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required, a periodic oscillatory exchange of electromagnetic energy occurs with transient mass. In the same manner, a change of mass occurs as an electron binds to a proton. This local photon has zero rest mass and no net charge, but has wave properties with spin-1 symmetry on trace over time. In this modern version of Newton's corpuscular theory of light, the local photon acts as a probe of the molecular or crystal structure.
333:. Mass is conserved on mixing, but the volume of 1 cm of ethanol mixed with 1 cm of water is reduced to less than 2 cm due to the formation of ethanol-water bonds. The plot of volume or density versus molecular fraction of ethanol in water is a quadratic curve. However, the plot of index of refraction versus molecular fraction of ethanol in water is linear, and the weight fraction equals the fractional density
25:
66:
120:
516:) determined on bulk material are now calculated as a sum of atomic or molecular properties. Each molecule has a characteristic mass (due to the atomic weights of the elements) and atomic or molecular volume that contributes to the bulk density, and a characteristic refractivity due to a characteristic electric structure that contributes to the net index of refraction.
796:
1132:
Teuscher, Gerhard (March 1968). "Thema: Deutschland; Edited by Edward C. Breitenkamp. Prentice-Hall German Series, 1967. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New JerseyThema: Deutschland; Edited by Edward C. Breitenkamp. Prentice-Hall German Series, 1967. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New
808:
The
Gladstone–Dale relation requires a particle model of light because the continuous wave-front required by wave theory cannot be maintained if light encounters atoms or molecules that maintain a local electric structure with a characteristic refractivity. Similarly, the wave theory cannot explain
818:
A local model of light consistent with these electrostatic refraction calculations occurs if the electromagnetic energy is restricted to a finite region of space. An electric-charge monopole must occur perpendicular to dipole loops of magnetic flux, but if local mechanisms for propagation are
650:
Mandarino, in his review of the
Gladstone–Dale relationship in minerals proposed the concept of the Compatibility Index in comparing the physical and optical properties of minerals. This compatibility index is a required calculation for approval as a new mineral species (see IMA guidelines).
344:
give good to excellent agreement between the calculated and measured average indices of refraction of minerals. However, specific values of refractivity are required to deal with different structure-types, and the relation required modification to deal with structural polymorphs and the
661:
631:'s theory of light as a stream of particles refracted locally by (electric) forces acting between atoms, the optic path length is due to refraction at constant speed by displacement about each atom. For light passing through 1 m of water with
493:
277:
424:
791:{\displaystyle \mathrm {CI} _{\text{meas}}=(1-\mathrm {KPD} _{\text{meas}}/\mathrm {KC} )\quad \mathrm {CI} _{\text{calc}}=(1-\mathrm {KPD} _{\text{calc}}/\mathrm {KC} )}
199:
is a mathematical relation used for optical analysis of liquids, the determination of composition from optical measurements. It can also be used to calculate the
642:
is a ratio (distance per unit time in m/s), light also took an extra 0.33 s to travel through water compared to light traveling 1 s in vacuum.
541:. To calculate the optical properties of materials using the polarizability or refractivity volumes in nm, the Gladstone–Dale relation competes with the
1089:"Crystal Chemistry and Refractivity. VonH. W. Jaffe. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (UK) 1988. X, 335 S., geb. £ 55.00. – ISBN 0-521-25505-8".
352:
In recent optical crystallography, Gladstone–Dale constants for the refractivity of ions were related to the inter-ionic distances and angles of the
144:
38:
915:
Mandarino, J. A. (2007-10-01). "The
Gladstone Dale Compatibility of Minerals and ITS Use in Selecting Mineral Species for Further Study".
564:. Using the theory of light as an electromagnetic wave, light takes a straight-line path through water at reduced speed (
1030:
Teertstra, David K. (2008-04-29). "Photon
Refraction In Dielectric Crystals Using a Modified Gladstone-Dale Relation".
310:) of ethanol added to a mass of water, the alcohol content is determined by measuring density or index of refraction (
888:
180:
162:
101:
52:
638:, light traveled an extra 0.33 m compared to light that traveled 1 m in a straight line in vacuum. As the
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76:
44:
429:
364:
is the inter-ionic distance, indicating that a particle-like photon refracts locally due to the electrostatic
1192:
Teertstra, David K. (2008). "The refraction of light by garnet depends on both composition and structure".
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the photoelectric effect or absorption by individual atoms and one requires a local particle of light (see
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135:
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The
Gladstone–Dale relation can be expressed as an equation of state by re-arranging the terms to
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8:
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861:
336:
In the 1900s, the
Gladstone–Dale relation was applied to glass, synthetic crystals and
300:
216:
995:
Mandarino, J. A. (2005-06-01). "Derivation of a New
Gladstone Dale Constant for Vo2".
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836:"XIV. Researches on the refraction, dispersion, and sensitiveness of liquids".
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207:(e.g., flow visualization). The relation has also been used to calculate
561:
1043:
800:
Where, KP = Gladstone-Dale
Constant derived from physical properties.
950:
Teertstra, D. K. (2005-04-01). "The
Optical Analysis of Minerals".
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306:
in cm/g) of pure molecular end-members. For example, for any mass (
212:
340:. Average values for the refractivity of oxides such as MgO or SiO
288:
200:
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The refractivity of a single molecule is the refractive volume
299:) can be calculated from characteristic optical constants (the
584:) of the light, as is the quantized (photon) energy using the
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in g/cm) of miscible liquids that are mixed in mass fraction (
75:
may be in need of reorganization to comply with
Knowledge's
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is the non-linear optical path length or time delay. Using
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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
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598:. Compared to the constant speed of light in vacuum (
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505:= density and constant = Gladstone-Dale constant.
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908:
86:to make improvements to the overall structure.
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530:in nm, where MW is the molecular weight and
488:{\displaystyle (n-1)/d=\mathrm {constant} }
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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883:(2nd ed.). Orlando: Academic Press.
181:Learn how and when to remove this message
163:Learn how and when to remove this message
102:Learn how and when to remove this message
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602:), the index of refraction of water is
16:Equation in optical analysis of liquids
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645:
580:is a constant equal to the frequency (
356:. The ionic refractivity depends on 1/
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1032:The Journal of Physical Chemistry C
349:of anisotropic crystal structures.
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1097:(12): 1752. December 1989.
138:. The specific problem is:
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1206:10.15506/jog.2008.31.3.105
1009:10.2113/gscanmin.43.3.1123
929:10.2113/gscanmin.45.5.1307
997:The Canadian Mineralogist
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952:The Canadian Mineralogist
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658:) is defined as follows:
654:The compatibility index (
552:The index of refraction (
1194:The Journal of Gemmology
1111:10.1002/ange.19891011242
619:The Gladstone–Dale term
508:The macroscopic values (
844:: 317–343. 1863-12-31.
547:Lorentz–Lorenz relation
543:Kramers–Kronig relation
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562:refraction
372:Expression
153:March 2019
92:March 2019
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