2752:
1926:
1859:
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944:
44:
843:. Because these two species are descendants of lineages that are highly divergent among eukaryotes, Malik et al. suggested that these meiotic genes were present in a common ancestor of all eukaryotes. Thus, on this view, the earliest ancestor of eukaryotes was likely capable of sexual reproduction. Furthermore, Dacks and Roger proposed, based on phylogenetic analysis, that facultative sex was present in the common ancestor of all eukaryotes. Bernstein et al. also reviewed evidence in support of this view.
68:
356:
822:, above, have important implications for understanding the origin of sexual reproduction in eukaryotes. Though sexual reproduction is widespread among extant eukaryotes, until recently, sex seemed unlikely to be a primordial and fundamental feature of eukaryotes. A probable reason for the view that sex may not be fundamental to eukaryotes was that sexual reproduction previously appeared to be lacking in certain human pathogenic single-celled eukaryotes (e.g.
447:
more developed and have more advanced sanitary regulations and procedures. In developed nations, giardiasis has a prevalence of 2%-5%, and in developing nations giardiasis has a prevalence of 20%-30%. Giardiasis is the most common intestinal infection that is derived from parasites in both the United States and the United
Kingdom. In the United States, it has been discovered that a majority of whom are infected by the
539:. The infection is more prevalent in puppies than in adult dogs. Infected dogs can be isolated and treated, or the entire pack at a kennel can be presumptively treated together. Kennels and areas used for exercise should be considered contaminated for at least one month after dogs show signs of infection, as cysts can survive in the environment for long periods of time. Prevention can be achieved by
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had been assumed to be primitively asexual and with no means of transferring DNA between nuclei. These assumptions made explaining the remarkably low level of allelic heterozygosity (< 0.01%) in the genome isolate, WB, very difficult, but all those assumptions of asexuality are now in doubt, with
729:
organism, with at least four, and perhaps eight or more, copies of each of five chromosomes per organism. The genome has been sequenced and was published in 2007, although the sequence contains several gaps. The sequence is about 12 million base pairs and contains about 5000 protein-coding genes. The
499:
transmission of the cysts. Depending on the geographical area, from 1-68% of children may be infected. Those who work with children are also at risk of being infected, as are family members of infected individuals. 7% of children aged 1 to 3 years and 11% of infants and toddlers tested for admission
446:
is common around the world because the parasite resides in bodies of water; typically rivers, lakes, and recreational swimming pools. Additionally, cases of giardiasis tend to be more frequent in developing countries, where the sanitation and overall hygiene is poorer, compared to countries that are
693:
is done in a double-membrane-bound compartment called the mitosome, which is likely a remnant of mitochondria. Each cell contains 25 to 100 mitosomes divided into two categories - peripheral mitosomes, which are scattered throughout the cell, and central mitosomes, which gather at the center of the
462:
causes an infection called giardiasis. This disease is the cause of both endemic and epidemic disease worldwide and is the most frequently identified intestinal parasite in the United States and Canada. It is estimated to infect over 280 million people world every yearresulting over 500,000 deaths.
471:
The cyst can survive for weeks to months in cold water, so can be present in contaminated wells and water systems, especially stagnant water sources, such as naturally occurring ponds, storm-water storage systems, and even clean-looking mountain streams. Cysts can also be found on surfaces, soil,
467:
is the most commonly identified protozoal intestinal parasite. In high-income countries, there is an infection rate between 2-5%, and in low and middle-income countries there is an infection rate between 20% and 30%.Giardia has common seasonal patterns in the distribution of infection rates with
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and are shed in the feces. While the trophozoites cannot survive outside of the host, the cysts can survive for months outside the host—especially in cold water—because they have a slower metabolic rate than the trophozoites. The cysts remain dormant until ingested by a host animal. When a new
427:. The cyst form primarily contains the nucleus, and lacks most structures of the trophozoite form such as the flagella and adhesive disks. This allows the cyst to remain dormant until it is ingested by a new host. At that point, it transforms back into the trophozoite form.
911:
to switch variant-specific surface proteins to avoid host immune response. The discovery was made by the team working at the
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Cordoba, Argentina, led by Dr. Hugo Lujan.
390:
potential host ingests water or food contaminated with this feces, the cysts gain entry to the gastrointestinal tract of the new host. In the new host, environmental conditions trigger the cyst to produce two trophozoites, which then attach to
694:
cell for unknown reasons. As in mitochondria, proteins with a certain peptide signal sequence are trafficked to and imported into the mitosome. Unlike mitochondria, mitosomes have no genome of their own. All mitosomal genes are encoded by the
530:
Cats can be cured easily, and lambs usually simply lose weight, but in calves, the parasites can be fatal and often are not responsive to antibiotics or electrolytes. Carriers among calves can also be asymptomatic. This parasite is deadly for
878:
s lifecycle transformations. They also uncovered several ways in which the parasite evades the defences of the infected organism. One of these is by altering the proteins on its surface, which confounds the ability of the infected animal's
815:
population genetics providing evidence for recombination and the identification of meiotic genes, evidence for recombination among isolates and the evidence for exchange of genetic material between nuclei during the process of encystation.
472:
food, or water that have been contaminated with feces from infected humans or animals. They may also occur in city reservoirs and persist after water treatment, as the cysts are resistant to conventional water-treatment methods, such as
639:
Cysts are oval-shaped cells slightly smaller than trophozoites. They lack flagella, and are covered by a smooth, clear cyst wall. Each cyst contains the organelles for two trophzoites: four nuclei, two ventral disks, etc.
381:. Trophozoites swim through the intestinal mucus until they eventually adhere to the intestinal epithelium. Adhered trophozoites then divide by binary fission, forming either more trophozoites or the nonreplicative
891:
infections are extremely persistent and prone to recur. In addition, these insights into its biology and survival techniques may enable scientists to develop better strategies to understand, prevent, and treat
422:
but contain proteins from former mitochondrial genes that migrated to the cell nucleus. The trophozoite changes into the cyst form when it comes into contact with certain environmental stressors such as a high
762:
immune system are activated. The first physical barrier is the mucus layer where the organism interacts with epithelial, immune cells, and some antimicrobial peptides released by those cells as well as
932:
406:
which allow it to swim within the intestinal lumen of the host. It also has an adhesive disk on its ventral surface that enables it to adhere to the intestinal epithelium. The organism lacks
1235:
621:. Peripheral vesicles are responsible both for taking up extracellular nutrients, and expelling waste outside the cell. Each cell also contains a pair of rigid structures called
754:
are self-limited in immunocompetent individuals, while people with immunodeficiency disorders may develop chronic giardiasis. During the infection different mechanisms from the
594:
202:
535:, so extra care must be taken by providing them with safe water. Dogs have a high infection rate, as 30% of the population under one year old are known to be infected in
1725:"Assessment of prevalence of Giardia lamblia infection and its associated factors among government elementary school children from Sidama zone, SNNPR, Ethiopia"
504:
infections are symptomatic, and many people can unknowingly serve as carriers of the parasite. Re- infection and chronic infections of the parasite can occur.
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maintains homogeneity between the chromosomes of the same and opposite nuclei. Modern sequencing technologies have been used to resequence different strains.
618:
2447:
515:
infects humans, but is also one of the most common parasites infecting cats, dogs, and birds. Mammalian hosts also include dozens of species, including
2506:
1004:
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can be found all over the world, in both developing and industrialized nations. However, it is most commonly found in tropical and temperate climates.
854:
isolated from various hosts has shown that assemblages A and B infect the largest range of host species, and appear to be the main (or possibly only)
488:
infection is a concern for people camping in the wilderness or swimming in contaminated streams or lakes, especially the artificial lakes formed by
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633:
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109:
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Ankarklev J, Jerlstrom-Hultqvist JJ, Ringqvist E, Troell K, Svard SG (2010). "Behind the smile: cell biology and disease mechanisms of
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In addition to waterborne sources, Giardia infections are more commonly found in children than adults, this is believed to be due to
3375:
451:
parasite tend to reside in more urban areas, and, patients who are infected are more likely to live in the
Southern United States.
321:
drinking water (which is the most common method of transmission for this parasite), food, soil contaminated with human feces, and
3414:
2546:
Hetsko ML, McCaffery JM, Svärd SG, Meng TC, Que X, Gillin FD (1998). "Cellular and transcriptional changes during excystation of
919:
is the
International Giardia and Cryptosporidium Conference. A summary of results presented at the most recent edition (2019, in
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adults and their family members in the United States and Canada. About 20,000 cases per year in the United States are reported.
2954:
Prucca CG, Slavin I, Quiroga R, et al. (2008). "Antigenic variation in
Giardia lamblia is regulated by RNA interference".
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infections occur worldwide. It is the most commonly identified intestinal parasite among children in day-care centers, hikers,
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that extends through much of the cell. Trophozoites about to differentiate into cysts also contain prominent vesicles termed
3419:
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of the small intestine. The microorganism has an outer membrane that makes it possible to survive even when outside of its
17:
3500:
3213:
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The
Giardia lamblia genome. Int J Parasitol. 2000 Apr 10;30(4):475-84. doi: 10.1016/s0020-7519(99)00191-5. PMID 10731570.
1875:
Tzanidakis N, Sotiraki S, Claerebout E, Ehsan A, Voutzourakis N, Kostopoulou D, Stijn C, Vercruysse J, Geurden T (2014).
867:
2094:
Morrison HG, McArthur AG, Gillin FD, et al. (2007). "Genomic minimalism in the early diverging intestinal parasite
979:
published a description of the trophozoite stages he saw in the stool of a pediatric patient. Lambl termed the organism
2638:
Prucca CG, Slavin I, Quiroga R, Elias EV, Rivero FD, Saura A, Carranza PG, Lujan HD (2008). "Antigenic variation in
3480:
3029:
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2231:"Interleukin-17 receptor A (IL-17RA) as a central regulator of the protective immune response against Giardia"
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consists entirely of the endoplasmic reticulum and numerous vesicles dispersed throughout the cell, termed
55:
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of infected dogs for at least 20 days and careful management and maintenance of a clean water supply.
3353:
2389:"An expanded inventory of conserved meiotic genes provides evidence for sex in Trichomonas vaginalis"
2751:
1925:
1858:
276:
67:
2904:
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1021:
1568:
632:. Trophozoites adhere to host epithelial cells via a specialized disk-shaped organelle called the
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718:
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in the laboratory, and identified biochemical cues in the host's digestive system that trigger
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genome, and further that homologs of these genes also occur in another unicellular eukaryote,
3272:
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264:
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142:
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takes on two morphologically distinct forms during its lifecycle. The replicative form is a
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2015:
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682:
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326:
303:
164:
62:
2507:"Ch. 1: DNA repair as the primary adaptive function of sex in bacteria and eukaryotes"
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long, 7 to 10 μm across, and 2 to 4 μm thick. They are motile by way of four pairs of
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of four and the ploidy of cysts is eight, which in turn raises the question of how
391:
344:
268:
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3292:
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2005:
1961:
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that disappear once cyst wall construction begins. Unlike most other eukaryotes,
407:
386:
318:
284:
256:
43:
403:
3278:
3263:
3198:
3107:
2718:
2587:"Differentiation-associated surface antigen variation in the ancient eukaryote
2254:
2149:
Franzén O, Jerlström-Hultqvist J, Castro E, et al. (2009). Petri W (ed.).
1900:
1833:
1663:
1356:
Huang DB, White AC (2006). "An updated review on
Cryptosporidium and Giardia".
1195:. University of Michigan: American Society for Clinical Pathology. p. 88.
657:(C) Cyst imaged through use of carboxy fluorescein diacetate, a viability stain
614:
330:
288:
2855:
2320:
2295:
2155:
Assemblage B Isolate GS: Is Human
Giardiasis Caused by Two Different Species?"
2148:
1615:
1462:
1369:
551:
3449:
3338:
3119:
3060:
2726:
1623:
1156:. Vol. 1 (4 ed.). Oxford University Press. 2003. pp. 759–760.
931:
880:
772:
655:(B) Cyst wall selectively imaged through use of fluorescent-labelled antibody
602:
411:
402:
The trophozoite has an elaborate structure with two nuclei and four pairs of
2916:
United States
Environmental Protection Agency fact sheet on Giardia in water
2119:
1091:
605:, but instead contains a substantially reduced metabolic organelle termed a
2983:
2840:
2744:
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2563:
2479:
2432:
2329:
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2190:
2127:
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2024:
1969:
1918:
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1484:
1470:
1426:
1377:
1101:
1076:
964:
764:
714:
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578:
463:
The most affected demographic is children 0 to 4 years of age. Globally G.
307:
306:, and absorb their nutrients from the intestinal lumen. If the organism is
292:
272:
2616:
2571:
1944:
Faso C, Hehl AB (2011). "Membrane trafficking and organelle biogenesis in
1631:
726:
3388:
3347:
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1408:
1058:
378:
299:
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2663:
2055:
1708:
355:
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3252:
3238:
2471:
1885:
spp. in sheep and goats reared under dairy husbandry systems in Greece"
1647:"An update on the incidence of human giardiasis in Scotland, 2011–2018"
1290:(6 ed.). Parasites Without Borders. pp. 11–20. Archived from
731:
710:
686:
678:
566:
540:
532:
477:
374:
260:
243:
240:
99:
3393:
833:, Malik et al. reported that many meiosis specific genes occur in the
3229:
2387:
Malik SB, Pightling AW, Stefaniak LM, Schurko AM, Logsdon JM (2008).
1236:"Pathogen Safety Data Sheet: Infectious Substances – Giardia lamblia"
1043:"Medical Parasitology Taxonomy Update: January 2012 to December 2015"
573:, which propel the trophozoites through the intestine. Notably, each
570:
377:
cell that survives only in the small intestine of the host, called a
89:
79:
3309:
2911:
Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Giardia Information
2296:"Population genetics provides evidence for recombination in Giardia"
653:(A) Cyst imaged by transmission (differential interference contrast)
3332:
3049:
2093:
1122:
1120:
1118:
871:
606:
481:
415:
370:
246:
2899:
1282:
Despommier DD, Griffin DO, Gwadz RW, Hotez PJ, Knirsch CA (2019).
1224:. Washington DC: National Council for Science and the Environment.
3044:
1874:
674:
334:
251:
119:
826:) that diverged from early ancestors in the eukaryotic lineage.
430:
2953:
2771:
Giardia and Giardiasis: Biology, Pathogenesis, and Epidemiology
2448:"The first sexual lineage and the relevance of facultative sex"
2208:(1 ed.). India: Springer Wien New York. pp. 319–328.
1007:
published a detailed description of the parasite's morphology.
800:
735:
689:
on its own, instead salvaging them from its host. Synthesis of
536:
516:
489:
418:, which probably evolved from mitochondria. The mitosomes lack
322:
311:
2695:"Update on Giardia: Highlights from the seventh International
2585:
Svärd SG, Meng TC, Hetsko ML, McCaffery JM, Gillin FD (1998).
2386:
1697:Динамика альфа-активности образца puв различных шкалах времени
492:
dams (hence the popular name for giardiasis, "beaver fever").
1644:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1326:
Ryan KJ, ed. (2018). "53:Sarcomastigophora-The Flagellates".
920:
870:, and her colleagues cultivated the entire lifecycle of this
829:
In addition to the evidence cited above for recombination in
520:
2357:
Anaerobic Parasitic Protozoa: Genomics and Molecular Biology
2294:
Cooper MA, Adam RD, Worobey M, Sterling CR (November 2007).
1176:
Harrison's Internal Medicine, Harrison's Online Chapter 199
2905:
Washington State Department of Health fact sheet on Giardia
1645:
Ferguson LC, Smith-Palmer A, Alexander CL (December 2020).
1281:
524:
1554:
643:
2293:
2228:
1870:
1868:
1444:
971:
trophozoites in his stool. The next known description of
2900:
GiardiaDB: The Giardia lamblia genome sequencing project
2692:
2637:
2584:
2545:
2504:
651:
cyst imaged by confocal microscopy: Bar = 10 micrometers
1445:
Einarsson E, Ma'ayeh S, Svard SG (2016). "An update on
939:
trophozoite, drawn by Vilém Lambl and published in 1859
500:
to day-care centers were found to be infected. Not all
424:
317:
Chief pathways of human infection include ingestion of
2355:: Nuclear and Chromosomal Structure and Replication".
1865:
1597:
385:
stage. Cysts and trophozoites pass through the host's
1569:"Giardiasis: What Is It, Symptoms, Treatment, Causes"
310:, its characteristic pattern resembles the familiar "
558:
trophozoites stained with Giemsa; 100x magnification
2764:
1722:
858:assemblages that undeniably infect human subjects.
279:. Giardiasis does not spread to other parts of the
1178:Protozoal intestinal infections and trochomoniasis
850:have been recognized to date (A-H). Genotyping of
2693:Buret AG, Cacciò SM, Favennec L, Svärd S (2020).
2350:
1982:
1723:Hajare ST, Chekol Y, Chauhan NM (15 March 2022).
1598:Oberhuber G, Kastner N, Stolte M (January 1997).
1188:
903:published an article showing the discovery of an
329:. Contamination of natural waters also occurs in
3447:
1600:"Giardiasis: a histologic analysis of 567 cases"
1440:
1438:
1436:
951:trophozoite and cyst by Charles E. Simon in 1921
673:primarily generates its energy by breaking down
468:highest peaks in the late summer to early fall.
2798:
2686:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1586:
1242:. Public Health Agency of Canada. 30 April 2012
1096:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
3068:
1877:"Occurrence and molecular characterization of
1593:
1591:
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1393:"Giardia duodenalis: Biology and Pathogenesis"
454:
291:, and which can render it tolerant to certain
27:Parasitic microorganism that causes giardiasis
3030:
2513:. Hauppauge NY: Nova Science. pp. 1–49.
1976:
1433:
787:. The T-cell response in giardiasis includes
717:that are similar in appearance, DNA content,
565:trophozoites are pear-shaped cells, 10 to 20
2505:Bernstein H, Bernstein C, Michod RE (2012).
2229:Paerewijck O, Maertens B, Dreesen L (2017).
1800:
1089:
1040:
609:. Additionally, cells appear to contain no
325:, a phenomenon particularly common in many
3037:
3023:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2445:
2203:
1355:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
883:to detect and combat the parasite (called
42:
2830:
2820:
2765:Feely DE, Erlandsen SL, Chase DG (2013).
2734:
2606:
2509:. In Sakura Kimura, Sora Shimizu (eds.).
2422:
2412:
2319:
2262:
2180:
2170:
2014:
2004:
1908:
1841:
1758:
1748:
1707:
1672:
1662:
1416:
1066:
259:, causing a diarrheal condition known as
2382:
2380:
1943:
1811:
1604:Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology
1351:
1349:
1347:
975:wasn't until 1859, when Czech physician
942:
930:
661:(E) Composite image of (A), (B), and (C)
642:
550:
354:
2853:
2787:
2767:"Structure of the trophozoite and cyst"
1939:
1937:
1935:
1702:(Report) (in Russian). LJournal. 2017.
1325:
1306:
803:also helps to eliminate the infection.
14:
3448:
2344:
1950:International Journal for Parasitology
1277:
713:are unique in their possession of two
3314:
3313:
3018:
2377:
1983:Cernikova L, Faso C, Hehl AB (2018).
1344:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
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1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1220:. In McGinley M, Cleveland C (eds.).
1215:
1192:Practical principles of cytopathology
999:in honor of both Lambl and Professor
967:, described "animalcules" resembling
2769:. In Erlandsen SL, Meyer EA (eds.).
1932:
1390:
1182:
1041:Simner PJ, Kraft CS (January 2017).
685:pathway. It is unable to synthesize
3214:Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis
2642:is regulated by RNA interference".
1330:(7 ed.). McGraw-Hill Medical.
868:University of California, San Diego
24:
3476:Conditions diagnosed by stool test
1254:
1090:Rumsey P, Waseem M (4 July 2023).
659:(D) Composite image of (B) and (C)
484:transmission is also possible, so
25:
3517:
2881:
2809:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
2750:
2608:10.1046/j.1365-2958.1998.01125.x
1924:
1857:
1047:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
955:The first likely description of
585:genes. Adjacent to the nucleus,
66:
2847:
2773:. Springer Science. p. 3.
2758:
2631:
2578:
2539:
2498:
2446:Dacks J, Roger AJ (June 1999).
2439:
2287:
2222:
2197:
2142:
2087:
2078:
2031:
1775:
1716:
1689:
1638:
1528:
1502:
1477:
1451:Current Opinion in Microbiology
1384:
818:These findings on sexuality in
546:
263:. The parasite attaches to the
2921:Giardia article at MicrobeWiki
1818:genetic assemblages and hosts"
1228:
1209:
1170:
1146:
1083:
1034:
846:Eight genotype assemblages of
283:, but remains confined to the
13:
1:
2938:Giardia and the Sierra Nevada
2888:Giardia lamblia image library
2351:Adam, RD, Svard, SG (2010). "
1397:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
1358:Gastroenterol. Clin. North Am
1027:
887:). Gillin's work reveals why
745:
665:
595:encystation-specific vesicles
350:
2822:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002686
2799:Maria Lipoldova (May 2014).
2414:10.1371/journal.pone.0002879
2172:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000560
2151:"Draft Genome Sequencing of
2006:10.1371/journal.ppat.1007250
1962:10.1016/j.ijpara.2010.12.014
1750:10.1371/journal.pone.0264812
1328:Sherris Medical Microbiology
806:
734:is 46%. Trophozoites have a
397:
7:
3163:Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
2926:Video of Giardia Life Cycle
2044:Nature Reviews Microbiology
1783:"Giardia | Parasites | CDC"
1536:"Giardia | Parasites | CDC"
1154:Oxford textbook of Medicine
1128:"Giardia | Parasites | CDC"
1017:List of parasites of humans
1010:
991:in Lambl's honor. In 1915,
861:
721:, and time of replication.
701:
455:Prevalence and Epidemiology
431:Geographical Prevalence of
394:, starting the cycle anew.
249:microorganism of the genus
213:Kulda & Nohýnková, 1995
10:
3522:
3501:Protists described in 1902
2255:10.1038/s41598-017-08590-x
1664:10.1186/s13071-020-04160-9
1189:DeMay, Richard M. (1999).
926:
625:which make up part of the
507:
3322:
3262:
3237:
3228:
3197:
3118:
3077:
3059:
2931:25 September 2007 at the
2552:Experimental Parasitology
2321:10.1016/j.cub.2007.10.020
2206:Giardia, A Model Organism
2204:Luján H, Svärd S (2011).
1616:10.3109/00365529709025062
1510:"CDC - DPDx - Giardiasis"
1463:10.1016/j.mib.2016.07.019
1370:10.1016/j.gtc.2006.03.006
1093:Giardia Lamblia Enteritis
783:also can be activated by
601:cells contain no visible
581:, both of which actively
170:
163:
148:
141:
63:Scientific classification
61:
50:
41:
34:
2893:25 November 2013 at the
2719:10.1051/parasite/2020047
2511:DNA Repair: New Research
1901:10.1051/parasite/2014048
1834:10.1051/parasite/2016013
1022:1998 Sydney water crisis
923:, France) is available.
915:The main congress about
795:, and the production of
3481:Veterinary protozoology
3149:Cutaneous leishmaniasis
3094:African trypanosomiasis
2947:9 November 2012 at the
2120:10.1126/science.1143837
1651:Parasites & Vectors
981:Cercomonas intestinalis
961:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
269:adhesive disc or sucker
174:Cercomonas intestinalis
3183:Visceral leishmaniasis
2805:and Vilém Dušan Lambl"
2595:Molecular Microbiology
2564:10.1006/expr.1998.4246
2361:Caister Academic Press
952:
940:
907:mechanism that allows
866:Frances Gillin of the
769:inflammatory cytokines
662:
559:
363:
281:gastrointestinal tract
3273:Trichomonas vaginalis
3008:NCBI Taxonomy Browser
2494:on 15 September 2000.
1948::Use it or lose it".
1222:Encyclopedia of Earth
995:renamed the organism
987:renamed the parasite
963:, who in a letter to
946:
934:
840:Trichomonas vaginalis
646:
591:endoplasmic reticulum
554:
420:mitochondrial genomes
358:
265:intestinal epithelium
3287:Dientamoeba fragilis
3002:Giardia intestinalis
2363:. pp. 193–204.
2153:Giardia intestinalis
1812:Heyworth MF (2016).
1409:10.1128/CMR.00024-19
1364:(2): 291–314, viii.
1059:10.1128/JCM.01020-16
1001:Alfred Mathieu Giard
989:Lamblia intestinalis
691:iron–sulfur clusters
647:Multiple views of a
327:developing countries
230:Giardia intestinalis
210:Giardia intestinalis
182:Lamblia intestinalis
18:Giardia intestinalis
3471:Waterborne diseases
3466:Pathogenic microbes
3461:Parasitic excavates
2976:10.1038/nature07585
2968:2008Natur.456..750P
2664:10.1038/nature07585
2656:2008Natur.456..750P
2464:1999JMolE..48..779D
2405:2008PLoSO...3.2879M
2312:2007CBio...17.1984C
2247:2017NatSR...7.8520P
2112:2007Sci...317.1921M
2056:10.1038/nrmicro2317
1741:2022PLoSO..1764812H
1709:10.18411/a-2017-023
1003:of Paris. In 1921,
885:antigenic variation
619:peripheral vesicles
255:that colonizes the
3496:Parasites of birds
3491:Protozoal diseases
3368:Giardia_duodenalis
2856:"The discovery of
2527:on 29 October 2013
2472:10.1007/pl00013156
2235:Scientific Reports
1987:Giardia duodenalis
1985:"Five facts about
1946:Giardia duodenalis
1879:Giardia duodenalis
1816:Giardia duodenalis
1288:Parasitic Diseases
953:
941:
899:In December 2008,
683:arginine deiminase
663:
613:, and instead the
560:
449:Giardia duodenalis
444:Giardia duodenalis
440:Giardia duodenalis
433:Giardia duodenalis
364:
224:Giardia duodenalis
152:Giardia duodenalis
134:G. duodenalis
36:Giardia duodenalis
3506:Metamonad species
3443:
3442:
3428:Open Tree of Life
3316:Taxon identifiers
3307:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3224:
3223:
3208:Naegleria fowleri
3193:
3192:
3046:Parasitic disease
2780:978-1-4899-0594-9
2650:(7223): 750–754.
2520:978-1-62100-808-8
2370:978-1-904455-61-5
2215:978-3-7091-1927-3
1542:. 5 December 2022
1449:and giardiasis".
1337:978-1-259-85980-9
1284:"Giardia lamblia"
1218:"Water pollution"
1216:Hogan CM (2010).
1202:978-0-89189-437-7
1163:978-0-19-262922-7
985:Raphaël Blanchard
793:cytotoxic T cells
681:, as well as the
345:immunocompromised
220:
219:
214:
206:
186:
178:
16:(Redirected from
3513:
3436:
3435:
3423:
3422:
3410:
3409:
3397:
3396:
3384:
3383:
3371:
3370:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3311:
3310:
3235:
3234:
3179:
3145:
3130:Leishmania major
3075:
3074:
3066:
3065:
3039:
3032:
3025:
3016:
3015:
3011:
2995:
2875:
2874:
2864:
2854:Ford BJ (2005).
2851:
2845:
2844:
2834:
2824:
2796:
2785:
2784:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2748:
2738:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2610:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2523:. Archived from
2502:
2496:
2495:
2490:. Archived from
2443:
2437:
2436:
2426:
2416:
2384:
2375:
2374:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2323:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2266:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2184:
2174:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2106:(5846): 1921–6.
2091:
2085:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2018:
2008:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1941:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1922:
1912:
1872:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1855:
1845:
1809:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1762:
1752:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1701:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1676:
1666:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1595:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1573:Cleveland Clinic
1565:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1442:
1431:
1430:
1420:
1403:(4): e00024-19.
1391:Adam RD (2021).
1388:
1382:
1381:
1353:
1342:
1341:
1323:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1279:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1124:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1070:
1038:
1005:Charles E. Simon
905:RNA interference
750:Infections with
698:nuclear genome.
615:secretory system
392:epithelial cells
333:where intensive
227:, also known as
212:
192:
184:
176:
154:
71:
70:
46:
32:
31:
21:
3521:
3520:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3446:
3445:
3444:
3439:
3431:
3426:
3418:
3413:
3405:
3400:
3392:
3387:
3379:
3374:
3366:
3361:
3354:Giardia lamblia
3352:
3351:
3346:
3337:
3336:
3331:
3324:Giardia lamblia
3318:
3308:
3299:
3293:Dientamoebiasis
3258:
3248:Giardia lamblia
3220:
3189:
3169:
3157:L. braziliensis
3127:
3114:
3079:Trypanosomiasis
3070:Trypanosomatida
3055:
3043:
2998:
2962:(7223): 750–4.
2949:Wayback Machine
2933:Wayback Machine
2895:Wayback Machine
2884:
2879:
2878:
2862:
2852:
2848:
2797:
2788:
2781:
2763:
2759:
2749:
2701:Cryptosporidium
2691:
2687:
2640:Giardia lamblia
2636:
2632:
2589:Giardia lamblia
2583:
2579:
2548:Giardia lamblia
2544:
2540:
2530:
2528:
2521:
2503:
2499:
2444:
2440:
2385:
2378:
2371:
2349:
2345:
2292:
2288:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2202:
2198:
2165:(8): e1000560.
2147:
2143:
2096:Giardia lamblia
2092:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2036:
2032:
1999:(9): e1007250.
1981:
1977:
1942:
1933:
1923:
1883:Cryptosporidium
1873:
1866:
1856:
1810:
1801:
1791:
1789:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1735:(3): e0264812.
1721:
1717:
1699:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1643:
1639:
1596:
1587:
1577:
1575:
1567:
1566:
1555:
1545:
1543:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1519:
1517:
1516:. 22 April 2021
1508:
1507:
1503:
1493:
1491:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1443:
1434:
1389:
1385:
1354:
1345:
1338:
1324:
1307:
1297:
1295:
1280:
1255:
1245:
1243:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1214:
1210:
1203:
1187:
1183:
1175:
1171:
1164:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1137:
1135:
1126:
1125:
1116:
1106:
1104:
1088:
1084:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1013:
997:Giardia lamblia
959:was in 1681 by
929:
864:
809:
748:
704:
668:
660:
658:
656:
654:
652:
549:
510:
457:
436:
400:
387:large intestine
373:, pear-shaped,
361:Giardia lamblia
353:
257:small intestine
236:Giardia lamblia
190:Giardia lamblia
185:Blanchard, 1888
159:
156:
150:
137:
65:
52:Giardia lamblia
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3519:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3437:
3424:
3411:
3398:
3385:
3372:
3359:
3344:
3328:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3305:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3279:Trichomoniasis
3268:
3266:
3264:Trichomonadida
3260:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3243:
3241:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3216:
3203:
3201:
3199:Schizopyrenida
3195:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3124:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3108:Chagas disease
3098:
3097:
3096:
3083:
3081:
3072:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3042:
3041:
3034:
3027:
3019:
3013:
3012:
2996:
2951:
2940:
2935:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2902:
2897:
2883:
2882:External links
2880:
2877:
2876:
2867:The Microscope
2846:
2786:
2779:
2757:
2685:
2630:
2577:
2538:
2519:
2497:
2438:
2376:
2369:
2343:
2306:(22): 1984–8.
2286:
2221:
2214:
2196:
2159:PLOS Pathogens
2141:
2086:
2077:
2050:(6): 413–422.
2030:
1993:PLOS Pathogens
1975:
1956:(5): 471–480.
1931:
1864:
1799:
1774:
1715:
1688:
1637:
1585:
1553:
1527:
1501:
1485:"Microbiology"
1476:
1432:
1383:
1343:
1336:
1305:
1294:on 4 June 2019
1253:
1227:
1208:
1201:
1181:
1169:
1162:
1145:
1134:. 24 June 2019
1114:
1082:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1012:
1009:
993:Charles Stiles
947:Drawings of a
928:
925:
863:
860:
808:
805:
789:T helper cells
747:
744:
709:and the other
703:
700:
667:
664:
589:cells have an
548:
545:
509:
506:
456:
453:
435:
429:
399:
396:
352:
349:
277:binary fission
218:
217:
216:
215:
207:
187:
179:
168:
167:
161:
160:
157:
146:
145:
139:
138:
131:
129:
125:
124:
117:
113:
112:
107:
103:
102:
97:
93:
92:
87:
83:
82:
77:
73:
72:
59:
58:
48:
47:
39:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3518:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3434:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3364:
3360:
3355:
3349:
3345:
3340:
3334:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3312:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3254:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3239:Diplomonadida
3236:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3168:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3138:L. aethiopica
3135:
3131:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3120:Leishmaniasis
3117:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3061:Discicristata
3058:
3054:
3051:
3047:
3040:
3035:
3033:
3028:
3026:
3021:
3020:
3017:
3009:
3005:
3003:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2873:(4): 148–153.
2872:
2868:
2861:
2859:
2850:
2842:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2804:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2782:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2761:
2753:
2746:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2689:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2634:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2601:(5): 979–89.
2600:
2596:
2592:
2590:
2581:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2558:(3): 172–83.
2557:
2553:
2549:
2542:
2526:
2522:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2501:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2458:(6): 779–83.
2457:
2453:
2449:
2442:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2383:
2381:
2372:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2347:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2225:
2217:
2211:
2207:
2200:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2154:
2145:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2090:
2081:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2034:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1988:
1979:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1927:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1871:
1869:
1860:
1853:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1817:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1788:
1784:
1778:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
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576:
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1603:
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1513:
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1492:. Retrieved
1489:wwnorton.com
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1292:the original
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1105:. Retrieved
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1085:
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1050:
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634:ventral disk
630:cytoskeleton
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611:Golgi bodies
603:mitochondria
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158:Stiles, 1902
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149:
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120:
51:
35:
29:
3389:iNaturalist
3348:Wikispecies
3172:L. donovani
3134:L. mexicana
2703:Conference"
2550:in vitro".
2241:(1): 8520.
1787:www.cdc.gov
1578:20 November
1546:20 November
1540:www.cdc.gov
1520:20 November
1514:www.cdc.gov
1132:www.cdc.gov
983:. In 1888,
977:Vilém Lambl
715:cell nuclei
711:diplomonads
687:nucleotides
533:chinchillas
379:trophozoite
375:flagellated
312:smiley face
241:flagellated
177:Lambl, 1859
110:Hexamitidae
3456:Metamonads
3450:Categories
3253:Giardiasis
3142:L. tropica
3048:caused by
2300:Curr. Biol
2042:species".
1792:25 October
1657:(1): 291.
1107:12 January
1028:References
746:Immunology
732:GC-content
679:glycolysis
666:Metabolism
649:G. lamblia
627:G. lamblia
583:transcribe
541:quarantine
497:fecal-oral
478:ozonolysis
465:duodenalis
351:Life cycle
331:watersheds
314:" symbol.
273:reproduces
261:giardiasis
90:Metamonada
3230:Trichozoa
3088:T. brucei
2992:205215563
2727:1776-1042
2680:205215563
2281:256910253
1624:0036-5521
1457:: 47–52.
807:Evolution
727:polyploid
416:mitosomes
398:Structure
319:untreated
304:anaerobic
247:protozoan
244:parasitic
128:Species:
80:Eukaryota
3486:Zoonoses
3407:10218963
3333:Wikidata
3176:infantum
3102:T. cruzi
3053:protozoa
3050:Excavata
2984:19079052
2945:Archived
2929:Archived
2891:Archived
2841:24810153
2745:32788035
2707:Parasite
2672:19079052
2625:26329209
2531:21 April
2480:10229582
2433:18663385
2393:PLOS ONE
2338:15991722
2330:17980591
2273:28819174
2191:19696920
2136:29299317
2128:17901334
2072:28139274
2064:20400969
2025:30261050
1970:21296082
1919:25187088
1889:Parasite
1852:26984116
1822:Parasite
1769:35290402
1729:PLOS ONE
1683:32513243
1494:26 April
1471:27501461
1427:34378955
1378:16880067
1246:14 April
1102:30285390
1077:27440818
1011:See also
876:Giardia'
872:parasite
862:Research
760:adaptive
702:Genetics
607:mitosome
571:flagella
482:Zoonotic
414:but has
404:flagella
337:occurs.
197:, 1859)
165:Synonyms
106:Family:
86:Phylum:
76:Domain:
3381:5425222
3339:Q155630
3010:. 5741.
2964:Bibcode
2858:Giardia
2832:4014406
2803:Giardia
2736:7425178
2697:Giardia
2652:Bibcode
2617:9988475
2572:9562420
2488:9441768
2460:Bibcode
2424:2488364
2401:Bibcode
2353:Giardia
2308:Bibcode
2264:5561107
2243:Bibcode
2182:2723961
2108:Bibcode
2100:Science
2040:Giardia
2016:6160191
1910:4154256
1843:4794627
1760:8923448
1737:Bibcode
1674:7282119
1632:9018766
1447:Giardia
1418:8404698
1138:7 April
1068:5228259
973:Giardia
969:Giardia
957:Giardia
949:Giardia
937:Giardia
927:History
917:Giardia
909:Giardia
894:Giardia
889:Giardia
835:Giardia
831:Giardia
824:Giardia
820:Giardia
812:Giardia
801:B cells
785:Giardia
752:Giardia
740:Giardia
723:Giardia
707:Giardia
696:Giardia
675:glucose
556:Giardia
537:kennels
513:Giardia
508:Ecology
502:Giardia
486:Giardia
341:Giardia
335:grazing
308:stained
297:Giardia
252:Giardia
239:, is a
121:Giardia
116:Genus:
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579:nuclei
523:, and
517:cattle
490:beaver
371:motile
323:sewage
271:, and
267:by an
205:, 1915
201:&
199:Kofoid
54:cell,
3402:IRMNG
2988:S2CID
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2484:S2CID
2334:S2CID
2277:S2CID
2132:S2CID
2068:S2CID
1700:(PDF)
921:Rouen
771:like
725:is a
525:goats
521:sheep
408:Golgi
285:lumen
195:Lambl
3415:ITIS
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1374:PMID
1332:ISBN
1300:2019
1248:2018
1197:ISBN
1158:ISBN
1140:2020
1109:2024
1098:PMID
1073:PMID
791:and
781:TLR4
779:and
777:TLR2
767:and
758:and
677:via
476:and
383:cyst
302:are
289:host
275:via
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