Gopher tortoise - Knowledge

38: 1211:, that is thought to damage red blood cells. It can spread by ticks or other biological vectors and this disease is transmittable, but not contagious. Since this disease was so prevalent within the tortoises studied, it is believed that this disease occurs frequently and is common occurrence in wild populations. This then becomes a pressing issue in terms of the conservation efforts put forward to decrease the likelihood of this disease affecting the population counts. More diagnostic tests are necessary to ensure the effective diagnosis and treatment of wild gopher tortoises, as well as a method for the identification and removal of the potential biological vectors. Ticks are the predicted biological vector, but more research needs to be done to identify other potential carriers and which tick species are more likely to spread diseases to gopher tortoises. 982:

tortoises' natural habitat. Additional gopher tortoise habitat was lost due to issuance of Special Tortoise Relocation Permits and Standard Tortoise Relocation Permits, but the total acreage of habitat lost and total number of gopher tortoises relocated cannot be estimated due to issuance of these two types of permits. Both the tortoise and their burrows are now protected under state laws. On July 31, 2007, the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission implemented new permitting rules requiring developers to relocate tortoises. Starting on April 22, 2009, three types of permits were available in Florida for developers wishing to build on gopher tortoise habitat. Two of these permits allow for the relocation of gopher tortoises, either to some other place on the site being used for construction, or to a recipient site which has been certified by the

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beaches, which have decreased due to development and have left less than 86,000 acres of wild lands. As a result of these storms, tortoises have been moving up in elevation and residing in abandoned burrows that are deeper in order be protected from the hurricanes. This increase in storms may cause a range shift to higher elevation which may result in more human contact, which may reduce their populations over time. Since many beaches in Florida run parallel to trafficked roads and are therefore fragmented ecosystems, this may directly decrease the survival of these coastal gopher tortoises before there is adequate research done to understand the ecological importance that the coastal gopher tortoises contribute.

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Tortoises also have poor ability to escape from railways after entering the area between the rails. Railway habituated tortoises (those believed to live near railways and interact with them) and naïve tortoises (those unlikely to frequently interact with railways) do not differ substantially in their railway escape behavior, suggesting that prior experience may not improve tortoises' ability to escape from railways that they have entered. Trenches dug beneath railways can facilitate movement across and escape from railways. As railways are prevalent throughout the gopher tortoise's geographic range, implementation of railway trenches may improve population connectivity and reduce habitat fragmentation.

1092:, which provides suitable well-drained and sandy soils for tortoises to inhabit. Longleaf pine forests include abundant low herbaceous plant growth and open canopy/space for tortoise's eggs to incubate. Since European settlement, longleaf pine decreased in area by an estimated of 96%, which has contributed to an 80% decrease in population densities of gopher tortoise. This means that there is only 4% of longleaf pine remaining. Although federal, state, and privately managed forest lands can harbor a significant number of tortoises, pine plantations with high tree densities can become unsuitable due to the area having an increase in shaded areas, leading to a decrease in ground cover species. 1028:" because they were eaten by poor people out of work. Some people see gopher tortoise meat as a delicacy, or as simply a free source of meat. Although it is now illegal to hunt gopher tortoises or possess their meat or shells, illegal hunting was still taking place as of 2008 at an unsustainable rate, with some colonies being driven to extinction. In 2006, police uncovered "five pounds of tortoise meat in man's refrigerator" after they spotted empty tortoise shells along a highway in Florida. In nineteen counties in Alabama, as of 2007 tortoise was listed as "game species", though one with "no open season". 759:. The distribution and proximity of burrows might be the consequence of social relationships between tortoises. Some females have been observed visiting the burrows of a particular female repeatedly, even if there are other tortoises nearby. This may be a sort of 'friendship', but such terms are not normally used to describe the relationships between animals. Female gopher tortoises generally do not relocate once they have moved into a colony and larger males usually have their burrows adjacent to females in the spring. It has been found that males can travel up to 500m to visit females and their burrows. 1013: 941: 735:

incubate them underground for 70–100 days. The sex of the eggs is determined by the temperature where they are incubated in a nest laid below sand. If the sand is over 30 degrees Celsius, it is a female and if below 30 degrees Celsius, the egg is a male. Incubation period can last from 80 to 90 days in Florida and 110 days in South Carolina. The eggs will stay in the uterus of the female for 60 days until oviposition occurs, they will use their uterine epithelium to supply "pumping water", and transport important nutrients to the eggs.

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funding for conservation incentives to landowners who are willing to preserve wildlife on their soil. Most lands in the East are privately owned. Landowners used "prescribed burns" to restore favorable habitat conditions. Prescribed burns managed by the Safe Harbor Agreement benefits U.S. Fish & Wildlife, serve under Federal Endangered Species Act help reduces and prevents the amount of invasive species that are threatening to the tortoise; invasive species, such as the cogongrass (

773: 1035:, but this practice was banned in Florida in 1989. Moving a tortoise can lead to harmful consequences to the environment from which it came, because the tortoise is often not returned to the same place where it was found. Also, as tortoise racing involves several tortoises in close proximity to one another, diseases can easily spread from one tortoise to another. If an infected captive tortoise is then returned to the environment, other tortoises may be infected. 668:, are known for their digging ability. Gopher tortoises spend most of their time in long burrows (up to 80% of their time). On average, these burrows are 15 feet (4.6 m) long and 6.5 feet (2.0 m) deep, but can extend up to 48 feet (15 m) in length and 9.8 feet (3.0 m) deep. The length and depth of the burrow vary with the depth of sand and depth of the water table. In these burrows, the tortoises are protected from summer heat, winter cold, 548: 77: 4020: 712: 929:). Several species associated with gopher tortoise burrows are listed as endangered, threatened, or species of special concern by the US Fish and Wildlife Service. Therefore, conservation efforts focused on the gopher tortoise aid these species as well. The largest threats to gopher tortoises are habitat destruction, habitat degradation, and human predation. 523:(bottom shell). A gular projection is evident on the anterior plastron where the head projects from the shell. Sexual dimorphism is evident, with the male gopher tortoise having a concave plastron, while that of the female is flat. In addition, the gular projection of a male plastron is generally longer than that of a female. Straight 1071:, a one-meter rise in ocean levels would occur only after the passage of several centuries. As the sea level rises, it will move storms closer to land and affect both coastal and marine environments. Species may move inland as less land is accessible. This can increase the spread of diseases or disrupt food cycles and reproduction. 656:, eaten more commonly by females before and after nesting time. Juvenile tortoises tend to eat more legumes, which are higher in protein, and fewer grasses and tough, fibrous plants than mature tortoises. As gopher tortoises usually get water from the food they eat, they usually only drink standing water in times of extreme drought. 1224:

relatively long-lived tree for this region of the world, with individual trees often persisting for several centuries. Conserving these forests would provide the natural habitats gopher tortoises need. The geographic range of the gopher tortoise once encompassed much of the longleaf pine forests of the southeastern United States.

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Anthropogenic activity appears to not only result in habitat loss but also habitat fragmentation. Turtles and tortoises are strongly impacted by railways, which can act as barriers to movement. Radio telemetry data show that gopher tortoises cross railways significantly less frequently than expected.

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If Florida's population doubles, 7,000,000 acres (11,000 sq mi; 28,000 km) of land, which is the size of Vermont, could be developed. 3,000,000 acres (4,700 sq mi; 12,000 km) of agricultural lands and 2,700,000 acres (4,200 sq mi; 11,000 km) of unused land

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The gopher tortoise reaches maturity at approximately 10–15 years of age, when their shells are around 9 inches (23 cm) long. Male tortoises reach adulthood at approximately 9–12 years of age, and females take up to 10–21 years to reach maturity. Maturation time may vary based on local resource

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Ninety percent of clutches may be destroyed by predators such as armadillos, raccoons, foxes, skunks, and alligators before the eggs hatch, and less than 6% of eggs are expected to grow into tortoises that live one year or more after hatching. As the tortoises age, they have fewer natural predators.

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Gopher tortoises are sensitive to the stability or quality of the environment that they live in. There have many anthropogenic disturbances to gopher tortoise habitat, such as fire regimes to maintain healthy ecosystems, meaning this may disrupt potential vegetation that is essential to their diet.

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issued a warning to residents and visitors to the state not to paint the shell of a gopher tortoise, as the paint can hinder their ability to absorb vitamins they need from the sun, cause respiratory problems, allow toxic chemicals into the bloodstream, and other harmful effects. The commission has

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savannas, where the tortoises are the primary grazers, playing an essential role in their ecosystem. Except during breeding season, gopher tortoises are solitary animals, inhabiting a small home range. Within their range they dig several burrows. On average, each gopher tortoise needs about 4 acres

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for URTD antibodies were less likely to die over that time than seronegative tortoises. However, the habitats of more seropositive populations had more remains of dead tortoises. The investigators offered the explanation that seropositive tortoises had survived an initial infection, then developed

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In 1987, human urbanization and various human activities in Mississippi, Louisiana, and Alabama caused dramatic declines in the tortoise population, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service listed them as "endangered". Even though the population declined in Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina, they

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states the gopher tortoise provides temporary or permanent refuge for as many as 350 to 400 species, whether the gopher tortoise is present or not. The burrows are used for feeding, resting, reproduction, and protection from temperature extremes, moisture loss, and predators. These species include

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were built to prevent gopher tortoise mortality from traffic. These fences, made from heavy gauge wire for durability, are three feet high and are buried one foot below the surface. The fences have "turnarounds" at either end, which are angled fences that redirect tortoises back into the area from

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length of adults usually ranges from 6 to 11 in (15 to 28 cm), with a maximum of 16 in (41 cm). The carapace is at least twice as long as it is high. Body mass averages 4 kg (8.8 lb), with a range of 2–6 kg (4.4–13.2 lb). They are the only extant species of

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In the past, approximately 83,955 gopher tortoises were incidentally taken (destroyed) and 137,759 acres of gopher tortoise habitat was permitted for development in Florida as developers could acquire Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission Incidental Take Permits to build in the gopher

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Head-start and release programs have been shown to be effective methods of combating gopher tortoise population decline. At the Yuchi Wildlife Management Area in Burke County, Georgia, during 2014 and 2015 145 tortoises were released and tracked. Survivorship was variable throughout the study but

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in particular is required for the maintenance of the gopher tortoise, conservation efforts are needed to maintain this endangered ecosystem. The longleaf pine ecosystem provides extreme conditions such as "nutrient" deprived soil and "sandy sites" for gopher's habitation. The longleaf pine is a

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Gopher tortoises reach sexual maturity between 15–20 years of age, depending on what region the species chooses to populate. Sexual reproduction involves courtship rituals. During the mating season females only produce 1 clutch annually between April and November, females lay about 1–25 eggs and

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Successful reforestation efforts have been made. According to the Environmental Defense Fund's website, environmentalists and private land owners are working together to maintain the wildlife habitat while maintaining crops productivity. Groups provide assistance to private landowners to ensure

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and irregular and intense hurricane patterns. An increase in storm intensity can lead to the ultimate destruction of these coastal habitats and therefore the species that occupy them, or at the very least misplacement into other unsuitable habitats. Many of these habitats are located on Florida

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in Melbourne, Florida, current estimates of human predation and road mortality alone are at levels that could offset any annual addition to the population, and sightings of gopher tortoises have become rare in many areas, and the ones sighted are much smaller than in the past. A number of other

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The gopher tortoise does not usually occupy very large home ranges, they are normally less than 2 hectares in size. The species is also known to move short distances when foraging and seem to stay within 100 meters or less. However, when on the hunt for a new foraging site, gopher tortoises may

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Conversion of gopher tortoise habitat to urban areas, croplands, and pasture, along with adverse forest management practices, has drastically reduced the historic range of the gopher tortoise. The taking of gopher tortoises for sale or use as food or pets has also had a serious effect on some

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is warranted, however, it is precluded from doing so at this time due to higher priority actions and a lack of sufficient funds to commence proposed rule development. In the interim period of time the USFWS will place the eastern population of the tortoise on its candidate species list until

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to occur. Extreme periods of rainfall and drought will cause fewer lands to become available. There will also be an increase or decrease in water availability. One meter rise in sea level leads to loss of 20% of existing conservation lands and 30% of the natural habitats. However, based on

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scavengers and opportunistic grazers. Thus, their diets contains over 300 species of plants, with the dominant plants within their environment likely making up the bulk of their diet. They consume a very wide range of plants, but mainly eat broad-leaved grass, regular grass,

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Egg predation rates are unchanged regardless of whether nests are close to or remain far from burrows. Additionally, a denser soil composition may affect hatchlings' ability to emerge due to the hatchlings' apparent inability to dig themselves out of the nest.

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It has been suggested that gopher tortoises, more than other tortoise species, exhibit social behavior. While primarily solitary creatures, gopher tortoises live in well-defined colonies which are similar to those of highly social animals such as the

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The gopher tortoise is a terrestrial reptile that possesses forefeet that are well adapted for burrowing, and elephantine hind feet. These features are common to most tortoises. The front legs have scales to protect the tortoise while burrowing.

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Over its range in the southeast, there are still four large core areas that provide the opportunity to protect large areas of tortoise habitat, as well the biological diversity of the coastal plain. They are (from west to east)

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Rhodin, Anders G. J.; Stanford, Craig B.; Dijk, Peter Paul Van; Eisemberg, Carla; Luiselli, Luca; Mittermeier, Russell A.; Hudson, Rick; Horne, Brian D.; Goode, Eric V.; Kuchling, Gerald; Walde, Andrew (18 December 2018).

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Tuberville, Tracey D.; Clark, Erin E.; Buhlmann, Kurt A.; Gibbons, J. Whitfield (November 2005). "Translocation as a conservation tool: site fidelity and movement of repatriated gopher tortoises (Gopherus polyphemus)".

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will be developed. This will cause more competition for water resources between animals and humans. The low reproductive rate of the tortoise makes it more vulnerable to declines in longleaf ecosystem and extinction.

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as a "Vulnerable" species; however, it has not been assessed for the purposes of this list since 1996. In July 2011, the USFWS determined that listing the eastern population of the tortoise as Threatened under the

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site fidelity remained high. Since tortoises were staying in the same area after release it could be a viable method of population recovery. Release strategy and predator mitigation are essential to its success.

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that disrupt gopher tortoise's habitat and kill tortoise eggs, can be controlled. Prescribed fire is one method to provide sufficient ground for the tortoise and its eggs to survive and maintain biodiversity.

986:. The third type of permit allows for temporary relocation of tortoises while major utility lines are installed. In the third case, the tortoises are returned to their habitat after construction is complete. 2094:

McGuire, Jessica L.; Smith, Lora L.; Guyer, Craig; Yabsley, Michael J. (1 October 2014). "Effects of Mycoplasmal Upper-Respiratory-Tract Disease on Movement and Thermoregulatory Behavior of Gopher Tortoises

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in Halifax for 75 years as of 2018 and is believed to have hatched between 1920 and 1925. Additionally, there are journalistic reports of a specimen in North Texas with a verified age of 75–78 years old.

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is increasing as southern states continue to experience human population growth, and expand on highway road construction. The southeast has had a 20% increase in human population between 1990 and 2000.

999:. Far less is known about these tortoises' role and niche within these coastal environments. However, this also means that they are threatened by human activity causing these tortoises to be subject to 449:. Habitat degradation is the primary reason that the gopher tortoise is listed as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List, but they are considered threatened in some states while they are endangered in others. 953:

populations. The seriousness of the loss of adult tortoises is magnified by the length of time required for tortoises to reach maturity and their low reproductive rate. According to the website of the

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is known to exist in tortoises without showing obvious symptoms. Little is known about why some tortoises test positive and live for years, while others become seriously ill and die. The antibiotic

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sufficient funding is available to initiate a proposed listing rule. In 2018, the IUCN Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group recommended a re-assessment and re-classification of all six

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Although long-term studies indicate URTDs can cause population declines in desert tortoise populations 10–15 years after initial infection, studies of such length have not been performed on

1156:. Symptoms of URTDs include serous, mucoid, or purulent discharge from the nares, excessive tearing to purulent ocular discharge, conjunctivitis, and edema of the eyelids and ocular glands. 2690:

Quinn, Daniel P.; Buhlmann, Kurt A.; Jensen, John B.; Norton, Terry M.; Tuberville, Tracey D. (September 2018). "Post-release movement and survivorship of head-started gopher tortoises".

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in the List of Threatened Wildlife. In October 2022, the USFWS announced that the species overall and its eastern distinct population segment (DPS) did not warrant listing at that time.

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Gopher tortoises can live more than 40 years. One current specimen, Gus (age 101—the oldest known living gopher tortoise—as of 2024), has been living continuously in captivity at the

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Volk, Michael; Hoctor, Thomas; Nettles, Belinda; Hilsenbeck, Richard; Putz, Francis (2017-11-29). "Florida Land Use and Land Cover Change in the Past 100 Years".

672:, and predators, and a variety of activities happen within the burrow and its apron such as courting and basking in the sun. The burrows are especially common in 37: 4912: 4906: 4864: 796:

Rivers in Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana. On November 9, 2009, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service proposed rulemaking to include the eastern population of

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Palmer, B. D.; Guillette, L. J. (November 1988). "Histology and functional morphology of the female reproductive tract of the tortoise Gopherus polyphemus".

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Rautsaw, Rhett M.; Martin, Scott A.; Vincent, Bridget A.; Lanctot, Katelyn; Bolt, M. Rebecca; Seigel, Richard A.; Parkinson, Christopher L. (1 March 2018).

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Climate Change and Sea-Level Rise in Florida: An Update of "The Effects of Climate Change on Florida's Ocean & Coastal Resources" [2009 Report]

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Rautsaw, Rhett M.; Martin, Scott A.; Lanctot, Katelyn; Vincent, Bridget A.; Bolt, M. Rebecca; Seigel, Richard A.; Parkinson, Christopher L. (June 2018).

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poses another challenge for the gopher tortoise through alteration of habitat, but they are adapting by way of natural selection. According to the

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Crosby, Francy L.; Wellehan, James F. X.; Pertierra, Liliet; Wendland, Lori D.; Lundgren, Anna M.; Barbet, Anthony F.; Brown, Mary B. (May 2021).

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Gopher tortoises have been kept as pets, preventing them from reproducing in their local populations. Captured gopher tortoises could be raced in

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Tortoises are subjected to predation by other animals, including by humans. People have eaten gopher tortoises for thousands of years. During the

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Gopher tortoises are known to contract upper respiratory tract diseases (URTDs) caused by various microorganisms, including the bacterium

1120:. Restoring the natural causal factors of fire, especially, and flooding would also assist in restoring the plant and animal communities. 2033: 703:

abundance and latitude. Gopher tortoises prefer to live solitary lifestyles, burrowing alone and only breaking this during mating season

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which they come. As of 2003, no roadside gopher tortoise deaths had been reported along Route 63 since the construction of the fences.

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Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière des Reptiles; ouvrage faisant suite à l'Histoire générale et particulière, composée par

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Guyer C, Johnson VM, Hermann SM (2012). "Effects of Population Density on Patterns of Movement and Behavior of Gopher Tortoises (

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There was a study that found that 14 out of 35 Florida gopher tortoises tested positive for a bacteria called, provisionally, "

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through human development, (2) habitat loss through poor supervision, (3) human desire to use it as a pet or eat it as meat (

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Turtles of the World 2017 Update: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status

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turtles of the world 2017 update: Annotated checklist and atlas of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution, and conservation status

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McRae, W. Alan; Landers, J. Larry; Garner, James A. (July 1981). "Movement Patterns and Home Range of the Gopher Tortoise".

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disease in surviving individuals. Further studies are needed to more fully understand the effects of URTD on this species.

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also have been known to prey on hatchlings. A 1980 report indicated clutch and hatchling losses often approach 90 percent.

46: 7539: 3874: 3029: 7183: 4993: 3200:"Stopped Dead in Their Tracks: The Impact of Railways on Gopher Tortoise ( Gopherus polyphemus ) Movement and Behavior" 1923:"On the Road Again: Assessing the Use of Roadsides as Wildlife Corridors for Gopher Tortoises ( Gopherus polyphemus )" 1112:

in Florida. These areas offer an opportunity to restore forest stands and land areas containing populations of native

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This article is about a single species of tortoise. For related species that are also called gopher tortoises, see

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Additionally, gopher tortoise burrows may benefit plant life by exposing mineral soil favorable for germination.

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Shubin, Andrey V.; Demidyuk, Ilya V.; Komissarov, Alexey A.; Rafieva, Lola M.; Kostrov, Sergey V. (2016-06-17).

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M.B. Brown; G.S. McLaughlin; P.A. Klein; B.C. Crenshaw; I.M. Schumacher; D.R. Brown; E.R. Jacobson (July 1999).

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Gopher tortoises may mate from February through September, with a peak throughout May and June. Females may lay

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Keddy, P.A. (2009). "Thinking big: A conservation vision for the Southeastern coastal plain of North America".

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Diemer, Joan E. (1986). "The Ecology and Management of the Gopher Tortoise in the Southeastern United States".

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Tuberville, Tracey D.; Todd, Brian D.; Hermann, Sharon M.; Michener, William K.; Guyer, Craig (2014-08-26).

1687: 7035: 3805: 1853:"Multiscale Burrow Site Selection of Gopher Tortoises ( Gopherus polyphemus ) in Coastal Sand Dune Habitat" 1833:. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory 1105: 7544: 7369: 7276: 7271: 7194: 5717: 5101: 4815: 4680: 4332: 2151: 302: 2854: 1621: 5450: 4670: 4276: 3914: 1537: 1016:

Now protected in most locales, the gopher tortoise was once eaten widely in the southern United States.

434: 7322: 3603:, School of Forest Resources and Conservation at the University of Florida and Florida 4-H Foundation. 3336:

GS McLaughlin; ER Jacobson; DR Brown; CE McKenna; IM Schumacher; HP Adams; MB Brown; PA Klein (2000).

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tortoises in Florida from 2003 to 2006, returned the unexpected observation that tortoises which were

4685: 4093: 3654:, Environmental Defense Fund – Finding the Ways That Work. Environmental Defense Fund, May 14, 2006. 3247:

Wendland, Lori; Harold Balbach; Mary Brown; Joan Diemer Berish; Ramon Littell; Melissa Clark (2009).

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Peterson Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Fourth Edition

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Though most research has been conducted on upland habitats for gopher tortoises, they also inhabit

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of 3–14 eggs, depending on body size, in a sandy mound very close to the entrance of their burrow.

7413: 3749: 3437:"Upper respiratory tract disease, force of infection, and effects on survival of gopher tortoises" 3388: 249: 6952: 4965: 4515: 2152:"Nesting and Hatchling Ecology of Gopher Tortoises (Gopherus polyphemus) in Southern Mississippi" 1220: 1097: 1089: 996: 495: 7465: 3665:"Pine Ecosystem Conservation Handbook for the Gopher Tortoise: A Guide for Family Forest Owners" 1434: 1287: 7361: 7211: 6924: 5724: 5682: 5322: 4322: 4260: 4195: 4189: 4161: 4155: 4149: 4124: 4054: 3615:"Patterns of Movement and Burrow Use in a Population of Gopher Tortoises (Gopherus Polyphemus)" 1068: 810: 1653: 7460: 5668: 5170: 4975: 4960: 4769: 4757: 4726: 4642: 4472: 4405: 4312: 4292: 4085: 3907: 2306: 2073: 1117: 1055: 975: 971: 233: 7452: 7263: 4240: 4235: 1715: 1058:

and increase stress to gopher tortoises and other native animals. Warmer temperatures cause

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Popp, J. N.; Boyle, S. P. (2017-03-01). "Railway ecology: Underrepresented in science?".

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are so named because of some species' habit of digging large, deep burrows like those of

446: 66: 3727: 3452: 3163: 3067: 2703: 2383:. Vol. 74, no. 215. National Archives and Records Administration. 2009-11-09. 1388: 6302: 6267: 6134: 5873: 4787: 4751: 4731: 4637: 4531: 4250: 3731: 3570: 3537: 3367: 3229: 3114: 2793: 2535: 2492: 2411: 2373: 2343: 2132: 1984: 1408: 1356: 1189: 940: 864: 860:), (4) relocation causing population disruption, and (5) disease caused by relocation. 258: 113: 81: 3435:

Ozgul, Arpat; Madan K. Oli; Benjamin M. Bolker; Carolina Perez-Heydrich (April 2009).

2424:"Eastern Population of Gopher Tortoise Eligible for Endangered Species Act Protection" 7519: 7447: 7284: 6845: 5828: 5780: 5771: 5654: 5231: 4792: 4619: 4614: 4382: 4271: 4117: 4112: 3851: 3843: 3831: 3817: 3809: 3787: 3696: 3689: 3634: 3575: 3557: 3518: 3510: 3466: 3359: 3318: 3313: 3284: 3221: 3175: 3079: 2940: 2893: 2836:

Landers, J.L. (1980). "Recent Research on the Gopher Tortoise and Its Implications".

2785: 2715: 2589:"Gus turns 100: Halifax museum to celebrate beloved tortoise's birthday this weekend" 2484: 2214: 2206: 2171: 2124: 2116: 1942: 1872: 1659: 1505: 1400: 1059: 585: 367: 3735: 3304: 3233: 3118: 2496: 1360: 1264: 441:

because it digs burrows that provide shelter for at least 360 other animal species.

7473: 7289: 6637: 6025: 6000: 5961: 5909: 5640: 5185: 4838: 4708: 4400: 4280: 4036: 3723: 3626: 3565: 3549: 3500: 3456: 3371: 3349: 3308: 3300: 3211: 3167: 3106: 3071: 2930: 2885: 2707: 2476: 2461: 2408: 2335: 2198: 2163: 2136: 2108: 1934: 1868: 1864: 1586: 1412: 1392: 1346: 1282: 1185: 1109: 1051: 1021: 889: 561: 551:

Carapaces of hatchlings are yellow, but they take on a darker color as they mature.

438: 427: 379: 345: 50: 3246: 2236: 1578: 1556: 7434: 7085: 6733: 6462: 6430: 6067: 5976: 5752: 5338: 4952: 4820: 4500: 4495: 4296: 3886: 3671: 3600: 3505: 3488: 1971: 1590: 1565: 1544: 1262: 1063: 1012: 793: 589: 272: 7491: 3282: 2935: 2914: 6980: 6970: 6867: 6717: 6557: 6259: 6204: 5946: 5881: 5421: 5412: 5381: 5289: 5178: 5092: 4807: 4587: 4520: 4179: 3354: 3337: 3171: 2269: 1043: 1032: 1000: 945: 569: 392: 314: 3553: 1396: 7508: 7395: 7234: 7160: 7043: 6943: 6932: 6903: 6817: 6701: 6685: 6645: 6579: 6489: 6454: 6398: 6382: 6366: 6340: 6328: 6312: 6290: 6282: 6089: 5800: 5633: 5494: 5441: 5389: 4797: 4700: 4046: 3979: 3775: 3638: 3561: 3514: 3338:"Pathology of upper respiratory tract disease of gopher tortoises in Florida" 3225: 3179: 3083: 2944: 2789: 2719: 2488: 2210: 2175: 2120: 1946: 1876: 1404: 1273: 1153: 967: 922: 918: 805: 739: 673: 467: 463: 190: 86: 58: 3613:

Eubanks, Jeannine Ott; Michener, William K.; Guyer, Craig (September 2003).

7374: 7095: 7020: 6996: 6513: 6390: 6374: 6350: 6251: 6196: 6120: 6036: 6010: 5924: 5835: 5814: 5738: 5703: 5513: 5479: 5346: 5262: 5208: 4830: 4742: 4421: 4135: 3985: 3579: 3522: 3470: 3363: 3322: 2913:

Blonder, Barbara I.; Liedtke, Kyra J.; Stephens, Sloane E. (January 2021).

2202: 2128: 1922: 1309: 1208: 1199:

Anaplasma testudinis". These tortoises came into the animal hospitals with

1161: 1149: 1081: 850: 789: 772: 613: 430: 3891: 3335: 2889: 2218: 1080:

were not yet listed as threatened at the time. However, in recent years,

7439: 7408: 7343: 7243: 7073: 7028: 6874: 6859: 6781: 6773: 6765: 6741: 6621: 6605: 6589: 6505: 6497: 6446: 6422: 6414: 6406: 6274: 6226: 6149: 6074: 5939: 5895: 5821: 5807: 5759: 5616: 5534: 5472: 5465: 5458: 5373: 5315: 5307: 5224: 5216: 5163: 5153: 4779: 4629: 4171: 4104: 3253:): Health Evaluation Procedures for Use by Land Managers and Researchers" 3110: 1895: 1351: 1334: 954: 898: 823: 756: 628: 602: 280: 7299: 3593: 2462:"Global Conservation Status of Turtles and Tortoises (Order Testudines)" 2112: 7335: 7152: 7065: 7051: 7012: 6789: 6709: 6677: 6661: 6629: 6567: 6540: 6521: 6438: 6243: 6163: 6156: 6104: 6081: 5991: 5858: 5590: 5397: 5330: 5247: 5239: 5142: 5133: 4464: 4392: 4028: 3973: 3967: 2797: 2711: 2480: 2347: 2291:. Animal Answer Guides. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. 1180: 1143: 1113: 849:

describes five main threats to the tortoise population, which are: (1)

608: 593: 573: 547: 503: 180: 3614: 3461: 3436: 3413:. University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine. Archived from 3216: 3199: 3047: 1457:"15.03861. Official state tortoise. History.—s. 2, ch. 2008–34 (hist)" 7348: 7144: 7004: 6988: 6917: 6881: 6831: 6824: 6749: 6725: 6669: 6613: 6320: 6112: 6060: 6018: 5731: 5689: 5597: 5583: 5569: 5562: 5555: 5548: 5520: 5365: 5193: 3630: 3285:"Upper Respiratory Tract Disease in the Gopher Tortoise Is Caused by 3075: 622: 556: 130: 7205: 2339: 1774:"Longleaf and Gopher Tortoises: An Odd Pair Supporting a Full House" 1651: 584:

needles are also eaten. They also eat mushrooms, and fruits such as

7228: 6959: 6888: 6808: 6797: 6693: 6358: 6235: 6127: 5969: 5954: 5916: 5865: 5791: 5696: 5675: 5661: 5647: 5503: 5430: 5299: 5278: 5270: 5052: 4849: 4718: 4487: 4374: 4005: 3949: 3930: 3879: 3695:(2nd ed.). Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. 3592:

University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences,

3135:. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. Archived from 2037: 1938: 1655:

The longleaf pine ecosystem: ecology, silviculture, and restoration

1235: 963: 669: 600:

berries. In addition, gopher tortoises eat flowers from the genera

530: 524: 520: 459: 454: 423: 210: 200: 150: 20: 3899: 3020: 2354: 1960: 7103: 6852: 6757: 6653: 6597: 6177: 6170: 6052: 5902: 5888: 5745: 5710: 5625: 5527: 5067: 5058: 4657: 4606: 3961: 3955: 3403: 1691: 959: 641: 597: 475: 419: 160: 54: 7312: 6838: 6481: 5073: 5046: 5034: 3943: 3535: 3486: 1200: 728: 724: 649: 637: 577: 565: 491: 170: 140: 3258:. Construction Engineering Research Laboratory. Archived from 1652:

Jose, Shibu; Eric Jon Jokela; Deborah L. Miller (2007-06-08).

1373: 1258: 1256: 7486: 6045: 5112: 5003: 3052:) from three study sites with different management histories" 3045: 2650:. US Department of Transportation. 2003-04-25. Archived from 2305:

Ward, Alie (host); Hipps, Amanda (guest) (29 January 2019).

1088:

One of the most suitable habitats for gopher tortoise is the

906: 788:

as "Threatened" wherever the tortoises are found west of the

653: 633: 632:. A very small portion of the tortoises' diet is composed of 103: 97: 3428: 2673:"Wildlife officials: Seriously, stop painting turtle shells" 2293:

The Animal Answer Guides: Q&A for the Curious Naturalist

1504:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. 1482: 519:

is dark brown to gray-black in overall color, with a yellow

5541: 3197: 2879: 2458: 2168:

10.1670/0022-1511(2003)037[0315:naheog]2.0.co;2

1920: 1253: 645: 581: 3840:

Reptiles of North America: A Guide to Field Identification

1263:

Tortoise & Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group (1996).

2689: 1987:. Nova Scotia Museum of Natural History. 14 February 2013 3786:. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman and Company. xi + 378 pp. 3768:, new species, pp. 256–259). (in French and Latin). 2731: 2729: 2093: 2034:"How a $ 5 roadside tortoise turned into a Halifax icon" 1500:

Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011).

3048:"Survival, demography, and growth of gopher tortoises ( 958:

species also prey upon gopher tortoises, including the

845:

The Conservation Clinic at the University of Florida's

3828:, p. 230 + Plate 19 + Figure 205 on p. 459). 3538:"Cytoplasmic vacuolization in cell death and survival" 2912: 2230: 2228: 2150:

Epperson, Deborah M.; Heise, Colleen D. (April 2003).

1710: 1708: 1332: 3762:, membre des plusieurs sociétés savantes. Tome Second 2882:

Florida's Climate: Changes, Variations, & Impacts

2857:. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. 2726: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2609: 452:

The gopher tortoise is a representative of the genus

3612: 1685: 1184:

chronic disease. This evidence may imply a possible

837:

Gus, the oldest known gopher tortoise, lives at the

664:

Gopher tortoises, like other tortoises of the genus

3709: 3391:. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission 2416: 2360: 2225: 1705: 1681: 1679: 1677: 1675: 1624:. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission 1449: 962:, which is the primary egg and hatchling predator, 876:also stated that it is illegal to do so otherwise. 4002: 3887:Enchanted Forest Nature Sanctuary: Gopher tortoise 3688: 3687:Shearer, Benjamin F.; Shearer, Barbara S. (1994). 2606: 2325: 2286: 2748:Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission 2648:"Fence with an "angle" protects gopher tortoises" 2262: 1716:"Gopherus polyphemus ((Florida) Gopher Tortoise)" 1427:"Florida legislation that passed and that failed" 1048:Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission 984:Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission 894:Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission 873:Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission 7506: 2287:Gibbons, W.; Greene, J. & Hagen, C. (2009). 1672: 3021:Florida Oceans and Coastal Council (Dec 2010). 2632:. Duke University School of Law. Archived from 2587:Almeida, Ana; MacIsaac, Alex (11 August 2022). 2586: 2188: 1733: 1731: 1419: 1214: 3686: 2838:Proc. 1st. Ann. MTG., Gopher Tortoise Council. 1898:. Environmental Defense Fund. 17 August 2007. 1488: 7182:Phylogenetic arrangement of turtles based on 5420: 5019: 4992:Phylogenetic arrangement of turtles based on 3915: 2835: 2149: 1851:Lau, Anthony; Dodd, C. Kenneth (2015-03-05). 3240: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2058: 1728: 706: 3383: 3381: 3276: 3096: 2829: 2563:"Gus the Halifamous tortoise is turning 97" 2008:"Gus the Halifamous tortoise is turning 97" 1820: 1818: 1816: 1814: 1812: 1810: 1808: 1806: 1804: 1647: 1645: 1643: 1641: 1639: 1288:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T9403A12983629.en 1207:. With this bacteria present, it can cause 989: 6225: 5152: 5091: 5026: 5012: 3922: 3908: 3784:Introduction to Herpetology, Third Edition 2804: 1686:Puckett, Catherine; Richard Franz (2001). 1164:has been used to treat bacterial URTDs in 75: 36: 3569: 3504: 3460: 3353: 3329: 3312: 3215: 3149: 2934: 2245:The Indian River Lagoon Species Inventory 2055: 1765: 1690:. Gopher Tortoise Council. Archived from 1350: 1326: 1286: 822:from Vulnerable (VU) to Endangered (EN). 818:species This reclassification would move 3663:DeBerry, Drue and Pashley, David (2004) 3389:"Upper Respiratory Tract Disease (URTD)" 3378: 2737:"Gopher Tortoise Permitting Guidelines: 2268: 1801: 1636: 1616: 1614: 1612: 1610: 1608: 1606: 1127: 1024:, the gopher tortoise was known as the " 1011: 939: 832: 771: 762: 710: 568:. However, other plant parts, including 546: 7530:Fauna of the Southeastern United States 2951: 2630:Duke Environmental Law and Policy Forum 2031: 1850: 1688:"Gopher Tortoise: A Species in Decline" 1579:"Gopherus polyphemus (gopher tortoise)" 7507: 4455:Saddle-backed Rodrigues giant tortoise 4449:Saddle-backed Mauritius giant tortoise 3896:Blog of the Digital Library of Georgia 3691:State names, seals, flags, and symbols 2985: 2861:from the original on 19 September 2009 2849: 2847: 2775: 2623: 2560: 2005: 1890: 1888: 1886: 1831:Fire Effects Information System (FEIS) 1771: 1568:. Sms.si.edu. Retrieved on 2013-10-21. 1335:"Checklist of Chelonians of the World" 1168:. However, there is no cure for URTD. 863:In Mississippi, along State Route 63, 776:Bleached shell of dead gopher tortoise 7210: 7209: 5100: 5007: 3903: 3482: 3480: 3193: 3191: 3189: 2915:"Changes in coastal Gopher Tortoise ( 2540:Nova Scotia Museum of Natural History 2454: 2452: 1824: 1603: 1524: 1522: 935: 839:Nova Scotia Museum of Natural History 696:Nova Scotia Museum of Natural History 534:found east of the Mississippi River. 502:, refers to the cave-dwelling giant, 2957: 2757:from the original on 3 February 2010 2234: 1748:Western Connecticut State University 1302: 856: 47:Lake June in Winter Scrub State Park 3929: 3728:10.1655/HERPMONOGRAPHS-D-10-00004.1 3411:"Antimicrobial Therapy in Reptiles" 2855:"FWC – Permits: Protected Wildlife" 2844: 2814:. Brevard Zoo. 2009. Archived from 1883: 1470:from the original on March 15, 2012 1274:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 883: 437:. The gopher tortoise is seen as a 13: 3842:. New York: Golden Press. 240 pp. 3743: 3477: 3186: 3056:The Journal of Wildlife Management 2692:The Journal of Wildlife Management 2561:Walton, Victoria (3 August 2019). 2469:Chelonian Conservation and Biology 2449: 2274:Turtles and Tortoises of the World 1902:from the original on 4 August 2009 1519: 1464:2010 Florida statutes (chapter 15) 1007: 749: 14: 7556: 3866: 2997:Box turtles in Southeast Missouri 2361:Guyer, Johnson & Hermann 2012 1502:The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles 1333:Fritz, Uwe; Havaš, Peter (2007). 1188:effect on mortality, followed by 1038: 7515:IUCN Red List vulnerable species 4018: 1737: 888:Gopher tortoises are known as a 117: 7535:Symbols of Georgia (U.S. state) 7128: 6548: 3657: 3645: 3606: 3586: 3529: 3305:10.1128/JCM.37.7.2262-2269.1999 3143: 3125: 3090: 3039: 3014: 2923:Global Ecology and Conservation 2906: 2873: 2812:"Paws on Play: Gopher Tortoise" 2769: 2683: 2665: 2640: 2580: 2554: 2528: 2503: 2438:from the original on 2012-03-17 2401: 2390:from the original on 2012-11-11 2366: 2319: 2298: 2280: 2251:from the original on 2016-10-10 2182: 2143: 2087: 2044:from the original on 2018-03-21 2025: 2014:from the original on 2019-08-13 2006:Walton, Victoria (2019-08-03). 1999: 1977: 1953: 1914: 1844: 1790:from the original on 2010-08-05 1772:Powers, John S. (Spring 2009). 1754:from the original on 2009-11-21 1571: 1550: 1531: 1074: 767: 445:is threatened by predation and 433:. The species is native to the 5033: 4437:Domed Rodrigues giant tortoise 4431:Domed Mauritius giant tortoise 4303:Santiago Island giant tortoise 3249:"Handbook on Gopher Tortoise ( 3133:"Wildlife 2060 – Habitat Loss" 2247:. Smithsonian Marine Station. 1869:10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-12-00201.1 1827:"SPECIES: Gopherus polyphemus" 1658:. Springer. pp. 174–175. 1494: 1367: 1219:Since the preservation of the 782:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 509: 387:Gopherus polyphemus polyphemus 1: 7525:Reptiles of the United States 4256:Chatham Island giant tortoise 3764:. Paris: F. Dufart. 432 pp. ( 3674:, American Forest Foundation. 3493:Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases 2884:. Florida Climate Institute. 1466:. Florida State Legislature. 1433:. May 4, 2008. Archived from 1242: 466:. The gopher tortoise is the 4323:Volcán Darwin giant tortoise 4318:Volcán Alcedo giant tortoise 4308:Pinzón Island giant tortoise 3506:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101672 3342:Journal of Wildlife Diseases 2958:Holt, Eric B. (2009-07-20). 2276:. New York: Blandford Press. 2101:Journal of Wildlife Diseases 2070:"Gopher tortoise fact sheet" 1591:10.1079/cabicompendium.81634 1215:Longleaf forest conservation 1175:. One study, which observed 1106:Apalachicola National Forest 826:considers the species to be 689: 659: 481: 7: 7195:List of Testudines families 4816:Flat-backed spider tortoise 4691:Speke's hinge-back tortoise 4681:Lobatse hinge-back tortoise 4506:Goode's thornscrub tortoise 4333:Western Santa Cruz tortoise 4313:Sierra Negra giant tortoise 4261:Eastern Santa Cruz tortoise 2936:10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01437 2624:Hudson, Blake (Fall 2007). 2328:American Midland Naturalist 2191:American Journal of Anatomy 2032:Thomson, Aly (2018-03-19). 1857:Journal of Coastal Research 1781:Alabama's TREASURED Forests 1136: 680: 537: 10: 7561: 7540:Reptiles described in 1802 4676:Home's hinge-back tortoise 4671:Forest hinge-back tortoise 4666:Bell's hinge-back tortoise 4328:Volcán Wolf giant tortoise 4277:Hood Island giant tortoise 4266:Fernandina Island tortoise 4016: 3355:10.7589/0090-3558-36.2.272 3172:10.1016/j.baae.2016.11.006 2511:"NatureServe Explorer 2.0" 1489:Shearer & Shearer 1994 474:and the state tortoise of 458:, which contains the only 435:southeastern United States 18: 7218: 7178: 7135: 7121: 7083: 6969: 6942: 6807: 6577: 6555: 6539: 6472: 6338: 6300: 6218: 6187: 6035: 5999: 5990: 5790: 5769: 5615: 5502: 5493: 5440: 5411: 5356: 5288: 5141: 5132: 5110: 5109: 5082: 5041: 4990: 4951: 4847: 4829: 4806: 4778: 4740: 4717: 4699: 4686:Natal hinge-back tortoise 4656: 4628: 4605: 4585: 4529: 4486: 4463: 4419: 4391: 4373: 4341: 4251:Cerro Azul giant tortoise 4234: 4170: 4134: 4103: 4094:Aldabrachelys grandidieri 4045: 4027: 4001: 3994: 3938: 3716:Herpetological Monographs 3670:February 1, 2015, at the 3554:10.18632/oncotarget.10150 3152:Basic and Applied Ecology 2315:(audio podcast). Ologies. 2308:Testudinology (tortoises) 1564:October 10, 2016, at the 1538:Wildlife as Canon sees it 1397:10.1017/S1367943005002398 1377:Animal Conservation Forum 1205:cytoplasmic vacuolization 707:Breeding and reproduction 677:(16,000 m) to live. 264: 257: 239: 232: 114:Scientific classification 112: 95: 73: 64: 44: 35: 30: 4597:Hesperotestudo percrassa 4353:Cheirogaster bacharidisi 4287:Santa Fe Island tortoise 4272:Floreana Island tortoise 4226:Chelonoidis sombrerensis 4144:African spurred tortoise 3028:(Report). Archived from 2515:explorer.natureserve.org 990:Natural Disaster Threats 780:Since July 7, 1987, the 4516:Sonoran Desert tortoise 3599:April 10, 2013, at the 3441:Ecological Applications 3099:Southeastern Naturalist 2235:Hill, K. (2001-10-23). 1974:, Encyclopedia of Life. 1970:April 26, 2011, at the 1221:longleaf pine ecosystem 1098:De Soto National Forest 1090:longleaf pine ecosystem 542: 506:, of Greek mythology. 486:Tortoises of the genus 4443:Réunion giant tortoise 4365:Cheirogaster schafferi 4359:Cheirogaster gymnesica 4196:Chelonoidis alburyorum 4190:Yellow-footed tortoise 4162:Centrochelys vulcanica 4156:Centrochelys burchardi 4150:Centrochelys atlantica 4125:Astrochelys rogerbouri 4055:Aldabra giant tortoise 2428:Greenberg Traurig, LLP 2203:10.1002/aja.1001830303 2156:Journal of Herpetology 1927:Journal of Herpetology 1543:March 6, 2016, at the 1116:animals threatened by 1069:current sea level rise 1017: 976:Red imported fire ants 972:nine-banded armadillos 949: 905:), several species of 871:On July 27, 2016, the 842: 811:Endangered Species Act 777: 731: 686:travel up to 2 miles. 552: 7461:Paleobiology Database 4976:Spur-thighed tortoise 4913:Stylemys nebrascensis 4907:Stylemys karakolensis 4865:Stylemys calaverensis 4770:Megalochelys sondaari 4758:Megalochelys cautleyi 4727:Asian forest tortoise 4473:Burmese star tortoise 4293:Pinta Island tortoise 4086:Aldabrachelys abrupta 3287:Mycoplasma agassizii 2890:10.17125/fci2017.ch02 1959:Parham, James (2010) 1825:Innes, Robin (2009). 1528:Powell et al. (2016). 1128:Habitat fragmentation 1118:habitat fragmentation 1056:habitat fragmentation 1015: 943: 836: 775: 763:Conservation concerns 722: 555:Gopher tortoises are 550: 4966:Kleinmann's tortoise 4925:Stylemys oregonensis 4871:Stylemys canetotiana 4565:Hadrianus schucherti 4547:Hadrianus majusculus 4478:Indian star tortoise 4220:Chelonoidis sellovii 4214:Chelonoidis monensis 4202:Chelonoidis cubensis 3880:The Reptile Database 3652:"Why Private Lands?" 3111:10.1656/058.008.0202 2968:Empire of the Turtle 2962:Gopherus polyphemus 2636:on January 27, 2012. 2239:Gopherus polyphemus 2099:) in Georgia, USA". 1742:Gopherus polyphemus 1721:Animal Diversity Web 1431:St. Petersburg Times 1352:10.3897/vz.57.e30895 1310:"Appendices | CITES" 1281:: e.T9403A12983629. 1102:Eglin Air Force Base 997:sand dune ecosystems 974:, dogs, and snakes. 911:eastern indigo snake 847:Levin College of Law 362:Xerobates polyphemus 7264:Gopherus_polyphemus 7250:Gopherus polyphemus 7220:Gopherus polyphemus 4971:Marginated tortoise 4901:Stylemys frizaciana 4764:Megalochelys margae 4648:Travancore tortoise 4571:Hadrianus utahensis 4553:Hadrianus octonaria 4241:Chelonoidis complex 4185:Red-footed tortoise 3893:Gopherus polyphemus 3875:Gopherus polyphemus 3860:Gopherus polyphemus 3826:Gopherus polyphemus 3796:Gopherus polyphemus 3712:Gopherus Polyphemus 3594:"Forest Ecosystems" 3548:(34): 55863–55889. 3453:2009EcoAp..19..786O 3251:Gopherus polyphemus 3164:2017BApEc..19...84P 3068:2014JWMan..78.1151T 3050:Gopherus polyphemus 2993:"Box Turtle Racing" 2917:Gopherus polyphemus 2739:Gopherus polyphemus 2704:2018JWMan..82.1545Q 2432:National Law Review 2113:10.7589/2013-11-306 2097:Gopherus Polyphemus 2010:. HalifaxToday.ca. 1963:Gopherus Polyphemus 1558:Gopherus polyphemus 1437:on October 14, 2012 1389:2005AnCon...8..349T 1267:Gopherus polyphemus 1231:Imperata cylindrica 798:Gopherus polyphemus 786:Gopherus polyphemus 784:(USFWS) has listed 447:habitat destruction 415:Gopherus polyphemus 375:Gopherus praecedens 328:Gopherus polyphemus 268:Testudo polyphaemus 243:Gopherus polyphemus 67:Conservation status 45:Gopher tortoise at 7545:Symbols of Florida 6303:Nanhsiungchelyidae 6268:Macrocephalochelys 4982:Testudo brevitesta 4961:Hermann's tortoise 4937:Stylemys uintensis 4919:Stylemys neglectus 4883:Stylemys conspecta 4788:Geometric tortoise 4752:Megalochelys atlas 4732:Impressed tortoise 4643:Forsten's tortoise 4638:Elongated tortoise 4559:Hadrianus robustus 4236:Galápagos tortoise 4208:Chelonoidis lutzae 3862:, pp. 62–63). 3766:Testudo polyphemus 2712:10.1002/jwmg.21493 2481:10.2744/CCB-1348.1 1514:Gopherus polphemus 1339:Vertebrate Zoology 1177:G. polyphemus 1173:G. polyphemus 1166:G. polyphemus 1018: 950: 936:Habitat conversion 927:Athene cunicularia 915:Drymarchon couperi 843: 820:G. polyphemus 802:G. polyphemus 778: 732: 564:, and terrestrial 553: 517:G. polyphemus 443:G. polyphemus 288:Testudo polyphemus 225:G. polyphemus 16:Species of reptile 7502: 7501: 7448:Open Tree of Life 7212:Taxon identifiers 7203: 7202: 7174: 7173: 7170: 7169: 7117: 7116: 7113: 7112: 6535: 6534: 6531: 6530: 6214: 6213: 5986: 5985: 5489: 5488: 5407: 5406: 5128: 5127: 5124: 5123: 5120: 5119: 5001: 5000: 4996:. Key: †=extinct. 4943:Stylemys undabuna 4793:Serrated tortoise 4577:Hadrianus vialovi 4541:Hadrianus corsoni 4411:Speckled padloper 4383:Angulate tortoise 4118:Radiated tortoise 4113:Angonoka tortoise 4014: 4013: 3822:978-0-544-12997-9 3758:, et rédigée par 3756:Leclerc de Buffon 3702:978-0-313-28862-3 3462:10.1890/08-0219.1 3217:10.1643/CE-17-635 3035:on July 21, 2011. 2818:on April 14, 2009 1896:"Gopher tortoise" 1694:on August 5, 2011 1665:978-0-387-29655-5 1622:"Gopher Tortoise" 1510:978-1-4214-0135-5 1158:M. agassizii 1060:sea level to rise 865:chain link fences 720: 406: 405: 107: 90: 7552: 7495: 7494: 7482: 7481: 7469: 7468: 7456: 7455: 7443: 7442: 7430: 7429: 7417: 7416: 7404: 7403: 7391: 7390: 7378: 7377: 7365: 7364: 7352: 7351: 7339: 7338: 7326: 7325: 7316: 7315: 7303: 7302: 7293: 7292: 7280: 7279: 7267: 7266: 7254: 7253: 7252: 7239: 7238: 7237: 7207: 7206: 7133: 7132: 7126: 7125: 6638:Chupacabrachelys 6553: 6552: 6546: 6545: 6223: 6222: 6001:Carettochelyidae 5997: 5996: 5500: 5499: 5418: 5417: 5150: 5149: 5139: 5138: 5107: 5106: 5098: 5097: 5089: 5088: 5028: 5021: 5014: 5005: 5004: 4895:Stylemys emiliae 4839:Leopard tortoise 4709:Pancake tortoise 4620:Greater padloper 4037:Russian tortoise 4022: 4021: 3999: 3998: 3924: 3917: 3910: 3901: 3900: 3739: 3706: 3694: 3675: 3661: 3655: 3649: 3643: 3642: 3631:10.1655/01-105.1 3610: 3604: 3590: 3584: 3583: 3573: 3533: 3527: 3526: 3508: 3484: 3475: 3474: 3464: 3432: 3426: 3425: 3423: 3422: 3407: 3401: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3385: 3376: 3375: 3357: 3333: 3327: 3326: 3316: 3299:(7): 2262–2269. 3293:J Clin Microbiol 3280: 3274: 3273: 3271: 3270: 3265:on July 22, 2011 3264: 3257: 3244: 3238: 3237: 3219: 3195: 3184: 3183: 3147: 3141: 3140: 3129: 3123: 3122: 3094: 3088: 3087: 3076:10.1002/jwmg.773 3062:(7): 1151–1160. 3043: 3037: 3036: 3034: 3027: 3018: 3012: 3011: 3009: 3008: 2999:. Archived from 2989: 2983: 2982: 2980: 2979: 2970:. Archived from 2955: 2949: 2948: 2938: 2910: 2904: 2903: 2877: 2871: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2851: 2842: 2841: 2833: 2827: 2826: 2824: 2823: 2808: 2802: 2801: 2773: 2767: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2756: 2745: 2733: 2724: 2723: 2698:(7): 1545–1554. 2687: 2681: 2680: 2669: 2663: 2662: 2660: 2659: 2644: 2638: 2637: 2621: 2604: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2584: 2578: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2558: 2552: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2532: 2526: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2507: 2501: 2500: 2466: 2456: 2447: 2446: 2444: 2443: 2420: 2414: 2405: 2399: 2398: 2396: 2395: 2389: 2381:Federal Register 2378: 2374:"50 CFR Part 17" 2370: 2364: 2358: 2352: 2351: 2323: 2317: 2316: 2302: 2296: 2295: 2284: 2278: 2277: 2266: 2260: 2259: 2257: 2256: 2232: 2223: 2222: 2186: 2180: 2179: 2147: 2141: 2140: 2091: 2085: 2084: 2082: 2081: 2066: 2053: 2052: 2050: 2049: 2029: 2023: 2022: 2020: 2019: 2003: 1997: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1981: 1975: 1957: 1951: 1950: 1918: 1912: 1911: 1909: 1907: 1892: 1881: 1880: 1848: 1842: 1841: 1839: 1838: 1822: 1799: 1798: 1796: 1795: 1789: 1778: 1769: 1763: 1762: 1760: 1759: 1735: 1726: 1725: 1712: 1703: 1702: 1700: 1699: 1683: 1670: 1669: 1649: 1634: 1633: 1631: 1629: 1618: 1601: 1600: 1598: 1597: 1575: 1569: 1554: 1548: 1535: 1529: 1526: 1517: 1498: 1492: 1486: 1480: 1479: 1477: 1475: 1461: 1453: 1447: 1446: 1444: 1442: 1423: 1417: 1416: 1371: 1365: 1364: 1354: 1330: 1324: 1323: 1321: 1320: 1306: 1300: 1299: 1297: 1295: 1290: 1260: 1110:Okefenokee Swamp 1052:Invasive species 1022:Great Depression 890:keystone species 884:Keystone species 721: 439:keystone species 400: 383: 371: 358: 353:Xerobates gopher 349: 337: 324: 321:Guérin-Méneville 310:Testudo depressa 306: 293: 276: 245: 122: 121: 101: 84: 79: 78: 51:Highlands County 40: 31:Gopher tortoise 28: 27: 7560: 7559: 7555: 7554: 7553: 7551: 7550: 7549: 7505: 7504: 7503: 7498: 7490: 7485: 7477: 7472: 7464: 7459: 7451: 7446: 7438: 7435:Observation.org 7433: 7425: 7420: 7412: 7407: 7399: 7394: 7386: 7381: 7373: 7368: 7360: 7355: 7347: 7342: 7334: 7329: 7321: 7319: 7311: 7306: 7298: 7296: 7288: 7283: 7275: 7270: 7262: 7257: 7248: 7247: 7242: 7233: 7232: 7227: 7214: 7204: 7199: 7166: 7109: 7086:Sahonachelyidae 7079: 6965: 6938: 6803: 6734:Phosphatochelys 6573: 6527: 6468: 6463:Terlinguachelys 6431:Pneumatoarthrus 6334: 6296: 6210: 6183: 6031: 5982: 5786: 5765: 5753:Siebenrockiella 5611: 5485: 5436: 5403: 5352: 5339:Mesodermochelys 5284: 5145: 5116: 5078: 5037: 5032: 5002: 4997: 4986: 4947: 4931:Stylemys pygmea 4843: 4825: 4821:Spider tortoise 4802: 4774: 4736: 4713: 4695: 4652: 4624: 4615:Common padloper 4601: 4581: 4525: 4511:Gopher tortoise 4501:Desert tortoise 4496:Bolson tortoise 4482: 4459: 4415: 4387: 4369: 4337: 4297:Lonesome George 4230: 4166: 4130: 4099: 4077:A. g. hololissa 4041: 4023: 4019: 4010: 4003:Species of the 3990: 3934: 3928: 3869: 3798:, p. 155). 3746: 3744:Further reading 3703: 3678: 3672:Wayback Machine 3662: 3658: 3650: 3646: 3611: 3607: 3601:Wayback Machine 3591: 3587: 3534: 3530: 3485: 3478: 3433: 3429: 3420: 3418: 3417:on June 4, 2010 3409: 3408: 3404: 3394: 3392: 3387: 3386: 3379: 3334: 3330: 3281: 3277: 3268: 3266: 3262: 3255: 3245: 3241: 3196: 3187: 3148: 3144: 3131: 3130: 3126: 3095: 3091: 3044: 3040: 3032: 3025: 3019: 3015: 3006: 3004: 2991: 2990: 2986: 2977: 2975: 2956: 2952: 2911: 2907: 2900: 2878: 2874: 2864: 2862: 2853: 2852: 2845: 2834: 2830: 2821: 2819: 2810: 2809: 2805: 2774: 2770: 2760: 2758: 2754: 2743: 2735: 2734: 2727: 2688: 2684: 2671: 2670: 2666: 2657: 2655: 2646: 2645: 2641: 2622: 2607: 2597: 2595: 2585: 2581: 2571: 2569: 2559: 2555: 2545: 2543: 2534: 2533: 2529: 2519: 2517: 2509: 2508: 2504: 2464: 2457: 2450: 2441: 2439: 2422: 2421: 2417: 2406: 2402: 2393: 2391: 2387: 2376: 2372: 2371: 2367: 2359: 2355: 2340:10.2307/2425146 2324: 2320: 2304: 2303: 2299: 2285: 2281: 2270:Alderton, David 2267: 2263: 2254: 2252: 2237:"Species Name: 2233: 2226: 2187: 2183: 2148: 2144: 2092: 2088: 2079: 2077: 2068: 2067: 2056: 2047: 2045: 2030: 2026: 2017: 2015: 2004: 2000: 1990: 1988: 1983: 1982: 1978: 1972:Wayback Machine 1958: 1954: 1919: 1915: 1905: 1903: 1894: 1893: 1884: 1849: 1845: 1836: 1834: 1823: 1802: 1793: 1791: 1787: 1776: 1770: 1766: 1757: 1755: 1736: 1729: 1714: 1713: 1706: 1697: 1695: 1684: 1673: 1666: 1650: 1637: 1627: 1625: 1620: 1619: 1604: 1595: 1593: 1583:CABI Compendium 1577: 1576: 1572: 1566:Wayback Machine 1555: 1551: 1545:Wayback Machine 1536: 1532: 1527: 1520: 1499: 1495: 1487: 1483: 1473: 1471: 1459: 1455: 1454: 1450: 1440: 1438: 1425: 1424: 1420: 1372: 1368: 1331: 1327: 1318: 1316: 1308: 1307: 1303: 1293: 1291: 1261: 1254: 1245: 1217: 1139: 1130: 1077: 1064:extreme weather 1041: 1010: 1008:Human predation 992: 938: 886: 857:human predation 841:. (August 2019) 804:appears on the 770: 765: 752: 750:Social behavior 711: 709: 692: 683: 662: 545: 540: 512: 484: 410:gopher tortoise 390: 389: 378: 377: 365: 364: 356: 355: 344: 343: 331: 330: 313: 312: 300: 299: 297:Emys polyphemus 291: 290: 277: 271: 270: 253: 247: 241: 228: 116: 108: 91: 80: 76: 69: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7558: 7548: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7500: 7499: 7497: 7496: 7483: 7470: 7457: 7444: 7431: 7418: 7405: 7392: 7379: 7366: 7353: 7340: 7327: 7317: 7304: 7294: 7281: 7268: 7255: 7240: 7224: 7222: 7216: 7215: 7201: 7200: 7198: 7197: 7190: 7189: 7188:. † = extinct. 7179: 7176: 7175: 7172: 7171: 7168: 7167: 7165: 7164: 7156: 7148: 7139: 7137: 7130: 7123: 7119: 7118: 7115: 7114: 7111: 7110: 7108: 7107: 7099: 7090: 7088: 7081: 7080: 7078: 7077: 7069: 7062: 7055: 7047: 7039: 7032: 7024: 7016: 7008: 7000: 6992: 6984: 6981:Albertwoodemys 6975: 6973: 6971:Podocnemididae 6967: 6966: 6964: 6963: 6956: 6948: 6946: 6940: 6939: 6937: 6936: 6928: 6921: 6914: 6907: 6899: 6892: 6885: 6878: 6871: 6868:Lomalatachelys 6863: 6856: 6849: 6842: 6835: 6828: 6821: 6813: 6811: 6805: 6804: 6802: 6801: 6793: 6785: 6777: 6769: 6761: 6753: 6745: 6737: 6729: 6721: 6718:Labrostochelys 6713: 6705: 6697: 6689: 6681: 6673: 6665: 6657: 6649: 6641: 6633: 6625: 6617: 6609: 6601: 6593: 6584: 6582: 6575: 6574: 6572: 6571: 6562: 6560: 6558:Araripemydidae 6550: 6543: 6537: 6536: 6533: 6532: 6529: 6528: 6526: 6525: 6517: 6509: 6501: 6493: 6485: 6476: 6474: 6470: 6469: 6467: 6466: 6458: 6450: 6442: 6434: 6426: 6418: 6410: 6402: 6394: 6386: 6378: 6370: 6362: 6354: 6345: 6343: 6336: 6335: 6333: 6332: 6324: 6316: 6307: 6305: 6298: 6297: 6295: 6294: 6286: 6278: 6271: 6263: 6260:Emarginachelys 6255: 6247: 6239: 6231: 6229: 6220: 6216: 6215: 6212: 6211: 6209: 6208: 6205:Sinaspideretes 6200: 6191: 6189: 6185: 6184: 6182: 6181: 6174: 6167: 6160: 6153: 6145: 6138: 6131: 6124: 6116: 6108: 6100: 6093: 6085: 6078: 6071: 6064: 6056: 6049: 6041: 6039: 6033: 6032: 6030: 6029: 6022: 6014: 6005: 6003: 5994: 5988: 5987: 5984: 5983: 5981: 5980: 5973: 5965: 5958: 5950: 5943: 5936: 5928: 5920: 5913: 5906: 5899: 5892: 5885: 5882:Hesperotestudo 5877: 5869: 5862: 5855: 5847: 5839: 5832: 5825: 5818: 5811: 5804: 5796: 5794: 5788: 5787: 5785: 5784: 5776: 5774: 5772:Platysternidae 5767: 5766: 5764: 5763: 5756: 5749: 5742: 5735: 5728: 5721: 5714: 5707: 5700: 5693: 5686: 5679: 5672: 5665: 5658: 5651: 5644: 5637: 5629: 5621: 5619: 5613: 5612: 5610: 5609: 5601: 5594: 5587: 5580: 5573: 5566: 5559: 5552: 5545: 5538: 5531: 5524: 5517: 5508: 5506: 5497: 5491: 5490: 5487: 5486: 5484: 5483: 5476: 5469: 5462: 5454: 5446: 5444: 5438: 5437: 5435: 5434: 5426: 5424: 5422:Dermatemydidae 5415: 5413:Kinosternoidea 5409: 5408: 5405: 5404: 5402: 5401: 5393: 5385: 5382:Procolpochelys 5377: 5369: 5360: 5358: 5354: 5353: 5351: 5350: 5342: 5334: 5326: 5319: 5311: 5303: 5294: 5292: 5290:Dermochelyidae 5286: 5285: 5283: 5282: 5274: 5266: 5258: 5251: 5243: 5235: 5228: 5220: 5212: 5204: 5197: 5189: 5182: 5179:Carolinochelys 5174: 5167: 5158: 5156: 5147: 5136: 5130: 5129: 5126: 5125: 5122: 5121: 5118: 5117: 5104: 5095: 5086: 5080: 5079: 5077: 5076: 5070: 5061: 5055: 5049: 5042: 5039: 5038: 5031: 5030: 5023: 5016: 5008: 4999: 4998: 4991: 4988: 4987: 4985: 4984: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4957: 4955: 4949: 4948: 4946: 4945: 4939: 4933: 4927: 4921: 4915: 4909: 4903: 4897: 4891: 4889:Stylemys copei 4885: 4879: 4877:Stylemys capax 4873: 4867: 4861: 4859:Stylemys botti 4854: 4852: 4845: 4844: 4842: 4841: 4835: 4833: 4827: 4826: 4824: 4823: 4818: 4812: 4810: 4804: 4803: 4801: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4784: 4782: 4776: 4775: 4773: 4772: 4766: 4760: 4754: 4747: 4745: 4738: 4737: 4735: 4734: 4729: 4723: 4721: 4715: 4714: 4712: 4711: 4705: 4703: 4697: 4696: 4694: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4662: 4660: 4654: 4653: 4651: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4634: 4632: 4626: 4625: 4623: 4622: 4617: 4611: 4609: 4603: 4602: 4600: 4599: 4592: 4590: 4588:Hesperotestudo 4583: 4582: 4580: 4579: 4573: 4567: 4561: 4555: 4549: 4543: 4536: 4534: 4527: 4526: 4524: 4523: 4521:Texas tortoise 4518: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4492: 4490: 4484: 4483: 4481: 4480: 4475: 4469: 4467: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4457: 4451: 4445: 4439: 4433: 4426: 4424: 4417: 4416: 4414: 4413: 4408: 4406:Karoo padloper 4403: 4397: 4395: 4389: 4388: 4386: 4385: 4379: 4377: 4371: 4370: 4368: 4367: 4361: 4355: 4348: 4346: 4339: 4338: 4336: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4289: 4284: 4274: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4247: 4245: 4244: 4243: 4232: 4231: 4229: 4228: 4222: 4216: 4210: 4204: 4198: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4180:Chaco tortoise 4176: 4174: 4168: 4167: 4165: 4164: 4158: 4152: 4146: 4140: 4138: 4132: 4131: 4129: 4128: 4120: 4115: 4109: 4107: 4101: 4100: 4098: 4097: 4089: 4081: 4073: 4070:A. g. daudinii 4065: 4058: 4051: 4049: 4043: 4042: 4040: 4039: 4033: 4031: 4025: 4024: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4011: 3996: 3992: 3991: 3989: 3988: 3982: 3976: 3970: 3964: 3958: 3952: 3946: 3939: 3936: 3935: 3927: 3926: 3919: 3912: 3904: 3898: 3897: 3889: 3883: 3882: 3868: 3867:External links 3865: 3864: 3863: 3858:(hardcover). 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April 2009. 2725: 2682: 2664: 2639: 2605: 2579: 2553: 2527: 2502: 2475:(2): 135–161. 2448: 2415: 2400: 2365: 2363:, p. 122. 2353: 2318: 2297: 2279: 2261: 2224: 2197:(3): 200–211. 2181: 2162:(2): 315–324. 2142: 2107:(4): 745–756. 2086: 2054: 2024: 1998: 1976: 1952: 1939:10.1670/17-013 1933:(2): 136–144. 1913: 1882: 1843: 1800: 1764: 1727: 1704: 1671: 1664: 1635: 1602: 1585:. 2022-01-07. 1570: 1549: 1530: 1518: 1493: 1491:, p. 314. 1481: 1448: 1418: 1383:(4): 349–358. 1366: 1345:(2): 281–282. 1325: 1301: 1251: 1250: 1249: 1244: 1241: 1216: 1213: 1154:herpes viruses 1138: 1135: 1129: 1126: 1076: 1073: 1044:Climate change 1040: 1039:Climate change 1037: 1033:tortoise races 1026:Hoover Chicken 1009: 1006: 1001:sea level rise 991: 988: 968:striped skunks 946:Sanibel Island 937: 934: 923:burrowing owls 909:, such as the 885: 882: 769: 766: 764: 761: 751: 748: 708: 705: 691: 688: 682: 679: 661: 658: 544: 541: 539: 536: 511: 508: 483: 480: 404: 403: 402: 401: 384: 372: 359: 350: 341:Testudo gopher 338: 325: 307: 294: 285: 262: 261: 255: 254: 248: 237: 236: 230: 229: 222: 220: 216: 215: 208: 204: 203: 198: 194: 193: 188: 184: 183: 178: 174: 173: 168: 164: 163: 158: 154: 153: 148: 144: 143: 138: 134: 133: 128: 124: 123: 110: 109: 96: 93: 92: 74: 71: 70: 65: 62: 61: 42: 41: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7557: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7512: 7510: 7493: 7488: 7484: 7480: 7475: 7471: 7467: 7462: 7458: 7454: 7449: 7445: 7441: 7436: 7432: 7428: 7423: 7419: 7415: 7410: 7406: 7402: 7397: 7393: 7389: 7384: 7380: 7376: 7371: 7367: 7363: 7358: 7354: 7350: 7345: 7341: 7337: 7332: 7328: 7324: 7318: 7314: 7309: 7305: 7301: 7295: 7291: 7286: 7282: 7278: 7273: 7269: 7265: 7260: 7256: 7251: 7245: 7241: 7236: 7230: 7226: 7225: 7223: 7221: 7217: 7213: 7208: 7196: 7192: 7191: 7187: 7186: 7181: 7180: 7177: 7163: 7162: 7161:Tacuarembemys 7157: 7155: 7154: 7149: 7147: 7146: 7141: 7140: 7138: 7134: 7131: 7127: 7124: 7120: 7106: 7105: 7100: 7098: 7097: 7096:Sahonachelys 7092: 7091: 7089: 7087: 7082: 7076: 7075: 7070: 7068: 7067: 7063: 7061: 7060: 7059:Peltocephalus 7056: 7054: 7053: 7048: 7046: 7045: 7044:Lapparentemys 7040: 7038: 7037: 7033: 7031: 7030: 7025: 7023: 7022: 7017: 7015: 7014: 7009: 7007: 7006: 7001: 6999: 6998: 6993: 6991: 6990: 6985: 6983: 6982: 6977: 6976: 6974: 6972: 6968: 6962: 6961: 6957: 6955: 6954: 6950: 6949: 6947: 6945: 6944:Pelomedusidae 6941: 6935: 6934: 6933:Yaminuechelys 6929: 6927: 6926: 6922: 6920: 6919: 6915: 6913: 6912: 6908: 6906: 6905: 6904:Prochelidella 6900: 6898: 6897: 6893: 6891: 6890: 6886: 6884: 6883: 6879: 6877: 6876: 6872: 6870: 6869: 6864: 6862: 6861: 6857: 6855: 6854: 6850: 6848: 6847: 6843: 6841: 6840: 6836: 6834: 6833: 6829: 6827: 6826: 6822: 6820: 6819: 6818:Acanthochelys 6815: 6814: 6812: 6810: 6806: 6800: 6799: 6794: 6792: 6791: 6786: 6784: 6783: 6778: 6776: 6775: 6770: 6768: 6767: 6762: 6760: 6759: 6754: 6752: 6751: 6746: 6744: 6743: 6738: 6736: 6735: 6730: 6728: 6727: 6722: 6720: 6719: 6714: 6712: 6711: 6706: 6704: 6703: 6702:Kinkonychelys 6698: 6696: 6695: 6690: 6688: 6687: 6686:Itapecuruemys 6682: 6680: 6679: 6674: 6672: 6671: 6666: 6664: 6663: 6658: 6656: 6655: 6650: 6648: 6647: 6646:Eotaphrosphys 6642: 6640: 6639: 6634: 6632: 6631: 6626: 6624: 6623: 6618: 6616: 6615: 6610: 6608: 6607: 6602: 6600: 6599: 6594: 6592: 6591: 6586: 6585: 6583: 6581: 6580:Bothremydidae 6576: 6570: 6569: 6564: 6563: 6561: 6559: 6554: 6551: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6538: 6524: 6523: 6518: 6516: 6515: 6510: 6508: 6507: 6502: 6500: 6499: 6494: 6492: 6491: 6490:Argillochelys 6486: 6484: 6483: 6478: 6477: 6475: 6471: 6465: 6464: 6459: 6457: 6456: 6455:Santanachelys 6451: 6449: 6448: 6443: 6441: 6440: 6435: 6433: 6432: 6427: 6425: 6424: 6419: 6417: 6416: 6411: 6409: 6408: 6403: 6401: 6400: 6399:Desmatochelys 6395: 6393: 6392: 6387: 6385: 6384: 6383:Calcarichelys 6379: 6377: 6376: 6371: 6369: 6368: 6367:Atlantochelys 6363: 6361: 6360: 6355: 6353: 6352: 6347: 6346: 6344: 6342: 6341:Protostegidae 6337: 6331: 6330: 6329:Jiangxichelys 6325: 6323: 6322: 6317: 6315: 6314: 6313:Anomalochelys 6309: 6308: 6306: 6304: 6299: 6293: 6292: 6291:Protochelydra 6287: 6285: 6284: 6283:Planiplastron 6279: 6277: 6276: 6272: 6270: 6269: 6264: 6262: 6261: 6256: 6254: 6253: 6248: 6246: 6245: 6240: 6238: 6237: 6233: 6232: 6230: 6228: 6224: 6221: 6217: 6207: 6206: 6201: 6199: 6198: 6193: 6192: 6190: 6186: 6180: 6179: 6175: 6173: 6172: 6168: 6166: 6165: 6161: 6159: 6158: 6154: 6152: 6151: 6146: 6144: 6143: 6139: 6137: 6136: 6132: 6130: 6129: 6125: 6123: 6122: 6117: 6115: 6114: 6109: 6107: 6106: 6101: 6099: 6098: 6094: 6092: 6091: 6090:Drazinderetes 6086: 6084: 6083: 6079: 6077: 6076: 6072: 6070: 6069: 6065: 6063: 6062: 6057: 6055: 6054: 6050: 6048: 6047: 6043: 6042: 6040: 6038: 6034: 6028: 6027: 6026:Carettochelys 6023: 6021: 6020: 6015: 6013: 6012: 6007: 6006: 6004: 6002: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5989: 5979: 5978: 5974: 5972: 5971: 5966: 5964: 5963: 5959: 5957: 5956: 5951: 5949: 5948: 5944: 5942: 5941: 5937: 5935: 5934: 5929: 5927: 5926: 5921: 5919: 5918: 5914: 5912: 5911: 5910:Malacochersus 5907: 5905: 5904: 5900: 5898: 5897: 5893: 5891: 5890: 5886: 5884: 5883: 5878: 5876: 5875: 5870: 5868: 5867: 5863: 5861: 5860: 5856: 5854: 5853: 5848: 5846: 5845: 5840: 5838: 5837: 5833: 5831: 5830: 5826: 5824: 5823: 5819: 5817: 5816: 5812: 5810: 5809: 5805: 5803: 5802: 5801:Aldabrachelys 5798: 5797: 5795: 5793: 5789: 5783: 5782: 5778: 5777: 5775: 5773: 5768: 5762: 5761: 5757: 5755: 5754: 5750: 5748: 5747: 5743: 5741: 5740: 5736: 5734: 5733: 5729: 5727: 5726: 5722: 5720: 5719: 5715: 5713: 5712: 5708: 5706: 5705: 5701: 5699: 5698: 5694: 5692: 5691: 5687: 5685: 5684: 5683:Leucocephalon 5680: 5678: 5677: 5673: 5671: 5670: 5666: 5664: 5663: 5659: 5657: 5656: 5652: 5650: 5649: 5645: 5643: 5642: 5638: 5636: 5635: 5634:Banhxeochelys 5630: 5628: 5627: 5623: 5622: 5620: 5618: 5614: 5608: 5607: 5602: 5600: 5599: 5595: 5593: 5592: 5588: 5586: 5585: 5581: 5579: 5578: 5574: 5572: 5571: 5567: 5565: 5564: 5560: 5558: 5557: 5553: 5551: 5550: 5546: 5544: 5543: 5539: 5537: 5536: 5532: 5530: 5529: 5525: 5523: 5522: 5518: 5516: 5515: 5510: 5509: 5507: 5505: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5495:Testudinoidea 5492: 5482: 5481: 5477: 5475: 5474: 5470: 5468: 5467: 5463: 5461: 5460: 5455: 5453: 5452: 5448: 5447: 5445: 5443: 5442:Kinosternidae 5439: 5433: 5432: 5428: 5427: 5425: 5423: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5410: 5400: 5399: 5394: 5392: 5391: 5390:Protosphargis 5386: 5384: 5383: 5378: 5376: 5375: 5370: 5368: 5367: 5362: 5361: 5359: 5355: 5349: 5348: 5343: 5341: 5340: 5335: 5333: 5332: 5327: 5325: 5324: 5320: 5318: 5317: 5312: 5310: 5309: 5304: 5302: 5301: 5296: 5295: 5293: 5291: 5287: 5281: 5280: 5275: 5273: 5272: 5267: 5265: 5264: 5259: 5257: 5256: 5252: 5250: 5249: 5244: 5242: 5241: 5236: 5234: 5233: 5229: 5227: 5226: 5221: 5219: 5218: 5213: 5211: 5210: 5205: 5203: 5202: 5198: 5196: 5195: 5190: 5188: 5187: 5183: 5181: 5180: 5175: 5173: 5172: 5168: 5166: 5165: 5160: 5159: 5157: 5155: 5151: 5148: 5146:(Sea turtles) 5144: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5131: 5115: 5114: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5081: 5075: 5071: 5069: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5056: 5054: 5050: 5048: 5044: 5043: 5040: 5036: 5029: 5024: 5022: 5017: 5015: 5010: 5009: 5006: 4995: 4989: 4983: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4958: 4956: 4954: 4950: 4944: 4940: 4938: 4934: 4932: 4928: 4926: 4922: 4920: 4916: 4914: 4910: 4908: 4904: 4902: 4898: 4896: 4892: 4890: 4886: 4884: 4880: 4878: 4874: 4872: 4868: 4866: 4862: 4860: 4856: 4855: 4853: 4851: 4846: 4840: 4837: 4836: 4834: 4832: 4828: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4805: 4799: 4798:Tent tortoise 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4777: 4771: 4767: 4765: 4761: 4759: 4755: 4753: 4749: 4748: 4746: 4744: 4739: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4716: 4710: 4707: 4706: 4704: 4702: 4701:Malacochersus 4698: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4655: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4635: 4633: 4631: 4627: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4612: 4610: 4608: 4604: 4598: 4594: 4593: 4591: 4589: 4584: 4578: 4574: 4572: 4568: 4566: 4562: 4560: 4556: 4554: 4550: 4548: 4544: 4542: 4538: 4537: 4535: 4533: 4528: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4485: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4470: 4468: 4466: 4462: 4456: 4452: 4450: 4446: 4444: 4440: 4438: 4434: 4432: 4428: 4427: 4425: 4423: 4418: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4401:Nama padloper 4399: 4398: 4396: 4394: 4390: 4384: 4381: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4372: 4366: 4362: 4360: 4356: 4354: 4350: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4340: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4282: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4248: 4246: 4242: 4239: 4238: 4237: 4233: 4227: 4223: 4221: 4217: 4215: 4211: 4209: 4205: 4203: 4199: 4197: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4177: 4175: 4173: 4169: 4163: 4159: 4157: 4153: 4151: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4141: 4139: 4137: 4133: 4127: 4126: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4102: 4096: 4095: 4090: 4088: 4087: 4082: 4079: 4078: 4074: 4072: 4071: 4066: 4064: 4063: 4062:A. g. arnoldi 4059: 4056: 4053: 4052: 4050: 4048: 4047:Aldabrachelys 4044: 4038: 4035: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4026: 4008: 4007: 4000: 3997: 3993: 3987: 3983: 3981: 3980:Testudinoidea 3978:Superfamily: 3977: 3975: 3971: 3969: 3965: 3963: 3959: 3957: 3953: 3951: 3947: 3945: 3941: 3940: 3937: 3932: 3925: 3920: 3918: 3913: 3911: 3906: 3905: 3902: 3895: 3894: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3884: 3881: 3877: 3876: 3871: 3870: 3861: 3857: 3856:0-307-47009-1 3853: 3850:(paperback), 3849: 3848:0-307-13666-3 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3830: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3800: 3797: 3793: 3792:0-7167-0020-4 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3770: 3767: 3763: 3761: 3757: 3751: 3748: 3747: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3708: 3704: 3698: 3693: 3692: 3685: 3684: 3680: 3679: 3673: 3669: 3666: 3660: 3653: 3648: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3619:Herpetologica 3616: 3609: 3602: 3598: 3595: 3589: 3581: 3577: 3572: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3532: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3499:(3): 101672. 3498: 3494: 3490: 3483: 3481: 3472: 3468: 3463: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3447:(3): 786–98. 3446: 3442: 3438: 3431: 3416: 3412: 3406: 3390: 3384: 3382: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3332: 3324: 3320: 3315: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3288: 3279: 3261: 3254: 3252: 3243: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3218: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3194: 3192: 3190: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3146: 3138: 3134: 3128: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3093: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3051: 3042: 3031: 3024: 3017: 3003:on 2007-07-02 3002: 2998: 2994: 2988: 2974:on 2008-04-29 2973: 2969: 2965: 2963: 2954: 2946: 2942: 2937: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2918: 2909: 2901: 2899:9781979091046 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2876: 2860: 2856: 2850: 2848: 2839: 2832: 2817: 2813: 2807: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2778:Herpetologica 2772: 2753: 2749: 2742: 2740: 2732: 2730: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2686: 2678: 2674: 2668: 2654:on 2010-06-21 2653: 2649: 2643: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2594: 2590: 2583: 2568: 2567:Halifax Today 2564: 2557: 2541: 2537: 2531: 2516: 2512: 2506: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2463: 2455: 2453: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2419: 2413: 2410: 2404: 2386: 2382: 2375: 2369: 2362: 2357: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2322: 2314: 2310: 2309: 2301: 2294: 2290: 2283: 2275: 2271: 2265: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2240: 2231: 2229: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2185: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2146: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2090: 2076:on 2010-06-20 2075: 2071: 2065: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2028: 2013: 2009: 2002: 1986: 1980: 1973: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1956: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1917: 1901: 1897: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1847: 1832: 1828: 1821: 1819: 1817: 1815: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1805: 1786: 1782: 1775: 1768: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1743: 1738:Call, David. 1734: 1732: 1723: 1722: 1717: 1711: 1709: 1693: 1689: 1682: 1680: 1678: 1676: 1667: 1661: 1657: 1656: 1648: 1646: 1644: 1642: 1640: 1623: 1617: 1615: 1613: 1611: 1609: 1607: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1574: 1567: 1563: 1560: 1559: 1553: 1546: 1542: 1539: 1534: 1525: 1523: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1497: 1490: 1485: 1469: 1465: 1460:(scroll down) 1458: 1452: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1422: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1370: 1362: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1329: 1315: 1311: 1305: 1289: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1275: 1270: 1268: 1259: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1246: 1240: 1237: 1233: 1232: 1225: 1222: 1212: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1193: 1191: 1187: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1169: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1145: 1134: 1125: 1121: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1093: 1091: 1086: 1083: 1072: 1070: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1036: 1034: 1029: 1027: 1023: 1014: 1005: 1002: 998: 987: 985: 979: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 956: 947: 944:Road sign in 942: 933: 930: 928: 924: 920: 919:invertebrates 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 895: 891: 881: 877: 874: 869: 866: 861: 859: 858: 852: 848: 840: 835: 831: 829: 825: 821: 817: 812: 807: 806:IUCN Red List 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 774: 760: 758: 747: 743: 741: 736: 730: 726: 704: 700: 697: 687: 678: 675: 674:longleaf pine 671: 667: 657: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 630: 625: 624: 619: 615: 611: 610: 605: 604: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 558: 549: 535: 533: 532: 526: 522: 518: 507: 505: 501: 497: 496:specific name 493: 489: 479: 477: 473: 469: 468:state reptile 465: 464:North America 461: 457: 456: 450: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 429: 425: 421: 417: 416: 411: 398: 394: 388: 385: 381: 376: 373: 369: 363: 360: 354: 351: 347: 342: 339: 335: 329: 326: 322: 319: 316: 311: 308: 304: 298: 295: 289: 286: 284: 282: 274: 269: 266: 265: 263: 260: 256: 251: 246: 244: 238: 235: 234:Binomial name 231: 227: 226: 221: 218: 217: 214: 213: 209: 206: 205: 202: 199: 196: 195: 192: 191:Testudinoidea 189: 187:Superfamily: 186: 185: 182: 179: 176: 175: 172: 169: 166: 165: 162: 159: 156: 155: 152: 149: 146: 145: 142: 139: 136: 135: 132: 129: 126: 125: 120: 115: 111: 105: 99: 94: 88: 83: 72: 68: 63: 60: 56: 52: 48: 43: 39: 34: 29: 26: 22: 7219: 7184: 7159: 7151: 7143: 7102: 7094: 7072: 7064: 7057: 7050: 7042: 7036:Erymnochelys 7034: 7027: 7021:Cerrejonemys 7019: 7011: 7003: 6997:Brontochelys 6995: 6987: 6979: 6958: 6951: 6931: 6923: 6916: 6911:Pseudemydura 6909: 6902: 6894: 6887: 6880: 6873: 6866: 6858: 6851: 6844: 6837: 6830: 6823: 6816: 6796: 6788: 6780: 6772: 6764: 6756: 6748: 6740: 6732: 6724: 6716: 6708: 6700: 6692: 6684: 6676: 6668: 6660: 6652: 6644: 6636: 6628: 6620: 6612: 6604: 6596: 6588: 6566: 6520: 6514:Prionochelys 6512: 6504: 6496: 6488: 6480: 6461: 6453: 6445: 6437: 6429: 6421: 6413: 6405: 6397: 6391:Cratochelone 6389: 6381: 6375:Bouliachelys 6373: 6365: 6357: 6351:Alienochelys 6349: 6327: 6319: 6311: 6289: 6281: 6273: 6266: 6258: 6252:Chelydropsis 6250: 6242: 6234: 6203: 6197:Basilochelys 6195: 6176: 6169: 6162: 6155: 6148: 6140: 6133: 6126: 6121:Khunnuchelys 6119: 6111: 6103: 6095: 6088: 6080: 6073: 6066: 6059: 6051: 6044: 6037:Trionychidae 6024: 6017: 6011:Allaeochelys 6009: 5975: 5968: 5962:Stigmochelys 5960: 5953: 5945: 5938: 5931: 5925:Megalochelys 5923: 5915: 5908: 5901: 5894: 5887: 5880: 5872: 5864: 5857: 5850: 5842: 5836:Cylindraspis 5834: 5827: 5820: 5815:Centrochelys 5813: 5806: 5799: 5792:Testudinidae 5781:Platysternon 5779: 5760:Vijayachelys 5758: 5751: 5744: 5739:Rhinoclemmys 5737: 5730: 5723: 5716: 5709: 5704:Melanochelys 5702: 5695: 5688: 5681: 5674: 5667: 5660: 5653: 5646: 5639: 5632: 5624: 5604: 5596: 5589: 5582: 5575: 5568: 5561: 5554: 5547: 5540: 5533: 5526: 5519: 5514:Acherontemys 5512: 5480:Sternotherus 5478: 5471: 5464: 5457: 5449: 5429: 5396: 5388: 5380: 5372: 5364: 5347:Psephophorus 5345: 5337: 5329: 5321: 5314: 5306: 5298: 5277: 5269: 5263:Pacifichelys 5261: 5253: 5246: 5238: 5232:Lepidochelys 5230: 5223: 5215: 5209:Gigantatypus 5207: 5201:Eretmochelys 5199: 5192: 5184: 5177: 5169: 5162: 5143:Chelonioidea 5111: 5063: 4831:Stigmochelys 4743:Megalochelys 4510: 4422:Cylindraspis 4344:Cheirogaster 4136:Centrochelys 4123: 4092: 4084: 4075: 4068: 4060: 4057:(subspecies: 4004: 3986:Testudinidae 3892: 3873: 3859: 3839: 3836:Brodie ED Jr 3825: 3813: 3795: 3783: 3765: 3760:C.S. 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