34:
472:
became responsible for nominating judges for the
Althing courts. When a court of appeals was established in the early 11th century, they also nominated judges for this court. Further, they had a few formal and informal executive roles, such as confiscating the property of outlaws. They also had a
236:
From the pagan era in mainland
Scandinavia, the only sources for the title are runestones. The Norwegian Nordhuglo stone from around AD 400 seems to place the title in opposition to magic, using a word related to the Old Norse
411:
she had to leave the leadership to a man. The office was in many respects treated as private property but was not counted as taxable, and is defined in the Gray Goose Laws as "power and not wealth" (
1119:
1144:
477:, by holding feasts, giving gifts, making loans, extending hospitality, as well as pricing and helping to distribute imported goods. The holder of the
101:
leader responsible for a religious structure and communal feasts, but the title is primarily known as a secular political title from medieval
637:
487:, the first Scandinavian to settle permanently in Iceland, had the ceremonial role of sanctifying the Althing each year, and was called the
948:
275:
named Roulv whose name also appears on two other runestones, the lost
Avnslev stone and the Flemløse 2 stone. The early 10th-century
1210:
188:, Sweden, that probably retain the name. Otherwise, there are no further surviving attestations except from Iceland where the
1271:
1261:
255:" followed by "he who is immune to sorcery" or "he who does not engage in sorcery". The three Danish stones are all from
1215:
673:
920:
880:
756:
875:
Gunnar
Karlsson, Goðamenning. Investigation of the role of the goðar (chieftains) in the Old Commonwealth period.
941:
562:
were controlled by five or six families and often united under office holders who in modern studies are known as
1266:
1180:
586:
struggled for regional and sometimes national power, and occasionally sought to become retainers for the
392:
934:
926:
1256:
649:
339:
was usually a wealthy and respected man in his district, for he had to maintain the communal hall or
1251:
1045:
474:
292:
1246:
1076:
466:, the legislative section of the assembly. When quarter courts were introduced in the 960s, the
605:
94:
773:
863:
818:
700:
330:
288:
27:
1081:
801:
152:
8:
601:
424:
484:
1205:
1096:
1019:
783:
587:
347:
in which community religious observances and feasts were held. The office over which a
137:
82:
1149:
1086:
958:
916:
876:
752:
529:
was not a geographical unit—and the contract could be canceled from either side. The
1236:
1159:
490:
1241:
1009:
517:
in possession of a certain amount of property was required to be associated with a
316:
276:
229:
175:
672:
is often used as a priestly title by modern adherents of various denominations of
1091:
779:
643:
396:
369:
around 930. In 964, the system was fixed under a constitution that recognized 39
310:
287:, which is a religious structure. It thus attaches the title to a simultaneously
127:
124:
185:
1014:
847:
324:
1164:
282:
214:
1230:
1185:
987:
982:
359:, a word that only appears in Icelandic sources. Initially many independent
1124:
1055:
913:
A Piece of Horse Liver: Myth, Ritual and
Folklore in Old Icelandic Sources
1129:
695:
342:
148:
956:
690:
460:
in the autumn. At the national
Althing, they were voting members of the
263:
Helnæs and Flemløse 1 stones provide no details about the function of a
1154:
381:
as secular leaders is shown in how the word was used synonymously with
260:
48:
685:
541:
to bring cases before the court and to enforce their rights, and the
405:
could be bought, shared, traded or inherited. If a woman inherited a
161:
1120:
Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of
Central and Northern Europe
1060:
427:
as concerned with money and expected to be paid for their services.
1139:
972:
705:
174:
from three Danish runestones: DR 190 Helnæs, DR 192 Flemløse 1 and
98:
97:. The term originally had a religious significance, referring to a
33:
1134:
1024:
514:
850:
553:
with armed manpower for his feuds and carry out legal sentences.
366:
165:
120:
102:
977:
667:
661:
250:
244:
155:
1029:
1004:
710:
597:
448:
man") included the annual organization of the local assemblies
1050:
279:
uses the term for a local dignitary who was associated with a
994:
715:
430:
During the
Icelandic Commonwealth, the responsibilities of a
256:
219:
20:
395:, the term lost all religious connotations and came to mean
93:) was a position of political and social prominence in the
44:
751:(Phillip Pulsiano, ed.), 230–231. Garland: NY and London,
136:
for "priest", although the corresponding form of this in
209:
Ragnhildr placed this stone in memory of Alli the Pale,
823:
Studien zu
Literatur, Sprache und Geschichte in Europa
131:
391:. Over time, and especially after 1000, when the
1228:
590:. The institution came to an end when the major
655:
647:
635:
629:
623:
609:
591:
581:
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314:
304:
280:
270:
264:
238:
189:
169:
141:
114:
87:
75:
67:
59:
38:
399:or chieftain of the Icelandic Commonwealth. A
365:were established, until they united under the
942:
523:, although he was free to choose which one—a
179:
151:, there is one surviving attestation in the
168:N KJ65 U), and in the later Old Norse form
26:"Goði" redirects here. For other uses, see
949:
935:
747:Byock, Jesse L. (1993). "Goði". Entry in
1211:Christianisation of the Germanic peoples
848:Project Samnordisk Runtextdatabas Svensk
608:, and the Norwegian crown abolished the
393:Christian conversion occurred in Iceland
119:, meaning "god". It possibly appears in
32:
819:Runen als Phänomen der oberen Schichten
813:
811:
769:
767:
765:
743:
741:
739:
737:
735:
733:
731:
202:
1229:
864:Norwegian Runes and Runic Inscriptions
838:. C.W.K. Gleerups förlag, Lund. p. 308
789:
178:. There are a few placenames, such as
930:
749:Medieval Scandinavia, an Encyclopedia
194:would be of historical significance.
43:leading the people in sacrificing to
904:: The Function of the Tenth-Century
896:Aðalsteinsson, Jón Hnefill (1998). "
808:
762:
728:
303:The most reliable sources about the
16:Priest or tribal Scandinavian leader
957:Religious practices and worship in
13:
1216:Heathenry (new religious movement)
890:
14:
1283:
423:are frequently portrayed in the
775:An Icelandic-English dictionary
869:
856:
841:
828:
642:were adopted by the Icelandic
622:In the early 1970s, the words
617:
140:would have been an unattested
1:
721:
556:By the 13th century, all the
160:from the Norwegian Nordhuglo
1272:Political history of Iceland
580:("great chieftains"). These
547:would in return provide the
353:had leadership was termed a
132:
108:
7:
1262:Medieval history of Iceland
679:
10:
1288:
604:in 1262–1264, signing the
298:
251:
245:
197:
25:
18:
1198:
1173:
1112:
1105:
1069:
1038:
965:
836:Svensk etymologisk ordbok
834:Hellquist, Elof. (1966).
862:Terje Spurkland (2005).
475:redistribution of wealth
128:translation of the Bible
19:Not to be confused with
1145:Sacred trees and groves
668:
662:
501:"). The followers of a
414:veldi er þat en æigi fe
323:
315:
281:
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170:
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88:
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483:of the descendants of
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419:
413:
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371:
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293:religious upper strata
225:
190:
180:
143:
115:
113:The word derives from
95:Icelandic Commonwealth
76:
68:
60:
51:
39:
1267:Viking Age in Iceland
1181:Hof Ásatrúarfélagsins
817:Klaus Düwel (2008). "
701:Divine right of kings
331:settlement of Iceland
228:Inscription from the
207:
36:
28:Godi (disambiguation)
915:, 35–56. Reykjavik.
802:Nationalencyklopedin
674:Germanic neopaganism
473:central role in the
417:); nevertheless the
243:. The inscription's
203:Mainland Scandinavia
47:in this painting by
602:Haakon IV of Norway
309:in Iceland are the
1206:Germanic mythology
883:. ISK 4990. (2004)
784:Gudbrand Vigfusson
654:. Following this,
454:in the spring and
375:. The role of the
246:Ek gudija ungandiz
52:
1224:
1223:
1194:
1193:
1150:Temple at Uppsala
959:Germanic paganism
176:DR 209 Glavendrup
37:A depiction of a
1279:
1257:Political titles
1110:
1109:
1010:Merseburg charms
951:
944:
937:
928:
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910:
884:
873:
867:
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854:
845:
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832:
826:
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485:Ingólfr Arnarson
482:
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410:
404:
386:
380:
374:
364:
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346:
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328:
320:
308:
286:
277:Glavendrup stone
274:
269:, but mention a
268:
254:
248:
242:
232:
230:Glavendrup stone
223:of the retinue.
193:
183:
173:
159:
153:Proto-Norse form
146:
135:
118:
91:
79:
71:
63:
42:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1278:
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1252:Medieval titles
1227:
1226:
1225:
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1169:
1101:
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908:
893:
891:Further reading
888:
887:
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870:
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842:
833:
829:
816:
809:
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780:Richard Cleasby
772:
763:
746:
729:
724:
682:
650:Ásatrúarfélagið
620:
535:would help his
311:Gray Goose Laws
301:
234:
227:
205:
200:
125:Gothic language
111:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1285:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1247:Norse paganism
1244:
1239:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1202:
1200:
1199:Related topics
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1195:
1192:
1191:
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1167:
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1160:Uppåkra temple
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786:(1874) p. 208.
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703:
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638:allsherjargoði
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588:Norwegian king
577:storhöfðingjar
515:free landowner
491:allsherjargoði
325:Sturlunga saga
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921:9979-54-264-0
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881:9979-3-2553-4
878:
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757:0-8240-4787-7
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578:
572:
566:
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551:
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539:
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527:
521:
516:
511:
505:
499:
495:("all-people
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476:
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464:
458:
452:
446:
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421:
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217:, honourable
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84:
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78:
72:
70:
64:
62:
56:
50:
46:
41:
35:
29:
22:
1125:Externsteine
999:
912:
905:
901:
897:
871:
858:
843:
835:
830:
822:
800:
796:
795:The article
791:
774:
748:
621:
606:Old Covenant
555:
507:were called
439:goðorðsmaður
429:
388:
329:. After the
302:
259:. The early
235:
226:
218:
210:
208:
186:Södermanland
112:
86:
74:
66:
58:
54:
53:
1082:Anglo-Saxon
696:Sacred king
618:Neopaganism
317:Landnámabók
149:Scandinavia
1231:Categories
1155:Trollkyrka
1113:Historical
1070:Variations
1039:Veneration
722:References
397:liege-lord
387:, meaning
261:Viking Age
249:means "I,
49:J. L. Lund
1106:Locations
1056:Landdísir
1015:Þorrablót
966:Practices
686:Feudalism
565:storgoðar
389:chieftain
215:sanctuary
162:runestone
138:Icelandic
109:Etymology
83:Old Norse
1140:Irminsul
1087:Frankish
988:Dísablót
983:Álfablót
866:. p. 49.
825:. p. 69.
706:Thingmen
691:Hestavíg
680:See also
644:neopagan
614:system.
600:to king
596:pledged
568:("great
544:þingmenn
538:þingmenn
513:. Every
510:þingmenn
463:Lögrétta
384:höfðingi
321:and the
65:(plural
1242:Priests
1186:Manheim
1046:Deities
1020:Seeress
851:Rundata
797:gotiska
451:várþing
367:Althing
336:hofgoði
299:Iceland
289:secular
213:of the
198:History
166:Rundata
121:Ulfilas
103:Iceland
73:, fem.
1174:Modern
1092:Gothic
1061:Vættir
1030:Symbel
1005:Hallow
919:
879:
805:(1992)
755:
711:Volkhv
631:goðorð
611:goðorð
598:fealty
574:") or
559:goðorð
526:goðorð
480:goðorð
445:goðorð
408:goðorð
402:goðorð
372:goðorð
362:goðorð
356:goðorð
313:, the
252:gudija
157:gudija
1237:Goðar
1135:Hörgr
1097:Norse
1077:Early
1051:Dísir
1025:Seiðr
995:Galdr
973:Bless
911:, in
716:Vitki
669:gothi
593:goðar
583:goðar
571:goðar
469:goðar
425:sagas
420:goðar
378:goðar
306:goðar
257:Funen
240:gandr
191:goðar
181:Gudby
147:. In
142:*
133:gudja
99:pagan
77:gyðja
69:goðar
55:Gothi
21:Goths
1000:Goði
978:Blót
917:ISBN
906:Goði
902:Þing
900:and
898:Blót
877:ISBN
782:and
753:ISBN
663:godi
657:goði
634:and
625:goði
550:goði
532:goði
520:goði
504:goði
498:goði
457:leið
433:goði
350:goði
333:, a
291:and
272:guþi
266:guþi
220:þegn
211:guþi
171:guþi
144:gyði
89:guþi
61:goði
45:Thor
40:goði
1130:Hof
821:".
799:in
778:by
666:or
436:or
343:hof
184:in
130:as
116:goð
57:or
1233::
1165:Vé
810:^
764:^
730:^
676:.
660:,
628:,
442:("
295:.
283:vé
123:'
105:.
85::
81:;
950:e
943:t
936:v
923:.
909:"
853:.
759:.
164:(
30:.
23:.
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