42:
212:
226:
64:
347:
333:
are spent on the plant, and the remainder of the larval lifespan is spent as a predator within the ant nest. It becomes a parasite, feeding on ant regurgitations, or a predator on the ant larvae. The caterpillars pupate inside the ants' nest and the ants continue to look after the pupae. Just before
294:
Adult individuals often have hairy antenna-like tails complete with black and white annulated (ringed) appearance. Many species also have a spot at the base of the tail and some turn around upon landing to confuse potential predators from recognizing the true head orientation. This causes predators
337:
Several evolutionary adaptations enable these associations, including small glands on the skin of the caterpillars called "pore cupola organs". Caterpillars of many species have a gland on the seventh abdominal segment that produces honeydew and is called the "dorsal nectary gland" (also called
334:
the adults emerge, the wings of the butterfly inside the pupal case detach from it, and the pupa becomes silvery. The adult butterfly emerges from the pupa after three to four weeks, still inside the ant nest. The butterfly must crawl out of the ant nest before it can expand its wings.
1010:
Boyle, John H.; Kaliszewska, Zofia A.; Espeland, Marianne; Suderman, Tamara R.; Fleming, Jake; Heath, Alan; Pierce, Naomi E. (January 2015). "Phylogeny of the A phnaeinae: myrmecophilous A frican butterflies with carnivorous and herbivorous life histories".
338:"Newcomer's gland"). An eversible organ called the "tentacular organ" is present on the eighth abdominal segment and this is cylindrical and topped with a ring of spikes and emits chemical signals which are believed to help in communicating with ants.
834:
Pierce, Naomi E.; Braby, Michael F.; Heath, Alan; Lohman, David J.; Mathew, John; Rand, Douglas B.; Travassos, Mark A. (January 2002). "The
Ecology and Evolution of Ant Association in the Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera)".
736:
Pierce, Naomi E.; Braby, Michael F.; Heath, Alan; Lohman, David J.; Mathew, John; Rand, Douglas B.; Travassos, Mark A. (January 2002). "The
Ecology and Evolution of Ant Association in the Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera)".
283:
Adults are small, under 5 cm usually, and brightly coloured, sometimes with a metallic gloss. Lycaenidae wings are generally blue or green. More than half of these butterflies depend on ants in some way.
291:. Their cuticles tend to be thickened. Some larvae are capable of producing vibrations and low sounds that are transmitted through the substrates they inhabit. They use these sounds to communicate with ants.
3356:
3266:
996:
Ackery, P. R.; de Jong, R. & Vane-Wright, R. I. (1999). "The butterflies: Hedyloidea, Hesperioidea, and
Papilionoidea". Pages 264-300 in:
3305:
1161:
314:, and ant larvae. Some lycaenids even exploit their association with ants by inducing ants to feed them by regurgitation, a process called
295:
to approach from the true head end resulting in early visual detection or to attack the false head ending up with a beak of dusty scales.
3402:
17:
3240:
3279:
1175:
1060:
Catalogue of the Family-Group, Genus-Group and
Species-Group Names of the Riodinidae & Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera) of the World
963:
610:
1235:
410:– harvesters (mostly African, or Oriental, one Nearctic), probably all feed on aphids or their secretions. Selected species:
3284:
1171:
325:
In some species, larvae are attended and protected by ants while feeding on the host plant, and the ants receive sugar-rich
921:
Robbins, Robert K. (1981). "The 'False Head' Hypothesis: Predation and Wing
Pattern Variation of Lycaenid Butterflies".
329:
from them, throughout the larval life, and in some species during the pupal stage. In other species, only the first few
594:
287:
Larvae are often flattened rather than cylindrical, with glands that may produce secretions that attract and subdue
3310:
3219:
3232:
1193:
3052:
676:
Some older classifications used to include other subfamilies such as
Liphyrinae (now Liphyrini, a tribe within
774:"Host-ant specificity of endangered large blue butterflies (Phengaris spp., Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) in Japan"
318:. Not all lycaenid butterflies need ants, but about 75% of species associate with ants, a relationship called
3292:
41:
3397:
3149:
3116:
3047:
626:
586:
63:
3154:
3320:
1228:
1156:
387:, which used to be a tribe (Aphnaeini) within the Theclinae, were recently given subfamily rank too.
998:
Lepidoptera: Moths and
Butterflies. 1. Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography. Handbook of Zoology
772:
Ueda, Shouhei; Komatsu, Takashi; Itino, Takao; Arai, Ryusuke; Sakamoto, Hironori (3 November 2016).
3364:
1058:
716:
202:
3346:
3407:
3069:
252:, brush-footed butterflies), with over 6,000 species worldwide, whose members are also called
3341:
3333:
3271:
2624:
860:
602:
211:
3188:
3107:
1494:
1486:
1477:
1221:
1187:
1020:
887:
785:
326:
322:. These associations can be mutualistic, parasitic, or predatory depending on the species.
140:
3131:
848:
750:
8:
3392:
2640:
2415:
2407:
650:
618:
225:
1024:
891:
789:
1036:
946:
938:
903:
806:
773:
642:
578:
490:
352:
58:
899:
3328:
3175:
1985:
1067:
852:
811:
754:
530:
506:
498:
482:
414:
1068:"The higher classification of the Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera): a tentative arrangement"
1040:
950:
2966:
2457:
2016:
1028:
930:
895:
844:
801:
793:
746:
546:
438:– hairstreaks (usually tailed) and elfins (not tailed) (global). Selected species:
241:
3121:
3180:
2535:
2211:
2088:
1964:
1956:
1922:
1896:
1888:
1555:
1526:
1520:
1511:
1322:
1316:
1304:
666:
634:
562:
522:
450:
3297:
864:
3227:
3214:
2756:
2543:
2221:
2146:
2112:
2070:
1995:
1980:
1623:
658:
570:
514:
466:
398:
230:
217:
1213:
3386:
3092:
2984:
2909:
2817:
2764:
2743:
2735:
2606:
2486:
2478:
2198:
2080:
2075:
2065:
1844:
1836:
1823:
1815:
1786:
1747:
1615:
1560:
1547:
1538:
1463:
1455:
1446:
1408:
1402:
1390:
539:
458:
368:
311:
303:
260:
179:
125:
3003:
2971:
2953:
2901:
2833:
2793:
2593:
2585:
2551:
2436:
2428:
2249:
2239:
2226:
2180:
2172:
2159:
2151:
2138:
2096:
2057:
2047:
2024:
2003:
1972:
1935:
1927:
1914:
1794:
1742:
1288:
856:
815:
758:
319:
315:
1118:
3253:
3141:
3101:
2961:
2919:
2843:
2838:
2809:
2777:
2672:
2613:
2449:
2373:
2365:
2352:
2344:
2315:
2265:
2190:
2104:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2011:
1802:
1737:
1665:
1644:
1636:
1586:
1365:
1359:
1347:
1245:
703:
249:
245:
115:
1000:
Vol. IV, Part 35. N. P. Kristensen, ed. De
Gruyter, Berlin and New York.
907:
3027:
2935:
2927:
2880:
2864:
2851:
2825:
2801:
2785:
2706:
2693:
2685:
2656:
2572:
2564:
2507:
2499:
2465:
2323:
2257:
2244:
2216:
2203:
2125:
1752:
1694:
1599:
1032:
942:
878:
DeVries, Philip J. (1992). "Singing
Caterpillars, Ants and Symbiosis".
697:
685:
681:
475:
429:
423:
384:
372:
360:
299:
264:
185:
167:
156:
50:
1208:
1201:
797:
298:
Lycaenid caterpillars are diverse in their food habits and apart from
3258:
3201:
3167:
2979:
2885:
2722:
2714:
2632:
2307:
2294:
2278:
2130:
2120:
1906:
1773:
1765:
1721:
1607:
1276:
1264:
1127:
980:
677:
435:
407:
391:
380:
376:
364:
272:
268:
190:
173:
161:
95:
75:
3245:
3063:
1197:
1182:
3206:
3162:
3086:
2872:
2648:
2394:
2386:
2331:
2286:
1943:
1861:
1729:
1594:
1577:
1430:
1282:
934:
554:
442:
1145:
2893:
2525:
2517:
2234:
1009:
2943:
1270:
1258:
692:
330:
307:
105:
85:
1128:"Family Lycaenidae – Blues, Coppers, Hairstreaks, Harvesters"
1072:
Bulletin of the
British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology)
346:
259:
The family comprises seven subfamilies, including the blues (
3193:
1101:
Catalogue of the Butterflies of the United States and Canada
256:. They constitute about 30% of the known butterfly species.
2667:(gossamer-winged butterflies: blues, coppers and relatives)
707:
is sometimes placed here, but sometimes in the Riodininae.
288:
3369:
2888:(daggers, sallows, owlet moths, quakers, cutworms, darts)
394:– sunbeams (Oriental or Palaearctic). Selected species:
2875:(underwing, tiger, tussock, litter, snout, owlet moths)
833:
735:
771:
278:
2326:(castniid moths: giant butterfly-moths, sun moths)
1003:
3384:
1401:
1087:Guppy, Crispin S. & Shepard, Jon H. (2001).
701:is usually (but not unequivocally) placed here;
1315:
1243:
1519:
1358:
983:. Version 25 April 2008 (under construction).
1454:
1229:
1162:National Center for Biotechnology Information
1093:James, David G. and Nunnallee, David (2011).
680:), Lipteninae (now Liptenini, a tribe within
1388:
2675:(brush-footed, or four-footed butterflies)
1236:
1222:
40:
973:
805:
684:), or Riodininae (now a separate family:
478:– coppers (Holarctic). Selected species:
2854:(hawk moths, sphinx moths and hornworms)
1302:
1125:
1083:Butterflies Through Binoculars, The West
829:
827:
825:
345:
224:
210:
2651:(whites, yellows, orangetips, sulphurs)
1176:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
920:
877:
14:
3385:
2767:(eggars, snout moths, or lappet moths)
1345:
1203:Butterflies and Moths of North America
1095:Life Histories of Cascadia Butterflies
611:Glaucopsyche lygdamus palosverdesensis
3068:
3067:
1428:
1427:
1387:
1344:
1301:
1217:
849:10.1146/annurev.ento.47.091201.145257
822:
751:10.1146/annurev.ento.47.091201.145257
3321:72e903d6-d5ca-47bf-a13f-f2f50991cc42
3233:8be3433b-d2e5-4dec-a451-582fcb8af332
542:– blues (global). Selected species:
1126:Bartlett, Troy (18 December 2017).
418:– moth butterfly (largest lycaenid)
24:
3403:Taxa named by William Elford Leach
2289:(carpenter millers, or goat moths)
2206:(burnet, forester, or smoky moths)
1051:
595:Euphilotes pallescens arenamontana
359:Many taxonomists only include the
25:
3419:
1610:(Amazonian primitive ghost moths)
1112:
900:10.1038/scientificamerican1092-76
279:Description, food, and life cycle
198:
62:
1626:(African primitive ghost moths)
1194:Royal Museum for Central Africa
1089:Butterflies of British Columbia
964:"Lycaenid Butterflies and Ants"
1930:(Old World spiny-winged moths)
990:
957:
914:
871:
765:
729:
341:
13:
1:
2828:(Kentish glory and relatives)
1647:(New Zealand primitive moths)
1105:Pyle, Robert Michael (2002).
981:"Lycaenidae [Leach] 1815"
979:Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2008).
722:
2974:(oriental swallowtail moths)
2252:(planthopper parasite moths)
1057:Bridges, Charles A. (1994).
985:The Tree of Life Web Project
970:. Archived 18 November 2007.
7:
3048:Taxonomy of the Lepidoptera
2635:(American moth-butterflies)
2596:(Old World butterfly-moths)
2575:(picture-winged leaf moths)
1325:(mandibulate archaic moths)
1107:The Butterflies of Cascadia
1081:Glassberg, Jeffrey (2001).
837:Annual Review of Entomology
739:Annual Review of Entomology
710:
627:Icaricia icarioides fenderi
587:Euphilotes battoides allyni
432:(Afrotropical and Oriental)
426:(Oriental and Afrotropical)
254:gossamer-winged butterflies
18:Gossamer-winged butterflies
10:
3424:
2546:(tropical fruitworm moths)
2083:(case-bearers, case moths)
1847:(trumpet leaf miner moths)
1602:(swift moths, ghost moths)
383:under the Lycaenidae. The
3076:
3043:
3024:
2996:
2952:
2918:
2863:
2796:(American silkworm moths)
2776:
2755:
2734:
2705:
2684:
2627:(swallowtail butterflies)
2605:
2584:
2563:
2534:
2516:
2498:
2477:
2448:
2427:
2406:
2385:
2364:
2343:
2306:
2297:(dudgeon carpenter moths)
2277:
2189:
2171:
2056:
2006:(false diamondback moths)
1994:
1955:
1917:(burrowing webworm moths)
1905:
1887:
1883:
1860:
1835:
1814:
1785:
1764:
1720:
1693:
1664:
1635:
1585:
1576:
1546:
1537:
1510:
1485:
1476:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1423:
1397:
1383:
1354:
1340:
1311:
1297:
1253:
1099:Pelham, Jonathan (2008).
454:– great purple hairstreak
153:
148:
59:Scientific classification
57:
48:
39:
34:
2788:(Australian lappet moth)
1797:(pigmy, or midget moths)
1120:Tree of Life Web Project
1618:(miniature ghost moths)
923:The American Naturalist
717:List of lycaenid genera
622:(extinct) – Xerces blue
271:), and the harvesters (
203:List of lycaenid genera
53:, a lycaenid butterfly
2997:Superfamily unassigned
2418:(bristle-legged moths)
1967:(ribbed cocoon makers)
1776:(Andean endemic moths)
1732:(fairy longhorn moths)
1209:Butterflies of America
356:
240:is the second-largest
234:
222:
3342:Paleobiology Database
2904:(prominents, kittens)
2439:(fringe-tufted moths)
1495:Acanthopteroctetidae
1487:Acanthopteroctetoidea
1196:Images of Lycaenidae
1066:Eliot, J. N. (1973).
1013:Systematic Entomology
662:– silver-studded blue
603:Glaucopsyche lygdamus
566:– eastern tailed-blue
349:
228:
214:
193:– hairstreaks, elfins
27:Family of butterflies
3228:Fauna Europaea (new)
2416:Schreckensteiniidae
2408:Schreckensteinioidea
2397:(false burnet moths)
2268:(slug, or cup moths)
1826:(Gondwanaland moths)
1805:(white eyecap moths)
1563:(archaic bell moths)
1188:Encyclopedia of Life
598:– Sand Mountain blue
510:– Rauparaha's copper
267:), the hairstreaks (
2746:(sack bearer moths)
2468:(false plume moths)
2460:(many-plumed moths)
2318:(little bear moths)
2260:(slug caterpillars)
2115:(long-horned moths)
2099:(grass-miner moths)
1497:(archaic sun moths)
1146:"Family Lycaenidae"
1025:2015SysEn..40..169B
892:1992SciAm.267d..76D
880:Scientific American
790:2016NatSR...636364U
651:Pseudozizeeria maha
619:Glaucopsyche xerces
614:– Palos Verdes blue
486:– Guatemalan copper
3398:Butterfly families
1033:10.1111/syen.12098
778:Scientific Reports
643:Polyommatus icarus
579:Cyaniris semiargus
491:Lycaena boldenarum
470:– black hairstreak
357:
353:Cyaniris semiargus
235:
223:
215:Brown hairstreak (
3380:
3379:
3329:Open Tree of Life
3070:Taxon identifiers
3061:
3060:
3039:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3020:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3012:
3011:
2988:
2975:
2939:
2931:
2905:
2897:
2889:
2876:
2855:
2847:
2829:
2821:
2813:
2805:
2797:
2789:
2768:
2747:
2726:
2718:
2697:
2676:
2668:
2660:
2652:
2644:
2636:
2628:
2618:
2597:
2576:
2555:
2554:(fruitworm moths)
2547:
2490:
2469:
2461:
2440:
2419:
2398:
2377:
2356:
2355:(metalmark moths)
2335:
2334:(clearwing moths)
2327:
2319:
2298:
2290:
2269:
2261:
2253:
2230:
2207:
2163:
2155:
2142:
2141:(concealer moths)
2134:
2116:
2108:
2100:
2092:
2084:
2043:
2020:
2017:Glyphipterigidae
2007:
1986:Roeslerstammiidae
1976:
1968:
1947:
1939:
1931:
1918:
1856:
1855:
1848:
1827:
1806:
1798:
1777:
1756:
1733:
1660:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1648:
1627:
1619:
1611:
1603:
1572:
1571:
1564:
1533:
1532:
1506:
1505:
1498:
1472:
1471:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1403:Heterobathmioidea
1379:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1326:
968:Australian Museum
798:10.1038/srep36364
654:– pale grass blue
590:– El Segundo blue
531:Lycaena heteronea
507:Lycaena rauparaha
499:Lycaena epixanthe
483:Iophanus pyrrhias
415:Liphyra brassolis
209:
208:
144:
16:(Redirected from
3415:
3373:
3372:
3360:
3359:
3350:
3349:
3337:
3336:
3324:
3323:
3314:
3313:
3301:
3300:
3298:NBNSYS0000160349
3288:
3287:
3275:
3274:
3262:
3261:
3249:
3248:
3236:
3235:
3223:
3222:
3210:
3209:
3197:
3196:
3184:
3183:
3171:
3170:
3158:
3157:
3145:
3144:
3135:
3134:
3125:
3124:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3065:
3064:
2987:(geometer moths)
2986:
2973:
2967:Pseudobistonidae
2937:
2929:
2903:
2895:
2887:
2874:
2853:
2845:
2827:
2819:
2811:
2803:
2795:
2787:
2766:
2745:
2724:
2716:
2695:
2674:
2666:
2658:
2650:
2642:
2634:
2626:
2617:
2610:
2595:
2574:
2553:
2545:
2488:
2467:
2459:
2438:
2417:
2396:
2375:
2354:
2333:
2325:
2317:
2296:
2288:
2267:
2259:
2251:
2228:
2205:
2161:
2153:
2140:
2132:
2114:
2106:
2098:
2090:
2089:Cosmopterigidae
2082:
2041:
2018:
2005:
1974:
1966:
1965:Bucculatricidae
1945:
1937:
1929:
1916:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1846:
1825:
1804:
1796:
1775:
1754:
1731:
1718:
1717:
1691:
1690:
1646:
1625:
1617:
1609:
1601:
1583:
1582:
1562:
1544:
1543:
1517:
1516:
1496:
1483:
1482:
1452:
1451:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1425:
1424:
1409:Heterobathmiidae
1399:
1398:
1385:
1384:
1367:
1356:
1355:
1342:
1341:
1324:
1323:Micropterigidae
1317:Micropterigoidea
1313:
1312:
1299:
1298:
1238:
1231:
1224:
1215:
1214:
1179:
1167:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1045:
1044:
1007:
1001:
994:
988:
977:
971:
961:
955:
954:
918:
912:
911:
875:
869:
868:
831:
820:
819:
809:
769:
763:
762:
733:
547:Celastrina ladon
494:– boulder copper
402:– Indian sunbeam
263:), the coppers (
139:
67:
66:
44:
32:
31:
21:
3423:
3422:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3376:
3368:
3363:
3355:
3353:
3345:
3340:
3332:
3327:
3319:
3317:
3309:
3304:
3296:
3291:
3283:
3278:
3270:
3265:
3257:
3252:
3244:
3239:
3231:
3226:
3218:
3213:
3205:
3200:
3192:
3187:
3179:
3174:
3166:
3161:
3153:
3148:
3140:
3138:
3130:
3128:
3120:
3115:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3072:
3062:
3057:
3053:Lists by region
3031:
3030:is not a clade.
3026:Note: division
3008:
2992:
2948:
2914:
2859:
2820:(Dryandra moth)
2812:(Brahmin moths)
2772:
2751:
2730:
2701:
2680:
2611:
2609:
2601:
2580:
2559:
2544:Copromorphidae
2536:Copromorphoidea
2530:
2512:
2494:
2473:
2444:
2423:
2402:
2381:
2376:(tortrix moths)
2360:
2339:
2302:
2273:
2229:(flannel moths)
2212:Himantopteridae
2185:
2167:
2113:Lecithoceridae
2107:(twirler moths)
2052:
1990:
1975:(Douglas moths)
1957:Gracillarioidea
1951:
1938:(bagworm moths)
1923:Arrhenophanidae
1901:
1889:Simaethistoidea
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1852:
1831:
1810:
1781:
1760:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1652:
1645:Mnesarchaeidae
1637:Mnesarchaeoidea
1631:
1624:Prototheoridae
1568:
1556:Aenigmatineidae
1529:
1521:Lophocoronoidea
1502:
1468:
1433:
1411:
1393:
1391:Heterobathmiina
1371:
1366:Agathiphagidae
1360:Agathiphagoidea
1350:
1328:
1307:
1293:
1249:
1242:
1170:
1155:
1136:
1134:
1115:
1054:
1052:Further reading
1049:
1048:
1008:
1004:
995:
991:
978:
974:
962:
958:
919:
915:
876:
872:
832:
823:
770:
766:
734:
730:
725:
713:
667:Talicada nyseus
635:Phengaris arion
630:– Fender's blue
582:– mazarine blue
563:Cupido comyntas
523:Lycaena phlaeas
451:Atlides halesus
344:
281:
138:
61:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3421:
3411:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3361:
3351:
3338:
3325:
3315:
3302:
3289:
3276:
3263:
3250:
3237:
3224:
3215:Fauna Europaea
3211:
3198:
3185:
3172:
3159:
3146:
3136:
3126:
3113:
3098:
3082:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2982:
2977:
2969:
2964:
2958:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2933:
2924:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2899:
2891:
2883:
2878:
2869:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2849:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2823:
2815:
2807:
2799:
2791:
2782:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2765:Lasiocampidae
2761:
2759:
2757:Lasiocampoidea
2753:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2740:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2720:
2711:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2690:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2670:
2662:
2654:
2646:
2638:
2630:
2621:
2619:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2590:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2569:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2549:
2540:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2522:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2504:
2502:
2500:Whalleyanoidea
2496:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2487:Pterophoridae
2483:
2481:
2479:Pterophoroidea
2475:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2463:
2454:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2433:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2412:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2391:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2370:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2349:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2329:
2321:
2312:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2292:
2283:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2263:
2255:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:Megalopygidae
2224:
2222:Somabrachyidae
2219:
2214:
2209:
2201:
2195:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2177:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2162:(timber moths)
2157:
2154:(flower moths)
2149:
2147:Pterolonchidae
2144:
2136:
2133:(mompha moths)
2128:
2123:
2118:
2110:
2102:
2094:
2091:(cosmet moths)
2086:
2081:Coleophoridae
2078:
2073:
2071:Batrachedridae
2068:
2062:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2042:(ermine moths)
2040:Yponomeutidae
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2014:
2009:
2000:
1998:
1996:Yponomeutoidea
1992:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1981:Gracillariidae
1978:
1970:
1961:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1946:(fungus moths)
1941:
1933:
1925:
1920:
1911:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1897:Simaethistidae
1893:
1891:
1878:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1841:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1824:Palaephatidae
1820:
1818:
1816:Palaephatoidea
1812:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1800:
1791:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1779:
1770:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1758:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1726:
1724:
1715:
1688:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1650:
1641:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1629:
1621:
1616:Palaeosetidae
1613:
1605:
1597:
1591:
1589:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1561:Neopseustidae
1558:
1552:
1550:
1548:Neopseustoidea
1541:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1527:Lophocoronidae
1525:
1523:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1491:
1489:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1460:
1458:
1456:Eriocranioidea
1449:
1435:
1434:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1405:
1395:
1394:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1364:
1362:
1352:
1351:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1321:
1319:
1309:
1308:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1291:
1285:
1279:
1273:
1267:
1261:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1241:
1240:
1233:
1226:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1199:
1191:
1180:
1168:
1153:
1143:
1123:
1114:
1113:External links
1111:
1110:
1109:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1079:
1064:
1063:. Urbana, Ill.
1053:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1019:(1): 169–182.
1002:
989:
972:
956:
935:10.1086/283868
929:(5): 770–775.
913:
870:
843:(1): 733–771.
821:
764:
745:(1): 733–771.
727:
726:
724:
721:
720:
719:
712:
709:
674:
673:
672:
671:
663:
659:Plebejus argus
655:
647:
639:
631:
623:
615:
607:
606:– silvery blue
599:
591:
583:
575:
571:Cupido minimus
567:
559:
551:
550:– spring azure
537:
536:
535:
527:
526:– small copper
519:
518:– large copper
515:Lycaena dispar
511:
503:
495:
487:
473:
472:
471:
467:Satyrium pruni
463:
455:
447:
433:
427:
421:
420:
419:
405:
404:
403:
399:Curetis thetis
343:
340:
280:
277:
231:Loxura atymnus
218:Thecla betulae
207:
206:
195:
194:
188:
183:
177:
171:
165:
159:
151:
150:
146:
145:
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
73:
69:
68:
55:
54:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3420:
3409:
3408:Papilionoidea
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3371:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3352:
3348:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3316:
3312:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3137:
3133:
3127:
3123:
3118:
3114:
3109:
3103:
3099:
3094:
3088:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3066:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3042:
3029:
3023:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2989:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2972:Epicopeiidae
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2934:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2911:
2910:Oenosandridae
2908:
2906:
2902:Notodontidae
2900:
2898:
2892:
2890:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2856:
2850:
2848:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2824:
2822:
2816:
2814:
2808:
2806:
2800:
2798:
2794:Apatelodidae
2792:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2775:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2748:
2744:Mimallonidae
2742:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2736:Mimallonoidea
2733:
2727:
2721:
2719:
2717:(snout moths)
2713:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2677:
2671:
2669:
2663:
2661:
2655:
2653:
2647:
2645:
2639:
2637:
2631:
2629:
2625:Papilionidae
2623:
2622:
2620:
2615:
2608:
2607:Papilionoidea
2604:
2598:
2594:Callidulidae
2592:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2586:Calliduloidea
2583:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2556:
2552:Carposinidae
2550:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2509:
2508:Whalleyanidae
2506:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2491:
2489:(plume moths)
2485:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2470:
2464:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2441:
2437:Epermeniidae
2435:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2429:Epermenioidea
2426:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2336:
2330:
2328:
2322:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2299:
2295:Dudgeoneidae
2293:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2270:
2264:
2262:
2256:
2254:
2250:Epipyropidae
2248:
2246:
2245:Cyclotornidae
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2202:
2200:
2199:Heterogynidae
2197:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2173:Galacticoidea
2170:
2164:
2160:Xyloryctidae
2158:
2156:
2152:Scythrididae
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2139:Oecophoridae
2137:
2135:
2129:
2127:
2126:Metachandidae
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2111:
2109:
2103:
2101:
2097:Elachistidae
2095:
2093:
2087:
2085:
2079:
2077:
2076:Blastobasidae
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2066:Autostichidae
2064:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2019:(sedge moths)
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2004:Acrolepiidae
2002:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1973:Douglasiidae
1971:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1940:
1934:
1932:
1928:Eriocottidae
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1915:Acrolophidae
1913:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1859:
1849:
1845:Tischeriidae
1843:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1837:Tischerioidea
1834:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1807:
1801:
1799:
1795:Nepticulidae
1793:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1787:Nepticuloidea
1784:
1778:
1774:Andesianidae
1772:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1766:Andesianoidea
1763:
1757:
1755:(yucca moths)
1751:
1749:
1748:Incurvariidae
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1663:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1620:
1614:
1612:
1608:Neotheoridae
1606:
1604:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1565:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1528:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1512:Lophocoronina
1509:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1478:Acanthoctesia
1475:
1465:
1464:Eriocraniidae
1462:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1426:
1422:
1410:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1382:
1370:
1368:(kauri moths)
1363:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1343:
1339:
1327:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1300:
1296:
1290:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1247:
1239:
1234:
1232:
1227:
1225:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1108:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1055:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1006:
999:
993:
986:
982:
976:
969:
965:
960:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
917:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
874:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
830:
828:
826:
817:
813:
808:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
768:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
732:
728:
718:
715:
714:
708:
706:
705:
700:
699:
694:
689:
687:
683:
679:
670:– red Pierrot
669:
668:
664:
661:
660:
656:
653:
652:
648:
646:– common blue
645:
644:
640:
637:
636:
632:
629:
628:
624:
621:
620:
616:
613:
612:
608:
605:
604:
600:
597:
596:
592:
589:
588:
584:
581:
580:
576:
573:
572:
568:
565:
564:
560:
558:– jewel blues
557:
556:
552:
549:
548:
544:
543:
541:
540:Polyommatinae
538:
534:– blue copper
533:
532:
528:
525:
524:
520:
517:
516:
512:
509:
508:
504:
501:
500:
496:
493:
492:
488:
485:
484:
480:
479:
477:
474:
469:
468:
464:
461:
460:
459:Eumaeus atala
456:
453:
452:
448:
445:
444:
440:
439:
437:
434:
431:
428:
425:
422:
417:
416:
412:
411:
409:
406:
401:
400:
396:
395:
393:
390:
389:
388:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
369:Polyommatinae
366:
362:
355:
354:
348:
339:
335:
332:
328:
323:
321:
317:
313:
312:scale insects
309:
306:, feeding on
305:
304:entomophagous
301:
296:
292:
290:
285:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
261:Polyommatinae
257:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
233:
232:
227:
220:
219:
213:
205:
204:
200:
192:
189:
187:
184:
181:
180:Polyommatinae
178:
175:
172:
169:
166:
163:
160:
158:
155:
154:
152:
147:
142:
137:
134:
131:
130:
127:
126:Papilionoidea
124:
122:Superfamily:
121:
120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
97:
94:
91:
90:
87:
84:
81:
80:
77:
74:
71:
70:
65:
60:
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3365:Tree of Life
3077:
3004:Millieriidae
2985:Geometridae
2954:Geometroidea
2938:(gold moths)
2896:(tuft moths)
2846:(saturniids)
2844:Saturniidae
2834:Eupterotidae
2818:Carthaeidae
2810:Brahmaeidae
2804:(silk moths)
2725:(grass moth)
2696:(teak moths)
2673:Nymphalidae
2664:
2659:(metalmarks)
2641:Hesperiidae
2374:Tortricidae
2366:Tortricoidea
2353:Choreutidae
2345:Choreutoidea
2316:Brachodidae
2266:Limacodidae
2240:Anomoeotidae
2181:Galacticidae
2105:Gelechiidae
2058:Gelechioidea
2048:Ypsolophidae
2025:Heliodinidae
1803:Opostegidae
1743:Heliozelidae
1595:Anomosetidae
1539:Neopseustina
1289:Holometabola
1287:Superorder:
1281:Infraclass:
1202:
1186:
1183:"Lycaenidae"
1160:
1157:"Lycaenidae"
1149:
1135:. Retrieved
1131:
1119:
1106:
1100:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1075:
1071:
1059:
1016:
1012:
1005:
997:
992:
984:
975:
967:
959:
926:
922:
916:
886:(4): 76–83.
883:
879:
873:
840:
836:
784:(1): 36364.
781:
777:
767:
742:
738:
731:
702:
696:
690:
675:
665:
657:
649:
641:
638:– large blue
633:
625:
617:
609:
601:
593:
585:
577:
574:– small blue
569:
561:
553:
545:
529:
521:
513:
505:
502:– bog copper
497:
489:
481:
465:
457:
449:
441:
413:
397:
358:
351:
336:
324:
320:myrmecophily
316:trophallaxis
297:
293:
286:
282:
258:
253:
237:
236:
229:
216:
196:
176:– harvesters
149:Subfamilies
135:
29:
3254:iNaturalist
3102:Wikispecies
2962:Sematuridae
2936:Cimeliidae
2930:(hook-tips)
2928:Drepanidae
2920:Drepanoidea
2852:Sphingidae
2839:Phiditiidae
2826:Endromidae
2802:Bombycidae
2786:Anthelidae
2778:Bombycoidea
2694:Hyblaeidae
2686:Hyblaeoidea
2665:Lycaenidae
2657:Riodinidae
2614:butterflies
2573:Thyrididae
2565:Thyridoidea
2466:Tineodidae
2458:Alucitidae
2450:Alucitoidea
2324:Castniidae
2258:Dalceridae
2204:Zygaenidae
2191:Zygaenoidea
2035:Plutellidae
2030:Lyonetiidae
2012:Bedelliidae
1753:Prodoxidae
1738:Cecidosidae
1600:Hepialidae
1587:Hepialoidea
1305:Zeugloptera
1246:Lepidoptera
1150:Insecta.pro
704:Lithopsyche
342:Subfamilies
302:, some are
250:Nymphalidae
246:butterflies
116:Lepidoptera
35:Lycaenidae
3393:Lycaenidae
3387:Categories
3357:lycaenidae
3132:Lycaenidae
3122:Lycaenidae
3108:Lycaenidae
3078:Lycaenidae
3028:Monotrysia
2886:Noctuidae
2881:Euteliidae
2865:Noctuoidea
2723:Crambidae
2715:Pyralidae
2707:Pyraloidea
2643:(skippers)
2633:Hedylidae
2217:Lacturidae
2131:Momphidae
1936:Psychidae
1447:Dacnonypha
1275:Subclass:
1265:Arthropoda
1137:5 February
1078:: 371–505.
723:References
698:Lithodryas
686:Riodinidae
682:Poritiinae
476:Lycaeninae
446:– oakblues
430:Aphnaeinae
424:Poritiinae
385:Aphnaeinae
373:Poritiinae
361:Lycaeninae
300:phytophagy
265:Lycaeninae
238:Lycaenidae
186:Poritiinae
168:Lycaeninae
164:– sunbeams
157:Aphnaeinae
136:Lycaenidae
96:Arthropoda
51:large blue
2980:Uraniidae
2873:Erebidae
2649:Pieridae
2395:Urodidae
2387:Urodoidea
2332:Sesiidae
2308:Sesioidea
2287:Cossidae
2279:Cossoidea
2121:Lypusidae
1944:Tineidae
1907:Tineoidea
1730:Adelidae
1722:Adeloidea
1429:Suborder
1389:Suborder
1348:Aglossata
1346:Suborder
1303:Suborder
1277:Pterygota
1257:Kingdom:
865:222345887
678:Miletinae
436:Theclinae
408:Miletinae
392:Curetinae
381:Curetinae
377:Miletinae
365:Theclinae
273:Miletinae
269:Theclinae
191:Theclinae
174:Miletinae
170:– coppers
162:Curetinae
82:Kingdom:
76:Eukaryota
3163:BugGuide
3139:BioLib:
3129:BAMONA:
3087:Wikidata
2894:Nolidae
2518:Immoidea
1578:Exoporia
1431:Glossata
1283:Neoptera
1263:Phylum:
1259:Animalia
1248:families
1172:"Report"
1132:BugGuide
1041:83052979
951:34146954
908:24939256
861:ProQuest
857:11729090
816:27808223
759:11729090
711:See also
555:Chilades
443:Arhopala
327:honeydew
248:(behind
197:and see
132:Family:
92:Phylum:
86:Animalia
72:Domain:
3334:1022101
3093:Q158717
2526:Immidae
2235:Aididae
1271:Insecta
1269:Class:
1244:Extant
1185:at the
1021:Bibcode
943:2460614
888:Bibcode
807:5093462
786:Bibcode
462:– Atala
350:Mating
331:instars
182:– blues
112:Order:
106:Insecta
102:Class:
3347:136325
3318:NZOR:
3285:117236
3272:101319
3207:1LYCAF
2944:Doidae
1164:(NCBI)
1039:
949:
941:
906:
863:
855:
814:
804:
757:
695:genus
693:fossil
379:, and
308:aphids
242:family
143:, 1815
3370:12175
3354:PPE:
3311:27544
3267:IRMNG
3259:47923
3142:17298
1037:S2CID
947:S2CID
939:JSTOR
904:JSTOR
141:Leach
3306:NCBI
3280:ITIS
3246:5473
3241:GBIF
3220:7033
3202:EPPO
3150:BOLD
1139:2020
853:PMID
812:PMID
755:PMID
691:The
289:ants
199:text
49:The
3293:NBN
3194:855
3189:EoL
3181:C98
3176:CoL
3168:194
3155:555
3117:AFD
1029:doi
931:doi
927:118
896:doi
884:267
845:doi
802:PMC
794:doi
747:doi
688:).
275:).
244:of
201:or
3389::
3367::
3344::
3331::
3308::
3295::
3282::
3269::
3256::
3243::
3230::
3217::
3204::
3191::
3178::
3165::
3152::
3119::
3104::
3089::
1174:.
1159:.
1148:.
1130:.
1076:28
1074:.
1070:.
1035:.
1027:.
1017:40
1015:.
966:.
945:.
937:.
925:.
902:.
894:.
882:.
859:.
851:.
841:47
839:.
824:^
810:.
800:.
792:.
780:.
776:.
753:.
743:47
741:.
375:,
371:,
367:,
363:,
310:,
2616:)
2612:(
1876:a
1874:i
1872:s
1870:y
1868:r
1866:t
1864:i
1862:D
1713:a
1711:i
1709:s
1707:y
1705:r
1703:t
1701:o
1699:n
1697:o
1695:M
1686:a
1684:r
1682:u
1680:e
1678:n
1676:o
1674:r
1672:e
1670:t
1668:e
1666:H
1237:e
1230:t
1223:v
1178:.
1166:.
1152:.
1141:.
1043:.
1031::
1023::
987:.
953:.
933::
910:.
898::
890::
867:.
847::
818:.
796::
788::
782:6
761:.
749::
221:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
_Bulgaria.jpg)
