641:. The first arrests concerning the coup attempt were made on the same day. The first people arrested on 18 and 19 March were Mario Rose, a retired army major and National Front secretary; Remo Orlandini, also a former army major, a real-estate proprietor and close associate of Borghese; and Sandro Saccucci, a young
681:
620:
Participants at the semi-clandestine rallies seem to have believed that they would take part in the arrest of politicians and the occupation of key installations by sympathetic army units. When
Borghese called off the coup late that night, the presumed plotters, reportedly unarmed, improvised a late
45:
816:
were in favour of helping
Borghese. The plan was for the Mafia to carry out a series of terrorist bombings and assassinations to provide the justification for a right-wing coup. Although Leggio's version differed from Buscetta's, the testimony confirmed that Borghese had requested assistance by the
691:
Three trials were started for conspiracy against the
Italian state. In 1978, Miceli was acquitted of trying to cover up a coup attempt. Saccucci, Orlandini, Rosa, and others were convicted of political conspiracy, which also included Delle Chiaie, whose specific role is unclear. According to a 1987
616:
and enact special laws allowing the deployment of thousands of government troops, as well as military and civil police to seize control of political parties and publishers and undertake mass arrests and deportations, to quell the ongoing social unrest and left-wing protests. However, Borghese, for
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The failed coup has gone down in history as "a comic-opera coup staged by naive incompetents, which posed no real threat to the state" and newspapers wrote about it as "the coup that never was". Nonetheless, the secret service reported connections with the Nixon administration and NATO units in
696:
news cable, he had already fled Italy to Spain on 25 July 1970. However, according to other sources, Delle Chiaie led the commando team which occupied the premises of the
Interior Ministry. At the appeal trial in November 1984, all 46 defendants were acquitted because the "fact did not happen"
716:
and admiral
Giovanni Torrisi) had been destroyed by the secret service before the first trial. Andreotti, minister of defence at the time the evidence was destroyed, declared in 1997 that names had been deleted so that the charges would be easier to understand. This last trial ended without
600:, which was later postponed. This protest was supposedly called off because of heavy rain. According to the later testimony of Spiazzi, the coup was in fact fictitious: it would have been immediately suppressed by government forces through an emergency plan called
879:
called
Tritoni trying to stage a coup against the government. Though the botched attempt sinks in ridicule and chaos, and Tritoni has to go in exile, right wing political measures are nevertheless enforced, such as forbidding
728:
had benefited from military accomplices, as well as from political support not only from the
National Front and from MSI deputy Sandro Saccucci, but also from other political personalities belonging to the DC and to the
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in
December 2004. However, only a few marginalized sectors of the CIA were in favour of the coup, while the main response was not to allow major changes in the geopolitical balance in the Mediterranean.
888:) is a direct reference to Borghese and his military past as the leader of an assault frogmen unit. The film is peppered with joke references to the fascist period, the post-war neo-fascist
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581:. Apparently some militants briefly entered the Ministry of the Interior, but Borghese suspended the coup a few hours before its final phase. A submachine gun (a
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in July 1974, revealing a detailed knowledge of the inner workings of the conspiracy and links to members of the secret service. Shortly thereafter, General
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was reconstituted, one of the first issues that had to be discussed was an offer by
Borghese, who asked for support in return for pardons of convicted
668:, was brought for questioning before the investigating judge. Miceli's interrogation led to his arrest two days later. Miceli was then sacked, and the
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based on claims made by
Orlandini. Orlandini asserted that the plotters would receive assistance from a NATO fleet, though this never materialized.
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645:. An arrest warrant for Borghese was also served, but he could not be found. Later arrestees included businessman Giovanni De Rosa and a retired
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at the US embassy was closely connected to the coup organizers and that one of the main accused declared to the magistrate that US President
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had followed the preparations for the coup, of which he was personally informed by two CIA officers. These facts were confirmed through a
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According to Borghese, the neo-fascists were actually gathering for a protest demonstration against the upcoming visit of President
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Relazione della Commissione Stragi su "Il terrorismo, le stragi ed il contesto storico-politico": cap. VI, "Il c.d. golpe Borghese"
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was killed in September 1970 because he had learned that Borghese – one of De Mauro's childhood friends – was planning the coup.
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and a hero in the eyes of many post-War Italian fascists. The coup attempt became publicly known when the left-wing journal
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were arrested and a warrant was served for Borghese. Borghese himself fled to Spain and died there in August 1974.
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According to the journalist René Monzat, investigations lasted seven years, during which it was alleged that the
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unknown reasons or acting on a tip off, aborted the coup at the last minute as the plotters moved into position.
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was supported by neofascists and ongoing. The failed coup involved hundreds of neo-fascist militants from
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being personally informed of it. Yet in leaked documents, the US ambassador to Rome is quoted saying
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became defense minister again. Andreotti handed over a report by the secret service to the Rome
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509:"The last thing we need right now is a half-cooked coup d’état … We wouldn’t support it."
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began in 1991, after it was discovered that evidence involving prominent persons (
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allegedly planned for the night of 7 or 8 December 1970. It was named after
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Excellent Cadavers. The Mafia and the Death of the First Italian Republic
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Revealed: how story of Mafia plot to launch coup cost reporter his life
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was released in 1973 and was in the selection of Italian films for the
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E la Cia disse: sì al golpe Borghese ma soltanto con Andreotti premier
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875:). In this film, Tognazzi portrays a boisterous and clumsy far right
733:(PSDI). According to Monzat, investigations also discovered that the
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De Mauro ucciso per uno scoop: scoprì il patto tra boss e golpisti
1241:, La storia siamo noi, Rai Educational (accessed 24 February 2011)
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Prince Junio Borghese, 68, Dies; Italian War Hero and Neofascist
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Subversive plan against the Republic: far-right plot discovered
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spaghetti dinner before returning home. Several members of the
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Subversive plan against the Republic: far-right plot discovered
947:. 8 December 2020. Archived from the original on 10 June 2021.
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The investigation into the coup attempt was resurrected after
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565:(from which Vanguard militants would seize weapons), and the
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opposed the plan, and the Mafia decided not to participate.
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1075:"Rome Police Arrest Another in Alleged Neo-Fascist Plot"
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and political gatherings. The character's name Tritoni (
1148:"General Who Led Intelligence Agency Arrested in Italy"
577:, at that time a workers' town and a stronghold of the
1422:
Puppetmasters: The Political Use of Terrorism in Italy
1185:"Neo-fascist held in isolation to await questioning"
1378:Dianese, Maurizio & Bettin, Gianfranco (1999).
503:(CIA) reportedly followed the coup, with President
476:ran the headline on the evening of 18 March 1971:
812:against the Mafia in the mid-1980s, Buscetta and
518:The botched right-wing coup took place after the
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991:"Quarantasei anni fa il colpo di stato "negato""
1317:"De Mauro venne ucciso perché sapeva del golpe"
454:(English: Borghese Coup) was a failed Italian
1167:"Jail Terms for 1970 Italian Coup Plotters".
871:, in reference to the contemporary US-backed
705:confirmed the appeal judgment in March 1986.
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1094:"Colonel Arrested on Rome Plotting Charge".
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82:Overthrow of centre-left national government
1381:La strage. Piazza Fontana. VeritĂ e memoria
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993:. Fondazione Pietro Nenni. 8 December 2016.
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550:. The plan included the kidnapping of the
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1446:Il golpe Borghese: La vicenda giudiziaria
1346:, The Independent on Sunday, 19 June 2005
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1269:Il golpe Borghese: La vicenda giudiziaria
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1232:Il golpe Borghese. Storia di un'inchiesta
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573:-based battalion also planned to occupy
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745:(FOIA) request by the Italian newspaper
721:for destruction of evidence had passed.
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604:(Triangle Exigency) similar to the 1964
1042:Italian Police Track Leftist Terrorists
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808:According to Leggio, testifying at the
774:to support the coup. In 1970, when the
522:of left-wing protests in Italy and the
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760:According to several state witnesses (
633:On 18 March 1971, the leftist journal
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612:(DC) government an excuse to declare
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1487:1970s coups d'Ă©tat and coup attempts
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945:"Golpe Borghese, all the CIA papers"
495:warships which were on alert in the
483:The secret operation was code-named
1130:"General to Tell of Coup Attempt".
853:and starring popular Italian actor
708:The final trial connected with the
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13:
1425:, New York: Authors Choice Press,
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731:Italian Democratic Socialist Party
347:Kidnapping and murder of Aldo Moro
193:Defenestration of Giuseppe Pinelli
14:
1508:
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892:and the Decima MAS frogmen unit.
637:was published with the headline:
261:Milan police headquarters bombing
1319:, La Repubblica, 26 January 2001
1256:, La Repubblica, 5 December 2005
672:were reorganized by a 1977 law.
608:, which would have provided the
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1419:Willan, Philip P. (1991/2002).
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489:Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor
1208:EnquĂŞtes sur la droite extrĂŞme
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814:Salvatore "Ciaschiteddu" Greco
649:colonel, Giuseppe Lo Vecchio.
55:on the failed neo-fascist coup
1:
1472:History of the Sicilian Mafia
1334:, La Repubblica, 18 June 2005
1156:. 1 November 1974. p. 5.
1136:. 29 October 1974. p. 8.
912:
670:Italian intelligence agencies
401:Kidnapping of James L. Dozier
37:Neo-fascist activity in Italy
1492:Neo-fascist attacks in Italy
1083:. 21 March 1971. p. 29.
1004:Prince's Lawyers Deny Charge
49:Front page of the newspaper
7:
1100:. 24 March 1971. p. 6.
895:
873:Greek military dictatorship
544:Corpo Forestale dello Stato
526:in December 1969, while in
501:Central Intelligence Agency
319:Murder of Vittorio Occorsio
277:Piazza della Loggia bombing
10:
1513:
1467:Political history of Italy
1369:
1278:, Misteri d'Italia website
1189:United Press International
1173:. 15 July 1978. p. 3.
743:Freedom of Information Act
703:Supreme Court of Cassation
628:
357:Murder of Antonio Esposito
352:Killing of Fausto and Iaio
183:Murder of Antonio Annaruma
16:Failed Italian coup d'etat
1274:27 September 2007 at the
957:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
859:1973 Cannes Film Festival
849:A comic film directed by
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717:convictions because the
563:Ministry of the Interior
303:Murder of Mikis Mantakas
298:Murder of Sergio Ramelli
282:Italicus Express bombing
890:Italian Social Movement
782:like Vincenzo Rimi and
579:Italian Communist Party
1384:, Milan: Feltrinelli,
1237:21 August 2016 at the
1025:Dianese & Bettin,
719:period of prescription
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685:Junio Valerio Borghese
524:Piazza Fontana bombing
460:Junio Valerio Borghese
342:Acca Larentia killings
188:Piazza Fontana bombing
157:Battle of Valle Giulia
1477:Years of Lead (Italy)
1214:-Ă©ditions, 1992, p.84
907:Years of Lead (Italy)
770:, Borghese asked the
699:il fatto non sussiste
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468:Decima Flottiglia MAS
380:Murder of Mario Amato
137:Years of Lead (Italy)
1401:, New York: Vintage
868:We Want the Colonels
863:Vogliamo i colonelli
795:Giuseppe Di Cristina
610:Christian Democratic
536:Stefano Delle Chiaie
902:Barracks anarchists
803:Gaetano Badalamenti
664:, a former head of
567:Ministry of Defense
485:Operation Tora Tora
1302:Excellent Cadavers
1289:Excellent Cadavers
1153:The New York Times
1080:The New York Times
1062:The New York Times
1046:The New York Times
1008:The New York Times
845:In popular culture
822:Francesco Di Carlo
791:Giuseppe Calderone
689:
602:Esigenza Triangolo
575:Sesto San Giovanni
433:Terrorism in Italy
1395:Stille, Alexander
824:, the journalist
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552:Italian President
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1191:. 1 April 1987.
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532:Reggio revolt
529:
525:
521:
511:
510:
506:
505:Richard Nixon
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
481:
479:
475:
474:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
452:
434:
431:
430:
428:
424:
418:
415:
414:
412:
408:
402:
399:
398:
396:
392:
386:
383:
381:
378:
377:
375:
371:
363:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
339:
337:
333:
325:
320:
317:
316:
314:
310:
304:
301:
299:
296:
295:
293:
289:
283:
280:
278:
275:
274:
272:
268:
262:
259:
257:
254:
253:
251:
247:
241:
240:1972 bombings
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
227:
225:
221:
215:
212:
210:
209:Reggio revolt
207:
206:
204:
200:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
175:
173:
169:
163:
162:1968 movement
160:
158:
155:
154:
152:
148:
144:
139:
129:
124:
122:
117:
115:
110:
109:
106:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
71:
67:
63:
59:
54:
53:
46:
41:
38:
34:
33:Years of lead
29:
26:
22:
19:
1443:(in Italian)
1420:
1412:(in Italian)
1398:
1379:
1376:(in Italian)
1356:
1351:
1339:
1329:(in Italian)
1324:
1314:(in Italian)
1309:
1301:
1296:
1288:
1283:
1266:(in Italian)
1261:
1251:(in Italian)
1246:
1229:(in Italian)
1207:
1188:
1179:
1168:
1162:
1151:
1142:
1131:
1125:
1114:
1095:
1089:
1078:
1069:
1061:
1053:
1045:
1037:
1026:
1023:(in Italian)
1007:
999:
985:
975:
939:
929:
866:
862:
855:Ugo Tognazzi
848:
835:
832:Significance
818:
807:
798:
787:
779:
761:
759:
746:
725:
723:
709:
707:
698:
690:
651:
638:
634:
632:
619:
601:
591:
569:. Spiazzi's
517:
508:
484:
482:
477:
471:
455:
450:
449:
447:
213:
50:
31:Part of the
24:
18:
1291:, p. 151-53
714:Licio Gelli
662:Vito Miceli
643:paratrooper
614:martial law
456:coup d'Ă©tat
360: [
322: [
95:Resulted in
90:Coup d'etat
1456:Categories
1031:pp. 165–69
913:References
810:Maxi Trial
766:) such as
635:Paese Sera
606:Piano Solo
598:Yugoslavia
520:Hot Autumn
487:after the
473:Paese Sera
178:Hot Autumn
52:Paese Sera
1170:The Times
1133:The Times
1097:The Times
1027:La strage
647:Air Force
559:Quirinale
499:. The US
1397:(1995).
1355:Willan,
1304:, p. 186
1300:Stille,
1287:Stille,
1272:Archived
1235:Archived
1212:Le Monde
1113:Willan,
979:p. 91-92
974:Willan,
953:cite web
928:Willan,
896:See also
801:such as
687:in 1970.
587:sedition
69:Location
1370:Sources
819:pentito
799:mafiosi
788:mafiosi
780:mafiosi
763:pentiti
629:Inquiry
589:trial.
464:wartime
426:Related
87:Methods
1429:
1405:
1388:
886:Triton
786:. The
676:Trials
561:, the
1361:p. 93
1119:p. 90
933:p. 91
839:Malta
571:Milan
364:]
326:]
79:Goals
1427:ISBN
1403:ISBN
1386:ISBN
959:link
793:and
530:the
493:NATO
448:The
410:1982
394:1981
373:1980
335:1978
312:1976
291:1975
270:1974
249:1973
223:1972
202:1970
171:1969
150:1968
73:Rome
61:Date
35:and
694:UPI
666:SID
596:of
548:RAI
538:'s
1458::
1359:,
1219:^
1210:,
1197:^
1187:.
1150:.
1117:,
1106:^
1077:.
1060:,
1044:,
1029:,
1015:^
1006:,
967:^
955:}}
951:{{
921:^
877:MP
480:.
462:,
362:it
324:it
961:)
865:(
697:(
127:e
120:t
113:v
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