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Groups across the country held road conventions and public demonstrations, published material on the benefits of good roads and endeavored to influence legislators on local, state and national levels. Support for candidates often became crucial factors in elections. The League not only advocated road
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is known as the "Father of Good Roads". Quoting from Earle's 1929 autobiography: "I often hear now-a-days, the automobile instigated good roads; that the automobile is the parent of good roads. Well, the truth is, the bicycle is the father of the good roads movement in this country." "The League
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and maintenance was supported by national and local governments. In its early years, the main goal of the movement was education for road building in rural areas between cities and to help rural populations gain the social and economic benefits enjoyed by cities where citizens benefited from
98:
magazine. In three years circulation reached one million. Early movement advocates enlisted the help of journalists, farmers, politicians and engineers in the project of improving the nation's roadways, but the movement took off when it was adopted by bicyclists.
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on July 11, 1916. In that year, the
Buffalo Steam Roller Company of Buffalo, New York, and the Kelly-Springfield Company of Springfield, Ohio, merged to form the Buffalo-Springfield Company, which became the leader in the American
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along the side of public highways." "The League fought for equal privileges with horse-drawn vehicles. All these battles were won and the bicyclist was accorded equal rights with other users of highways and streets."
43:. Advocates for improved roads turned local agitation into a national political movement. The goal was state and federal spending to improve rural roads. By 1910, automobile lobbies such as the
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of the mail, the Post Office had to determine which local roads were suitable and which were not. Farmers living on officially unusable roads now had motivation to get them upgraded.
400:
1222:
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1207:
550:
Wells, Christopher W. (Spring 2006). "The
Changing Nature of Country Roads: Farmers, Reformers, and the Shifting Uses of Rural Space, 1880-1905".
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began. By June 1894, "Many of the railway companies made concessions in transporting road materials ranging from half rates to free carriage."
160:. As the automobile was developed and gained momentum, organizations developed such cross-county projects as the coast-to-coast east–west
19:
157:
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Outside cities, roads were dirt or gravel; mud in the winter and dust in the summer. Travel was slow and expensive. Early organizers cited
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of bicycles and to protect their interests from legislative discrimination. The League quickly went national and in 1892 began publishing
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improvements for bicyclists, but pressed the idea to farmers and rural communities, publishing literature such as the famous pamphlet,
470:
Lee, Jason. "An
Economic Analysis of the Good Roads Movement" (Institute of Transportation Studies, U of California, Davis; 2012)
216:. Buffalo-Springfield enabled America to embark on a truly national highway construction campaign that continued into the 1920s.
24:
1170:
540:
82:
The Good Roads
Movement was officially founded in May 1880, when bicycle enthusiasts, riding clubs and manufacturers met in
111:
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and paved streets. Even more than traditional vehicles, the newly invented bicycles could benefit from good country roads.
1227:
960:
39:. The movement started as a coalition between farmers' organizations groups and bicyclists' organizations, such as the
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1212:
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At the turn of the twentieth century, interest in the bicycle began to wane in the face of increasing interest in
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became the first state to pass a law providing for a state to participate in road-building projects. In 1893, the
44:
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125:
352:
40:
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Lichtenstein, Alex. "Good roads and chain gangs in the progressive South: 'the negro convict is a slave.' "
208:
87:
35:
occurred in the United States between the late 1870s and the 1920s. It was the rural dimension of the
434:
Finkelstein, Alexander. "Colorado Honor
Convicts: Roads, Reform, and Region in the Progressive Era".
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Getting Out of the Mud: The
Alabama Good Roads Movement and Highway Administration, 1898–1928
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1012:"Hastening the Millennium: How the Builders of Good Roads Hope to Turn American into Arcady"
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lists the following state organizations as being affiliated with the Good Roads
Movement:
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initiated a systematic evaluation of existing highway systems. In that same year,
1182:
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Hugill, Peter J. "Good roads and the automobile in the United States 1880-1929".
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1080:"Transcontinental Trails: Their Development and What They Mean to this Country"
204:
196:
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173:
165:
129:
1201:
563:
219:
169:
91:
199:, urging that funds be appropriated for the goals of the Good Roads Movement
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224:
144:
1129:
465:
Dixie
Highway: Road Building and the Making of the Modern South, 1900-1930
213:
47:
joined the campaign, coordinated by the
National Good Roads Association.
481:
442:
389:
153:
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Advocacy efforts frequently focused on farmers' plight — Illinois, 1903
121:
187:
road sign on his transcontinental auto trip — Glendive, Montana, 1912
467:(2013). It linked Chicago to Florida and helped modernize the South.
384:
Wayne E. Fuller, "Good Roads and Rural Free
Delivery of Mail< "
1183:"A Maximum of Good Results: Martin Dodge and the Good Roads Train"
885:
Advocacy in popular national periodicals c. 1880–1920 (examples)
571:
1106:(6). New York NY: R. G. Dun & Company: 42–45. August 1917.
1005:(3). New York, NY: Doubleday, Page & Company: 11807–11819.
903:(3). Boston MA: The Wheelman Company: 194–200. December 1884.
1158:. Washington DC: National Highways Association. p. 46.
920:(4). New York NY: Frank Leslie's Publishing House: 363–372.
60:
132:
produced the first American gasoline-powered vehicle, and
1123:(2). New York NY: The Review of Reviews Company: 302–304.
1073:(6). Chicago, IL: Doubleday, Page & Company: 688–698.
1056:(6). Chicago, IL: Doubleday, Page & Company: 679–687.
1039:(6). Chicago, IL: Doubleday, Page & Company: 695–679.
971:(5). New York NY: The Outing Publishing Company: 536–541.
954:(3). New York NY: The Outing Publishing Company: 337–348.
1130:
Advocacy in books and pamphlets c. 1880–1920 (examples)
937:(6). Chicago IL: Current Encyclopedia Company: 761–771.
203:
The movement gained national prominence when President
1155:
National Highways to Bring About Good Roads Everywhere
164:
in 1913, headed by auto parts and auto racing magnate
1152:
Davis, Charles Henry; Bates, Stanley Edwards (1913).
78:
magazine was an early advocate for road improvements.
1176:
Oklahoma Historical Society - Good Roads Association
488:
Bike battles: A history of sharing the American road
318:
1090:(2). New York NY: Charles Scribner's Sons: 160–172.
304:Wilmington-Charlotte-Asheville Highway Association
156:. Subsequently, other groups took the lead in the
1143:. New York NY: D. Van Nostrand Company. pp.
506:(3). New York: Doubleday, Page & Co.: 956–960
1199:
1096:"The Economic and Social Value of Good Highways"
414:Directory of American Agricultural Organizations
238:Directory of American Agricultural Organizations
231:
1043:
988:(4). Boston MA: The Chapple Publishing Company.
1223:Political advocacy groups in the United States
1113:"An Apostle of Good Roads, Logan Waller Page"
961:"The Automobile as a means of Country Travel"
436:Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era
1140:New Roads and Road Laws in the United States
347:Seedling miles and the later "ideal section"
307:Wisconsin Highway Commissioners' Association
256:Illinois Association for Highway Improvement
1218:Cycling organizations in the United States
1151:
443:Good roads and rural free delivery of mail
1180:
295:Southeastern Idaho Good Roads Association
958:
941:
927:"The Good Roads Convention at St. Louis"
907:
893:"Good Common Roads and How to Make Them"
190:
178:
143:
70:
18:
1208:History of cycling in the United States
1181:Weingroff, Richard F. (April 7, 2011).
1110:
1044:Pennybacker Jr., J. E. (October 1912).
301:Washington State Good Roads Association
274:Montana Highway Improvement Association
172:in 1915, which extended from Canada to
16:Political movement in the United States
1200:
924:
183:An AAA Good Roads official passes the
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289:North Carolina Good Roads Association
268:Michigan State Good Roads Association
223:fought for the privilege of building
1026:
992:
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447:Mississippi Valley Historical Review
428:
386:Mississippi Valley Historical Review
283:New Hampshire Good Roads Association
112:United States Post Office Department
1233:1880 establishments in Rhode Island
1077:
1027:Page, Logan Waller (October 1912).
253:Good Roads Association of Wisconsin
250:Central Florida Highway Association
13:
1111:Goodell, John M. (February 1919).
1010:Logan, Thomas F. (March 4, 1911).
908:Morrison, A. Cressy (April 1898).
423:
168:, and later his north–south
14:
1244:
1171:The Great Bicycle Protest of 1896
1164:
1063:"Roads Worth $ 35,000,000 A Year"
976:Walsh, Thomas F. (January 1908).
910:"The League of American Wheelmen"
262:Massachusetts Highway Association
114:. Once a commitment was made for
995:"Good Roads the Way to Progress"
993:Page, Logan Waller (July 1909).
978:"Public highways and Prosperity"
942:Matthews, Franklin (June 1904).
321:
1078:Joy, Henry B. (February 1914).
944:"Getting Good Roads in America"
298:Virginia Good Roads Association
277:Nebraska Good Roads Association
139:
45:American Automobile Association
25:Alaska–Yukon–Pacific Exposition
1191:Federal Highway Administration
1117:The American Review of Reviews
1046:"The Best Roads at Least Cost"
959:Burchell, H.P. (August 1905).
925:Cowles, Julia D. (June 1903).
914:Frank Leslie's Popular Monthly
490:(U of Washington Press, 2015).
406:
394:
378:
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310:Wyoming Good Roads Association
247:Arizona Good Roads Association
244:Alabama Good Roads Association
126:U.S. Department of Agriculture
1:
1061:Hewes, L. I. (October 1912).
532:Roads Were Not Built for Cars
358:
353:Roads Improvement Association
259:Kansas Good Roads Association
232:State Good Roads associations
535:. Washington: Island Press.
522:(U of Alabama Press, 2017).
209:Federal Aid Road Act of 1916
7:
478:Journal of Southern History
314:
271:Montana Good Roads Congress
88:League of American Wheelmen
41:League of American Wheelmen
23:Good Roads Building at the
10:
1249:
1228:Roads in the United States
1029:"The Profit of Good Roads"
403:Cayuga Chief - Jun 2, 1894
292:Ohio Good Roads Federation
280:Nevada Highway Association
265:Michigan Pikes Association
195:1904 editorial cartoon by
66:
1016:The Saturday Evening Post
286:New York Road Association
564:10.1525/ah.2006.80.2.143
494:Mayo, Earl (July 1901).
373:The Gospel of Good Roads
337:U.S. Highway association
105:The Gospel of Good Roads
1213:Politics and technology
480:(1993). 59#1: 85–110.
529:Reid, Carlton (2015).
496:"The Good Roads Train"
401:The Good Roads Crusade
388:(1955) 42#1 pp 67-83.
349:of the Lincoln Highway
200:
188:
149:
79:
28:
982:The National Magazine
576:magazine c. 1890–1920
194:
182:
147:
110:A key player was the
84:Newport, Rhode Island
74:
22:
686:. XXVII (old). 1898.
552:Agricultural History
37:Progressive movement
1137:Stone, Roy (1904).
1084:Scribner's Magazine
794:. VIII (new). 1907.
722:. XXXI (old). 1900.
698:. XXIX (old). 1899.
674:. XXVI (old). 1897.
650:. XXIV (old). 1896.
454:Geographical Review
449:42.1 (1955): 67-83.
438:20.1 (2021): 24–43.
214:compaction industry
134:Rural Free Delivery
116:Rural Free Delivery
33:Good Roads Movement
878:. LXI (new). 1921.
866:. XVI (new). 1918.
842:. XIV (new). 1917.
830:. XII (new). 1916.
782:. VII (new). 1906.
710:. XXX (old). 1899.
662:. XXV (old). 1897.
614:. III (old). 1892.
518:Olliff, Martin T.
486:Longhurst, James.
441:Fuller, Wayne E. "
201:
189:
150:
80:
29:
854:. XV (new). 1918.
806:. IX (new). 1908.
770:. VI (new). 1905.
746:. II (new). 1903.
638:. VI (old). 1893.
626:. IV (old). 1893.
602:. II (old). 1892.
542:978-1-61091-689-9
429:Scholarly studies
329:U.S. Roads portal
56:road construction
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1202:Categories
876:Good Roads
864:Good Roads
852:Good Roads
840:Good Roads
828:Good Roads
816:Good Roads
804:Good Roads
792:Good Roads
780:Good Roads
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648:Good Roads
636:Good Roads
624:Good Roads
612:Good Roads
600:Good Roads
588:Good Roads
574:Good Roads
359:References
158:road lobby
122:New Jersey
96:Good Roads
76:Good Roads
872:"Jul-Dec"
860:"Jul-Dec"
848:"Jan-Jun"
836:"Jan-Dec"
824:"Jan-Dec"
812:"Jan-Dec"
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788:"Jan-Dec"
776:"Jan-Dec"
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752:"Jan-Dec"
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728:"Jun-Dec"
716:"Jun-Dec"
704:"Aug-Dec"
692:"Jan-Jul"
680:"Jan-Jun"
668:"Jul-Dec"
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644:"Jul-Dec"
632:"Jul-Dec"
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608:"Jan-Jun"
596:"Jul-Dec"
584:"Jan-Jun"
510:April 29,
236:The 1920
315:See also
61:trolleys
67:History
27:of 1909
1104:XXVIII
965:Outing
948:Outing
897:Outing
539:
482:online
472:online
458:online
390:online
54:where
52:Europe
1003:XVIII
986:XXVII
1121:LVIX
1071:XXIV
1054:XXIV
1037:XXIV
969:XLVI
952:XLIV
537:ISBN
512:2012
185:only
31:The
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634:.
622:.
610:.
598:.
586:.
556:80
554:.
504:II
502:.
498:.
176:.
1193:.
1147:.
901:V
566:.
562::
545:.
514:.
460:.
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