661:
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657:. Moussa Ahmed Idriss and the ODU later challenged the results based on election "irregularities" and the assertion that "foreigners" had voted in various districts of the capital; however, international and locally based observers considered the election to be generally fair, and cited only minor technical difficulties. Guelleh took the oath of office as the second President of the Republic of Djibouti on May 8, 1999, with the support of an alliance between the RPP and the government-recognised section of the Afar-led FRUD.
160:
1273:
602:
419:
145:
1944:
35:
598:, a Somali politician who had campaigned for a "yes" vote in the referendum of 1958, eventually wound up as the nation's first president (1977–1999). He was re-elected, unopposed, to a second 6-year term in April 1987 and to a third 6-year term in May 1993 multiparty elections. The electorate approved the current constitution in September 1992. Many laws and decrees from before independence remain in effect.
561:
695:(FRUD). The FRUD signed a peace accord with the government in December 1994, ending the conflict. Two FRUD members were subsequently made cabinet members, and in the presidential elections of 1999 the FRUD campaigned in support of the RPP. In February 2000, another branch of FRUD signed a peace accord with the government. On 12 May 2001, President
638:) (PND). Only the RPP and the PRD contested the national assembly elections, and the PND withdrew, claiming that there were too many unanswered questions on the conduct of the elections and too many opportunities for government fraud. The RPP won all 65 seats in the national assembly, with a turnout of less than 50% of the electorate.
675:
Currently, political power is shared by a Somali Issa president and an Afar prime minister, with cabinet posts roughly divided. However, it is the Issas who dominate the government, civil service, and the ruling party, a situation that has bred resentment and political competition between the Somali
576:
was held to determine the fate of the territory. Initial results supported a continued but looser relationship with France. Voting was also divided along ethnic lines, with the resident
Somalis generally voting for independence, with the goal of eventual union with Somalia, and the Afars largely
515:
for single six-year term. Government is headed by the
President, who appoints the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers on the proposal of the latter. There is also a 65-member chamber of deputies, where representatives are popularly elected for terms of five years. Administratively, the
726:
to a third term later that year, with 80.63% of the vote in a 75% turnout. Although opposition groups boycotted the ballot over changes to the constitution permitting
Guelleh to run again for office, international observers generally described the election as free and fair.
699:
presided over the signing of what is termed the final peace accord officially ending the decade-long civil war between the government and the armed faction of the FRUD. The treaty successfully completed the peace process begun on 7 February 2000 in Paris, with
613:
In early 1992, the government decided to permit multiple party politics and agreed to the registration of four political parties. By the time of the national assembly elections in
December 1992, only three had qualified. They are the
540:
was held in
Djibouti to decide whether to join the Somali Republic or to remain with France. The referendum turned out in favour of a continued association with France, partly due to a combined "yes" vote by the sizeable
824:
The
President is directly elected by popular vote for a five-year term. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President, and the Council of Ministers is solely responsible to the President, as specified in
577:
opting to remain associated with France. However, the referendum was again marred by reports of vote rigging on the part of the French authorities. Shortly after the referendum was held, the former
691:
Dir (who are the second most prominent Somali clan in
Djibouti politics). In early November 1991, civil war erupted in Djibouti between the government and a predominantly Afar rebel group, the
650:
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511:. In April 2010, a new constitutional amendment was approved. The President serves as both the head of state and head of government, and is
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549:, with the French expelling thousands of Somalis before the referendum reached the polls. The majority of those who had voted "no" were
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1859:
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389:
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99:
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took place. A landslide 98.8% of the electorate supported disengagement from France, officially marking
Djibouti's independence.
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was elected to the
Presidency as the RPP candidate. He received 74% of the vote, the other 26% going to opposition candidate
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Alvin J. Cottrell, Robert
Michael Burrell, Georgetown University. Center for Strategic and International Studies,
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In 1999, President Aptidon's chief of staff, head of security, and key adviser for over 20 years,
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1952:
1814:
1771:"M. Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed, grand commis de l'Etat et nouveau Premier ministre djiboutien"
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After Independence: Making and Protecting the Nation in Postcolonial and Postcommunist States
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subdivisions. Djibouti is also part of various international organisations, including the
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On 8 April 2005, President Guelleh was sworn in for his second six-year term after a
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The government is dominated by the Somali Issa Mamasen, who enjoy the support of the
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423:
1745:"Sudan: President Al-Bashir Congratulates Djibouti President On His Re-Election"
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who were strongly in favour of joining a united Somalia as had been proposed by
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Kevin Shillington, Encyclopedia of African history, (CRC Press: 2005), p. 360
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against the long-serving government, which were associated with the larger
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country is divided into five regions and one city, with eleven additional
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1797:"Djibouti President Guelleh wins election with 98%, provisional results"
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1595:, Volume 15, Issue 1, (American Universities Field Staff.: 1968), p. 3.
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with former president of the Union for a Presidential Majority (UMP)
536:
In 1958, on the eve of neighboring Somalia's independence in 1960, a
144:
1837:
671:(RPP), and President of the Union for a Presidential Majority (UMP).
34:
1868:
1417:
480:
1606:
The Indian Ocean: its political, economic, and military importance
507:. The party system and legislature are dominated by the socialist
622:) (RPP) which was the only legal party from 1981 until 1992, the
560:
1461:
1284:
Djibouti is sectioned into five administrative regions and one
730:
On 31 March 2013, Guelleh replaced long-serving Prime Minister
545:
ethnic group and resident Europeans. There was also widespread
1512:"Djibouti's Constitution of 1992 with Amendments through 2010"
684:
1324:
667:, former Prime Minister of Djibouti, vice-president of the
1646:"DJIBOUTI: Guelleh sworn in for second presidential term"
1425:
714:
In early 2011, the Djiboutian citizenry took part in a
653:(ODU). For the first time since independence, no group
1506:
1504:
1501:
687:(the clan of the current president's wife) and the
59:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
832:
827:Articles 21 and 23 of the Constitution of Djibouti
564:Former Vice President of the Government Council,
2701:
1536:
1534:
1532:
711:. He took 100% of the votes in a 78.9% turnout.
693:Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy
1546:, (University of Michigan Press: 2006), p. 115
1317:The country is further sub-divided into eleven
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451:
749:since independence from France in 1977, was
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1719:"Djibouti validates presidential election"
1713:
1711:
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583:Territoire français des Afars et des Issas
458:
444:
1815:"The World Factbook Government: Djibouti"
847:
119:Learn how and when to remove this message
1598:
1325:International organization participation
1271:
659:
600:
559:
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1044:Présidence de la République de Djibouti
616:Rassemblement Populaire Pour le Progres
14:
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1620:, Volume 81, (Newsweek: 1973), p. 254.
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1058:2018 Djiboutian parliamentary election
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854:2016 Djiboutian presidential election
839:List of political parties in Djibouti
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57:adding citations to reliable sources
28:
1934:Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict
1924:French Territory of Afars and Issas
1635:
1591:American Universities Field Staff,
1096:Union for the Presidential Majority
581:(French Somaliland) was renamed to
24:
1276:The National Assembly building in
25:
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1163:Republican Alliance for Democracy
2606:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
2376:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1942:
1582:, (Taylor & Francis), p.132.
1580:A Political Chronology of Africa
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473:takes place in a framework of a
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1807:
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833:Political parties and elections
624:Parti du Renouveau DĂ©mocratique
165:Member State of the Arab League
44:needs additional citations for
1623:
1556:
13:
1:
651:Unified Djiboutian Opposition
1696:. African Elections Database
923:Union for National Salvation
903:Union for National Salvation
757:Head of state and government
722:demonstrations. Guelleh was
628:Party for Democratic Renewal
355:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
7:
1142:Centre of Unified Democrats
885:People's Rally for Progress
669:People's Rally for Progress
632:Parti National DĂ©mocratique
620:People's Rally for Progress
509:People's Rally for Progress
10:
2726:
1648:. IRIN Africa. May 9, 2005
1632:African Elections Database
1608:, (Praeger: 1972), p. 166.
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732:Dilleita Mohamed Dilleita
636:National Democratic Party
478:representative democratic
217:Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed
2361:Central African Republic
1494:
1268:Administrative divisions
324:Administrative divisions
224:Ministries and ministers
1773:. Adjib. Archived from
1694:"Elections in Djibouti"
1674:. CIA. February 5, 2013
1593:Northeast Africa series
1052:Parliamentary elections
969:Djama Abdourahman Djama
704:representing the FRUD.
665:Dileita Mohamed Dileita
2053:Japanese military base
2043:Foreign military bases
1281:
1256:Presidency of Djibouti
848:Presidential elections
672:
655:boycotted the election
610:
605:President of Djibouti
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499:is vested in both the
373:Diplomatic missions of
68:"Politics of Djibouti"
18:Government of Djibouti
2521:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
2381:Republic of the Congo
2048:Chinese military base
1630:Elections in Djibouti
1420:(nonsignatory user),
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843:Elections in Djibouti
747:President of Djibouti
676:Issas and the Afars.
663:
604:
596:Hassan Gouled Aptidon
563:
363:Mahamoud Ali Youssouf
2710:Politics of Djibouti
1668:"People and Society"
1540:Barrington, Lowell,
918:Mohamed Daoud Chehem
762:Main office-holders
753:for his fifth term.
487:is exercised by the
471:Politics of Djibouti
136:Politics of Djibouti
53:improve this article
2596:States with limited
2307:Politics of Africa
1215:Invalid/blank votes
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953:Hassan Idriss Ahmed
880:IsmaĂŻl Omar Guelleh
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697:Ismail Omar Guelleh
647:Moussa Ahmed Idriss
643:Ismail Omar Guelleh
607:IsmaĂŻl Omar Guelleh
424:Politics portal
205:Ismail Omar Guelleh
2134:Telecommunications
2058:U.S. military base
1909:Colonial governors
1723:Middle East Online
1672:The World Factbook
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1914:French Somaliland
1777:on 1 January 2014
1749:Sudan News Agency
1292:Ali Sabieh Region
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899:Omar Elmi Khaireh
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630:) (PRD), and the
574:second plebiscite
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349:Foreign relations
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269:Recent elections
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802:Prime Minister
798:
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771:
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743:Ismael Guelleh
533:
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522:United Nations
483:, whereby the
466:
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209:
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2436:Guinea-Bissau
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2176:
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2037:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2006:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
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1962:
1959:
1956:
1954:
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1932:
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1300:Dikhil Region
1297:
1293:
1289:
1287:
1279:
1278:Djibouti City
1274:
1261:
1257:
1252:
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816:1 April 2013
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566:Mahmoud Harbi
562:
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555:Mahmoud Harbi
552:
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70: –
69:
65:
64:Find sources:
58:
54:
48:
47:
42:This article
40:
36:
31:
30:
27:
19:
2671:Saint Helena
2642:
2546:South Africa
2536:Sierra Leone
2385:
2341:Burkina Faso
2175:Demographics
2021:Constitution
2008:
1919:World War II
1834:
1822:. Retrieved
1818:
1809:
1800:
1791:
1779:. Retrieved
1775:the original
1765:
1753:. Retrieved
1748:
1739:
1727:. Retrieved
1722:
1698:. Retrieved
1688:
1678:February 26,
1676:. Retrieved
1671:
1662:
1650:. Retrieved
1625:
1617:
1613:
1605:
1600:
1592:
1587:
1579:
1575:
1558:
1542:
1519:. Retrieved
1517:. Constitute
1328:
1316:
1308:Obock Region
1290:
1283:
823:
821:
740:
729:
713:
706:
681:Somali clans
678:
674:
640:
631:
623:
615:
612:
594:
587:
582:
578:
571:
547:vote rigging
535:
475:presidential
470:
469:
299:
182:Human rights
175:Constitution
135:
115:
109:January 2016
106:
96:
89:
82:
75:
63:
51:Please help
46:verification
43:
26:
2598:recognition
2551:South Sudan
2441:Ivory Coast
2205:LGBT rights
2180:Djiboutians
2111:Agriculture
1296:Arta Region
1228:Total votes
1202:Valid votes
1020:Total votes
998:Valid votes
972:Independent
956:Independent
940:Independent
796:8 May 1999
720:Arab Spring
588:In 1977, a
572:In 1967, a
526:Arab League
395:Visa policy
377:in Djibouti
236:Legislature
2653:(Portugal)
2611:Somaliland
2531:Seychelles
2496:Mozambique
2481:Mauritania
2466:Madagascar
2421:The Gambia
2356:Cape Verde
2118:(currency)
1965:Localities
1824:2016-02-12
1801:Africanews
1568:1579582451
1552:0472068989
751:re-elected
724:re-elected
689:Gadabuursi
538:referendum
501:Government
493:Government
79:newspapers
2486:Mauritius
2200:Languages
2185:Education
2144:Transport
2080:President
2026:Elections
1990:Volcanoes
1975:Districts
1953:Geography
1929:Civil War
1652:March 20,
1319:districts
863:Candidate
782:President
649:, of the
489:President
336:Districts
263:Elections
246:Speaker:
200:President
194:Executive
2704:Category
2677: /
2673: /
2666:(France)
2660: /
2638: /
2634: /
2586:Zimbabwe
2561:Tanzania
2411:Ethiopia
2406:Eswatini
2386:Djibouti
2351:Cameroon
2336:Botswana
2265:Category
2230:Religion
2220:Olympics
2070:Military
2036:CJTF-HOA
2009:Politics
1995:Wildlife
1873:articles
1869:Djibouti
1755:30 March
1729:30 March
1700:30 March
1618:Newsweek
1422:Interpol
1418:Intelsat
1254:Source:
1042:Source:
518:district
503:and the
491:and the
481:republic
385:Passport
359:Minister
2662:RĂ©union
2658:Mayotte
2649:Madeira
2644:(Spain)
2640:Melilla
2571:Tunisia
2541:Somalia
2526:Senegal
2511:Nigeria
2501:Namibia
2491:Morocco
2456:Liberia
2451:Lesotho
2401:Eritrea
2371:Comoros
2346:Burundi
2321:Algeria
2249:Outline
2170:Cuisine
2158:Culture
2139:Tourism
2099:Economy
1980:Regions
1970:Climate
1881:History
1819:cia.gov
1781:1 April
1521:19 July
1244:194,169
1231:123,934
1205:119,861
1184:119,861
1100:105,278
1034:191,103
1023:131,778
1001:127,933
986:127,933
889:111,389
767:Office
551:Somalis
532:History
331:Regions
93:scholar
2681:
2664:
2651:
2581:Zambia
2576:Uganda
2516:Rwanda
2471:Malawi
2431:Guinea
2326:Angola
2195:Health
2129:Mining
2124:Energy
2116:Franc
1985:Rivers
1871:
1803:. n.d.
1566:
1550:
1462:UNESCO
1458:UNCTAD
1234:100.00
1187:100.00
1125:13,088
1026:100.00
989:100.00
776:Since
773:Party
95:
88:
81:
74:
66:
2636:Ceuta
2556:Sudan
2506:Niger
2461:Libya
2446:Kenya
2426:Ghana
2416:Gabon
2391:Egypt
2331:Benin
2256:Index
2215:Music
2210:Media
1515:(PDF)
1495:Notes
1466:UNIDO
1398:IFRCS
1342:AFESD
1247:63.83
1218:4,073
1208:96.71
1181:Total
1128:10.92
1103:87.83
1085:Seats
1079:Votes
1076:Party
1037:68.96
1012:3,845
1004:97.08
983:Total
975:1,103
959:1,770
943:1,946
927:2,340
907:9,385
892:87.07
869:Votes
866:Party
770:Name
685:Isaaq
626:(The
100:JSTOR
86:books
2566:Togo
2476:Mali
2366:Chad
2190:Flag
1783:2013
1757:2013
1731:2013
1702:2013
1680:2013
1654:2013
1564:ISBN
1548:ISBN
1523:2016
1490:WTrO
1486:WToO
1474:WFTU
1450:OPCW
1434:ITUC
1402:IGAD
1390:IFAD
1378:ICRM
1370:ICAO
1366:IBRD
1362:G-77
1338:AfDB
1330:ACCT
1310:and
1286:city
1221:3.29
1170:0.57
1149:0.68
1015:2.92
978:0.86
962:1.38
946:1.52
930:1.83
910:7.34
841:and
543:Afar
524:and
300:2023
294:2018
282:2021
277:2016
72:news
1482:WMO
1478:WHO
1470:UPU
1446:OIC
1442:OAU
1438:NAM
1430:ITU
1426:IOC
1414:IMO
1410:IMF
1406:ILO
1394:IFC
1386:IDB
1382:IDA
1374:ICC
1358:FAO
1354:ECA
1350:AMF
1334:ACP
1260:IPU
1167:684
1146:811
1121:PDD
1117:UDJ
1088:+/–
812:RPP
792:RPP
55:by
2706::
1817:.
1799:.
1747:.
1721:.
1710:^
1670:.
1637:^
1531:^
1503:^
1488:,
1484:,
1480:,
1476:,
1472:,
1468:,
1464:,
1460:,
1456:,
1454:UN
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
