bashai (Basahi)
861:
689:Burhi Gandak River
659:Shrikantha-Charita
635:has been found at
489:Gorakhpur district
327:from the "wicked"
272:
260:
258:. 12th century CE.
172:Gahadavala dynasty
3020:
3019:
2878:978-81-208-0478-4
2815:978-81-8430-357-5
2806:Ayodhya Revisited
2760:978-81-208-0562-0
2728:978-0-14-194976-5
2578:, pp. 75–76.
2551:, pp. 88–89.
2454:, pp. 79–80.
2403:, pp. 77–79.
2362:, pp. 75–76.
2348:D. C. Sircar 1985
2326:, pp. 72–73.
2285:D. C. Sircar 1966
2226:, pp. 61–62.
2169:978-1-60606-638-6
2018:
2017:
1995:Varanasi district
1973:Varanasi district
1949:Azamgarh district
1934:: Lolarka temple
1896:Varanasi district
1892:25 December 1150
1878:Rajyapalapura on
1869:Varanasi district
1865:25 December 1146
1797:Varanasi district
1773:27 February 1141
1750:Varanasi district
1746:23 February 1141
1723:Varanasi district
1719:23 February 1141
1692:Varanasi district
1667:Varanasi district
1640:Varanasi district
1615:Varanasi district
1595:Varanasi district
1541:Fatehpur district
1510:21 November 1130
1488:Varanasi district
1484:16 November 1130
1418:Varanasi district
1374:Varanasi district
1336:Unknown place on
1331:Varanasi district
1290:9 September 1124
1276:: Kapala-Mochana
1268:Varanasi district
1164:Varanasi district
1142:Varanasi district
1120:Varanasi district
1098:Varanasi district
1076:Varanasi district
1030:Varanasi district
1008:Varanasi district
963:Varanasi district
936:25 December 1104
799:Mahayana Buddhist
622:Tummana Kalachuri
506:. Based on this,
397:or his successor
156:: Govindacandra,
147:
146:
3045:
3033:Gahadavala kings
2968:
2961:
2954:
2945:
2944:
2939:
2917:
2901:
2882:
2861:
2840:
2819:
2796:
2764:
2732:
2715:(28 June 1990).
2699:
2693:
2687:
2681:
2675:
2669:
2663:
2660:Roma Niyogi 1959
2657:
2651:
2645:
2639:
2636:Roma Niyogi 1959
2633:
2627:
2624:V. A. Smith 1888
2621:
2615:
2609:
2603:
2597:
2591:
2588:V. A. Smith 1906
2585:
2579:
2573:
2564:
2561:Roma Niyogi 1959
2558:
2552:
2549:Roma Niyogi 1959
2546:
2540:
2537:Roma Niyogi 1959
2534:
2523:
2520:Roma Niyogi 1959
2517:
2511:
2505:
2499:
2496:Roma Niyogi 1959
2493:
2482:
2479:Roma Niyogi 1959
2476:
2467:
2464:Roma Niyogi 1959
2461:
2455:
2452:Roma Niyogi 1959
2449:
2443:
2440:Roma Niyogi 1959
2437:
2428:
2422:
2416:
2413:Roma Niyogi 1959
2410:
2404:
2401:Roma Niyogi 1959
2398:
2392:
2389:Roma Niyogi 1959
2386:
2380:
2377:Roma Niyogi 1959
2374:
2363:
2360:Roma Niyogi 1959
2357:
2351:
2345:
2339:
2336:Roma Niyogi 1959
2333:
2327:
2324:Roma Niyogi 1959
2321:
2315:
2312:Roma Niyogi 1959
2309:
2300:
2297:Roma Niyogi 1959
2294:
2288:
2282:
2276:
2273:Roma Niyogi 1959
2270:
2261:
2258:Roma Niyogi 1959
2255:
2242:
2239:Roma Niyogi 1959
2236:
2227:
2224:Roma Niyogi 1959
2221:
2215:
2212:Roma Niyogi 1959
2209:
2203:
2200:Roma Niyogi 1959
2197:
2191:
2188:Roma Niyogi 1959
2185:
2174:
2173:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2091:
2080:
2077:Roma Niyogi 1959
2074:
2061:
2058:Roma Niyogi 1959
2055:
2014:
1919:6 November 1150
1819:Jaunpur district
1537:6 November 1131
1514:Sitapur district
1116:28 January 1119
1026:11 January 1115
1004:15 October 1114
959:24 October 1105
916:
915:
903:Muhammad of Ghor
793:Mathana-deva of
165:
162:
160:
55:
54:
50:
40:
21:
20:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3016:
2978:
2972:
2942:
2879:
2858:
2837:
2816:
2785:
2761:
2729:
2707:
2702:
2694:
2690:
2682:
2678:
2670:
2666:
2658:
2654:
2646:
2642:
2634:
2630:
2622:
2618:
2610:
2606:
2598:
2594:
2586:
2582:
2574:
2567:
2559:
2555:
2547:
2543:
2535:
2526:
2518:
2514:
2506:
2502:
2494:
2485:
2477:
2470:
2462:
2458:
2450:
2446:
2438:
2431:
2423:
2419:
2411:
2407:
2399:
2395:
2387:
2383:
2375:
2366:
2358:
2354:
2346:
2342:
2334:
2330:
2322:
2318:
2310:
2303:
2295:
2291:
2283:
2279:
2271:
2264:
2256:
2245:
2237:
2230:
2222:
2218:
2210:
2206:
2198:
2194:
2186:
2177:
2170:
2154:
2150:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2119:
2115:
2108:
2092:
2083:
2075:
2064:
2056:
2047:
2043:
1983:Govindachandra
1969:10 August 1154
1911:Govindachandra
1857:Govindachandra
1844:Deoria district
1832:Govindachandra
1823:Machhali Shahar
1807:Govindachandra
1765:Govindachandra
1738:Govindachandra
1711:Govindachandra
1677:Govindachandra
1636:28 August 1134
1603:Govindachandra
1556:Govindachandra
1529:Govindachandra
1502:Govindachandra
1476:Govindachandra
1453:Govindachandra
1431:Govindachandra
1406:Govindachandra
1384:Govindachandra
1362:Govindachandra
1342:Govindachandra
1319:Govindachandra
1282:Govindachandra
1256:Govindachandra
1234:Govindachandra
1217:Govindachandra
1174:Govindachandra
1130:Govindachandra
1108:Govindachandra
1094:29 August 1117
1086:Govindachandra
1064:Govindachandra
1056:Etawah district
1044:Govindachandra
1018:Govindachandra
996:Govindachandra
940:Etawah district
911:
853:
845:Kṛtya-Kalpataru
837:
760:
706:Etawah district
678:
677:
676:
668:
588:
559:
521:
516:
472:
471:
470:
465:
387:
375:nava-rajya-gaja
368:
353:Kṛtya-Kalpataru
337:
317:Kṛtya-Kalpataru
236:
231:
215:
157:
70:c. 1114–1155 CE
62:King of Kannauj
57:
52:
48:
47:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3051:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2997:Govindachandra
2994:
2989:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2971:
2970:
2963:
2956:
2948:
2941:
2940:
2918:
2902:
2883:
2877:
2862:
2856:
2841:
2835:
2820:
2814:
2797:
2783:
2765:
2759:
2733:
2727:
2721:. Penguin UK.
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2688:
2676:
2674:, p. 300.
2664:
2652:
2648:P. C. Roy 1980
2640:
2628:
2616:
2612:P. C. Roy 1980
2604:
2602:, p. 314.
2592:
2590:, p. 257.
2580:
2576:P. C. Roy 1980
2565:
2553:
2541:
2524:
2512:
2508:P. C. Roy 1980
2500:
2483:
2468:
2456:
2444:
2429:
2417:
2405:
2393:
2381:
2364:
2352:
2340:
2328:
2316:
2301:
2299:, p. 102.
2289:
2277:
2262:
2243:
2228:
2216:
2204:
2192:
2175:
2168:
2148:
2130:
2113:
2106:
2081:
2062:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2016:
2015:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1992:
1988:
1987:
1986:Village grant
1984:
1981:
1976:
1970:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1955:
1952:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1940:Village grant
1938:
1935:
1929:
1923:Unnao district
1920:
1916:
1915:
1914:Village grant
1912:
1909:
1908:: Koti-tirtha
1903:
1893:
1889:
1888:
1887:Village grant
1885:
1882:
1876:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1860:Village grant
1858:
1855:
1850:
1841:
1840:14 April 1146
1837:
1836:
1835:Village grant
1833:
1830:
1825:
1816:
1815:19 April 1143
1812:
1811:
1810:Village grant
1808:
1805:
1800:
1794:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1768:Village grant
1766:
1763:
1753:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1741:Village grant
1739:
1736:
1726:
1720:
1716:
1715:
1714:Village grant
1712:
1709:
1699:
1689:
1685:
1684:
1678:
1675:
1670:
1664:
1660:
1659:
1658:Village grant
1656:
1653:
1643:
1637:
1633:
1632:
1631:Village grant
1629:
1626:
1621:
1612:
1611:30 March 1134
1608:
1607:
1606:Village grant
1604:
1601:
1600:Govindavatika
1598:
1592:
1591:5 August 1133
1588:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1576:(Svapnashvara
1571:
1565:
1564:29 April 1132
1561:
1560:
1559:Village grant
1557:
1554:
1544:
1538:
1534:
1533:
1532:Village grant
1530:
1527:
1517:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1505:Village grant
1503:
1500:
1495:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1479:Village grant
1477:
1474:
1469:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1446:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1434:Village grant
1432:
1429:
1424:
1415:
1411:
1410:
1409:Village grant
1407:
1404:
1399:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1387:Village grant
1385:
1382:
1377:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1365:Village grant
1363:
1360:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1346:
1345:Village grant
1343:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1322:Village grant
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:Patna district
1308:
1304:
1303:
1302:Village grant
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1286:
1285:Village grant
1283:
1280:
1271:
1265:
1261:
1260:
1259:Village grant
1257:
1254:
1249:
1243:
1239:
1238:
1237:Village grant
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1220:Village grant
1218:
1215:
1209:
1206:Siwan district
1203:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1177:Village grant
1175:
1172:
1167:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1155:Village grant
1153:
1150:
1145:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1133:Village grant
1131:
1128:
1123:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1111:Village grant
1109:
1106:
1101:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1089:Village grant
1087:
1084:
1079:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1067:Village grant
1065:
1062:
1059:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1037:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1021:Village grant
1019:
1016:
1011:
1005:
1001:
1000:
997:
994:
989:
983:
979:
978:
977:Village grant
975:
972:
968:Vishnupura on
966:
960:
956:
955:
954:Village grant
952:
949:
943:
937:
933:
932:
929:
926:
923:
920:
910:
907:
852:
849:
836:
833:
764:patta-mahadevi
759:
756:
732:Patna district
671:
670:
669:
667:
664:
587:
584:
558:
555:
520:
517:
515:
512:
481:Patna district
468:
467:
466:
464:
461:
449:Madhya Pradesh
445:Satna district
426:elephant corps
386:
383:
367:
366:As a sovereign
364:
336:
333:
275:Diwan-i-Salman
235:
232:
230:
227:
214:
211:
150:Govindachandra
145:
144:
141:
137:
136:
133:
129:
128:
123:
117:
116:
110:
104:
103:
100:
96:
95:
92:
91:
86:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
68:
64:
63:
59:
58:
41:
33:
32:
26:
25:
24:Govindachandra
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3050:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3013:
3012:Harishchandra
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3002:Vijayachandra
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2981:
2976:
2969:
2964:
2962:
2957:
2955:
2950:
2949:
2946:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2928:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2890:
2884:
2880:
2874:
2870:
2869:
2863:
2859:
2857:9788170170464
2853:
2849:
2848:
2842:
2838:
2836:9788170171225
2832:
2828:
2827:
2821:
2817:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2784:9788192061580
2780:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2724:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2713:Romila Thapar
2710:
2709:
2697:
2692:
2685:
2680:
2673:
2668:
2661:
2656:
2650:, p. 76.
2649:
2644:
2638:, p. 86.
2637:
2632:
2625:
2620:
2614:, p. 75.
2613:
2608:
2601:
2596:
2589:
2584:
2577:
2572:
2570:
2563:, p. 91.
2562:
2557:
2550:
2545:
2539:, p. 88.
2538:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2522:, p. 85.
2521:
2516:
2510:, p. 99.
2509:
2504:
2498:, p. 66.
2497:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2481:, p. 84.
2480:
2475:
2473:
2466:, p. 82.
2465:
2460:
2453:
2448:
2442:, p. 81.
2441:
2436:
2434:
2426:
2421:
2415:, p. 79.
2414:
2409:
2402:
2397:
2391:, p. 76.
2390:
2385:
2379:, p. 68.
2378:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2361:
2356:
2350:, p. 59.
2349:
2344:
2338:, p. 73.
2337:
2332:
2325:
2320:
2314:, p. 67.
2313:
2308:
2306:
2298:
2293:
2287:, p. 35.
2286:
2281:
2275:, p. 74.
2274:
2269:
2267:
2260:, p. 75.
2259:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2241:, p. 63.
2240:
2235:
2233:
2225:
2220:
2214:, p. 61.
2213:
2208:
2202:, p. 60.
2201:
2196:
2190:, p. 57.
2189:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2171:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2152:
2144:
2140:
2134:
2126:
2125:
2117:
2109:
2107:9780861592289
2103:
2099:
2098:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2079:, p. 87.
2078:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2060:, p. 65.
2059:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2045:
2038:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2013:
2008:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1793:16 July 1144
1792:
1791:
1788:Estate grant
1787:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1683:
1682:lunar eclipse
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1583:Ralhana-Devi
1582:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1361:
1359:
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1299:Ralhana-Devi
1298:
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1264:21 July 1122
1263:
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1248:: Chhatarpur
1247:
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1208:: Don Buzurg
1207:
1204:
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1196:
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1072:7 April 1116
1071:
1070:
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1052:3 March 1116
1051:
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948:
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927:
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921:
917:
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904:
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895:
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889:
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880:
878:
874:
873:Uttar Pradesh
870:
866:
857:
848:
846:
842:
832:
830:
829:Vijayachandra
825:
823:
819:
818:Maharajaputra
815:
814:heir apparent
811:
806:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
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776:
771:
769:
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733:
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709:
707:
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698:
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690:
685:
683:
674:
663:
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652:
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650:Rajatarangini
647:According to
645:
642:
638:
634:
629:
627:
623:
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612:
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511:
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477:
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443:(present-day
442:
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382:
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298:Maharajaputra
294:
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226:
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118:
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114:Vijayachandra
111:
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105:
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89:Vijayachandra
87:
83:
80:
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69:
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60:
45:
39:
34:
31:
27:
22:
19:
2996:
2926:
2913:
2892:. Oriental.
2888:
2867:
2846:
2825:
2805:
2773:
2769:D. C. Sircar
2741:
2737:D. C. Sircar
2717:
2705:Bibliography
2691:
2679:
2667:
2655:
2643:
2631:
2619:
2607:
2595:
2583:
2556:
2544:
2515:
2503:
2459:
2447:
2420:
2408:
2396:
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2343:
2331:
2319:
2292:
2280:
2219:
2207:
2195:
2158:
2151:
2142:
2139:"ASI notice"
2133:
2123:
2116:
2096:
2026:Babri mosque
2019:
1731:(Vedeshvara
1704:(Adikeshava
1549:(Adikeshava
1522:(Adikeshava
1445:: Set-Mahet
1211:Mamdalia on
1188:: Set-Mahet
1138:11 May 1119
1047:House grant
912:
909:Inscriptions
896:
881:
862:
844:
840:
838:
826:
821:
817:
809:
807:
802:
772:
763:
761:
743:
725:
717:Yamuna River
710:
686:
679:
658:
648:
646:
630:
619:
603:Madanavarman
596:
589:
560:
552:
523:
522:
508:D. C. Sircar
501:
497:
473:
437:
433:Gangeya-deva
430:
413:
405:
403:
388:
374:
372:
369:
357:
352:
338:
316:
314:
297:
295:
274:
273:
223:
216:
206:Babri mosque
191:
176:
149:
148:
29:
18:
3007:Jayachandra
2987:Chandradeva
2922:V. A. Smith
2906:V. A. Smith
2850:. Abhinav.
2829:. Abhinav.
2028:during its
1586:Land grant
1316:Kanyakubja
999:Land grant
945:Asatika on
899:Jayachandra
791:Rashtrakuta
773:An undated
693:Chandradeva
633:Chandradeva
579:Bahram Shah
544:Yashovarman
534:kingdom of
441:Nagod State
395:Yashahkarna
345:Chandradeva
229:As a prince
75:Predecessor
3027:Categories
2992:Madanapala
2975:Gahadavala
2749:. p.
2041:References
2030:demolition
1975:: Kamauli
1799:: Kamauli
1752:: Kamauli
1725:: Kamauli
1698:(Rajghat)
1669:: Kamauli
1642:: Kamauli
1597:: Kamauli
1376:: Kamauli
1333:: Kamauli
1270:: Kamauli
1202:1119–1120
1182:1119–1120
1166:: Kamauli
1144:: Kamauli
1122:: Kamauli
1100:: Kamauli
1078:: Kamauli
1010:: Kamauli
965:: Kamauli
928:Issued by
925:Issued at
922:Find spot
682:find spots
673:Find spots
575:Ghaznavids
540:Naravarman
485:Madanapala
391:Kalachuris
379:Kanyakubja
291:Madanapala
287:Kanyakubja
283:Mas'ud III
219:Madanapala
213:Early life
179:Ghaznavids
135:Madanapala
126:Gahadavala
79:Madanapala
2793:915112370
1927:Bangarmau
1853:Mudgagiri
1779:: Gagaha
1516:: Raiwan
768:Bangarmau
721:Kalachuri
592:Pithipati
569:from the
548:Chandelas
476:Pithipati
399:Gayakarna
329:Turushkas
279:Ghaznavid
256:Turushkas
143:Ralhadevi
85:Successor
44:Kalachuri
2936:12108601
2924:(1906).
2908:(1888).
2771:(1985).
2739:(1966).
2003:Unknown
1991:Undated
1979:Varanasi
1957:Bellana
1954:Unknown
1932:Varanasi
1906:Varanasi
1900:Varanasi
1873:Varanasi
1828:Varanasi
1803:Varanasi
1756:Varanasi
1729:Varanasi
1702:Varanasi
1696:Varanasi
1673:Varanasi
1646:Varanasi
1624:Varanasi
1619:Varanasi
1574:Varanasi
1547:Varanasi
1520:Varanasi
1498:Varanasi
1492:Varanasi
1472:Varanasi
1449:Varanasi
1439:1128–29
1427:Varanasi
1422:Varanasi
1380:Varanasi
1353:Unknown
1313:: Maner
1296:Unknown
1293:Unknown
1274:Varanasi
1252:Varanasi
1231:Unknown
1228:Unknown
1191:Unknown
1170:Varanasi
1148:Varanasi
1126:Varanasi
1104:Varanasi
1082:Varanasi
1061:Unknown
1040:Varanasi
1034:Varanasi
1014:Varanasi
992:Varanasi
931:Purpose
888:trishula
822:yuvaraja
810:Yuvaraja
785:, was a
779:Buddhist
748:Dasharna
655:Kashmiri
626:Ratanpur
611:Varanasi
599:Chandela
571:Turushka
567:Varanasi
532:Paramara
528:Dasharna
504:Varanasi
459:rivers.
455:and the
424:and the
422:infantry
410:Thakkura
325:Varanasi
302:Sanskrit
181:and the
2977:dynasty
2898:5386449
1999:Sarnath
1959:Thakura
1570:: Pali
1466:Itaunja
1402:Prayaga
1398:: Tala
988:: Pali
892:Lakshmi
869:Nanpara
851:Coinage
775:Sarnath
701:Tomaras
639:in the
418:cavalry
406:rajguru
321:Sarnath
252:Sarnath
168:Kannauj
161:
121:Dynasty
51:⁄
2934:
2896:
2875:
2854:
2833:
2812:
2791:
2781:
2757:
2725:
2166:
2104:
1760:Ghatta
1733:Ghatta
1706:Ghatta
1650:Ghatta
1578:Ghatta
1551:Ghatta
1543:: Ren
1524:Ghatta
1278:Ghatta
947:Yamuna
758:Family
736:Munger
493:Munger
453:Yamuna
420:, the
310:ransom
281:ruler
140:Mother
132:Father
99:Spouse
1945:1151
1880:Ganga
1688:1140
1663:1139
1461:1129
1414:1128
1392:1127
1370:1127
1358:Ganga
1350:1127
1338:Ganga
1327:1126
1307:1124
1242:1120
1225:1120
1213:Ganga
982:1114
970:Ganga
877:Bihar
865:hoard
783:Pithi
752:Malwa
728:Bihar
697:Delhi
641:Chola
601:king
563:Shiva
536:Malwa
349:Gauda
341:Palas
192:The "
183:Palas
108:Issue
67:Reign
2932:OCLC
2894:OCLC
2873:ISBN
2852:ISBN
2831:ISBN
2810:ISBN
2789:OCLC
2779:ISBN
2755:ISBN
2723:ISBN
2164:ISBN
2102:ISBN
2020:The
875:and
795:Anga
787:Pala
740:Pala
711:The
542:and
457:Sone
306:Amir
202:Rama
154:IAST
1848:Lar
607:Mau
250:at
3029::
2912:.
2808:.
2804:.
2787:.
2753:.
2751:35
2745:.
2568:^
2527:^
2486:^
2471:^
2432:^
2367:^
2304:^
2265:^
2246:^
2231:^
2178:^
2141:.
2084:^
2065:^
2048:^
1997::
1925::
1898::
1871::
1846::
1821::
1762:)
1735:)
1708:)
1694::
1652:)
1617::
1580:)
1553:)
1526:)
1490::
1468:)
1420::
1032::
901:,
894:.
879:.
805:.
447:,
401:.
362:.
312:.
174:.
164:c.
159:r.
42:A
2967:e
2960:t
2953:v
2938:.
2900:.
2881:.
2860:.
2839:.
2818:.
2795:.
2763:.
2731:.
2172:.
2145:.
2110:.
812:(
750:(
152:(
53:2
49:1
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