1381:…a haze began to cover the western sky, and as the sun had passed the zenith and moved westward, it grew redder and redder, until it finally hung there as a glowing red ball in the midst of a dark grey sky. One could easily look at it with the naked eye now, it was more like a moon, except that the deep red began to turn almost brown. As the haze came nearer, it turned the glorious spring day into a gloomy mid-November darkness, and as we stood there gazing at the sky and not understanding what was happening, a flake of paper came down, and another one, and more…. Some were charred, around the edges, some had flowers on them like wallpaper, others print. Where were they from? Was there a fire somewhere? If so, it had to be a gigantic fire to blacken the sky like this.
1240:
1248:
1655:
37:
155:
1625:
1705:). Despite the disaster, the city's destruction was regarded as the perfect opportunity to redress many of the problems of industrial pre-war Rotterdam, such as crowded, impoverished neighborhoods, and to introduce broad-scale, modernising changes in the urban fabric, which had previously been too radical in the built-up city. There seemed to be no thought of nostalgically rebuilding the old city, as it would be at the expense of a more modern future. That ran counter to the decision taken in other European cities destroyed during the war, such as
1634:
realised then only too well that the phoney war was over and that this was for real. By that time the fire services had extinguished a number of fires, but they were still dotted around the whole city. This was the first time I'd ever seen devastation by fires on this scale. We went right over the southern outskirts of
Rotterdam at about 6,000 or 7,000 feet, and you could actually smell the smoke from the fires burning on the ground. I was shocked seeing a city in flames like that. Devastation on a scale I had never experienced.
2089:
1096:
1993:
1492:
the grounds that
Rotterdam was not an open city but one stoutly defended by the Dutch. That said, it would be unreasonable for the Germans to bomb a captured city as that would mean it was occupied by their own troops. The often omitted fact that German troops were holding out in a pocket within the city negates allied claims that it was an indiscriminate carpet bombing of the sort the Allies later employed themselves. In his memoirs, written while he was in prison for war crimes, Kesselring gave his account:
143:
1266:
1161:
1546:
1311:, consulted with his aldermen and concluded that there was not enough time to evacuate the city within the two-hour period the Germans had set. Mayor Oud pleaded with Scharroo to surrender. However, Scharroo was not happy with the integrity of the letter as it had not been signed by anyone on the German side; therefore, he refused to seriously consider the surrender and instead replied asking for further details:
1407:
1772:, through low, wide open streets set beside tall slab-like buildings. Rotterdam's urban form was more American than other Dutch cities, based on US plans, with a large collection of high-rise elements and the Maas boulevard and Window to the River functioning primarily as conduits for motor vehicles. In later years, Rotterdam architect
1300:
everything within your powers to prevent the town of having to bear such a huge price. As a token of agreement I request you to send us an authorised negotiator by return. Should within two hours after the hand-over of this ultimatum no official reply be received, I will be forced to execute the most extreme measures of destruction.
1664:
climb to knobby squares above the flat sands. Wholesalers already do business on the ground floor while fresh concrete flows into the forms two floors higher. Along the waterfront, a couple of miles down the New Meuse (nieuwe Maas) river, cranes lever the bales and boxes of an industrial world in and out of the new warehouses.
959:. The objective was to support the German troops fighting in the city, break Dutch resistance and force the Dutch army to surrender. Bombing began at the outset of hostilities on 10 May and culminated with the destruction of the entire historic city centre on 14 May, an event sometimes referred to as the
1663:
Now the biggest bank structure in Europe rears its rounded, balloon-hanger bulk out of the bomb made desert. This is the new home of the
Rotterdamsche Bank. Behind its grilled windows flows the golden blood of commerce. Half a mile away, the cement spattered wooden forms of a huge, new wholesale mart
1577:
in which 30,000 civilians were killed (the real number of civilians who were killed was around 900) "and character the German demolition of the old city as an act of unmitigated barbarism." The number of casualties was relatively small, because thousands of civilians had either fled to safer parts of
1496:
On the morning of 13 May, Student kept calling for bomber support against enemy strongpoints inside
Rotterdam and the point of main effort at the bridges where the parachutists were held up. At 14:00 hours the sortie in question was flown, and its success finally led to the capitulation of Holland on
1491:
Kesselring stated that he had not known about the capitulation, but that is contradicted by the evidence that his headquarters had received the message at 12:42, roughly 40 minutes before the bombs started to fall. Yet, at
Nuremberg, both Göring and Kesselring of the Luftwaffe defended the bombing on
1712:
W.G. Witteveen, director of the Port
Authority, was instructed to draw up plans for the reconstruction within four days of the bombing, and presented his plan to the city council in less than a month. The first plan essentially used most of the old city's structure and layout, but it integrated them
1352:
bombers were approaching the city: 36 from the south and 54 from the northeast, which was still held by the Dutch. The smaller bombing group in the south saw the flares and most of its planes turned back, but the larger group proceeded to destroy the city. General
Schmidt exclaimed, "My God, this is
1299:
The continuing opposition to the offensive of German troops in the open city of
Rotterdam forces me to take appropriate measures should this resistance not be ceased immediately. This may well result in the complete destruction of the city. I petition you - as a man of responsibility - to endeavour
1141:
regiment. A portion of the 16th Air
Landing Regiment that had landed outside the city had managed to fight their way into the city and capture key bridges, but they were soon surrounded and in danger of being overrun by Dutch attacks on their pocket. Outnumbered, with their numbers being reduced by
1780:
Rotterdam did indeed resemble an
American provincial city. You could drive leisurely in a big car through the broad streets and revel in the contrasts between emptiness and density. The Rotterdam police drove around in huge Chevrolets...and the Witte Huis was the first high-rise building in Europe
1633:
When the invasion of Holland took place I was recalled from leave and went on my first operation on 15 May 1940 against mainland Germany. Our target was Dortmund and on the way back we were routed via Rotterdam. The German Air Force had bombed Rotterdam the day before and it was still in flames. I
1504:
had requested strikes against enemy strongpoints, not carpet-bombing of the city. Had the Germans indiscriminately carpet bombed the city, they would have endangered their own troops holding out around the bridges. Kesselring also states in his memoirs that he spent hours in heated argument with
1023:
With a significant military advantage, the German leadership intended to expedite the conquest of the country by first taking control of key military and strategic targets, such as airfields, bridges, and roads, and then using them to gain control of the remainder of the country. The first German
1593:, such as ports and railways, because it considered them militarily important. While the British government acknowledged the fact that the bombing of Germany would cause civilian casualties, it renounced the deliberate bombing of civilian property outside combat zones, which, after the fall of
1799:) as retail centres, but close attention was still paid to creating human-scale walkable promenades, especially that of the Lijnbaan, which presented broad sunny walkways for shoppers and spectators, and tried new retail techniques such as open glass walls to blend interior and exterior.
1527:
Shortly before the take-off a message came through from Air command saying that Student had called upon Rotterdam to surrender and ordering us to attack an alternative target in case Rotterdam should have surrendered in the meantime (during the approach flight) ―
1365:
and the medieval city centre. Most of them struck buildings, which immediately went up in flames. The fires across the city centre spread uncontrollably and, in the subsequent days, were aggravated as the wind grew stronger; they merged to become a
1486:
Kesselring admitted that the conditions were such that an attack could have been called off, but still clung, rather unreasonably, to the idea that it was tactically indicated because he had been ordered to do so, and he was not a politician but a
1757:, which reimagined the newly-moved dike as a tree-lined street 80 wide, and the Window to the River, a visual corridor running from the harbour to the centre of the city. Both were meant to show the workings of the harbour to the city's people.
1518:
With that in mind, it is unlikely that the bombers would have reeled in their antennas until a few minutes before releasing their bombs. The argument that the antennas were reeled in is contradicted also by the fact that Kesselring quotes
1318:
I am in receipt of your letter. Subject letter has not been duly signed and did not mention name and rank of its originator. Prior to seriously considering your proposal, the letter should be duly signed and mention your name and rank.
1344:
received the message at 12:42, but did not forward it to the bombers, who were en route. As Schmidt was handing over his second signed ultimatum to the Dutch negotiators, the group heard aircraft engines overhead. Schmidt was shocked.
1083:. Germany had planned to take control swiftly by using that strategy, but the assault on The Hague failed. However, bridges were taken at Moerdijk, Dordrecht and Rotterdam, which allowed armoured forces to enter the core region of "
1536:
That invalidates the argument that the bombers had reeled in their antennas because the bombers had not taken off. That indicates that Kesselring must have made the decision to attack Rotterdam regardless of the negotiations.
1763:
Around the same time, the city centre of Rotterdam had shifted north-west as a result of temporary shopping centres, which had been set up on the edge of the devastated city, and new shopping centre projects like the
1802:
While urban reconstruction can be fraught with complexity and conflict, Rotterdam's status as a 'working' harbour city meant it did not receive the same resistance to rebuilding as a cultural or political centre (as
1370:. Reports stated that 900 people had reported been killed and 642 acres (2.60 km) of the city centre had been destroyed. 24,978 homes, 24 churches, 2,320 stores, 775 warehouses, and 62 schools were destroyed.
1508:
The fact was that he had already admitted at Nuremberg that he was for the attack since he wanted "to present a firm attitude and secure an immediate peace" or take "severe measures". Kesselring further states:
1586:) stated that the Dutch government was to blame for turning Rotterdam into a fortress, despite multiple summons to evacuate. It also claimed that the old city was ignited by Dutch bombs and incendiary devices.
1749:, which was adopted in 1946. Van Traa's plan was a much more radical rebuild, doing away with the old layout and replacing them with a collection of principles rather than such a rigid structural design. The
1745:
1505:
Göring on how the attacks were to be carried out, if at all. The arguments happened before the bombers took off and so that cannot be used as an excuse for why he did not get in contact with the bombers.
1513:
As a result I repeatedly warned the bomber wing-commander to pay particular attention to the flares and signals displayed in the battle area and to keep in constant wireless contact with the Air-landing
1713:
into a new plan with widened streets and sidewalks. The largest and most controversial change in the layout was to move the main dike of the city alongside the riverbank, so as to protect the low-lying
3448:
1729:, were to be completed in accordance with Witteveen's plan, and the projects kept the Dutch people in work during the German occupation of the city until all construction was halted in 1942.
1020:, five tracked armoured fighting vehicles, 135 aircraft, and 280,000 soldiers, and Germany committed 159 tanks, 1,200 modern aircraft, and around 150,000 soldiers to the Dutch theatre alone.
1846:
Tower, which was built in 1960, is a related attempt to create a visual link between the city and the port, seemingly one of the last architectural structures that is related to van Traa's
3250:
City and port : urban planning as a cultural venture in London, Barcelona, New York, and Rotterdam : changing relations between public urban space and large-scale infrastructure.
1698:
352:
3478:
1565:
had practically ceased to exist, and its anti-aircraft guns had been moved to The Hague), so when a similar ultimatum was given in which the Germans threatened to bomb the city of
5041:
3523:
260:
5122:
1811:) might have. However, there was still significant movement of people away from the city centre during Rotterdam's reconstruction to purpose-built neighbourhoods such as
1281:
The bombing was initially scheduled for 13 May, but low clouds made targeting impossible and the raid was postponed until the following day. At roughly 10:30 on 14 May,
1760:
Because reconstruction work began so rapidly after the bombing, the city had by 1950 regained its reputation as the fastest loading and unloading harbour in the world.
1024:
plans to invade the Netherlands were articulated on 9 October 1939, when Hitler ordered, "Preparations should be made for offensive action on the northern flank of the
5127:
5107:
963:. According to an official list published in 2022, at least 1,150 people were killed, with 711 deaths in the 14 May bombing alone, and 85,000 more were left homeless.
1677:
The extent of the damage from the bombardment and the resulting fire caused an almost immediate decision to demolish the entire city centre with the exception of the
1348:
It had been arranged that the Wehrmacht would shoot red flares into the sky if negotiations had begun, signalling the bombers to turn back. However, two groups of
1709:, for which the Polish government spent considerable resources on reconstructing historical buildings and quarters and restoring them to their prewar appearance.
2932:
3211:
Kleinhans, R.; Priemus, H.; Engbersen, G. (2007), "Understanding Social Capital in Recently Restructured Urban Neighbourhoods: Two Case Studies in Rotterdam.",
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
1730:
345:
4983:
1717:
area from flooding. That was met with criticism from the newly-formed Inner Circle of the Rotterdam Club, which promoted integrating the city with the Maas (
1690:
78:
1740:
1726:
1036:, and the Netherlands." The attack was to be carried out as quickly and as forcefully as possible. Hitler ordered German intelligence officers to capture
5112:
3516:
1792:
253:
3309:
1904:
3918:
1864:
338:
1947:
1869:
1754:
976:
if the Dutch command did not surrender. The Dutch surrendered in the late afternoon of 14 May and signed the capitulation early the next morning.
1427:
Reads like a persuasive essay citing primary sources. Should be a summary of how secondary sources allocate responsibility, and factual details.
3509:
2565:
2518:
2304:
246:
4585:
3276:
3169:
3144:
1835:
1796:
1753:
placed a high emphasis on broad open spaces and promoted the river's special integration with the city through two significant elements: the
1618:
1115:
river, which runs through the city and prevented the Germans from crossing; German forces included airlanding and airborne forces of General
1059:
crossing through Dutch airspace and giving the impression that Britain was the ultimate target. Instead, the aircraft turned around over the
3813:
3482:
1812:
1431:
5036:
4269:
1714:
920:
651:
3374:
The Lijnbaan (Rotterdam): a Prototype of a Postwar Urban Shopping Centre, in Rebuilding Europe's bombed cities, J.M. Diefendorf, Editor.
4168:
4023:
3828:
3548:
1721:), and claimed that the dike would create a marked separation from it. A number of new or previously-incomplete projects, such as the
1361:
In total, 1,150 50-kilogram (110 lb) and 158 250-kilogram (550 lb) bombs were dropped on the city, mainly in the residential areas of
4833:
4748:
2252:
4028:
1569:, the Dutch supreme command decided to capitulate in the late afternoon, rather than risk the destruction of another city. Through
3973:
3903:
3697:
3798:
3763:
3748:
4038:
3492:
4803:
3953:
3868:
3863:
3532:
3181:
3135:
3117:
3034:
2973:
2541:
2494:
915:
502:
391:
3439:
4892:
4850:
4743:
4738:
4723:
4528:
4316:
4008:
3978:
3958:
3873:
3788:
3717:
3913:
4828:
4808:
4567:
4533:
4123:
4083:
3933:
3738:
3692:
706:
5117:
5031:
4950:
4788:
4643:
4234:
4208:
4188:
4158:
4153:
4128:
4098:
4078:
3908:
3858:
3848:
3818:
3803:
3682:
3619:
1239:
1050:
1012:
and made the case that it wanted no association with either side. Armament production was slightly increased after the
769:
419:
270:
4758:
1573:
and international news media, Dutch and British sources informed the public that the raid on Rotterdam had been on an
1462:
The telegraphed message from Schmidt to halt the bombers and put them on standby was confirmed as received by the 2nd
1192:
district. The attack was to be preceded by artillery bombardment, while Gen. Schmidt had requested the support of the
4783:
4718:
4603:
4597:
4555:
4295:
4143:
4063:
3948:
3893:
3768:
3753:
3421:
3403:
3381:
3350:
3299:
3257:
3160:
3096:
3063:
3013:
2995:
2922:
2904:
2454:
2429:
2366:
2330:
2280:
2198:
1578:
Rotterdam, or they had fled to other cities, during the previous four days of bombing and warfare. The German weekly
1449:
468:
2940:
1247:
5102:
4817:
4713:
4591:
4347:
4337:
4218:
4198:
4148:
4138:
4113:
4018:
3923:
3853:
3702:
3614:
3578:
4753:
4733:
4561:
4178:
4163:
1702:
1393:, a village southeast of Rotterdam. The school where the Dutch capitulated was later turned into a small museum.
4962:
4013:
1654:
1601:, as a military tactic. That policy was abandoned on 15 May 1940, one day after the Rotterdam Blitz, when the
5046:
4843:
3635:
405:
3317:
2834:
1142:
casualties and ammunition running out, things were becoming desperate for the surrounded German paratroops.
4516:
4254:
1025:
362:
2447:
The Nuremberg interviews : an American psychiatrist's conversations with the defendants and witnesses
1976:
873:
4887:
4274:
3640:
1859:
1154:
718:
4638:
4521:
3282:
1133:
1124:
968:
888:
883:
853:
745:
577:
36:
3843:
1957:
3758:
1827:
1694:
1422:
1253:
1064:
1017:
952:
752:
492:
475:
456:
381:
314:
43:
28:
4342:
1686:
1146:
942:
816:
497:
451:
309:
4203:
4033:
4968:
4173:
4088:
3650:
1791:
The larger-scale 'wholesale-quantity' approach was equally used for hospitals and parks (such as
878:
711:
701:
526:
1013:
5060:
4934:
4929:
4666:
3553:
1570:
925:
541:
531:
516:
3743:
1624:
5075:
4573:
4352:
3963:
3088:
2987:
1258:
1009:
966:
The psychological and the physical success of the raid, from the German perspective, led the
797:
735:
613:
565:
48:
4058:
3883:
3838:
1172:
General Schmidt had planned a combined assault the next day, 14 May, using tanks of the 9th
4661:
4321:
4249:
4108:
3993:
3220:
2664:
1682:
1080:
910:
805:
639:
521:
436:
426:
294:
284:
4300:
3783:
3707:
2244:
2156:
8:
4798:
4692:
4259:
3943:
3823:
2401:
1189:
996:
made it ideal for the basing of German air and naval forces to be used in attacks on the
868:
830:
783:
776:
740:
675:
560:
441:
299:
4073:
3968:
3928:
3888:
3501:
3224:
4956:
4823:
4768:
4728:
4676:
4290:
3667:
3360:
3149:
2559:
2512:
2298:
1185:
1040:
uniforms and to use them to gain detailed information on Dutch defensive preparations.
893:
687:
680:
618:
551:
536:
397:
4549:
3998:
3687:
3310:"Chapter IX: Aggression Against Belgium, The Netherlands and Luxembourg (Part 3 of 6)"
1251:
Rotterdam's city centre after the bombing in 1940. The heavily damaged (now restored)
4913:
4838:
4778:
4773:
4697:
4671:
4579:
4490:
4405:
4370:
4103:
3598:
3563:
3460:
3417:
3399:
3377:
3346:
3295:
3253:
3177:
3156:
3131:
3113:
3092:
3069:
3059:
3030:
3009:
2991:
2969:
2918:
2900:
2547:
2537:
2500:
2490:
2460:
2450:
2425:
2372:
2362:
2336:
2326:
2286:
2276:
2204:
2194:
1773:
1610:
1550:
1471:
1417:
1181:
1072:
844:
837:
811:
790:
694:
591:
546:
446:
304:
238:
176:
4213:
4193:
4133:
4093:
3983:
3712:
1228:
4908:
4813:
4793:
4475:
4465:
4400:
4239:
4118:
4068:
3988:
3833:
3773:
3593:
3543:
3228:
1475:
1084:
1005:
956:
823:
762:
723:
509:
480:
4003:
3793:
3677:
3489:
1095:
4763:
4485:
4455:
4425:
3496:
3443:
3436:
3392:
3361:"Chief of Staff Luftflotte 2 Western theatre January–October 1940 (K113-107-152)"
1602:
1562:
1479:
1386:
1001:
863:
728:
656:
608:
570:
485:
4244:
4183:
3898:
3808:
3778:
3454:
4866:
4633:
4480:
4440:
4430:
4410:
4375:
3938:
3080:
1590:
1566:
1349:
1286:
1282:
1216:
1212:
1120:
1108:
989:
646:
431:
386:
330:
289:
171:
3878:
3232:
2861:
1905:"First official list of victims of Rotterdam bombing published after 82 years"
1589:
The United Kingdom had followed a policy of only bombing military targets and
41:
Rotterdam's city centre after the bombing. The heavily damaged (now restored)
5096:
4495:
4470:
4420:
4415:
4395:
3022:
2551:
2504:
2376:
1614:
1555:
1257:
stands out as the only remaining building that is reminiscent of Rotterdam's
1201:
1177:
997:
757:
582:
412:
93:
80:
47:
stands out as the only remaining building that is reminiscent of Rotterdam's
3733:
3334:
An analysis of the rebuilding of Rotterdam after the bombing on May 14, 1940
3265:
2840:
2464:
2357:
Macksey, Kenneth; Zenon Miernicki (2004). "The Nemesis of Incomprehension".
2340:
2208:
1739:
presents a vision of some of the projects. Meanwhile, Witteveen's successor
1628:
Lights along the fire line memorialize the bombing of Rotterdam, 14 May 2007
4435:
4385:
3105:
3073:
2688:
2290:
1501:
1336:
Airstrike postponed due to ongoing negotiations. Return to stand-by status.
1274:
1270:
1265:
1227:
focusing on some strategic targets. The carpet bombing had been ordered by
1116:
993:
632:
200:
159:
154:
2572:
1826:
has been almost completely replaced with newer projects. For example, The
4618:
4450:
3645:
2449:. Robert Gellately (1st ed.). New York: Vintage Books. p. 326.
1678:
1150:
1112:
1107:
as it had been over the previous three days. Dutch garrison forces under
985:
858:
661:
147:
142:
3464:
1296:
To the Mayor and aldermen and the Governmental Authorities of Rotterdam
4445:
4390:
3490:
Pictures of the 2007 and 2008 commemoration by Mothership art producers
1722:
1561:
The Dutch military had no effective means of stopping the bombers (the
1328:
1308:
1037:
1029:
598:
375:
1658:
Aerial photo of the damaged area of Rotterdam taken in September, 1944
4460:
4380:
3568:
3558:
3467:(Spaight was Principal Assistant Secretary of the Air Ministry (U.K))
1831:
1816:
1808:
1804:
1735:
1606:
1574:
1367:
1362:
1138:
1104:
1076:
1068:
1060:
1055:
1045:
947:
938:
905:
72:
3343:
Van Nul to Nu Deel 3 – De vaderlandse geschiedenis van 1815 tot 1940
1326:
On receipt of Scharroo's letter, Schmidt sent a telegram to the 2nd
2399:
Helen Hill Miller (October 1960). "Rotterdam - Reborn from Ruins".
1843:
1765:
1390:
1385:
Schmidt sent a conciliatory message to the Dutch commander General
1188:
crossing of the river upstream and then a flank attack through the
603:
1322:
Colonel, commander of the Dutch troops in Rotterdam, P.W. Scharroo
3274:
1838:
create another barrier between the city and the river, where the
1374:
1168:) was destroyed during the bombing, shown here on an old 1905 map
1160:
1033:
1000:. The Netherlands had firmly opted for neutrality throughout the
973:
1981:
1887:
De luchtverdediging mei 1940, by F.J. Molenaar. The Hague, 1970.
1545:
3044:
3027:
Holland at war against Hitler: Anglo-Dutch relations, 1940–1945
2986:(unabridged ed.), Random House Publishing Group, pp.
2714:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2706:
1706:
1594:
1103:
The situation in Rotterdam on the morning of 13 May 1940 was a
1053:
in the early hours of 10 May 1940. The attack started with the
1063:
and returned to attack from the west and drop paratroopers at
1016:
in April 1940, but the Netherlands had only 35 modern wheeled
3192:
Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog deel
2789:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2758:
2756:
1819:, which are now inhabited by mainly lower-income households.
1718:
1598:
1224:
1165:
3128:
The other battle: Luftwaffe night aces versus Bomber Command
2703:
2323:
Phoenix triumphant : the rise and rise of the Luftwaffe
1277:– partly destroyed during the bombing and demolished in 1960
2743:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2727:
1850:
before later attempts like the Boompjes Boulevard in 1991.
2873:
2849:
2780:
2753:
2616:
2134:
1977:
German strategy 10 May 1940: German invasion army strength
3531:
3210:
2984:
Firestorm: Allied Airpower and the Destruction of Dresden
2867:
2652:
2640:
2584:
2122:
2053:
2017:
1605:
was directed to attack targets which were located in the
1153:
traffic bridge, the key crossing. Several efforts by the
2724:
1781:
with a Chicago-type steel skeleton and a ceramic façade.
3437:
Google Earth overlay of the area destroyed in the Blitz
2768:
1523:
LÓ“ckner (the commander of the bombers) in his memoirs:
1231:, specifically to force a Dutch national capitulation.
1207:
Schmidt's request for air support reached the staff of
3275:
Nederlands Omroep Stichting (NOS) (10 December 2008),
3151:
Phoenix Triumphant; The Rise and Rise of the Luftwaffe
2356:
2191:
Phoenix triumphant: the rise and rise of the Luftwaffe
268:
51:. The photo was taken after the removal of all debris.
2812:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2077:
3270:, Queensland, Australia, p. 2, 17 November 1950
3056:
Generaloberst Kurt Student und seine Fallschirmjäger
3049:, website of 1998–2009 Stichting Kennispunt Mei 1940
2637:, no.22, 31 May 1940, Moritz Schäfer Verlag, Leipzig
2325:(New ed.). Arms and Armour Press. p. 249.
2193:(New ed.). Arms and Armour Press. p. 249.
1597:, meant German areas which were located east of the
16:
WWII aerial bombardment of Rotterdam by Nazi Germany
5123:
World War II strategic bombing conducted by Germany
2676:
1968:
1966:
1935:
1923:
3391:
3307:
3148:
2799:
2065:
1987:
1743:drafted a completely new reconstruction plan, the
1613:targets that aided the German war effort, such as
1554:, (The Destroyed City), sculpture in Rotterdam by
1243:Rotterdam's burning city centre after the bombing.
5128:World War II strategic bombing of the Netherlands
5108:World War II strategic bombing by populated place
3243:(in German), Freiburg: Bundesarchiv Militärarchiv
2822:
2398:
1865:List of World War II military aircraft of Germany
1204:dive-bombers, specifically for a precision raid.
5094:
2959:, Queensland, Australia, p. 2, 2 March 1950
2242:
1963:
1870:List of Dutch military equipment of World War II
1768:were expressing the radical new concepts of the
360:
3414:Rotterdam mei '40: De slag, de bommen, de brand
3359:Speidel, Wilhelm (General der Flieger) (1958),
3316:, vol. I, pp. 766–768, archived from
1211:2 in Berlin. Instead of a precision bombing, a
1899:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1377:, Cornelia Fuykschot described the aftermath:
1269:Aerial view of the Coolsingel with the famous
3517:
3340:
3219:(5/6), Urban Studies (Routledge): 1069–1091,
1842:had envisaged a connection between them. The
346:
254:
3268:Nambour Chronicle and North Coast Advertiser
2963:
2939:, Bomber Command Association, archived from
2879:
2855:
2842:Nambour Chronicle and North Coast Advertiser
2718:
1285:issued an ultimatum to the Dutch commander,
3125:
2954:
2897:Mei 1940 – Strijd op Nederlands grondgebied
2774:
2694:
2602:
1890:
1746:Basisplan voor de Herbouw van de Binnenstad
1621:took place on the night of 15/16 May 1940.
1474:was interviewed about the event during the
1071:Airfields, near the seat of government and
3524:
3510:
3003:
2894:
2762:
2590:
2564:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2531:
2517:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2484:
2444:
2303:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2164:
2157:Rotterdam: Introduction – a recapitulation
2128:
2059:
2023:
1617:that were self-illuminating at night. The
1609:, including oil plants and other civilian
1004:and had planned to do the same during the
353:
339:
261:
247:
4749:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
3416:(in Dutch), Amsterdam: De Arbeiderspers,
2419:
1619:first RAF raid on the interior of Germany
1450:Learn how and when to remove this message
972:(OKL) to threaten to destroy the city of
213:No remaining operational fighter aircraft
3411:
3365:The campaign in Western-Europe 1939–1940
3174:Luftwaffe at War; Blitzkrieg in the West
3104:
3079:
3042:
2912:
2658:
2646:
2622:
2610:
2578:
2160:
2152:
2116:
2047:
2035:
2011:
1972:
1953:
1653:
1623:
1544:
1389:, who surrendered shortly afterwards at
1332:(responsible for the air raid) stating:
1264:
1246:
1238:
1184:. The airlanding troops were to make an
1159:
1094:
4859:
3479:"Pictures of Rotterdam after the Blitz"
3371:
3358:
3241:Bericht Einsatz des KG.54 auf Rotterdam
3238:
2981:
2930:
2868:Kleinhans, Priemus & Engbersen 2007
2793:
2682:
2606:
2534:The memoirs of Field-Marshal Kesselring
2487:The memoirs of Field-Marshal Kesselring
2394:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2176:
1315:To the commander of the German troops.
1090:
5113:Germany–Netherlands military relations
5095:
3389:
3331:
3168:
3143:
3053:
2816:
2670:
2413:
2320:
2270:
2238:
2188:
2172:
2140:
2107:Kriegstagebuch, KTB IR.16, 22.ID BA/MA
2095:
2083:
1941:
1929:
1119:and newly-arrived ground forces under
3533:Strategic bombing during World War II
3505:
3247:
3198:
2828:
2747:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2352:
2350:
2316:
2314:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2255:from the original on 31 October 2020.
2236:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2218:
1219:bombers was carried out, with only a
334:
242:
218:700 involved in concurrent operations
4626:
3289:
3189:
3021:
2383:
2273:The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich
2168:
2071:
1999:
1830:blocks the Window to the River, and
1400:
1149:company had failed to recapture the
228:1,150 killed, including 210 soldiers
5068:
3292:Rotterdam in de Tweede Wereldoorlog
3155:, London: Arms & Armour Press,
3058:(in German), Podzun-Pallas Verlag,
2895:Amersfoort, H; et al. (2005),
1303:The commander of the German troops.
1157:to destroy the bridge also failed.
13:
3430:
3394:Dresden: Tuesday, 13 February 1945
3341:Roep, Thom; Loerakker, Co (1999),
2673:, Chapter "Call Me Meier", p. 111.
2471:
2347:
2311:
2259:
2215:
953:German invasion of the Netherlands
272:German invasion of the Netherlands
29:German invasion of the Netherlands
14:
5139:
3345:(in Dutch), p. 42 square 2,
3207:?. Kriegstagebuch IR.16, May 1940
3006:Rebuilding Europe's bombed cities
1699:Rotterdam old central post office
1649:
1396:
3314:Nazi Conspiracy & Aggression
3252:, Utrecht: International Books,
2931:Burnett, Wilf (7 October 2008),
1405:
1008:. It had refused armaments from
153:
141:
117:Capitulation of the Netherlands
35:
3278:Veel meer gewonden in mei 1940.
3266:"Rotterdam Raised From Ruins",
3239:Lackner, a.D. (Gen-Lt) (1954),
2628:
2596:
2525:
2438:
2182:
2146:
2110:
2101:
2041:
2029:
1703:nl:Hoofdpostkantoor (Rotterdam)
1234:
1145:A Dutch counterattack led by a
1099:A painting of Rotterdam in 1895
1051:its invasion of the Netherlands
230:LVA and MLD virtually destroyed
3199:Horst, Herman van der (1952),
3004:Diefendorf, Jeffry M. (1990),
2050:, (ONR Part III), pp. 204, 205
2005:
1881:
1293:To the Commander of Rotterdam
984:The strategic location of the
124:Destruction of the city centre
1:
3449:Rotterdam Blitz with timeline
3294:(in Dutch), Uitgeverij Boom,
3190:Jong, dr. L de (3 May 1940),
3176:, London: Chevron/Ian Allan,
2968:, Rotterdam: 010 Publishers,
2888:
1786:Kees Christiaanse, Rotterdam.
216:80 aircraft directly involved
3126:Hinchcliffe, Peter (2001) ,
2937:Early Days, Personal Stories
2420:Fuykschot, Cornelia (2019).
1958:Dutch army unit organisation
1540:
1164:The area north of the Maas (
7:
3308:The Nizkor Project (1991),
3290:Pauw, J.L. van der (2006),
2964:Christiaanse, Kees (2012),
2613:, p. 35 for the quote.
2532:Kesselring, Albert (2015).
2485:Kesselring, Albert (2015).
2271:Shirer, William L. (1960).
2038:, (ONR Part I), pp. 242,243
1860:Allied bombing of Rotterdam
1853:
1639:Air Commodore Wilf Burnett.
1466:at 12:42. The commander of
1425:. The specific problem is:
1155:Dutch Army Aviation Brigade
1111:held the north bank of the
10:
5144:
3390:Taylor, Frederick (2005),
3376:, Basingstoke: Macmillan,
3281:(in Dutch), archived from
3008:, Basingstoke: Macmillan,
2982:DeBruhl, Marshall (2010),
2536:. Stroud. pp. 56–58.
2163:, (ONR Part III), p. 232;
1356:
1271:Bijenkorf department store
1134:Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler
1018:armoured fighting vehicles
1014:German invasion of Denmark
979:
969:Oberkommando der Luftwaffe
921:Raids on the Atlantic Wall
916:Strategic Bombing Campaign
5118:Rotterdam in World War II
5059:
5024:
4993:
4982:
4943:
4922:
4901:
4880:
4706:
4685:
4654:
4617:
4542:
4506:
4361:
4330:
4309:
4283:
4227:
4051:
3726:
3666:
3659:
3628:
3607:
3586:
3577:
3539:
3336:, University of Wisconsin
3233:10.1080/00420980701256047
3043:Goossens, Allert (2011),
2955:"Rotterdam Rises Again",
2581:, (ONR Part III), p. 263.
2445:Goldensohn, Leon (2005).
2424:. Prometheus Publishing.
2275:. New York. p. 867.
1695:nl:Stadhuis van Rotterdam
372:
280:
222:
207:
182:
165:
134:
55:
34:
26:
21:
3549:Aerial bombing of cities
3372:Taverne, E.R.M. (1990),
2119:, (ONR Part III), p. 201
1875:
1672:newspaper article, 1950.
1307:The Mayor of Rotterdam,
94:51.9644306°N 4.4512361°E
5103:1940 in the Netherlands
3194:(in Dutch), p. 352
2933:"Flying over Rotterdam"
2913:Brongers, E.H. (2004),
2014:, (ONR Part III), p. 83
1988:The Nizkor Project 1991
1200:(about 25 aircraft) of
941:was subjected to heavy
194:Marine Luchtvaartdienst
121:884 civilian casualties
3554:Area bombing directive
3412:Wagenaar, Aad (1970),
3398:, London: Bloomsbury,
3332:Runyon, David (1969),
3130:, Airlife Publishing,
2489:. Stroud. p. 56.
2321:Hooton, E. R. (1996).
2243:Allert M.A. Goossens.
2189:Hooton, E. R. (1996).
1789:
1675:
1659:
1642:
1629:
1558:
1534:
1516:
1499:
1489:
1383:
1373:50 kilometres away in
1338:
1324:
1305:
1283:General Rudolf Schmidt
1278:
1262:
1244:
1169:
1100:
166:Commanders and leaders
3442:8 August 2007 at the
3367:, Washington archives
3112:, London: Pan Books,
3089:Bloomsbury Publishing
3085:Among the Dead Cities
2915:Opmars naar Rotterdam
2870:, pp. 1069–1091.
2609:, pp. 90–91 and
1778:
1661:
1657:
1631:
1627:
1548:
1525:
1511:
1494:
1484:
1379:
1334:
1313:
1291:
1268:
1259:medieval architecture
1250:
1242:
1163:
1109:Colonel P.W. Scharroo
1098:
1028:crossing the area of
614:Battle of Britain Day
223:Casualties and losses
99:51.9644306; 4.4512361
49:medieval architecture
3919:Ludwigshafen / Oppau
3651:Saint-Leu-d'Esserent
3456:"Bombing Vindicated"
3029:, Psychology Press,
2917:(in Dutch), Aspect,
2175:, pp. 146–151;
2167:, pp. 368, 369;
2143:, pp. 146, 147.
1733:'s 1952 documentary
1731:Herman van der Horst
1432:improve this section
1421:to meet Knowledge's
1091:Battle for Rotterdam
1081:Battle for the Hague
911:Defence of the Reich
392:The Heligoland Bight
4994:Mandatory Palestine
3495:19 May 2009 at the
3248:Meyer, Han (1999),
3225:2007UrbSt..44.1069K
2796:, pp. 145–155.
2750:, pp. 309–328.
2402:National Geographic
2361:. Warsaw: Bellona.
1691:Rotterdam city hall
1254:St. Lawrence church
900:Strategic campaigns
503:Ypres–Comines Canal
90: /
44:St. Lawrence church
22:The Rotterdam Blitz
4270:Rotterdam (Allied)
3485:on 31 August 2016.
3453:Spaight. James M.
3054:Götzel, H (1980),
2943:on 21 January 2016
2625:, pp. 75–303.
1822:Today, van Traa's
1741:Cornelius van Traa
1727:Rotterdamsche bank
1687:Beurs trade centre
1660:
1630:
1559:
1279:
1263:
1245:
1170:
1101:
943:aerial bombardment
926:Battle of Atlantic
189:Luchtvaartafdeling
5088:
5087:
5084:
5083:
5055:
5054:
4984:Mediterranean and
4978:
4977:
4876:
4875:
4613:
4612:
4386:Barrow-in-Furness
4371:Battle of Britain
4047:
4046:
3824:Freiburg (Allies)
3564:Strategic bombing
3183:978-1-85780-272-6
3137:978-1-84037-303-5
3119:978-0-330-39204-4
3036:978-0-7146-3399-2
2975:978-90-6450-772-4
2899:(in Dutch), SDU,
2880:Christiaanse 2012
2856:Christiaanse 2012
2719:Christiaanse 2012
2661:, pp. 23–24.
2649:, pp. 54–56.
2543:978-0-7509-6434-0
2496:978-0-7509-6434-0
2422:Hunger in Holland
1793:Dijkzigt Hospital
1774:Kees Christiaanse
1551:De Verwoeste Stad
1472:Albert Kesselring
1460:
1459:
1452:
1423:quality standards
1414:This section may
1353:a catastrophe!"
1196:in the form of a
934:
933:
328:
327:
237:
236:
177:Albert Kesselring
130:
129:
5135:
5066:
5065:
4991:
4990:
4888:Allied Singapore
4857:
4856:
4624:
4623:
4582:(Czechoslovakia)
4265:Rotterdam (Axis)
3664:
3663:
3584:
3583:
3579:European theatre
3544:Area bombardment
3526:
3519:
3512:
3503:
3502:
3486:
3481:. Archived from
3426:
3408:
3397:
3386:
3368:
3355:
3337:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3304:
3286:
3271:
3262:
3244:
3235:
3204:
3195:
3186:
3165:
3154:
3140:
3122:
3101:
3076:
3050:
3039:
3018:
3000:
2978:
2960:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2927:
2909:
2883:
2877:
2871:
2865:
2859:
2853:
2847:
2838:
2832:
2826:
2820:
2814:
2797:
2791:
2778:
2775:Cairns Post 1950
2772:
2766:
2765:, pp. 1–16.
2760:
2751:
2745:
2722:
2721:, pp. 7–17.
2716:
2701:
2692:
2686:
2680:
2674:
2668:
2662:
2656:
2650:
2644:
2638:
2632:
2626:
2620:
2614:
2603:Hinchcliffe 2001
2600:
2594:
2588:
2582:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2563:
2555:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2516:
2508:
2482:
2469:
2468:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2396:
2381:
2380:
2354:
2345:
2344:
2318:
2309:
2308:
2302:
2294:
2268:
2257:
2256:
2249:War Over Holland
2240:
2213:
2212:
2186:
2180:
2150:
2144:
2138:
2132:
2126:
2120:
2114:
2108:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2081:
2075:
2069:
2063:
2057:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2009:
2003:
1997:
1991:
1985:
1979:
1970:
1961:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1901:
1888:
1885:
1787:
1673:
1646:
1640:
1482:, who recalled:
1476:Nuremberg Trials
1470:, Field Marshal
1455:
1448:
1444:
1441:
1435:
1409:
1408:
1401:
1287:Colonel Scharroo
1182:combat engineers
1180:, SS troops and
1085:Fortress Holland
1006:Second World War
957:Second World War
763:Atlantic Pockets
367:
363:Western Front of
355:
348:
341:
332:
331:
275:
273:
263:
256:
249:
240:
239:
158:
157:
146:
145:
105:
104:
102:
101:
100:
95:
91:
88:
87:
86:
83:
57:
56:
39:
19:
18:
5143:
5142:
5138:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5133:
5132:
5093:
5092:
5089:
5080:
5051:
5020:
4985:
4974:
4939:
4918:
4897:
4872:
4855:
4702:
4681:
4650:
4609:
4538:
4502:
4363:
4357:
4326:
4305:
4279:
4223:
4169:Reggio Calabria
4043:
4024:Wiener Neustadt
3829:Friedrichshafen
3819:Freiburg (Axis)
3722:
3669:
3655:
3624:
3603:
3573:
3535:
3530:
3497:Wayback Machine
3477:
3459:G. Bles, 1944.
3444:Wayback Machine
3433:
3431:Further reading
3424:
3406:
3384:
3353:
3323:
3321:
3320:on 5 March 2016
3302:
3285:on 3 March 2009
3260:
3184:
3163:
3138:
3120:
3099:
3066:
3037:
3016:
2998:
2976:
2946:
2944:
2925:
2907:
2891:
2886:
2878:
2874:
2866:
2862:
2854:
2850:
2839:
2835:
2827:
2823:
2815:
2800:
2792:
2781:
2773:
2769:
2763:Diefendorf 1990
2761:
2754:
2746:
2725:
2717:
2704:
2693:
2689:
2681:
2677:
2669:
2665:
2657:
2653:
2645:
2641:
2633:
2629:
2621:
2617:
2601:
2597:
2591:Amersfoort 2005
2589:
2585:
2577:
2573:
2557:
2556:
2544:
2530:
2526:
2510:
2509:
2497:
2483:
2472:
2457:
2443:
2439:
2432:
2418:
2414:
2397:
2384:
2369:
2355:
2348:
2333:
2319:
2312:
2296:
2295:
2283:
2269:
2260:
2241:
2216:
2201:
2187:
2183:
2165:Amersfoort 2005
2151:
2147:
2139:
2135:
2129:Amersfoort 2005
2127:
2123:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2094:
2090:
2082:
2078:
2070:
2066:
2060:Amersfoort 2005
2058:
2054:
2046:
2042:
2034:
2030:
2024:Amersfoort 2005
2022:
2018:
2010:
2006:
1998:
1994:
1986:
1982:
1971:
1964:
1952:
1948:
1940:
1936:
1928:
1924:
1914:
1912:
1911:. 12 April 2022
1903:
1902:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1856:
1828:Maritime Museum
1788:
1785:
1674:
1668:
1652:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1563:Dutch Air Force
1543:
1502:General Student
1480:Leon Goldensohn
1456:
1445:
1439:
1436:
1429:
1410:
1406:
1399:
1359:
1237:
1123:, based on the
1121:General Schmidt
1093:
1079:, starting the
1002:First World War
982:
961:Rotterdam Blitz
935:
930:
657:St Nazaire Raid
609:The Hardest Day
476:Fort Eben-Emael
462:Rotterdam Blitz
420:The Netherlands
368:
364:
361:
359:
329:
324:
320:Rotterdam Blitz
276:
271:
269:
267:
229:
217:
192:
152:
140:
114:German victory
98:
96:
92:
89:
84:
81:
79:
77:
76:
75:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5141:
5131:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5086:
5085:
5082:
5081:
5079:
5078:
5072:
5070:
5063:
5057:
5056:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5028:
5026:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4997:
4995:
4988:
4980:
4979:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4972:
4966:
4960:
4954:
4947:
4945:
4941:
4940:
4938:
4937:
4932:
4926:
4924:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4916:
4911:
4905:
4903:
4899:
4898:
4896:
4895:
4893:Axis Singapore
4890:
4884:
4882:
4878:
4877:
4874:
4873:
4871:
4870:
4863:
4861:
4854:
4853:
4848:
4847:
4846:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4710:
4708:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4700:
4695:
4689:
4687:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4658:
4656:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4648:
4647:
4646:
4644:Allied Rangoon
4641:
4634:Burma campaign
4630:
4628:
4621:
4615:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4607:
4601:
4595:
4589:
4583:
4577:
4571:
4565:
4559:
4553:
4546:
4544:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4525:
4524:
4519:
4510:
4508:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4500:
4499:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4378:
4376:Baedeker Blitz
4373:
4367:
4365:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4334:
4332:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4324:
4319:
4313:
4311:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4287:
4285:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4231:
4229:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4055:
4053:
4049:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3884:Kaiserslautern
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3730:
3728:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3674:
3672:
3661:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3632:
3630:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3622:
3617:
3611:
3609:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3596:
3590:
3588:
3581:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3529:
3528:
3521:
3514:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3487:
3474:
3473:
3469:
3468:
3451:
3446:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3409:
3404:
3387:
3382:
3369:
3356:
3351:
3338:
3329:
3305:
3300:
3287:
3272:
3263:
3258:
3245:
3236:
3208:
3205:
3196:
3187:
3182:
3170:Hooton, Edward
3166:
3161:
3145:Hooton, Edward
3141:
3136:
3123:
3118:
3110:Bomber Command
3102:
3097:
3081:Grayling, A.C.
3077:
3064:
3051:
3040:
3035:
3019:
3014:
3001:
2996:
2979:
2974:
2961:
2952:
2928:
2923:
2910:
2905:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2882:, pp. 46.
2872:
2860:
2858:, pp. 19.
2848:
2833:
2821:
2798:
2779:
2767:
2752:
2723:
2702:
2687:
2675:
2663:
2651:
2639:
2627:
2615:
2605:, p. 43;
2595:
2593:, p. 183.
2583:
2571:
2542:
2524:
2495:
2470:
2455:
2437:
2430:
2412:
2382:
2367:
2346:
2331:
2310:
2281:
2258:
2214:
2199:
2181:
2171:, p. 74;
2145:
2133:
2131:, p. 368.
2121:
2109:
2100:
2088:
2086:, p. 145.
2076:
2064:
2062:, p. 367.
2052:
2040:
2028:
2026:, p. 364.
2016:
2004:
1992:
1990:, p. 766.
1980:
1962:
1946:
1934:
1922:
1889:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1855:
1852:
1783:
1755:Maas Boulevard
1666:
1651:
1650:Reconstruction
1648:
1636:
1615:blast furnaces
1591:infrastructure
1542:
1539:
1458:
1457:
1413:
1411:
1404:
1398:
1397:Responsibility
1395:
1358:
1355:
1350:Heinkel He 111
1236:
1233:
1229:Hermann Göring
1217:Heinkel He 111
1213:carpet bombing
1178:flame throwers
1137:, a motorized
1092:
1089:
990:United Kingdom
981:
978:
932:
931:
929:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
897:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
850:
849:
835:
828:
821:
820:
819:
814:
802:
795:
788:
781:
766:
765:
760:
755:
750:
743:
738:
733:
726:
721:
719:HĂĽrtgen Forest
716:
709:
704:
702:Siegfried Line
699:
692:
685:
678:
667:
666:
665:
664:
659:
652:Commando Raids
649:
647:Baedeker Blitz
644:
637:
624:
623:
616:
611:
606:
601:
588:
587:
586:
585:
575:
568:
563:
558:
557:
556:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
506:
505:
500:
495:
490:
483:
478:
465:
464:
459:
454:
452:The Grebbeberg
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
416:
415:
402:
401:
394:
389:
384:
373:
370:
369:
358:
357:
350:
343:
335:
326:
325:
323:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
281:
278:
277:
266:
265:
258:
251:
243:
235:
234:
231:
225:
224:
220:
219:
214:
210:
209:
205:
204:
197:
185:
184:
183:Units involved
180:
179:
174:
172:P. W. Scharroo
168:
167:
163:
162:
150:
137:
136:
132:
131:
128:
127:
126:
125:
122:
111:
107:
106:
71:
69:
65:
64:
61:
53:
52:
32:
31:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5140:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5100:
5098:
5091:
5077:
5074:
5073:
5071:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5058:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5029:
5027:
5023:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4998:
4996:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4981:
4971:(Philippines)
4970:
4967:
4964:
4961:
4958:
4955:
4952:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4942:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4923:United States
4921:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4900:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4879:
4868:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4858:
4852:
4849:
4845:
4842:
4841:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4819:
4818:10 March 1945
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4705:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4684:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4653:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4636:
4635:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4616:
4605:
4602:
4599:
4596:
4593:
4590:
4588:(Switzerland)
4587:
4584:
4581:
4578:
4575:
4572:
4569:
4566:
4563:
4560:
4557:
4554:
4551:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4541:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4505:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4366:
4360:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4329:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4308:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4282:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4226:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4050:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4029:Wilhelmshaven
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3725:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3708:Gelsenkirchen
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3665:
3662:
3658:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3627:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3606:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3576:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3538:
3534:
3527:
3522:
3520:
3515:
3513:
3508:
3507:
3504:
3498:
3494:
3491:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3441:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3425:
3423:90-204-1961-7
3419:
3415:
3410:
3407:
3405:0-7475-7084-1
3401:
3396:
3395:
3388:
3385:
3383:0-333-47443-0
3379:
3375:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3357:
3354:
3352:90-5425-098-4
3348:
3344:
3339:
3335:
3330:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3306:
3303:
3301:90-8506-160-1
3297:
3293:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3279:
3273:
3269:
3264:
3261:
3259:90-5727-020-X
3255:
3251:
3246:
3242:
3237:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3213:Urban Studies
3209:
3206:
3202:
3197:
3193:
3188:
3185:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3164:
3162:1-86019-964-X
3158:
3153:
3152:
3146:
3142:
3139:
3133:
3129:
3124:
3121:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3106:Hastings, Max
3103:
3100:
3098:0-7475-7671-8
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3065:3-7909-0131-8
3061:
3057:
3052:
3048:
3047:
3041:
3038:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3017:
3015:0-333-47443-0
3011:
3007:
3002:
2999:
2997:9780307769619
2993:
2989:
2985:
2980:
2977:
2971:
2967:
2962:
2958:
2953:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2929:
2926:
2924:90-5911-269-5
2920:
2916:
2911:
2908:
2906:90-12-08959-X
2902:
2898:
2893:
2892:
2881:
2876:
2869:
2864:
2857:
2852:
2845:
2843:
2837:
2830:
2825:
2818:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2795:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2776:
2771:
2764:
2759:
2757:
2749:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2720:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2699:
2697:
2691:
2684:
2679:
2672:
2667:
2660:
2659:Grayling 2006
2655:
2648:
2647:Hastings 1999
2643:
2636:
2631:
2624:
2623:Wagenaar 1970
2619:
2612:
2611:Grayling 2006
2608:
2604:
2599:
2592:
2587:
2580:
2579:Brongers 2004
2575:
2567:
2561:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2539:
2535:
2528:
2520:
2514:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2492:
2488:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2456:1-4000-3043-9
2452:
2448:
2441:
2433:
2431:9780879759872
2427:
2423:
2416:
2409:(4): 526–553.
2408:
2404:
2403:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2368:83-11-09743-7
2364:
2360:
2353:
2351:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2332:1-85409-331-2
2328:
2324:
2317:
2315:
2306:
2300:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2282:0-671-62420-2
2278:
2274:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2200:1-85409-331-2
2196:
2192:
2185:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2161:Brongers 2004
2158:
2154:
2153:Goossens 2011
2149:
2142:
2137:
2130:
2125:
2118:
2117:Brongers 2004
2113:
2104:
2097:
2092:
2085:
2080:
2074:, p. 75.
2073:
2068:
2061:
2056:
2049:
2048:Brongers 2004
2044:
2037:
2036:Brongers 2004
2032:
2025:
2020:
2013:
2012:Brongers 2004
2008:
2001:
1996:
1989:
1984:
1978:
1974:
1973:Goossens 2011
1969:
1967:
1959:
1955:
1954:Goossens 2011
1950:
1944:, p. 52.
1943:
1938:
1932:, p. 79.
1931:
1926:
1910:
1906:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1884:
1880:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1782:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1671:
1665:
1656:
1647:
1635:
1626:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1557:
1556:Ossip Zadkine
1553:
1552:
1547:
1538:
1533:
1531:
1524:
1522:
1515:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1454:
1451:
1443:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1419:
1412:
1403:
1402:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1382:
1378:
1376:
1371:
1369:
1364:
1354:
1351:
1346:
1343:
1337:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1310:
1304:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1261:. (Agfacolor)
1260:
1256:
1255:
1249:
1241:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1202:Junkers Ju 87
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1176:supported by
1175:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1140:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1128:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1097:
1088:
1087:" on 13 May.
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1026:Western Front
1021:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
998:British Isles
995:
991:
987:
977:
975:
971:
970:
964:
962:
958:
954:
950:
949:
944:
940:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
903:
902:
901:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
848:
847:
843:
842:
841:
840:
836:
834:
833:
829:
827:
826:
822:
818:
815:
813:
810:
809:
808:
807:
803:
801:
800:
796:
794:
793:
789:
787:
786:
782:
780:
779:
775:
774:
773:
772:
771:
764:
761:
759:
758:Colmar Pocket
756:
754:
751:
749:
748:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
731:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
714:
713:Market Garden
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
697:
693:
691:
690:
686:
684:
683:
679:
677:
674:
673:
672:
671:
663:
660:
658:
655:
654:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
642:
638:
636:
635:
631:
630:
629:
628:
622:
621:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
596:
595:
594:
593:
584:
583:Haddock Force
581:
580:
579:
576:
574:
573:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
555:
554:
550:
549:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
514:
513:
512:
511:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
488:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
473:
472:
471:
470:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
424:
423:
422:
421:
414:
413:Schuster Line
411:
410:
409:
408:
407:
400:
399:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
379:
378:
377:
371:
366:
356:
351:
349:
344:
342:
337:
336:
333:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
282:
279:
274:
264:
259:
257:
252:
250:
245:
244:
241:
232:
227:
226:
221:
215:
212:
211:
206:
203:
202:
198:
195:
190:
187:
186:
181:
178:
175:
173:
170:
169:
164:
161:
156:
151:
149:
144:
139:
138:
133:
123:
120:
119:
118:
115:
112:
109:
108:
103:
82:51°57′51.95″N
74:
70:
67:
66:
62:
59:
58:
54:
50:
46:
45:
38:
33:
30:
25:
20:
5090:
5061:North Africa
4963:Kuala Lumpur
4944:Other cities
4930:Pearl Harbor
4586:Schaffhausen
4543:Other cities
4331:Soviet Union
4264:
3764:Braunschweig
3744:Aschersleben
3727:Other cities
3483:the original
3455:
3413:
3393:
3373:
3364:
3342:
3333:
3322:, retrieved
3318:the original
3313:
3291:
3283:the original
3277:
3267:
3249:
3240:
3216:
3212:
3200:
3191:
3173:
3150:
3127:
3109:
3084:
3055:
3045:
3026:
3023:Foot, M.R.D.
3005:
2983:
2965:
2956:
2945:, retrieved
2941:the original
2936:
2914:
2896:
2875:
2863:
2851:
2841:
2836:
2824:
2794:Taverne 1990
2770:
2695:
2690:
2683:Burnett 2008
2678:
2666:
2654:
2642:
2634:
2630:
2618:
2607:DeBruhl 2010
2598:
2586:
2574:
2533:
2527:
2486:
2446:
2440:
2421:
2415:
2406:
2400:
2358:
2322:
2272:
2248:
2190:
2184:
2177:Lackner 1954
2148:
2136:
2124:
2112:
2103:
2091:
2079:
2067:
2055:
2043:
2031:
2019:
2007:
1995:
1983:
1949:
1937:
1925:
1913:. Retrieved
1909:DutchNews.nl
1908:
1883:
1847:
1839:
1823:
1821:
1801:
1790:
1779:
1769:
1762:
1759:
1750:
1744:
1734:
1711:
1681:church, the
1676:
1669:
1662:
1643:
1632:
1588:
1584:The Windmill
1583:
1579:
1560:
1549:
1535:
1529:
1526:
1520:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1468:Luftflotte 2
1467:
1463:
1461:
1446:
1437:
1430:Please help
1426:
1415:
1384:
1380:
1372:
1360:
1347:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1280:
1275:Willem Dudok
1273:– architect
1252:
1235:Negotiations
1220:
1208:
1206:
1197:
1193:
1173:
1171:
1147:Dutch marine
1144:
1132:
1126:
1117:Kurt Student
1102:
1073:Royal Palace
1054:
1044:
1042:
1022:
988:between the
983:
967:
965:
960:
946:
936:
899:
898:
845:
838:
831:
824:
804:
798:
791:
784:
777:
768:
767:
746:
729:
712:
695:
688:
681:
669:
668:
640:
633:
626:
625:
619:
590:
589:
571:
552:
508:
507:
486:
467:
466:
461:
418:
417:
404:
403:
396:
374:
365:World War II
319:
201:Luftflotte 2
199:
193:
188:
135:Belligerents
116:
113:
42:
27:Part of the
5025:Other areas
4986:Middle East
4959:(Sri Lanka)
4619:Pacific War
4491:Southampton
4406:Bournemouth
4228:Netherlands
4059:Alessandria
3999:Schweinfurt
3994:SaarbrĂĽcken
3839:Halberstadt
3799:Dietzenbach
3749:Baden-Baden
2957:Cairns Post
2817:Runyon 1969
2696:Cairns Post
2671:Taylor 2005
2245:"Rotterdam"
2179:, p.
2173:Götzel 1980
2141:Götzel 1980
2098:, p. .
2096:Götzel 1980
2084:Götzel 1980
2002:, p. .
1942:Hooton 2007
1930:Hooton 2007
1836:Cube Houses
1797:Zuider Park
1679:Laurenskerk
1670:Cairns Post
1497:14 May 1940
1434:if you can.
1151:Willemsbrug
1113:Nieuwe Maas
986:Netherlands
955:during the
951:during the
799:Blockbuster
707:Netherlands
662:Dieppe Raid
457:Afsluitdijk
382:River Forth
315:Afsluitdijk
148:Netherlands
97: /
85:4°27′4.45″E
63:14 May 1940
5097:Categories
4965:(Malaysia)
4953:(Thailand)
4834:Utsunomiya
4594:(Bulgaria)
4562:Hammerfest
4507:Yugoslavia
4476:Nottingham
4466:Manchester
4401:Birmingham
4353:Stalingrad
4255:Middelburg
3974:PeenemĂĽnde
3954:Nordhausen
3904:Königsberg
3869:Hildesheim
3784:Crailsheim
3698:DĂĽsseldorf
3324:14 January
3203:(in Dutch)
3087:, London:
2889:References
2829:Horst 1952
2748:Meyer 1999
2359:Kesselring
1813:De Horsten
1723:Maastunnel
1697:) and the
1685:mill, the
1611:industrial
1464:Luftflotte
1440:April 2024
1342:Luftflotte
1329:Luftflotte
1309:Pieter Oud
1209:Luftflotte
1186:amphibious
1065:Valkenburg
1038:Dutch Army
1030:Luxembourg
806:Lumberjack
676:Baby Blitz
641:Donnerkeil
599:Kanalkampf
522:Montcornet
427:Maastricht
406:Luxembourg
376:Phoney War
310:Grebbeberg
285:Maastricht
5076:Fort Lamy
5042:Gibraltar
4902:Australia
4881:Singapore
4851:Yokkaichi
4844:June 1944
4824:Toyohashi
4744:Hiratsuka
4739:Hamamatsu
4686:Indonesia
4667:Hong Kong
4662:Chongqing
4606:(Croatia)
4600:(Austria)
4570:(Finland)
4558:(Ireland)
4552:(Hungary)
4529:Podgorica
4513:Belgrade
4486:Sheffield
4456:Liverpool
4426:Clydebank
4381:The Blitz
4343:Leningrad
4317:Bucharest
4275:The Hague
4250:Enkhuizen
4240:Eindhoven
4235:Amsterdam
4074:Benevento
4009:Stuttgart
3979:Pforzheim
3969:Paderborn
3964:OsnabrĂĽck
3959:Nuremberg
3929:Magdeburg
3889:Karlsruhe
3874:Innsbruck
3864:Heilbronn
3814:Frankfurt
3789:Darmstadt
3718:Wuppertal
3668:Battle of
3569:V-weapons
3559:Firestorm
3201:Houen zo!
2966:Rotterdam
2947:16 August
2635:Die MĂĽhle
2560:cite book
2552:994630181
2513:cite book
2505:994630181
2377:749589540
2299:cite book
2169:Pauw 2006
2072:Pauw 2006
2000:Foot 1990
1848:Basisplan
1840:Basisplan
1832:Piet Blom
1824:Basisplan
1817:Hoogvliet
1809:The Hague
1805:Amsterdam
1770:Basisplan
1751:Basisplan
1736:Houen zo!
1715:Waterstad
1580:Die MĂĽhle
1575:open city
1541:Aftermath
1387:Winkelman
1368:firestorm
1363:Kralingen
1194:Luftwaffe
1190:Kralingen
1105:stalemate
1077:the Hague
1069:Ockenburg
1061:North Sea
1056:Luftwaffe
1049:launched
1046:Wehrmacht
948:Luftwaffe
939:Rotterdam
937:In 1940,
906:The Blitz
889:Nuremberg
884:Heilbronn
869:Frankfurt
854:Paderborn
832:Undertone
785:Veritable
778:Blackcock
670:1944–1945
627:1941–1943
561:Abbeville
442:Rotterdam
437:The Hague
300:Rotterdam
295:The Hague
73:Rotterdam
5016:Tel Aviv
4935:Unalaska
4869:(Taiwan)
4860:Colonies
4829:Toyokawa
4809:Shizuoka
4698:Surabaya
4693:Sukabumi
4677:Shanghai
4639:Mandalay
4576:(Norway)
4568:Helsinki
4564:(Norway)
4550:Budapest
4534:Sarajevo
4481:Plymouth
4441:Greenock
4431:Coventry
4411:Brighton
4322:Ploiești
4260:Nijmegen
4245:Enschede
4124:Grosseto
4109:Frascati
4084:Cagliari
4039:WĂĽrzburg
3934:Mannheim
3859:Hannover
3779:Chemnitz
3739:Augsburg
3693:Duisburg
3688:Dortmund
3670:the Ruhr
3641:Le Havre
3493:Archived
3472:Pictures
3440:Archived
3172:(2007),
3147:(1994),
3108:(1999),
3083:(2006),
3025:(1990),
2465:69671719
2341:60274266
2253:Archived
2209:60274266
1915:12 April
1854:See also
1844:Euromast
1784:—
1766:Lijnbaan
1683:De Noord
1667:—
1637:—
1416:require
1391:Rijsoord
1340:The 2nd
1131:and the
1129:Division
874:WĂĽrzburg
753:2nd Alps
747:Nordwind
689:Chastity
682:Overlord
634:Cerberus
620:Sea Lion
604:Adlertag
578:1st Alps
537:Boulogne
493:Gembloux
398:Wikinger
208:Strength
68:Location
5032:Bahrain
4957:Colombo
4951:Bangkok
4867:Taihoku
4789:Okazaki
4769:Nagaoka
4729:Fukuoka
4672:Nanjing
4496:Swansea
4471:Norwich
4421:Cardiff
4416:Bristol
4396:Belfast
4364:Kingdom
4310:Romania
4291:Frampol
4214:Viterbo
4209:Vicenza
4194:Trieste
4189:Treviso
4159:Pescara
4154:Palermo
4134:Messina
4129:Livorno
4099:Ferrara
4094:Catania
4089:Cassino
4079:Bologna
3989:Rostock
3984:Potsdam
3944:MĂĽnster
3909:Leipzig
3849:Hamburg
3834:Giessen
3804:Dresden
3774:Breslau
3759:Bocholt
3713:Krefeld
3683:Cologne
3660:Germany
3620:Tallinn
3608:Estonia
3587:Denmark
3465:1201928
3221:Bibcode
3074:7863989
3046:Welcome
2291:1286630
1776:wrote:
1567:Utrecht
1532:LÓ“ckner
1487:soldier
1418:cleanup
1375:Utrecht
1357:Bombing
1034:Belgium
994:Germany
980:Prelude
974:Utrecht
945:by the
894:Hamburg
864:TF Baum
846:Varsity
839:Plunder
817:Cologne
812:Remagen
792:Grenade
770:Germany
736:Scheldt
696:Dragoon
592:Britain
547:Dunkirk
469:Belgium
447:Zeeland
305:Zeeland
160:Germany
5037:Cyprus
4969:Manila
4914:Darwin
4909:Broome
4839:Yawata
4804:Sendai
4799:Rabaul
4784:Numazu
4774:Nagoya
4719:Aomori
4604:Zagreb
4598:Vienna
4580:Prague
4574:Namsos
4556:Dublin
4461:London
4436:Exeter
4362:United
4301:Wieluń
4296:Warsaw
4284:Poland
4204:Verona
4174:Rimini
4144:Naples
4104:Foggia
4064:Ancona
4004:Siegen
3949:Munich
3914:LĂĽbeck
3894:Kassel
3794:Dessau
3769:Bremen
3754:Berlin
3734:Aachen
3678:Bochum
3629:France
3463:
3420:
3402:
3380:
3349:
3298:
3256:
3180:
3159:
3134:
3116:
3095:
3072:
3062:
3033:
3012:
2994:
2972:
2921:
2903:
2550:
2540:
2503:
2493:
2463:
2453:
2428:
2375:
2365:
2339:
2329:
2289:
2279:
2207:
2197:
1707:Warsaw
1689:, the
1645:
1595:Poland
1571:Allied
1530:Oberst
1521:Oberst
1514:Group.
1225:Stukas
1221:Gruppe
1198:Gruppe
1174:Panzer
1127:Panzer
1010:France
879:Kassel
825:Gisela
724:Aachen
553:Dynamo
542:Calais
527:Saumur
510:France
498:La Lys
481:Hannut
110:Result
5047:Malta
5011:Jaffa
5006:Haifa
4814:Tokyo
4794:Osaka
4724:Fukui
4714:Akita
4707:Japan
4655:China
4627:Burma
4592:Sofia
4451:Leeds
4348:Minsk
4338:Gorky
4219:Zadar
4199:Turin
4184:Terni
4149:Padua
4139:Milan
4119:Gorla
4114:Genoa
4052:Italy
4034:Worms
4019:Wesel
3939:Moers
3924:Mainz
3899:Kleve
3854:Hanau
3844:Halle
3809:Emden
3703:Essen
3646:Royan
3615:Narva
3599:Rønne
2990:–91,
1876:Notes
1719:Meuse
1599:Rhine
1166:Meuse
741:Bulge
730:Queen
572:Paula
566:Lille
532:Arras
517:Sedan
487:David
196:(MLD)
191:(LVA)
5069:Chad
5001:Acre
4779:Naha
4764:Kure
4759:KĹŤfu
4754:Kobe
4734:Gifu
4522:1944
4517:1941
4446:Hull
4391:Bath
4179:Rome
4164:Pisa
4069:Bari
3879:Jena
3636:Caen
3594:Nexø
3461:OCLC
3418:ISBN
3400:ISBN
3378:ISBN
3347:ISBN
3326:2013
3296:ISBN
3254:ISBN
3178:ISBN
3157:ISBN
3132:ISBN
3114:ISBN
3093:ISBN
3070:OCLC
3060:ISBN
3031:ISBN
3010:ISBN
2992:ISBN
2970:ISBN
2949:2017
2919:ISBN
2901:ISBN
2844:1950
2698:1950
2566:link
2548:OCLC
2538:ISBN
2519:link
2501:OCLC
2491:ISBN
2461:OCLC
2451:ISBN
2426:ISBN
2373:OCLC
2363:ISBN
2337:OCLC
2327:ISBN
2305:link
2287:OCLC
2277:ISBN
2205:OCLC
2195:ISBN
1917:2022
1815:and
1795:and
1725:and
1607:Ruhr
1125:9th
1067:and
1043:The
992:and
859:Ruhr
432:Mill
387:Saar
290:Mill
60:Date
4014:Ulm
3229:doi
2407:118
1834:'s
1807:or
1603:RAF
1478:by
1223:of
1215:by
1075:in
233:125
5099::
3363:,
3312:,
3227:,
3217:44
3215:,
3091:,
3068:,
2988:90
2935:,
2801:^
2782:^
2755:^
2726:^
2705:^
2562:}}
2558:{{
2546:.
2515:}}
2511:{{
2499:.
2473:^
2459:.
2405:.
2385:^
2371:.
2349:^
2335:.
2313:^
2301:}}
2297:{{
2285:.
2261:^
2251:.
2247:.
2217:^
2203:.
2159:;
2155:,
1975:,
1965:^
1956:,
1907:.
1892:^
1139:SS
1032:,
4820:)
4816:(
3525:e
3518:t
3511:v
3231::
3223::
2846:.
2831:.
2819:.
2777:.
2700:.
2685:.
2568:)
2554:.
2521:)
2507:.
2467:.
2434:.
2379:.
2343:.
2307:)
2293:.
2211:.
1960:.
1919:.
1701:(
1693:(
1582:(
1453:)
1447:(
1442:)
1438:(
1289::
354:e
347:t
340:v
262:e
255:t
248:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
