33:
237:
germinate within a few days. At the end of summer, vegetative cells divide into two gametes, which fuse later to a planozygote. After these steps of sexual recombination, the planozygotes form resting cysts, which sink to the sediment, where they outlast the winter. These resting stages are much more robust than vegetative cells.
248:
can germinate from its resting stages under many environmental conditions, which probably facilitates the dispersal to new habitats. Additionally, this species can grow in a wide range of pH and light conditions allowing the frequent formation of blooms in summer. Lack of efficient grazers in several
192:
are up to 100 ÎĽm long, but can vary quite a bit in form and size, as they are only surrounded by a cell membrane instead of a cell wall. These microalgae are, therefore, highly fragile and sensitive to mechanical stress. The cells are filled with many bright green, oval chloroplasts. The bright
236:
during the summer. In spring, vegetative cells hatch from resting stages called cysts. The vegetative cells mainly reproduce asexually through division of the mother cell into two daughter cells. During unfavorable conditions, the motile cells can also form temporary resting stages, which usually
224:
possess two differently shaped flagella, which enable them to actively swim around in the water column. Under physical stress, small organelles that sit under the cell membrane and are called trichocysts, explode and release slimy threads. This likely represents a deterring mechanism against
179:
has spread in northern Europe to many non-humic lakes with higher pH. There is evidence that brownification of lakes in these areas, decreasing pH and higher water temperature initiated the spreading of this species.
412:
Trigal, Cristina; Hallstan, Simon; Johansson, Karin S. L.; Johnson, Richard K. (2013-07-01). "Factors affecting occurrence and bloom formation of the nuisance flagellate
Gonyostomum semen in boreal lakes".
369:
Cronberg, Gertrud; Lindmark, Gunilla; Björk, Sven (1988-04-01). "Mass development of the flagellate
Gonyostomum semen (Raphidophyta) in Swedish forest lakes - an effect of acidification?".
342:
Rengefors, Karin; Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A.; Bloch, Ina (2012-06-01). "Temperature as a driver for the expansion of the microalga
Gonyostomum semen in Swedish lakes".
639:
Figueroa, Rosa Isabel; Rengefors, Karin (2006-08-01). "Life Cyle and
Sexuality of the Freshwater Raphidophyte Gonyostomum Semen (raphidophyceae)1".
269:
972:
998:
296:
Lepistö, Liisa; Antikainen, Sari; Kivinen, Jarmo (1994-01-01). "The occurrence of
Gonyostomum semen (Ehr.) Diesing in Finnish lakes".
946:
489:"Pigment composition and photoacclimation as keys to the ecological success of Gonyostomum semen (Raphidophyceae, Stramenopiles)"
171:
This freshwater microalgal species is globally distributed. It usually occurs in small, acidic lakes with high concentrations of
175:, which result in sharp gradients of light intensity due to rapid attenuation of light with depth. During the last decades,
1080:
590:
Lebret, Karen; Fernández Fernández, MarĂa; Hagman, Camilla H. C.; Rengefors, Karin; Hansson, Lars-Anders (2012-05-01).
1047:
1003:
694:"Germination and colonization success of Gonyostomum semen (Raphidophyceae) cysts after dispersal to new habitats"
270:
http://www.algaebase.org/search/species/detail/?species_id=32775&-session=abv4:5EFFF4CC09d1431531vUh259AADC
985:
1085:
220:
carotene, violaxanthin, zeaxanthin and alloxanthin. Like other heterokont algae, the planktonic cells of
282:
1052:
1013:
851:"Cell lysis of competitors and osmotrophy enhance growth of the bloom-forming alga Gonyostomum semen"
928:
172:
592:"Grazing resistance allows bloom formation and may explain invasion success of Gonyostomum semen"
544:
Andersen, Robert A. (2004-10-01). "Biology and systematics of heterokont and haptophyte algae".
225:
predators. These slimy threads also cause skin irritation for some bathers that are swimming in
977:
891:
487:
Sassenhagen, Ingrid; Rengefors, Karin; Richardson, Tammi L.; Pinckney, James L. (2014-12-01).
121:
1039:
795:
603:
8:
1075:
799:
782:
Johansson, Karin S. L.; Vrede, Tobias; Lebret, Karen; Johnson, Richard K. (2013-05-07).
607:
826:
783:
726:
693:
674:
526:
469:
394:
321:
40:
1034:
872:
831:
813:
731:
713:
666:
652:
621:
569:
561:
518:
510:
461:
386:
313:
678:
530:
398:
862:
821:
803:
762:
721:
705:
656:
648:
611:
553:
500:
453:
422:
378:
351:
325:
305:
749:
Sassenhagen, Ingrid; Wilken, Susanne; Godhe, Anna; Rengefors, Karin (2015-01-01).
692:
Sassenhagen, Ingrid; Sefbom, Josefin; Godhe, Anna; Rengefors, Karin (2015-09-01).
1021:
808:
441:
990:
914:
751:"Phenotypic plasticity and differentiation in an invasive freshwater microalga"
87:
51:
767:
750:
616:
426:
355:
1069:
876:
817:
717:
670:
625:
565:
514:
465:
390:
317:
249:
lakes and the ability to feed on dissolved organic matter might further help
194:
709:
835:
735:
573:
557:
522:
160:
1026:
938:
959:
233:
155:
99:
63:
661:
589:
951:
591:
488:
473:
382:
309:
163:
and are known to cause allergic reactions to people swimming in lakes.
75:
964:
505:
486:
923:
867:
850:
885:
457:
442:"The morphology of gonyostomum semen from woods hole, massachusetts"
32:
908:
784:"Zooplankton Feeding on the Nuisance Flagellate Gonyostomum semen"
849:
Rengefors, K; PĂĄlsson, C; Hansson, LA; Heiberg, L (2008-04-24).
748:
691:
848:
411:
150:
781:
341:
295:
368:
212:, diadinoxanthin, trans-neoxanthin, cis-neoxanthin,
159:, with worldwide distribution. They cause nuisance
638:
1067:
440:Drouet, Francis; Cohen, Aaron (1935-06-01).
439:
31:
866:
825:
807:
766:
725:
660:
615:
504:
232:In temperate regions, this species forms
543:
262:
1068:
253:to thrive in many different habitats.
890:
889:
585:
583:
193:green color is caused by the pigment
188:The drop-shaped, vegetative cells of
1014:3df55a0a-42e9-4e49-a569-f162a38f0331
337:
335:
13:
580:
204:displays the pigments chlorophyll
14:
1097:
332:
283:"Nuisance alga Gonyostomum semen"
653:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2006.00240.x
842:
775:
742:
685:
632:
166:
537:
480:
433:
405:
362:
289:
275:
1:
256:
183:
809:10.1371/journal.pone.0062557
698:Journal of Plankton Research
7:
149:is a species of freshwater
10:
1102:
1081:Protists described in 1866
596:Limnology and Oceanography
546:American Journal of Botany
240:
898:
855:Aquatic Microbial Ecology
768:10.1016/j.hal.2014.11.001
617:10.4319/lo.2012.57.3.0727
427:10.1016/j.hal.2013.04.008
356:10.1016/j.hal.2012.04.005
137:(Ehrenberg) Diesing, 1866
127:
120:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
173:dissolved organic carbon
446:The Biological Bulletin
558:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1508
710:10.1093/plankt/fbv067
641:Journal of Phycology
493:Journal of Phycology
800:2013PLoSO...862557J
608:2012LimOc..57..727L
1086:Ochrophyte species
383:10.1007/bf00044113
310:10.1007/bf00126764
1063:
1062:
1035:Open Tree of Life
900:Gonyostomum semen
892:Taxon identifiers
552:(10): 1508–1522.
506:10.1111/jpy.12246
246:Gonyostomum semen
146:Gonyostomum semen
142:
141:
131:Gonyostomum semen
25:Gonyostomum semen
1093:
1056:
1055:
1043:
1042:
1030:
1029:
1017:
1016:
1007:
1006:
994:
993:
991:NHMSYS0000603211
981:
980:
968:
967:
955:
954:
942:
941:
932:
931:
919:
918:
917:
887:
886:
881:
880:
870:
868:10.3354/ame01176
846:
840:
839:
829:
811:
779:
773:
772:
770:
746:
740:
739:
729:
689:
683:
682:
664:
636:
630:
629:
619:
587:
578:
577:
541:
535:
534:
508:
499:(6): 1146–1154.
484:
478:
477:
437:
431:
430:
409:
403:
402:
366:
360:
359:
339:
330:
329:
293:
287:
286:
279:
273:
266:
200:. Additionally,
133:
35:
21:
20:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1051:
1046:
1038:
1033:
1025:
1022:Observation.org
1020:
1012:
1010:
1002:
997:
989:
984:
976:
971:
963:
958:
950:
945:
937:
935:
927:
922:
913:
912:
907:
894:
884:
847:
843:
780:
776:
747:
743:
690:
686:
637:
633:
588:
581:
542:
538:
485:
481:
458:10.2307/1537563
438:
434:
410:
406:
367:
363:
340:
333:
294:
290:
281:
280:
276:
267:
263:
259:
243:
186:
169:
138:
135:
129:
116:
102:
90:
78:
66:
54:
17:
16:Species of alga
12:
11:
5:
1099:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1044:
1031:
1018:
1008:
995:
982:
969:
956:
943:
933:
920:
904:
902:
896:
895:
883:
882:
841:
774:
741:
704:(5): 857–861.
684:
647:(4): 859–871.
631:
602:(3): 727–734.
579:
536:
479:
452:(3): 422–439.
432:
404:
377:(1): 217–236.
361:
331:
288:
274:
260:
258:
255:
242:
239:
185:
182:
168:
165:
140:
139:
136:
125:
124:
118:
117:
110:
108:
104:
103:
98:
96:
92:
91:
88:Raphidophyceae
86:
84:
80:
79:
74:
72:
68:
67:
62:
60:
56:
55:
50:
48:
44:
43:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1098:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1009:
1005:
1000:
996:
992:
987:
983:
979:
974:
970:
966:
961:
957:
953:
948:
944:
940:
934:
930:
925:
921:
916:
910:
906:
905:
903:
901:
897:
893:
888:
878:
874:
869:
864:
860:
856:
852:
845:
837:
833:
828:
823:
819:
815:
810:
805:
801:
797:
794:(5): e62557.
793:
789:
785:
778:
769:
764:
760:
756:
755:Harmful Algae
752:
745:
737:
733:
728:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
688:
680:
676:
672:
668:
663:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
635:
627:
623:
618:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
586:
584:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
540:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
507:
502:
498:
494:
490:
483:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
436:
428:
424:
420:
416:
415:Harmful Algae
408:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
371:Hydrobiologia
365:
357:
353:
349:
345:
344:Harmful Algae
338:
336:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
298:Hydrobiologia
292:
284:
278:
271:
265:
261:
254:
252:
247:
238:
235:
230:
228:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
198:
191:
181:
178:
174:
164:
162:
158:
157:
153:in the genus
152:
148:
147:
134:
132:
126:
123:
122:Binomial name
119:
115:
114:
113:G. semen
109:
106:
105:
101:
97:
94:
93:
89:
85:
82:
81:
77:
73:
70:
69:
65:
61:
59:Superphylum:
58:
57:
53:
49:
46:
45:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
899:
861:(1): 87–96.
858:
854:
844:
791:
787:
777:
758:
754:
744:
701:
697:
687:
662:10261/324135
644:
640:
634:
599:
595:
549:
545:
539:
496:
492:
482:
449:
445:
435:
418:
414:
407:
374:
370:
364:
347:
343:
301:
297:
291:
277:
264:
250:
245:
244:
231:
226:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
196:
195:chlorophyll
189:
187:
176:
170:
167:Distribution
161:algal blooms
154:
145:
144:
143:
130:
128:
112:
111:
47:(unranked):
24:
18:
960:iNaturalist
156:Gonyostomum
100:Gonyostomum
64:Heterokonta
1076:Ochrophyta
1070:Categories
304:(1): 1–8.
272:2012-04-01
268:Algaebase
257:References
184:Physiology
76:Ochrophyta
924:AlgaeBase
877:0948-3055
818:1932-6203
761:: 38–45.
718:0142-7873
671:1529-8817
626:1939-5590
566:0002-9122
515:1529-8817
466:0006-3185
421:: 60–67.
391:0018-8158
350:: 65–73.
318:0018-8158
107:Species:
978:11225008
936:BioLib:
915:Q7083053
909:Wikidata
836:23667489
788:PLOS ONE
736:26412910
679:86699905
574:21652306
531:16328262
523:26988794
399:40655109
251:G. semen
229:blooms.
227:G. semen
222:G. semen
202:G. semen
190:G. semen
177:G. semen
71:Phylum:
952:3194431
827:3646948
796:Bibcode
727:4576989
604:Bibcode
474:1537563
326:8629326
241:Ecology
95:Genus:
83:Class:
1053:375674
1040:906050
1027:192899
1011:NZOR:
1004:375454
965:468233
939:619422
875:
834:
824:
816:
734:
724:
716:
677:
669:
624:
572:
564:
529:
521:
513:
472:
464:
397:
389:
324:
316:
234:blooms
1048:WoRMS
973:IRMNG
929:32775
675:S2CID
527:S2CID
470:JSTOR
395:S2CID
322:S2CID
151:algae
999:NCBI
947:GBIF
873:ISSN
832:PMID
814:ISSN
732:PMID
714:ISSN
667:ISSN
622:ISSN
570:PMID
562:ISSN
519:PMID
511:ISSN
462:ISSN
387:ISSN
314:ISSN
216:and
208:and
986:NBN
863:doi
822:PMC
804:doi
763:doi
722:PMC
706:doi
657:hdl
649:doi
612:doi
554:doi
501:doi
454:doi
423:doi
379:doi
375:161
352:doi
306:doi
302:273
52:SAR
1072::
1050::
1037::
1024::
1001::
988::
975::
962::
949::
926::
911::
871:.
859:51
857:.
853:.
830:.
820:.
812:.
802:.
790:.
786:.
759:41
757:.
753:.
730:.
720:.
712:.
702:37
700:.
696:.
673:.
665:.
655:.
645:42
643:.
620:.
610:.
600:57
598:.
594:.
582:^
568:.
560:.
550:91
548:.
525:.
517:.
509:.
497:50
495:.
491:.
468:.
460:.
450:68
448:.
444:.
419:27
417:.
393:.
385:.
373:.
348:18
346:.
334:^
320:.
312:.
300:.
210:c2
206:c1
879:.
865::
838:.
806::
798::
792:8
771:.
765::
738:.
708::
681:.
659::
651::
628:.
614::
606::
576:.
556::
533:.
503::
476:.
456::
429:.
425::
401:.
381::
358:.
354::
328:.
308::
285:.
218:β
214:α
197:a
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
