294:
114:
313:
39:
351:. Phellipes had written to Walsingham in July that he hoped Nau and Curle would be hanged. Evidence from their work was used at Mary's trial. They were also questioned in order to demonstrate that Mary was the author of letters which they had written from her dictation, translated, and transcribed into cipher. Curle testified that he warned Mary not to respond to
463:
and other beads; a gold "book" enamelled, with the portraits of Mary, Darnley, and James VI; a gold ring set with a ruby; a diamond ring; a ring of mother of pearl set with a blue sapphire; a gold enamelled spear; a gold tree with a queen on top and a boy pulling the branches; a silver looking glass; 12 biliards and an ivory ball.
218:. Curle was not so quick-witted or prompt as Nau, French-like, but with a shrewd melancholy wit, and not so pleasant in speech and utterance, and suspect enough. Mary liked him for his fidelity and secrecy. If Curll went to Scotland, he would "go lightlier in post" and not make such an expensive show of his status as Nau would.
484:, including a silk camlet gown, a black petticoat edged with sheepskin, a russet satin doublet, and a beaver felt hat. She was keeping for Barbara Curle the queen's cloak of figured velvet lined with shag, and a white satin doublet, and for Curle's child, a satin kirtle, and another white satin kirtle.
462:
After the execution of Mary, Queen of Scots in 1587 an inventory was made of her jewels. Several pieces were listed as in the custody of
Gilbert's sister Elizabeth, including; a chain of coral and gold musk or pomander beads set with pearls; a chain of small pearls; a chain of amber with small pearls
476:
Elizabeth Curle had custody of Mary's chamber plate, including two little silver flagons, two mazer cups mounted with silver gilt, and a little silver bell. She also had two more looking glasses, two large watches, and a smaller watch. She had 200 French crowns for one of her sisters, and 100 crowns
181:
As well as using substitution ciphers, Curle also wrote letters disguising the content as an ordinary merchant's letter. In 1584, a letter from
William Wilbeck to his cousin Thomas was really a secret message to Thomas Baldwin. In the letter, Elizabeth I was called the merchant's wife and so on. The
213:
A great deal of furnishings were needed for
Tutbury. John Somer was "every day assaulted" by Nau and Curle with daily requests for horses for Mary. He said the weather was too cold for riding and she could always borrow horses. Somer thought that Mary intended to send Curle as a messenger to
209:
and examine the accommodation in advance of Mary moving there. He reported the lodgings were in a poor state. Sadler wrote to
Walsingham that Curle's report was misleading, and he had lied "like a false Scot". Sadler and John Somer admitted that Curle had justly noted that the glazing was in
412:
After his release, Gilbert Curle went to France and then settled in the
Spanish Netherlands. A note made around 1589 indicates that Geillis Moubray, who had returned to Scotland, her husband Sir James Lyndsey, and her sister Jean Mowbray received pensions from Spain paid in gold ducats.
458:
An inventory taken of the queen's goods at
Chartley in August 1586 mentions that Elizabeth Curle was in charge of several lengths of silk, linen and other suchlike items, not included in the inventory, and many various everyday objects of little value.
284:
Barbara Curle was pregnant in May 1586. They had eight children in total. Curle was arrested before their daughter was born in August 1586. Mary wanted her christened with her name, but there was no priest, so she made a form of baptism herself.
491:
should have her rights to inherit the
English throne after Elizabeth I, if James VI was not by then a Catholic. Elizabeth Curle and Mary's apothecary Pierre Gorion were said to have carried her instructions to the Spanish ambassador in Paris,
276:. She said that Geillis Mowbray had told her that James VI had sent a rich jewel to a Danish princess, a token of marriage negotiations. Geillis had heard the story when the Danish ambassadors were in Scotland before she left for London.
404:
Curle's wife, Barbara
Moubray, spoke to a friend or agent of the cryptographer Thomas Phelippes on 22 February 1587. She thought that Phelippes was to blame for her husband's troubles and imprisonment, and she thought that
256:
for her passport from London on 30 September 1585. Geillis was sent from London to Derby, and arrived at
Tutbury on 9 November. Her position at first was maid to Curle's sister Elizabeth. Geillis was an ancestor of the
71:
and six months later was made a valet of her chamber. Some letters for Mary were given to a James Curle in
Edinburgh. By the 1580s Mary's correspondents often added postscripts to their letters addressed to Curle.
392:
When Mary's household moved to Fotheringhay, Gilbert Curle's wife Barbara, his sister Elizabeth, and sister-in-law Geillis Mowbray, and his servant Lawrence, a Scotsman, remained at Chartley. At Fotheringhay,
362:
that Mary had first given him a draft in French, which he translated into English. William Cecil added a further note, that this was Curle's "superscription". Charles Paget was involved in the Babington plot.
370:, asking for his help. His sister Janet Curle wrote to him, hoping that Queen Elizabeth would release him. At this difficult time, Curle also received a demand for payment from Mary's Italian banker
409:
would take revenge for Mary's death. Phelippes' agent, who was travelling to Scotland, dismissed her speeches as "womanish presumptions". He was going to talk to father, the Laird of Barnbougle.
397:
and Elizabeth Curle helped Mary onto the scaffold and Kennedy tied her blindfold. Jane and Elizabeth had been chosen for this duty by Mary herself. Later, Kennedy told the Spanish ambassador
75:
In December 1581 Mary asked for six horses for riders to attend her. She was allowed four horses for her men to accompany her coach, and they were not allowed to carry pistols, called "
389:, and that "the matters whereof she is guilty are already so plain and manifest (being also confessed by her two secretaries), as it is thought, they shall required no long debating".
466:
A miniature portrait of Mary in a later setting held by the Blairs Museum is thought to have been Elizabeth Curle's. She mentioned a miniature set in gold in her will.
244:, Mary's keeper at Tutbury, knew the couple were betrothed, but wrote to Walsingham after the wedding, saying that Mary had not told him of the ceremony in advance.
473:
and two rings, one with a diamond. She was to give Curle's youngest child two rings, one set with five little opals, and a small chain of coral and mother of pearl.
421:
Gilbert Curle died on 3 September 1609, possibly in Madrid. Barbara died in Antwerp on 31 July 1616, and her sister-in-law Elizabeth Curle died on 29 May 1620.
170:
Coded letters to the French ambassador Castelnau mentioning the arrival of Barbara Mowbray or one of her sisters in Mary's household were discovered in the
234:. This transaction was witnessed by Andrew Melville, the Master of the Household, and Sebastian Megalli, the queen's almoner. Mary later made a will at
97:
Curle corresponded with Thomas Baldwin. In order to disguise the meaning of his letters, Curle wrote about a "merchant of London" to mean
1390:
431:
which includes a portrait of Queen Mary. The monument was made by Robert and Jan De Nole and the portrait was painted on copper by
226:
Curle and Mowbray's wedding was held at Tutbury Castle on 23 October 1585. Mary had previously promised the couple a gift of 2000
49:
Little is known of Curle's family background, but he seems to have been from an Edinburgh family. According to the confession of
1534:
1514:
1529:
375:
252:
Barbara's sister Geillis or Gillis Mowbray came to England from Barnbougle too late for her sister's wedding. Mary wrote to
202:
that the couple had written to the Laird of Barnbougle for permission to marry, and Mary had asked him to speed the letter.
367:
324:
Curle and Claude Nau were arrested, brought to London, and interrogated on 4 August 1586, suspected of involvement in the
401:
that she had blindfolded Mary at the execution, rather than Elizabeth Curle, because she had precedence of noble birth.
366:
During his detention, his mother-in-law Elizabeth Kirkcaldy wrote from Barnbougle to the Scottish ambassador in London,
171:
1492:
Marguerite A. Tassi, "Martyrdom and Memory: Elizabeth Curle's Portrait of Mary, Queen of Scots", Debra Barret-Graves,
1401:
Marguerite A. Tassi, "Martyrdom and Memory: Elizabeth Curle's Portrait of Mary, Queen of Scots", Debra Barret-Graves,
215:
481:
425:
175:
374:. Cagnioli was married to Jonet Curle, probably Gilbert's sister. In May 1594 there was a rumour that the rebel
1549:
272:
In February 1586, Mary had discussions with a French visitor, Monsieur Arnault, at Chartley in the presence of
262:
210:
disrepair in the great tower, but they suspected Mary's household were reluctant to move for "secret causes".
1337:
1217:
1006:
877:
849:
724:
George Lasry, Norbert Biermann, Satoshi Tomokiyo, 'Deciphering Mary Stuart’s lost letters from 1578-1584',
558:
67:
Gilbert Curle was with Mary, Queen of Scots in England in September 1568, acting as her secretary for the
359:
266:
258:
141:
969:
808:
125:
80:
328:. Elizabeth I considered that neither Nau or Curle were so desperate that they might kill themselves.
1213:
432:
656:
Debra Barret-Graves, 'Elizabeth Curle', Carole Levin, Anna Riehl Bertolet, Jo Eldridge Carney, eds,
64:. Mary distrusted Durham. Curle was listed as a valet of the chamber in Mary's household in 1567.
1539:
394:
382:
297:
30:
during her captivity in England. He married Barbara Mowbray, one of three sisters serving Mary.
61:
493:
398:
1069:
1544:
443:
317:
301:
27:
1515:
Will of Agnes Mowbray (d. 1575), a sister of Barbara Mowbray, National Records of Scotland
8:
669:
James Daybell, 'Secret Letters in Elizabethan England', James Daybell & Peter Hinds,
586:
Jade Scott, 'Editing the Letters of Mary, Queen of Scots: The Challenges of Authorship',
386:
160:
1509:
1256:
488:
439:
329:
253:
199:
152:
102:
424:
Barbara Mowbray's son Hippolytus Curle and Elizabeth Curle had a monument made in the
1086:, vol. 3 (London, 1889), p. 110 no. 198, the calendar states the author was "E. Curll
470:
352:
129:
43:
1123:
908:, vol. 8 (Edinburgh, 1914), pp. 130 no. 172, 153 no. 200, 155 no. 203, 412 no. 440.
729:
591:
371:
348:
341:
293:
145:
57:
733:
595:
744:
512:
378:
had been secretly lodged in Janet Curle's house on the Castle Hill in Edinburgh.
337:
235:
191:
156:
347:
Evidence against Mary and her secretaries had been gathered by the code-breaker
124:
Curle married Barbara Mowbray, one of Mary's gentlewomen. She was a daughter of
1510:
Letter from Bess of Hardwick to Gilbert Curle, 1574: Bess of Hardwick's Letters
447:
406:
325:
206:
137:
118:
68:
50:
469:
Mary had asked Elizabeth to give Barbara Curle a gold ensign depicting one of
1523:
1139:
305:
113:
88:
971:
Le Journal Inédit De Bourgoing Son Mèdecin La Correspondance D'Amyas Paulet
333:
273:
241:
195:
133:
698:
Mark Dilworth, 'The Curle-Mowbray family and the Scots College in Douai',
618:
Mark Dilworth, 'The Curle-Mowbray family and the Scots College in Douai',
573:
Mark Dilworth, 'The Curle-Mowbray family and the Scots College in Douai',
528:
Mark Dilworth, 'The Curle-Mowbray family and the Scots College in Douai',
94:
One of his sisters, Elizabeth Curle, joined him in the queen's household.
1377:
David A. H. B. Taylor, 'Damnatio Memoriae: Iconography', Steven J. Reid,
682:
554:
453:
312:
230:, and they transferred the sum to Mary's French secretary and treasurer,
164:
98:
1323:
Jos E. Vercruysse, 'A Scottish Jesuit from Antwerp: Hippolytus Curle',
1310:
Jos E. Vercruysse, 'A Scottish Jesuit from Antwerp: Hippolytus Curle',
1284:
Jos E. Vercruysse, 'A Scottish Jesuit from Antwerp: Hippolytus Curle',
955:
Jos E. Vercruysse, 'A Scottish Jesuit from Antwerp: Hippolytus Curle',
438:
Hippolytus Curle gave an encaustic or enamelled "Agnus Dei", depicting
231:
84:
76:
238:
in 1577, mentioning the sum of 4,000 Francs promised to the couple.
214:
Scotland, and he provided a sketch of the secretary's character for
42:
Gilbert Curle married Barbara Mowbray, a daughter of the Laird of
428:
1391:
The Blairs Jewel (Mary Queen of Scots Miniature Reliquary, ArtUK
1364:
David A. H. B. Taylor, 'Bess of Hardwick's Picture Collection',
446:, now lost, with the memorial portrait of Mary which is kept by
38:
1188:, vol. 7 (London, 1842), pp. 242-249, 265: Morris, John, ed.,
227:
265:, known today as the "Penicuik jewels" and displayed at the
358:
On 2 September 1586, Curle noted on a copy of a letter to
182:
letter was intercepted and a key or nomenclator was made.
56:
French Paris, Mary wanted Curle in her service to replace
1171:, vol. 8 (Edinburgh, 1914), p. 635 no. 730: A. Labanoff,
867:, vol. 8 (Edinburgh, 1914), pp. 115 no. 147, 125 no. 163.
715:, vol. 5 (Edinburgh, 1907), p. 546 no. 632, 562 no. 637.
658:
Biographical Encyclopedia of Early Modern Englishwomen
454:
Elizabeth Curle and the jewels of Mary, Queen of Scots
1496:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2013), pp. 109, 120, 131 fn. 53.
1156:
Letters and Papers Relating to Patrick Master of Gray
1059:
Stephen Alford, The Watchers (Penguin, 2013), p. 239.
344:, and Barbara Curle had her baby while she was away.
163:, was informed that Francis Mowbray wished to serve
1037:, vol. 8 (Edinburgh, 1914), pp. 606-7 nos. 688-90.
340:and detain the two secretaries. Mary was taken to
247:
205:Meanwhile, Curle was taken from Wingfield to view
1233:Spycraft: Tricks and Tools of the Dangerous Trade
786:, vol. 7 (Edinburgh, 1913), pp. 497-8 nos. 463-4.
749:Spycraft: Tricks and Tools of the Dangerous Trade
517:Spycraft: Tricks and Tools of the Dangerous Trade
304:beside Elizabeth Curle, 19th-century painting by
1521:
1273:Original Letters of Mr. John Colville, 1582-1603
1158:(Edinburgh, 1835), pp. 110-111, modernised here.
26:(died 1609) was a Scottish secretary who served
385:in September 1586 that Mary was to be moved to
1483:, vol. 6 (London, 1842), pp. 309–311, 457–461.
799:, vol. 7 (Edinburgh, 1913), pp. 582-3 no. 561.
764:, vol. 7 (Edinburgh, 1913), p. 358 nos. 331-2.
190:The marriage was discussed in October 1584 at
108:
1146:, vol. 11 (Edinburgh, 1936), p. 331 no. 261.
545:, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1900), p. 667 no. 1117.
159:, met him in London. The French ambassador,
1050:, vol. 8 (Edinburgh, 1914), p. 531 no. 601.
987:, vol. 8 (Edinburgh, 1914), p. 632 no. 726.
946:, vol. 8 (Edinburgh, 1914), p. 412 no. 439.
933:, vol. 8 (Edinburgh, 1914), p. 235 no. 287.
826:, vol. 8 (Edinburgh, 1914), p. 135 no. 178.
647:, vol. 8 (Edinburgh, 1914), p. 412 no. 439.
609:, vol. 4 (Edinburgh, 1905), p. 672 no. 781.
917:Rosalind Marshall & George Dalgleish,
416:
101:, Mary was a "merchant of Newcastle", and
1261:Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1597-1603
1247:, vol. 9 (Glasgow, 1915), p. 302 no. 288.
1169:Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1585-1586
1130:, 5:1 (Edinburgh, 1957), p. 542 no. 1928.
1048:Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1585-1586
1035:Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1585-1586
985:Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1585-1586
944:Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1585-1586
906:Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1585-1586
865:Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1585-1586
824:Calendar State Papers Scotland, 1585-1586
797:Calendar State Papers Scotland, 1584-1585
784:Calendar State Papers Scotland, 1584-1585
762:Calendar State Papers Scotland, 1584-1585
713:Calendar State Papers Scotland, 1574-1581
689:, 2 (Edinburgh: Blackwood, 1874), p. 326.
671:Material Readings of Early Modern Culture
645:Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1585-1586
117:Gilbert Curle married Barbara Mowbray at
1024:, vol. 8 (London, 1914), p. 621 no. 710.
311:
292:
174:and deciphered in 2023. Curle, Nau, and
112:
37:
140:, and Elizabeth Kirkcaldy, a sister of
1522:
1444:, vol. 7 (London, 1842), pp. 262, 272.
1204:, vol. 9 (Edinburgh, 1915), pp. 272-3.
728:(8 Feb 2023), pp. 74, 91 fn.350, 174.
687:Mary, Queen of Scots, and her Accusers
477:for Gilbert Curle's servant Lawrence.
308:, (Valenciennes, musée des Beaux-Arts)
155:in December 1580, after one his sons,
1128:Register of the Privy Seal: 1556-1567
376:Francis Stewart, 5th Earl of Bothwell
144:. Grange had been a commander in the
1231:Nadine Akkerman & Pete Langman,
559:'Household of Mary Queen of Scots',
480:She also had several items from the
1405:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2013), p. 108.
288:
13:
1355:, vol. 7 (London, 1844), p. 258-9.
673:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), p. 53.
221:
14:
1561:
1503:
1263:, 13:1 (Edinburgh, 1969), p. xxx.
973:(Paris: Plon, 1876), pp. 476, 478
543:Calendar of State Papers Scotland
448:Blairs College Museum in Aberdeen
1470:, vol. 7 (London, 1842), p. 268.
1457:, vol. 7 (London, 1844), p. 265.
1431:, vol. 7 (London, 1842), p. 258.
1418:, vol. 7 (London, 1844), p. 258.
1379:Afterlife of Mary Queen of Scots
1175:, vol. 7 (London, 1842), p. 254.
1113:, vol. 3 (London, 1889), p. 170.
1101:, vol. 3 (London, 1889), p. 176.
919:The Art of Jewellery in Scotland
881:(London, 1874), pp. 100-101, 107
839:, vol. 4 (London, 1852), p. 357.
702:, 56:1 (Spring 2005), pp. 11-12.
634:, vol. 2 (London, 1888), p. 444.
316:The Blairs Memorial portrait of
172:Bibliothèque nationale de France
1486:
1473:
1460:
1447:
1434:
1421:
1408:
1395:
1384:
1371:
1358:
1345:
1341:, vol. 7 (London, 1842), p. 249
1330:
1317:
1304:
1291:
1278:
1266:
1250:
1238:
1225:
1221:, vol. 4 (London, 1892), p. 177
1207:
1195:
1178:
1161:
1149:
1133:
1116:
1104:
1092:
1077:
1062:
1053:
1040:
1027:
1014:
999:
990:
977:
962:
949:
936:
924:
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898:
885:
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857:
842:
829:
816:
802:
789:
776:
767:
754:
738:
718:
705:
692:
676:
663:
650:
637:
261:family, and it is thought that
248:Gillis Mowbray comes to Tutbury
151:John Mowbray was in touch with
148:and was executed in July 1573.
1245:Calendar State Papers Scotland
1219:Calendar State Papers Simancas
1202:Calendar State Papers Scotland
1144:Calendar State Papers Scotland
1022:Calendar State Papers Scotland
931:Calendar State Papers Scotland
625:
612:
607:Calendar State Papers Scotland
600:
580:
567:
548:
535:
522:
506:
1:
1535:Court of Mary, Queen of Scots
996:Mark Dilworth, (2005), p. 13.
773:Mark Dilworth, (2005), p. 11.
734:10.1080/01611194.2022.2160677
660:(Routledge, 2017), pp. 493-4.
596:10.1080/09699082.2023.2266059
499:
79:". The appointed riders were
1530:16th-century Scottish people
1299:St Andrews Church of Antwerp
1192:(London, 1874) pp. 298, 367.
1008:Letter-books of Amias Poulet
879:Letter-books of Amias Poulet
853:(London, 1874), pp. 107, 111
851:Letter-books of Amias Poulet
622:, 56:1 (Spring 2005), p. 11.
577:, 56:1 (Spring 2005), p. 10.
532:, 56:1 (Spring 2005), p. 12.
381:Walsingham sent news to the
320:belonged to Hippolytus Curle
185:
7:
1190:Letter Book of Amias Paulet
563:, 2 (Glasgow, 1905), p. 353
279:
267:National Museum of Scotland
178:ciphered letters for Mary.
142:William Kirkcaldy of Grange
105:was the "merchant's wife".
60:in 1567 shortly before the
10:
1566:
1301:(Antwerp, 2008), pp. 26-7.
1275:(Edinburgh, 1858), p. 331.
1071:Miscellaneous State Papers
561:Scottish Historical Review
519:(Yale, 2024), pp. 89, 103.
109:Marriage at Tutbury Castle
33:
1381:(Edinburgh, 2024), p. 40.
921:(Edinburgh, 1991), p. 14.
433:Frans Pourbus the Younger
1481:Lettres de Marie Stuart
1468:Lettres de Marie Stuart
1455:Lettres de Marie Stuart
1442:Lettres de Marie Stuart
1429:Lettres de Marie Stuart
1416:Lettres de Marie Stuart
1353:Lettres de Marie Stuart
1339:Lettres de Marie Stuart
1327:, 61:2 (November 2010).
1314:, 61:2 (November 2010).
1288:, 61:2 (November 2010).
1186:Lettres de Marie Stuart
1173:Lettres de Marie Stuart
959:, 61:2 (November 2010).
837:Lettres de Marie Stuart
590:, 30:4 (2023), p. 354.
417:Death and commemoration
1122:James Beveridge &
1111:HMC Salisbury Hatfield
1099:HMC Salisbury Hatfield
1084:HMC Salisbury Hatfield
1010:(London, 1874), p. 118
968:RĂ©gis de Chantelauze,
632:HMC Salisbury Hatfield
487:Mary made a plan that
444:Scots College at Douai
321:
309:
121:
62:murder of Lord Darnley
46:
1550:People from Edinburgh
1235:(Yale, 2024), p. 103.
751:(Yale, 2024), p. 115.
494:Bernardino de Mendoza
440:St Ignatius of Loyala
399:Bernardino de Mendoza
315:
296:
116:
87:, Gilbert Curle, and
41:
1494:The Emblematic Queen
1403:The Emblematic Queen
1368:(Yale, 2016), p. 76.
747:& Pete Langman,
515:& Pete Langman,
442:on one side, to the
332:asked Mary's keeper
318:Mary, Queen of Scots
302:Mary, Queen of Scots
263:Mary gave her jewels
28:Mary, Queen of Scots
1184:Labanoff, A., ed.,
810:Sadler State Papers
426:church of St Andrew
161:Michel de Castelnau
1257:John Duncan Mackie
489:Philip II of Spain
330:Francis Walsingham
322:
310:
254:Francis Walsingham
200:Francis Walsingham
153:Francis Walsingham
122:
103:Francis Walsingham
47:
16:Scottish secretary
812:, 3, pp. 281, 288
368:Archibald Douglas
336:to move her from
259:Clerk of Penicuik
1557:
1497:
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1297:Rudi Mannaerts,
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1124:Gordon Donaldson
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546:
539:
533:
526:
520:
510:
482:queen's wardrobe
372:Timothy Cagnioli
349:Thomas Phelippes
289:Arrest and exile
146:Marian Civil War
58:Alexander Durham
1565:
1564:
1560:
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81:Andrew Melville
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1545:1609 deaths
1214:Martin Hume
1073:, 1, p. 223
726:Cryptologia
683:John Hosack
555:Andrew Lang
353:Babington's
300:blindfolds
165:Elizabeth I
128:, Laird of
99:Elizabeth I
1524:Categories
891:Labanoff,
500:References
232:Claude Nau
130:Barnbougle
85:Claude Nau
44:Barnbougle
355:letters.
198:notified
192:Wingfield
186:Betrothal
407:James VI
280:Arrested
893:Lettres
429:Antwerp
157:Francis
136:, near
34:England
342:Tixall
194:, and
77:daggs
54:alias
24:Curll
730:doi
592:doi
132:in
22:or
1526::
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450:.
269:.
167:.
91:.
83:,
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732::
594::
557:,
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