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2121:, lifted the siege and left the battlefield. Muslims were defeated and put to the sword and many of them perished. King George liberated the people of Ani who had been taken captive and gave the devastated town assistance. He then marched against the Saltuk II, and in the same year, 1161, defeated and made him prisoner, who was redeemed by his sister, Shahbanu Hatun, wife of the ruler of Ahlat.
2086:
1983:, the son of David. Although his reign saw a disruptive family conflict related to royal succession, Georgia remained a centralized power with a strong military. As soon as he ascended to the throne, the neighbouring Muslim rulers began attacking Georgia from all sides. The Seljuqid sultans fought to restore the rule of the
617:
Although the
Byzantine Empire and Georgia had centuries-long cultural and religious ties, and the Seljuqs posed a substantial threat to the empire itself, Constantinople's aggressiveness on the Caucasian political scene contributed to an atmosphere of distrust and recrimination, and prevented the two
1931:
After settling the issue of
Armenia, David returned to Shirvan again. In the autumn of 1124, he marched on Shirvan, and captured Shamakhia and the fortress of Birit, and the whole Shirvan, David completely freed Shirvan from the Seljuks, and placed his warriors in the castles and cities. David's
1380:
and the Seljuq garrisons occupied the key fortresses in
Georgia's south. These inroads and settlements had a ruinous effect on Georgia's economic and political order. Cultivated lands were turned into pastures for the nomads and peasant farmers were compelled to seek safety in the mountains.
2915:– according to the Georgian and Armenian annals – as a revenge for the local Muslim ruler's attack on Ani and his massacre of the city's Christian population. In a great final burst, the brothers led an army marshaled throughout Tamar's possessions and vassal territories in a march, through
1733:, achieving what is often considered the greatest military success in Georgian history. The victory at Didgori signaled the emergence of Georgia as a great military power and shifted the regional balance in favor of Georgian cultural and political supremacy. Following his success, David
2159:. The following year in August/September 1162, Dvin was temporarily captured and sacked, the non-Christian population was pillaged and the Georgian troops returned home loaded with booty. The king appointed Ananiya, a member of the local feudal nobility to govern the town.
1924:
David's battles were very important for
Georgia and especially for Shirvan. The joint struggle of the Georgians and the people of Shirvan ensured the independence of Shirvan from the Seljuk conquerors. From now on, Georgia and Shirvan became closer to each other.
1729:'s Chronicle) to modern Georgian estimates of 250,000–400,000 men. All sources agree that the Muslim powers gathered an army that was much larger than the Georgian force of 56,000 men. However, on 12 August 1121, King David routed the enemy army on the field of
2074:. But Fadl, too, apparently could not satisfy the people of Ani, and this time the town was offered to the George III, who took advantage of this offer and subjugated Ani, he took much loot from Ani and carried off into captivity the whole family of
2041:'s daughter's hand, however Saltuk refused him. This caused a deep hatred in Shaddad towards Saltuk. In 1154 he planned a plot and formed a secret alliance with the Demetrius I. While a Georgian army waited in ambush, he offered tribute to
1560:
Problems began to crop up for David now. His population, having been at war for the better part of twenty years, needed to be allowed to become productive again. Also, his nobles were still making problems for him, along with the city of
1514:. Knowing of the approach of Turkish troops, David IV left his home at Nacharmagevi with a personal guard of only 1,500 men and set out to meet the invaders during the night. The two armies, clearly unequal, clashed the next day at the
4009:
2053:
marched on Ani, but
Shaddad informed his suzerain, the King of Georgia, of this. Demetrius marched to Ani, defeated and captured the emir. At the request of neighbouring Muslim rulers and released him for a ransom of 100,000
1871:, the following spring. Mahmud then captured the regional sovereign Manuchihr III and sent a letter to the king of the Georgians saying: "You are the king of the forests, and you never go down to the plains. Now I have taken
1371:
at times. In 1076 Malik Shah surged into
Georgia and reduced many settlements to ruins, from 1079/80 onward, George was pressured into submitting to Malik-Shah to ensure a precious degree of peace at the price of an annual
2844:. They marched with a common army towards the borders of Georgia. When the Georgians found out about the enemy's intentions, they were overconfident, ignored the danger coming from them and faced the enemy defenseless.
2022:. Despite this brilliant victory, Demetrius could hold Ganja only for a few years. In reply to this, the sultan of Eldiguzids attacked Ganja several times, and in 1143 the town again fell to the sultan. According to
2823:
to seize power in the
Sultanate. Disturbances at home and external pressure turned out to be the reason for the weakening of Shah-Armens and they were no longer able to deal with the threat from the Georgians. The
1948:
2026:, Demetrius ultimately gained possession of Ganja, but, when he gave his daughter in marriage to the sultan, he presented the latter with the town as dowry, and the sultain appointed his own emir to rule it.
1649:, David heard from Nakhiduri the story of the Seljuks invasion of Javakheti and killing of Beshken Jaqeli. David refused to listen to his nobles' advice to retreat and managed to avenge Beshken's death by
422:
417:
2660:, and other noble families, she revived the expansionist foreign policy of her predecessors. Repeated occasions of dynastic strife in Georgia combined with the efforts of regional successors of the
1376:. George's acceptance of the Seljuq suzerainty did not bring a real peace for Georgia. The Turks continued their seasonal movement into the Georgian territory to make use of the rich herbage of the
1577:
in
Georgia in 1118–1120. Every Georgian and Kipchak family was obliged to provide one soldier with a horse and weapons. Kipchaks were settled in different regions of Georgia. Some were settled in
1569:
grasp. Again David was forced to solve these problems before he could continue the reclamation of his nation and people. For this purpose, David IV radically reformed his military. He resettled a
801:
The second half of the 11th century was marked by the strategically significant invasion of the Seljuq Turks, who by the end of the 1040s had succeeded in building a vast empire including most of
891:) and with 33,000 men ravaged the countryside. Bagrat defeated him, however, and forced the Shaddadid troops to flight. On the road through Kakheti, Fadl was taken prisoner by the local ruler
2209:, As-Sunkur the ruler of Maragha, and many others. With an army of 50,000 troops they marched on Georgia. In 1163 Eldiguz attacked Mren (north of Dvin) where he burnt the fortress, with 4000
2749:
before marching on to Basian and how the queen addressed the troops from the balcony of the church. Exploiting her success in this battle, between 1203 and 1205 Georgians seized the town of
2269:. But the belligerents were exhausted to such an extent that Eldiguz proposed an armistice. George had no alternative but to make concessions. Eldiguz restored Ani to its former rulers, the
3925:
1902:
then offered the king the opportunity to regain control of his vassal province if he would let him leave in peace, but the monarch categorically refused and resumed his march towards the
1403:
George II's wavering character and incompetent political decisions coupled with the Seljuk yoke brought the
Kingdom of Georgia into a profound crisis which climaxed in the aftermath of a
4302:
2858:, but its plundering. The two crushing defeats experienced against Shah-Armens had a negative impact on Georgia's international status. The situation needed to be corrected immediately.
2695:
and lost his capital to a
Georgian protégé in 1195. Although Abu Bakr was able to resume his reign a year later, the Eldiguzids were only barely able to contain further Georgian forays.
1844:, whose sovereign, who had already been defeated several times by Georgian troops, remained too independent of Georgian power and was forcibly replaced by one of the king's sons-in-law,
1636:
1488:, which was added to the royal domains, without a major battle. Following this capture, the Seljuks left a large part of their captured territories, allowing Georgian troops to capture
4271:
2265:
was attacked ceaselessly. The population was reduced to misery, the land was not tilled and the economy was dislocated. There seemed to be no end to the war between George III and
1410:
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relate that, not believing in such a simple victory, the king remained there until the next day, waiting for a new Seljuk response, and only then realized the Seljuk defeat.
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lord Najm al-din set out to join them. In August, 1161 they arrived before Ani and besieged it. When the king George III of Georgia has arrived to meet them, the emir
383:
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Early in the 1190s, the Georgian government began to interfere in the affairs of the Eldiguzids and of the Shirvanshahs, aiding rivaling local princes and reducing
1768:
population of the city, treated their religious beliefs harshly. Vardan Bardzberdets tells us that he brought a huge Nal (crescent) made of silver from the city of
442:
1541:
the Seljuks did not organized a campaign against Georgia. In 1110–1114, David IV did not conduct active military operations either. In 1115 while David IV was in
4108:
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in the Caucasus being the cornerstone of Bagrat's reign, his policy can be understood as the attempt to play the Seljuqs and Byzantines off against one another.
4166:
2625:, who became the first female ruler of Georgia in her own right and under whose leadership the Georgian state reached the zenith of power and prestige in the
2293:
3882:
1631:
3843:
Rewriting Caucasian history: the medieval Armenian adaptation of the Georgian chronicles ; the original Georgian texts and the Armenian adaptation
1987:. Shirvan's large Muslim population rose against Georgia. This probably happened in 1129 or 1130, when Demetrius restored the Shirvanshahs to power in
1792:
sympathetically met the request of the people of Ani, gathered 60,000 horsemen in three days and marched to Ani. According to the Armenian historian
855:
On 10 December 1068, Alp Arslan, dissatisfied with the act of the last Caucasian monarch that he had not yet submitted, accompanied by the kings of
833:
it was a invasion to plunder the lands. These intruders were part of the same wave of the Turkish movement which inflicted a crushing defeat on the
1784:). Naturally, this kind of action of Abulaswar caused a lot of grief to the people of Anis. The people of Ani decided to ask help from the king of
245:
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234:
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1392:, George abandoned the campaign when snow fell. The Seljuk auxiliaries also lifted the siege and plundered the fertile Iori Valley in Kakheti.
376:
1676:
found out how far it was, they camped at Botora. On February 14, David attacked the Seljuks and completely destroyed them. In the battle the
1695:. In all these episodes the camp was destroyed meaning that the Georgian army managed to secretly approach it and perform a surprise attack.
1274:
883:, were given compensation: the fortresses of Tbilisi and Rustavi. As soon as Alp Arslan left Georgia, Bagrat recovered Kartli in July 1068.
2233:, seized prisoners and booty, and then moved to Ani. In April, 1164 Georgians evacuated the town. Eldiguz arrived and gave Ani to the emir
636:
844:
The Seljuk threat prompted the Georgian and Byzantine governments to seek a closer cooperation. To secure the alliance, Bagrat's daughter
2680:, and her father, George III. However, the Georgians became again active under Tamar, more prominently in the second decade of her rule.
1996:
1836:
now attempted to assert their domination by trying to reduce the Muslim presence in the same region, which was considered an ally of the
1796:, the residents of Ani turned their backs on Abulsuvar and opened the city's gates to King David of Georgia. David captured Ani and left
281:
2307:
2221:. They penetrated into the fortress al-Krkri (Gyargyar) where a battle took place, where Georgians sustained a most ignominious defeat.
2629:. Tamar was successful in neutralizing this opposition and embarked on an energetic foreign policy aided by the decline of the hostile
4141:
4087:
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in 1205-1206. However, this attempt also ended in failure, because the purpose of this campaign was not the complete conquest of the
1389:
1388:, which had long resisted the Bagratid attempts of annexation. However, tired with a protracted siege of the Kakhetian stronghold of
369:
276:
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2881:. The Emir of Kars appealed to the Sultan of the Shah-Armens for help, but he was powerless to find help. In such a situation, the
1489:
1337:
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223:
899:, Bagrat ransomed Fadl and received from him the surrender of Tbilisi where he reinstated a local emir on the terms of vassalage.
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1737:, the last Muslim enclave remaining from the Seljuk occupation, in 1122 and moved the Georgian capital there and inaugurated
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852:. The choice of a Georgian princess was unprecedented, and it was seen in Georgia as a diplomatic success on Bagrat's side.
1384:
George II was able to garner the Seljuk military support in his campaign aimed at bringing the eastern Georgian kingdom of
1322:
752:
747:
2698:
The question of liberation of Armenia remained of prime importance in Georgia's foreign policy. Tamar's armies led by two
1753:
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1914:. Once he had laid siege to Shamakhi, the Seljuk left the city in a hurry via the commune's excrement drainage system.
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Mongol Caucasia: Invasions, Conquest, and Government of a Frontier Region in Thirteenth-Century Eurasia (1204–1295)
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In June 1123, a month after the defeat of the Seljuks, David IV invaded Shirvan, starting by capturing the town of
2261:, devastated the land and turn back with prisoners and booty. The struggle for Ani continued. For four long years
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and placed it on the dome of the Armenian church. In addition, he decided to sell Ani for 60,000 dinars to the
1278:
1178:
553:. The conflict is preceded by deadly raids in the Caucasus by the Turks in the 11th century, known in Georgian
1456:
4120:
1717:. The size of the Muslim army is still a matter of debate with numbers ranging from a fantastic 600,000 men (
1363:
brought them in more direct contact with the Seljuqs. In the 1070s, Georgia was twice attacked by the Sultan
1170:
487:
3657:
A history of the Georgian people; from the beginning down to the Russian conquest in the nineteenth century
1928:
In April 1124, David captured the fortresses of Sharvani, Ghassan and Khozaond and their adjacent country.
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family were taken as prisoner. The news of the defeat reached the lord Najm ad-din when he had arrived in
1506:
in 1110, sent a large army of 200,000 or 100,000 (or only 10,000 according to the Armenian version of the
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History of Georgia in four volumes, vol. II – History of Georgia from the 4th century to the 13th century
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2244:
rulers were jubilant, and they prepared for a new campaign. However, this time they were forestalled by
3948:
3943:
2745:
in 1203 or 1204. The chronicler of Tamar describes how the army was assembled at the rock-hewn town of
1921:. He soon dethroned his own son-in-law, establishing him in Georgia and directly annexing the region.
1317:
1158:
1042:
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Christian nations from effective cooperation against the common threat. With assertion of the Georgian
1623:
to fight, and the young commander astonished the people with his deftness in battle. Demetrius seized
1359:
Although the Georgians were able to recover from Alp Arslan's invasion, the Byzantine withdrawal from
4076:
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2058:, paid by Saltuk's sons in law and Saltuk swore not to fight against the Georgians he returned home.
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A Turk in the Dukhang? Comparative Perspectives on Elite Dress in Medieval Ladakh and the Caucasus
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A Turk in the Dukhang? Comparative Perspectives on Elite Dress in Medieval Ladakh and the Caucasus
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attempted to stem the Georgian advance, but suffered a defeat at the hands of David Soslan at the
1396:, king of Kakheti, went to the sultan to declare his submission, and in token of loyalty embraced
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1999:. Shirvanshahs had to provide the Georgian king with troops whenever the latter demanded it.
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260:
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and marched against Georgia, but his camp was attacked and destroyed by David Soslan at the
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defeated Georgian armies in 1221–1222. George IV died fighting them in 1223 and his sister
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In July, 1161 troops of a muslim coalition consisting, namely those of the Shah-Armens of
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from him. If you wish, send me suitable presents; if not, come and see me in all haste.
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Lortkipanidze, Mariam; Japaridze, Otar; Muskhelishvili, David; Metreveli, Roin (2012).
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vassal states in the 1210s and began preparations for a large-scale campaign against
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and Sevgelamej, And in 1121 he did the same in Khunan. In June 1121, David with the
887:, of the Shaddadids, encamped at Isani (a suburb of Tbilisi on the left bank of the
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monarch called in all his troops and assembled an army of 50,000 men, most of them
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Conflicts between the Kingdom of Georgia and the Seljuq Empire from c. 1048 to 1213
3027:
2714:, reclaiming one after another fortresses and districts from local Muslim rulers.
1400:, thus winning a Seljuk protection against the aspirations of the Georgian crown.
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Once Tamar succeeded in consolidating her power and found a reliable support in
1863:
a year earlier. In November 1122, he began his invasion of Shirvan and captured
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1849:
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1110:
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99:
40:
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approach to the Georgian borders made the Crusade plan unrealistic. The first
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Zakare and Ivane Mqargrdzeli on the east facade at Harichavank, Armenia, 1201
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of Kars asked the Georgians for a truce and in return gave up the fortress.
610:. Liparit, who had been fighting on the Byzantine side, was captured at the
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to halt his advance, deeming it disrespectful to pursue a retreating army.
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1654:
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896:
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768:
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333:
312:
287:
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married, at some point between 1066 and 1071, to the Byzantine co-emperor
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2198:
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became a vassal state in 1089, for half a century, before falling to the
166:
1460:
David IV, detail from icon at Saint Catherine's Monastery, 12th century.
1442:, Zemo-Krikhi, Racha, northern Georgia. 11th century, Inv. No. 03086-75.
537:, is a long series of battles and military clashes that took place from
48:. King David is shown in purple robe on the right, wearing crown-helmet.
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2210:
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embarked upon a campaign against Kingdom of Georgia in early 1163. The
2178:
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2034:
1937:
1883:
1800:
nobles as guards. According to Vardan Bazberdets, the king gave Ani to
1765:
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876:
814:
361:
308:
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on Georgia and rallied a large coalition of Muslim states led by the
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176:
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made a desperate alliance against Mongols when she and her daughter
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In November 1120, David's army attacked and defeated the Seljuks in
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and asked the latter to accept him as a vassal. In 1153–1154 Emir
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Simultaneously with the murder of Balaban, the last ruler of the
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after learning of the arrival of the Georgian troops, prompting
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of the opportunity to conduct a major military campaign against
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without having joined Shah-Armens or taken part in the battle.
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in a hard fight which ended in a decisive victory for Georgia.
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974:
868:
614:. Bagrat took advantage of this, and acquired his possessions.
136:
3146:, "Tiflis", p. 754. In: M. Th. Houtsma, E. van Donzel (1993),
2828:
rulers of the region, could not adapt to the strengthening of
2105:
and Surmari was formed. Allies selected the route through the
1581:
province, others were given lands along the border. They were
3678:. University Park, Pa.: Pennsylvania State University Press.
3268:
2851:
2833:
2754:
2634:
2094:
2066:
In 1156 the Ani's Christian population rose against the emir
2055:
1971:
1769:
1627:
Castle and returned home with many captives and much wealth.
1434:
1397:
3394:
2124:
Georgians then entered in Shah-Armen possessions and looted
2085:
1906:
capital after defeating an army of 4,000 Seljuks led by the
1859:
soon resumed the war against Georgia, despite his defeat at
1630:
The Georgian army's first notable defeat came in 1118, when
3413:
3411:
3409:
3387:(The History of the Georgian Nation), vol. 2, pp. 184–187.
3191:
Lordkipanidze, Mariam Davydovna; Hewitt, George B. (1987),
3035:
2936:
2882:
2877:(vassal of the Shah-Armens) and other fortresses along the
2874:
2837:
2758:
2738:
2530:
2102:
1965:
1777:
1773:
1669:
1428:
875:
were occupied and pillaged. Bagrat's long-time rivals, the
806:
596:
3349:
3347:
3307:
3305:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3032:
L'Empire du Levant : Histoire de la Question d'Orient
3220:
3218:
2449:
2296:
once again. Ivane Orbeli, was appointed governor of Ani.
2281:
2262:
2252:
at the beginning of 1166, occupied a region extending to
2144:
1745:
3435:
3423:
3406:
2637:, Tamar was able to build an empire which dominated the
1537:
for several years, and for the next 11 years, until the
3344:
3302:
3230:
3093:
1592:
In February 1116 by the order of the king, the army of
3359:
3249:
3215:
3079:. Maplewood, N.J.: Hammond Incorporated. p. 135.
3049:
Mary 'of Alania': Woman and Empress Between Two Worlds
2128:. Some 9000 Muslims, including the nobles and members
895:. At the price of conceding several fortresses on the
813:
first appeared in Georgia in 1064, when Seljuk Sultan
33:
A miniature depicting a battle with the Georgian king
3500:(2 ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 259.
3148:
E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936
2617:
The successes of his predecessors were built upon by
3768:
Islam in the Baltic: Europe's Early Muslim Community
3716:. Tbilisi: National Academy of Sciences of Georgia.
3633:
3631:
3460:. Austrian Academy of Science. p. 252, Fig. 18.
3317:
3211:. Austrian Academy of Science. p. 253, Fig. 20.
1848:, in 1120. The Seljuks, alarmed by the situation in
1612:("fell unexpectedly upon the unsuspecting Turks").
3290:
1680:captured many opponents and gained a lot of booty.
3709:
3693:Lordkipanidze, Mariam (1987). B. G. Hewitt (ed.).
3338:
3053:Byzantine Women: Varieties of Experience, 800–1200
2990:. The former enemies were now the closest allies (
2014:of the defeated city to Georgia and donated it to
3826:(2. ed.). Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press.
3628:
3524:, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, İstanbul, 1991, pp 149–150
3282:sfn error: no target: CITEREFKaukhchishvili1955 (
2815:. After the death of the last Sokhmenid ruler of
4337:
2645:attacks within two decades after Tamar's death.
3890:
3126:Lynda Garland with Stephen H. Rapp Jr. (2006).
2994:) but that did not prevent the Mongol advance.
1807:
867:marched against Bagrat again. The provinces of
3277:
2939:, pillaging several settlements on their way.
2819:without an heir, a struggle began between the
2229:, laid waste as far as the region of Gagi and
767:Seljuk Empire circa 1090, during the reign of
518:
3876:
3692:
3637:
3592:
3580:
3564:
1932:historian indicates that these marchers were
1608:suddenly attacked and destroyed the Turks in
1275:Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic
377:
3371:
1752:. During this period, the city was ruled by
3495:
3195:, pp. 76–78. Ganatleba Publishers: Tbilisi.
3051:, pp. 94–5. In: Lynda Garland (ed., 2006),
2687:to a tributary state. The Eldiguzid atabeg
1549:who commanded the Georgian forces captured
3883:
3869:
3757:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3611:. Cambridge University Press. p. 51.
3555:(Online edition). Retrieved on 2006-06-26.
3260:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBrosset1849 (
3161:
3110:
3108:
2757:possessions twice and subdued the emir of
2710:overran fortresses and cities towards the
2070:, and turned the town over to his brother
384:
370:
3730:
3441:
3429:
3417:
3400:
3353:
3311:
3243:
2225:was put to flight. Then Seljuks took the
2078:, including Fadl. Appointing his general
1502:Responding to this double defeat, Sultan
902:
3802:
3793:
3673:
3604:
3576:
3470:
3365:
3224:
3132:An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors
2901:Georgian campaign against the Eldiguzids
2895:
2779:
2716:
2161:
2084:
1979:The kingdom continued to flourish under
1947:
1565:which still could not be liberated from
1455:
1409:
391:
4114:Regulations of the Georgian Royal Court
3840:
3774:
3527:
3255:
3173:
3167:
3105:
3099:
2832:Georgia, and that is why the Sultan of
1943:
1446:
817:invaded Georgia. Alp Arslan invaded in
602:, whom the Byzantines had aided in his
4338:
3765:
3323:
3041:
2590:Approximate dates of Georgian control.
2061:
2002:In 1139, Demetrius raided the city of
1890:. The Seljuk sultan locked himself in
1653:and massacred the Seljuk garrisons on
1645:nobleman was killed by the Seljuks in
1484:settlement and recaptured the town of
745:
727:
4366:Military history of the Seljuk Empire
4361:Wars involving the Kingdom of Georgia
3864:
3654:
3473:Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia
3453:
3296:
3204:
3179:
3072:
2284:for about 10 years, but in 1174 King
1867:, before reaching the local capital,
1163:Armenia within the Kingdom of Georgia
736:
689:
678:
660:
649:
640:
628:
365:
3821:
3533:
3114:
2602:=Georgian held cities and fortresses
1963:, 1140. He is wearing front-opening
1748:was an important economic center of
1510:) soldiers with the aim of invading
1451:
1420:Kvariani, as a donor figure wearing
718:
698:
669:
3659:. London: Routledge & K. Paul.
2911:brothers Zakare and Ivane waste to
2729:Alarmed by the Georgian successes,
707:
13:
3605:Eastmond, Antony (20 April 2017).
3520:Prof. Yaşar Yüce-Prof. Ali Sevim:
3514:
3047:Lynda Garland & Stephen Rapp.
2299:
1764:in 1118. Abul-Aswar oppressed the
1573:tribe of 40,000 families from the
1367:, but the Georgian King George II
1287:Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic
775:was under the independent rule of
14:
4377:
3824:The making of the Georgian nation
3676:Royal imagery in medieval Georgia
2633:. Relying on a powerful military
2555:
2089:Caucasus region during 1072–1174.
1852:, decided to respond militarily.
1820:by David IV thus established the
1557:strongholds in southern Georgia.
1263:Georgia within the Russian Empire
1119:Unification of the Georgian realm
595:requested help from the Georgian
3959:
3498:Historical Dictionary of Georgia
3134:. Retrieved on 24 December 2007.
3076:The Times atlas of world history
2607:=Conquered cities and fortresses
2568:
2554:
2538:
2522:
2506:
2490:
2474:
2458:
2441:
2425:
2409:
2393:
2377:
2361:
2345:
2329:
2313:
2306:
1975:bands inscribed in Kufic script.
1882:Following this provocation, the
932:
635:
182:
117:
27:
3695:Georgia in the XI–XII Centuries
3598:
3586:
3570:
3558:
3539:
3496:Mikaberidze, Alexander (2015).
3489:
3475:. Reaktion Books. p. 100.
3464:
3447:
3198:
3193:Georgia in the XI-XII Centuries
3185:
2942:
2362:
2346:
2330:
2314:
2177:Shams al-Din Eldiguz, ruler of
1651:defeating the Seljuks in Rakhsi
3805:Illustrated history of Georgia
3779:. Edinburgh University Press.
3647:
3137:
3120:
3066:
3021:
2442:
2378:
1995:, the husband of his daughter
1279:Democratic Republic of Georgia
1179:Collapse of the Georgian realm
1155:Kingdom of Georgia (1256–1329)
583:made their first incursion in
530:
1:
3454:Flood, Finbarr Barry (2017).
3205:Flood, Finbarr Barry (2017).
3014:
2982:married to Seljuk princes of
2950:continued Tamar's policy. He
2803:raided the northern areas of
2641:until its collapse under the
1691:raided the camped Seljuks in
1585:and quickly assimilated into
1171:Turkoman invasions of Georgia
564:
541:1048 until 1213, between the
538:
3822:Suny, Ronald Grigor (1994).
3055:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.,
2903:in 1208 and 1210-1211 years.
2569:
2539:
2523:
2507:
2491:
2475:
2459:
2426:
2410:
2394:
2217:inflicted a heavy defeat on
2117:remembering his oath to the
1824:as the supreme protector of
1808:Georgian conquest of Shirvan
1615:In 1117 David sent his son,
1407:that struck Georgia in 1088.
1369:was still able to fight back
1283:Red Army invasion of Georgia
1167:Timurid invasions of Georgia
7:
3845:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
3841:Thomson, Robert W. (1996).
3004:Military history of Georgia
2997:
1991:, installing on the throne
1760:, who succeeded his father
1151:Mongol invasions of Georgia
1075:Umayyad invasion of Georgia
531:sakartvelo-selchuk'ta omebi
10:
4382:
3949:Kingdom of Eastern Georgia
3944:Kingdom of Western Georgia
3794:Pubblici, Lorenzo (2022).
2273:, who became his vassals.
2173:. 540-70 H (1146-1176 CE).
2136:, the latter went back to
1159:Kingdom of Western Georgia
1043:Christianization of Iberia
1015:Artaxiad dynasty of Iberia
906:
606:against the Georgian king
568:
4322:
4285:
4242:
4235:
4208:
4201:
4129:
4055:
4048:
3975:
3968:
3957:
3901:
3674:Eastmond, Antony (1998).
3471:Rayfield, Donald (2013).
2836:called for help from the
2733:, the resurgent Seljuqid
1700:Sultan Mahmud b. Muhammad
1480:, retaliated against the
1243:Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti
1227:Principality of Mingrelia
1131:Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti
1031:Arsacid dynasty of Iberia
520:საქართველო-სელჩუკთა ომები
519:
403:
201:
109:
52:
26:
21:
4310:Council of Ruisi-Urbnisi
4293:Georgian Orthodox Church
3775:Peacock, Andrew (2015).
3731:Metreveli, Roin (2011).
3545:Luther, Kenneth Allin. "
3389:Tbilisi State University
3128:Mart'a-Maria 'of Alania'
1440:Church of the Archangels
1231:Principality of Abkhazia
1011:Georgia in the Roman era
783:, and disputed with the
4157:Byzantine-Georgian wars
3803:Samushia, Jaba (2015).
3777:The Great Seljuk Empire
3734:Saint David the Builder
3385:k'art'veli eris istoria
3339:History of Georgia 2012
3009:Byzantine–Georgian wars
2723:Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
2193:. He was joined by the
2185:, Arslan marching from
1840:. This was the case in
1702:(1118–1131) declared a
1520:The Georgian Chronicles
1472:, his nephew Theodore,
1223:Principality of Svaneti
1135:Byzantine–Georgian wars
1103:Kingdom of the Iberians
951:Shulaveri–Shomu culture
571:Byzantine–Georgian wars
4356:13th-century conflicts
4351:12th-century conflicts
4346:11th-century conflicts
3807:. Tbilisi: Palitra L.
3766:Norris, Harry (2009).
3697:. Tbilisi: Ganatleba.
3655:Allen, W.E.D. (1932).
3073:Stone, Norman (1989).
2966:in 1220. However, the
2904:
2796:
2791:on the east facade at
2726:
2213:in it. On 9 July 1163
2174:
2147:and the defeat of the
2090:
2037:emir of Ani asked for
1976:
1461:
1443:
1139:Great Turkish Invasion
1071:Principality of Iberia
909:Great Turkish Invasion
903:Great Turkish Invasion
777:Suleiman ibn Qutalmish
600:Liparit IV of Kldekari
559:Great Turkish Invasion
549:that occupied most of
433:Great Turkish Invasion
202:Commanders and leaders
46:Benoît de Sainte-Maure
4010:List of Marcher Lords
3547:Atābākan-e Adārbāyĵān
3522:Türkiye tarihi Cilt I
2909:Zakarids–Mkhargrdzeli
2899:
2889:was appointed as the
2869:under the command of
2783:
2737:, rallied his vassal
2720:
2290:Shahanshah ibn Mahmud
2235:Shahanshah ibn Mahmud
2165:
2088:
2082:as its ruler in 1161.
1951:
1721:'s Bella Antiochena,
1719:Walter the Chancellor
1668:, and from there to
1459:
1413:
1405:disastrous earthquake
1219:Principality of Guria
885:Al-Fadl I b. Muhammad
4167:Khwarezmid invasions
4162:Georgian-Seljuk wars
3552:Encyclopædia Iranica
3381:Javakhishvili, Ivane
2952:put down the revolts
2592:Mouseover for name.
2586:class=notpageimage|
2099:Saltukids of Erzerum
1944:Reign of Demetrius I
1739:Georgia's Golden Age
1553:, one of the strong
1447:Georgian Reconquista
1192:Early modern history
1143:Georgian–Seljuk wars
1079:Arab rule in Georgia
1023:Iberian–Armenian War
763:class=notpageimage|
511:Georgian–Seljuk wars
395:Georgian–Seljuk wars
300:Shalva Akhaltsikheli
35:David IV the Builder
22:Georgian–Seljuk wars
3936:Georgian Golden Age
3583:, pp. 150–151.
3403:, pp. 110–111.
3278:Kaukhchishvili 1955
2887:Ivane Akhaltsikheli
2662:Great Seljuq Empire
2248:, who marched into
2151:forces enabled the
2068:Fakr al-Din Shaddad
2062:Reign of George III
2031:Fakr al-Din Shaddad
1547:George of Chqondidi
1508:Georgian Chronicles
1147:Georgian Golden Age
1107:Kingdom of Abkhazia
1007:Pharnavazid dynasty
955:Kura–Araxes culture
944:Prehistoric Georgia
789:Kara-Khanid Khanate
787:. To the east, the
587:frontier region of
220:George of Chqondidi
3940:Split (1258–1330)
3893:Kingdom of Georgia
3638:Lordkipanidze 1987
3593:Lordkipanidze 1987
3581:Lordkipanidze 1987
3565:Lordkipanidze 1987
2992:Battle of Köse Dağ
2907:In 1210-1211, the
2905:
2867:Kingdom of Georgia
2799:In 1204-1205, the
2797:
2727:
2292:as a prisoner and
2175:
2101:, and the lord of
2091:
2029:Fadl's successor,
1977:
1822:Kingdom of Georgia
1804:and his son Ivan.
1715:Toğrul b. Muhammad
1660:In February 1120,
1527:Battle of Trialeti
1516:Battle of Trialeti
1470:George Chqondideli
1462:
1444:
1295:Russo-Georgian War
1291:Georgia since 1991
1267:1832 Georgian plot
1215:Kingdom of Imereti
1211:Kingdom of Kakheti
1203:Samtskhe-Saatabago
1123:Kingdom of Georgia
1095:Bagrationi dynasty
1083:Emirate of Tbilisi
1019:Campaign of Pompey
926:History of Georgia
740:KARAKHANID KHANATE
629:Seljukid invasions
612:Battle of Kapetron
545:and the different
543:Kingdom of Georgia
350:Suleiman II of Rûm
292:Zakare II Zakarian
157:Emirate of Tbilisi
125:Kingdom of Georgia
4333:
4332:
4318:
4317:
4231:
4230:
4197:
4196:
4182:Turkmen invasions
4177:Timurid invasions
4044:
4043:
3814:978-9941-21-755-5
3786:978-0-7486-9807-3
3723:978-9941-19-585-3
3618:978-1-107-16756-8
3102:, pp. 62–63.
2972:Mongol expedition
2693:Battle of Shamkor
2155:king to march on
2010:. He brought the
1957:Michael Maglakeli
1861:Battle of Didgori
1758:Shaddadid dynasty
1723:Matthew of Edessa
1662:David the Builder
1632:Beshken II Jaqeli
1600:were gathered at
1575:Northern Caucasus
1539:Battle of Didgori
1452:Reign of David IV
1357:
1356:
1207:Kingdom of Kartli
1115:Duchy of Kldekari
1099:Kingdom of Hereti
1091:Duchy of Klarjeti
1003:Kingdom of Iberia
959:Legend of Kartlos
850:Michael VII Ducas
533:), also known as
506:
505:
360:
359:
105:
104:
4373:
4327:
4240:
4239:
4206:
4205:
4172:Mongol invasions
4053:
4052:
4017:Georgian Shirvan
4005:Georgian Armenia
3973:
3972:
3963:
3931:Military history
3894:
3885:
3878:
3871:
3862:
3861:
3856:
3837:
3818:
3799:
3790:
3771:
3762:
3756:
3748:
3727:
3706:
3689:
3670:
3641:
3635:
3626:
3625:
3602:
3596:
3590:
3584:
3574:
3568:
3562:
3556:
3543:
3537:
3531:
3525:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3451:
3445:
3439:
3433:
3427:
3421:
3415:
3404:
3398:
3392:
3379:
3375:
3369:
3363:
3357:
3351:
3342:
3336:
3327:
3321:
3315:
3309:
3300:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3275:
3266:
3265:
3253:
3247:
3241:
3228:
3222:
3213:
3212:
3202:
3196:
3189:
3183:
3177:
3171:
3165:
3159:
3141:
3135:
3124:
3118:
3112:
3103:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3070:
3064:
3045:
3039:
3025:
2988:Sultanate of Rum
2954:in neighbouring
2795:, Armenia, 1201.
2743:Battle of Basian
2572:
2571:
2558:
2557:
2542:
2541:
2526:
2525:
2510:
2509:
2494:
2493:
2478:
2477:
2462:
2461:
2445:
2444:
2429:
2428:
2413:
2412:
2397:
2396:
2381:
2380:
2365:
2364:
2349:
2348:
2333:
2332:
2317:
2316:
2310:
2227:fortress of Gagi
2016:Gelati Monastery
1735:captured Tbilisi
1657:in April 1118.
1640:
1587:Georgian society
1504:Muhammad I Tapar
1498:
1333:Military history
1307:History by topic
1039:Chosroid dynasty
967:Colchian culture
963:Trialeti culture
936:
913:
912:
785:Byzantine Empire
781:Sultanate of Rum
757:
755:
750:
743:
741:
734:
732:
725:
723:
716:
714:
705:
703:
696:
694:
687:
685:
676:
674:
667:
665:
658:
656:
647:
645:
639:
540:
535:Georgian Crusade
532:
529:
522:
521:
398:
396:
386:
379:
372:
363:
362:
326:Muhammad I Tapar
296:Ivane I Zakarian
285:
254:
243:
232:
188:Sultanate of Rum
186:
123:
121:
120:
98:and most of the
84:Georgian victory
54:
53:
31:
19:
18:
4381:
4380:
4376:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4371:
4370:
4336:
4335:
4334:
4329:
4325:
4314:
4281:
4267:Georgian script
4227:
4193:
4125:
4088:Court officials
4040:
3964:
3955:
3897:
3892:
3889:
3859:
3853:
3834:
3815:
3787:
3750:
3749:
3745:
3724:
3686:
3667:
3650:
3645:
3644:
3636:
3629:
3619:
3603:
3599:
3591:
3587:
3579:, p. 121;
3575:
3571:
3563:
3559:
3544:
3540:
3532:
3528:
3519:
3515:
3508:
3494:
3490:
3483:
3469:
3465:
3452:
3448:
3440:
3436:
3428:
3424:
3416:
3407:
3399:
3395:
3377:
3376:
3372:
3364:
3360:
3352:
3345:
3337:
3330:
3322:
3318:
3310:
3303:
3295:
3291:
3281:
3276:
3269:
3259:
3254:
3250:
3242:
3231:
3223:
3216:
3203:
3199:
3190:
3186:
3178:
3174:
3166:
3162:
3142:
3138:
3125:
3121:
3113:
3106:
3098:
3094:
3087:
3071:
3067:
3046:
3042:
3026:
3022:
3017:
3000:
2962:to support the
2945:
2840:Toghrulshah of
2769:, the emirs of
2761:(vassal of the
2731:Süleymanshah II
2615:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2573:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2543:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2527:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2511:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2495:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2479:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2463:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2446:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2430:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2414:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2398:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2382:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2366:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2350:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2334:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2318:
2302:
2300:Tamar the Great
2189:met Eldiguz in
2183:Seljukid Sultan
2143:The capture of
2072:Fadl ibn Mahmud
2064:
1946:
1810:
1664:first moved to
1634:
1492:
1454:
1449:
1353:
1352:
1308:
1300:
1299:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1271:Gurian Republic
1269:
1265:
1258:
1248:
1247:
1241:
1237:
1235:Safavid Georgia
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1194:
1184:
1183:
1177:
1175:Duchy of Aragvi
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1111:Theme of Iberia
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1048:
1047:
1041:
1037:
1035:Sasanian Iberia
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
990:
988:Ancient history
980:
979:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
946:
911:
905:
865:emir of Tbilisi
863:as well as the
799:
798:
797:
796:
771:. To the west,
765:
759:
758:
753:
748:
746:
744:
739:
737:
735:
730:
728:
726:
721:
719:
717:
712:
710:
708:
706:
701:
699:
697:
692:
690:
688:
683:
681:
679:
677:
672:
670:
668:
663:
661:
659:
654:
652:
650:
648:
643:
641:
631:
575:In 1048–9, the
573:
567:
547:Seljukid states
524:
507:
502:
423:Second invasion
399:
394:
392:
390:
356:
352:
348:
344:
342:Kilij Arslan II
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
319:
315:
311:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
279:
275:
271:
269:Sargis Zakarian
267:
265:Ivane II Orbeli
263:
259:
255:
248:
244:
237:
233:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
147:
127:
118:
116:
90:
76:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4379:
4369:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4331:
4330:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4312:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4295:
4289:
4287:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4279:
4274:
4272:Royal charters
4269:
4264:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4252:
4243:
4237:
4233:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4209:
4203:
4199:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4133:
4131:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4123:
4118:
4117:
4116:
4106:
4101:
4092:
4091:
4090:
4080:
4070:
4065:
4059:
4057:
4050:
4046:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4038:
4037:
4036:
4026:
4025:
4024:
4014:
4013:
4012:
4002:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3989:
3979:
3977:
3970:
3966:
3965:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3952:
3951:
3946:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3922:
3921:
3916:
3905:
3903:
3899:
3898:
3896: articles
3888:
3887:
3880:
3873:
3865:
3858:
3857:
3851:
3838:
3832:
3819:
3813:
3800:
3791:
3785:
3772:
3770:. I.B. Tauris.
3763:
3743:
3728:
3722:
3707:
3690:
3684:
3671:
3665:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3640:, p. 154.
3627:
3617:
3597:
3595:, p. 150.
3585:
3569:
3567:, p. 148.
3557:
3538:
3526:
3513:
3507:978-1442241466
3506:
3488:
3482:978-1780230702
3481:
3463:
3446:
3444:, p. 115.
3442:Metreveli 2011
3434:
3432:, p. 112.
3430:Metreveli 2011
3422:
3420:, p. 111.
3418:Metreveli 2011
3405:
3401:Metreveli 2011
3393:
3370:
3358:
3354:Metreveli 2011
3343:
3341:, p. 386.
3328:
3316:
3312:Metreveli 2011
3301:
3289:
3280:, p. 333.
3267:
3258:, p. 359.
3248:
3244:Metreveli 2011
3229:
3214:
3197:
3184:
3172:
3160:
3136:
3119:
3104:
3092:
3085:
3065:
3040:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3006:
2999:
2996:
2944:
2941:
2865:, in 1206 the
2789:Ivane Zakarian
2708:Ivane Zakarian
2664:, such as the
2621:, daughter of
2612:=Major battles
2584:
2583:
2575:
2574:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2560:
2553:
2552:
2545:
2544:
2537:
2536:
2529:
2528:
2521:
2520:
2513:
2512:
2505:
2504:
2497:
2496:
2489:
2488:
2481:
2480:
2473:
2472:
2465:
2464:
2457:
2456:
2448:
2447:
2440:
2439:
2432:
2431:
2424:
2423:
2416:
2415:
2408:
2407:
2400:
2399:
2392:
2391:
2384:
2383:
2376:
2375:
2368:
2367:
2360:
2359:
2352:
2351:
2344:
2343:
2336:
2335:
2328:
2327:
2320:
2319:
2312:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2267:atabeg Eldiguz
2119:king Demetrius
2063:
2060:
1945:
1942:
1809:
1806:
1727:Smbat Sparapet
1725:) to 400,000 (
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1259:
1256:Modern history
1254:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1239:Childir Eyalet
1199:Duchy of Ksani
1195:
1190:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1127:Duchy of Racha
1059:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1045:
991:
986:
985:
982:
981:
978:
977:
947:
942:
941:
938:
937:
929:
928:
922:
921:
907:Main article:
904:
901:
766:
761:
760:
634:
633:
632:
630:
627:
593:Constantine IX
591:. The emperor
569:Main article:
566:
563:
555:historiography
551:South Caucasus
504:
503:
501:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
418:First invasion
415:
410:
404:
401:
400:
389:
388:
381:
374:
366:
358:
357:
306:
246:Ivane I Orbeli
204:
203:
199:
198:
197:
196:
180:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
141:
140:
139:
134:
112:
111:
107:
106:
103:
102:
100:South Caucasus
94:Liberation of
92:
86:
85:
82:
78:
77:
68:
66:
62:
61:
58:
50:
49:
41:Roman de Troie
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4378:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4328:
4321:
4311:
4308:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4284:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4241:
4238:
4234:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4207:
4204:
4200:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4154:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4137:Georgian army
4135:
4134:
4132:
4128:
4122:
4119:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4096:
4093:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4083:State Council
4081:
4078:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4068:Royal dynasty
4066:
4064:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4054:
4051:
4047:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4030:
4027:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4018:
4015:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3993:
3990:
3987:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3974:
3971:
3967:
3962:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3900:
3895:
3886:
3881:
3879:
3874:
3872:
3867:
3866:
3863:
3854:
3848:
3844:
3839:
3835:
3829:
3825:
3820:
3816:
3810:
3806:
3801:
3797:
3792:
3788:
3782:
3778:
3773:
3769:
3764:
3760:
3754:
3746:
3744:9789941425509
3740:
3736:
3735:
3729:
3725:
3719:
3715:
3714:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3691:
3687:
3681:
3677:
3672:
3668:
3666:0-7100-6959-6
3662:
3658:
3653:
3652:
3639:
3634:
3632:
3624:
3620:
3614:
3610:
3609:
3608:Tamta's World
3601:
3594:
3589:
3582:
3578:
3577:Eastmond 1998
3573:
3566:
3561:
3554:
3553:
3548:
3542:
3536:, p. 39.
3535:
3530:
3523:
3517:
3509:
3503:
3499:
3492:
3484:
3478:
3474:
3467:
3459:
3458:
3450:
3443:
3438:
3431:
3426:
3419:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3402:
3397:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:(in Georgian)
3374:
3368:, p. 20.
3367:
3366:Pubblici 2022
3362:
3356:, p. 80.
3355:
3350:
3348:
3340:
3335:
3333:
3326:, p. 36.
3325:
3320:
3314:, p. 67.
3313:
3308:
3306:
3299:, p. 98.
3298:
3293:
3285:
3279:
3274:
3272:
3263:
3257:
3252:
3246:, p. 66.
3245:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3227:, p. 29.
3226:
3225:Samushia 2015
3221:
3219:
3210:
3209:
3201:
3194:
3188:
3181:
3176:
3170:, p. 310
3169:
3164:
3157:
3156:90-04-08265-4
3153:
3149:
3145:
3140:
3133:
3129:
3123:
3116:
3111:
3109:
3101:
3096:
3088:
3086:0-7230-0304-1
3082:
3078:
3077:
3069:
3062:
3061:0-7546-5737-X
3058:
3054:
3050:
3044:
3038:, p. 417
3037:
3033:
3029:
3028:René Grousset
3024:
3020:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2940:
2938:
2935:in northwest
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2859:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2765:in Erzurum),
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2735:sultan of Rûm
2732:
2724:
2719:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2578:
2548:
2532:
2516:
2500:
2484:
2468:
2451:
2435:
2419:
2403:
2387:
2371:
2355:
2339:
2323:
2309:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2288:captured the
2287:
2283:
2279:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2205:the ruler of
2204:
2200:
2197:the ruler of
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2172:
2169:the ruler of
2168:
2164:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2087:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2059:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1961:Matskhvarishi
1958:
1954:
1950:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1920:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1878:
1875:and I demand
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1851:
1850:Transcaucasia
1847:
1846:Manuchihr III
1843:
1839:
1838:Seljuk Empire
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1794:Samuel Anetsi
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1583:Christianized
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1531:Seljuk Empire
1529:deprived the
1528:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1458:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1418:
1412:
1408:
1406:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1252:
1251:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1188:
1187:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1052:
1051:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
993:
992:
989:
984:
983:
976:
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949:
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945:
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935:
931:
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927:
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847:
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836:
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828:
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786:
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764:
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742:
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704:
695:
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666:
657:
646:
638:
626:
624:
621:
615:
613:
609:
605:
601:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
581:Ibrahim Yinal
578:
572:
562:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
536:
527:
516:
512:
499:
496:
494:
493:Northern Iran
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
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471:
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331:
327:
323:
318:
317:Nizam al-Mulk
314:
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297:
293:
289:
283:
278:
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258:
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241:
236:
235:Sumbat Orbeli
230:
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209:
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189:
185:
178:
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145:Seljuk Empire
142:
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108:
101:
97:
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64:
63:
59:
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55:
51:
47:
43:
42:
36:
30:
25:
20:
4277:Architecture
3976:Subdivisions
3842:
3823:
3804:
3795:
3776:
3767:
3733:
3712:
3694:
3675:
3656:
3622:
3607:
3600:
3588:
3572:
3560:
3550:
3541:
3529:
3521:
3516:
3497:
3491:
3472:
3466:
3456:
3449:
3437:
3425:
3396:
3384:
3373:
3361:
3319:
3292:
3256:Brosset 1849
3251:
3207:
3200:
3192:
3187:
3182:, p. 98
3175:
3168:Thomson 1996
3163:
3147:
3139:
3131:
3122:
3117:, p. 34
3100:Peacock 2015
3095:
3075:
3068:
3052:
3048:
3043:
3031:
3023:
2946:
2943:Consequences
2906:
2871:Davit Soslan
2860:
2846:
2798:
2753:and entered
2728:
2712:Ararat Plain
2697:
2682:
2670:Shirvanshahs
2654:Mkhargrdzeli
2650:David Soslan
2647:
2631:Seljuq Turks
2616:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2294:captured Ani
2275:
2257:
2239:
2176:
2142:
2138:Mayyafariqin
2123:
2107:river Araxes
2092:
2080:Ivane Orbeli
2065:
2028:
2024:Mkhitar Gosh
2001:
1993:Manuchihr II
1985:Shirvanshahs
1978:
1970:
1969:with Arabic
1964:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1916:
1881:
1854:
1826:Christianity
1811:
1750:Western Asia
1744:The city of
1743:
1697:
1682:
1659:
1629:
1614:
1591:
1579:Inner Kartli
1559:
1524:
1501:
1464:In 1110 the
1463:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1402:
1383:
1365:Malik Shah I
1358:
1142:
1087:Duchy of Tao
999:Aryan Kartli
854:
843:
803:Central Asia
800:
769:Malik Shah I
616:
577:Seljuk Turks
574:
534:
510:
508:
393:
346:Kaykhusraw I
334:Ahmad Sanjar
313:Malik-Shah I
288:David Soslan
181:
143:
115:
110:Belligerents
38:
4147:Mercenaries
4142:Royal guard
4109:Code of law
4104:Aristocracy
3994:(1122–1490)
3988:(1008–1122)
3914:Unification
3737:. Tbilisi.
3648:Works cited
3324:Norris 2009
3144:V. Minorsky
2863:Shah-Armens
2856:Shah-Armens
2850:marched on
2793:Harichavank
2767:Akhlatshahs
2627:Middle Ages
2619:Queen Tamar
2595:Blue circle
2231:Gegharkunik
2045:, ruler of
1981:Demetrius I
1953:Demetrius I
1873:Shirvanshah
1798:Meskhetians
1635: [
1598:Meskhetians
1493: [
1394:Aghsartan I
1378:Kura valley
1063:Iberian War
1056:Middle Ages
793:Qara Khitai
280: [
257:Demetrius I
249: [
238: [
227: [
194:Mengujekids
167:Shah-Armens
89:Territorial
4340:Categories
4262:Literature
4246:Academies
4056:Government
4034:Khevisberi
3982:Capitals:
3852:0198263732
3833:0253209153
3685:0271016280
3297:Allen 1932
3180:Allen 1932
3015:References
2917:Nakhchivan
2891:Amirtamira
2879:Aras river
2817:Shah-Armen
2755:Akhlatshah
2702:generals,
2674:Ahlatshahs
2672:, and the
2666:Eldiguzids
2623:George III
2278:Shaddadids
2271:Shaddadids
2246:George III
2223:George III
2211:Christians
2191:Nakhchavan
2179:Azerbaijan
2109:, and the
2076:Shaddadids
1938:Kakhetians
1832:, and the
1780:(he was a
1754:Abul-Aswar
1685:Arsharunik
1486:Samshvilde
1476:and Ivane
1348:Chronology
897:Iori River
877:Shaddadids
815:Alp Arslan
565:Background
428:Partskhisi
320:Sarang of
309:Alp Arslan
261:George III
162:Shaddadids
152:Eldiguzids
72:, eastern
4298:Patriarch
4223:Silk Road
4187:Civil war
4152:Conflicts
4063:Feudalism
4022:Kasranids
3969:Geography
3753:cite book
3703:976720564
3534:Suny 1994
3150:. Brill,
3115:Suny 1994
2964:Crusaders
2960:Jerusalem
2948:George IV
2893:of Kars.
2873:besieged
2848:Georgians
2830:Christian
2813:Manzikert
2801:Georgians
2763:Saltukids
2600:Black dot
2597:=Capital
2562:1210-1211
2219:Georgians
2203:Saltuk II
2195:Sökmen II
2167:Saltuk II
2134:Malazgirt
2130:Sökmen II
2115:Saltuk II
2051:Saltuk II
2043:Saltukids
2035:Shaddadid
2012:iron gate
1934:Heretians
1900:Mahmud II
1884:Christian
1857:Mahmud II
1834:Georgians
1814:recapture
1766:Christian
1762:Manuchihr
1756:from the
1698:In 1121,
1678:Georgians
1647:Javakheti
1625:Kaladzori
1617:Demetrius
1466:Georgians
1313:Etymology
1067:Lazic War
893:Aghsartan
841:in 1071.
839:Manzikert
835:Byzantine
827:Shavsheti
823:Javakheti
711:BYZANTINE
684:CALIPHATE
673:PECHENEGS
653:GHAZNAVID
608:Bagrat IV
585:Byzantine
526:romanized
330:Mahmud II
304:George IV
212:George II
208:Bagrat IV
177:Saltukids
60:1048–1213
4326:Category
4286:Religion
4130:Military
4121:Nobility
4049:Politics
3926:Timeline
3798:. Brill.
3383:(1982),
2998:See also
2821:Ayyubids
2805:Lake Van
2775:Erzincan
2700:Armenian
2689:Abu Bakr
2678:David IV
2639:Caucasus
2280:, ruled
2153:Georgian
2149:Saltukid
1919:Gulistan
1896:David IV
1892:Shamakhi
1888:Kipchaks
1869:Shamakhi
1830:Caucasus
1704:holy war
1689:Kipchaks
1643:Georgian
1606:David IV
1602:Klarjeti
1543:Mukhrani
1478:Orbelian
1423:sharbush
1417:eristavi
1361:Anatolia
1318:Monarchs
918:a series
916:Part of
837:army at
819:Meskheti
773:Anatolia
664:KIPCHAKS
623:hegemony
620:Bagratid
604:struggle
515:Georgian
448:Trialeti
438:Ertsukhi
413:Kapetron
216:David IV
172:Artuqids
132:Kipchaks
74:Anatolia
70:Caucasus
65:Location
4236:Culture
4218:Economy
4213:Coinage
4202:Economy
4073:Monarch
4000:Duchies
3992:Tbilisi
3986:Kutaisi
3909:History
3902:History
3549:", in:
2984:Erzurum
2976:Rusudan
2968:Mongols
2913:Ardabil
2842:Erzurum
2809:Archesh
2771:Erzurum
2747:Vardzia
2725:in 1190
2685:Shirvan
2605:Red dot
2370:Vardzia
2354:Tskhumi
2338:Kutaisi
2322:Tbilisi
2215:Seljuks
2207:Erzurum
2187:Hamadan
2171:Erzurum
2111:Artuqid
2047:Erzerum
2020:Kutaisi
1997:Rusudan
1989:Shirvan
1959:, from
1904:Shirvan
1855:Sultan
1842:Shirvan
1828:in the
1818:Tbilisi
1802:Abuleti
1786:Georgia
1731:Didgori
1711:Ilghazi
1708:Artuqid
1674:Seljuks
1670:Khupati
1621:Shirvan
1571:Kipchak
1563:Tbilisi
1551:Rustavi
1535:Georgia
1512:Georgia
1474:Abuleti
1468:led by
1390:Vezhini
1386:Kakheti
1374:tribute
1343:Battles
1328:Tbilisi
995:Colchis
971:Diauehi
873:Argveti
861:Kakheti
811:Seljuks
779:as the
731:YADAVAS
702:GEORGIA
693:UYUNIDS
682:FATIMID
557:as the
483:Basiani
478:Shamkor
468:Tbilisi
463:Didgori
354:Eldiguz
338:Mesud I
277:Qubasar
96:Tbilisi
91:changes
4255:Gelati
4250:Ikalto
4099:Prince
3849:
3830:
3811:
3783:
3741:
3720:
3701:
3682:
3663:
3615:
3504:
3479:
3391:Press.
3154:
3083:
3059:
2956:Muslim
2933:Qazvin
2931:, and
2929:Tabriz
2925:Marand
2826:Muslim
2807:, the
2785:Zakare
2704:Zakare
2658:Toreli
2652:, the
2643:Mongol
2386:Kabala
2286:George
2242:Muslim
2056:dinars
2039:Saltuk
1908:Atabeg
1877:Kharaj
1865:Tabriz
1782:Seljuk
1672:. The
1666:Geguti
1655:Araxes
1594:Kartli
1567:Seljuk
1555:Seljuk
1490:Dzerna
1482:Seljuk
1323:States
1027:Lazica
975:Mushki
920:on the
869:Kartli
809:. The
807:Persia
713:EMPIRE
655:EMPIRE
589:Iberia
579:under
517::
458:Botora
453:Rakhsi
224:Barami
137:Alania
122:
81:Result
4029:Khevi
2980:Tamar
2923:, to
2921:Julfa
2852:Ahlat
2834:Ahlat
2739:emirs
2635:élite
2250:Arran
2199:Ahlat
2095:Ahlat
2008:Arran
2004:Ganja
1972:tiraz
1912:Arran
1790:David
1770:Ahlat
1693:Barda
1639:]
1497:]
1435:tiraz
1398:Islam
881:Arran
857:Lorri
846:Maria
498:Ganja
443:Ganja
408:Ganja
322:Ganja
284:]
273:Tamar
253:]
242:]
231:]
4303:List
4095:Duke
4077:List
3919:Fall
3847:ISBN
3828:ISBN
3809:ISBN
3781:ISBN
3759:link
3739:ISBN
3718:ISBN
3699:OCLC
3680:ISBN
3661:ISBN
3613:ISBN
3502:ISBN
3477:ISBN
3284:help
3262:help
3152:ISBN
3081:ISBN
3057:ISBN
3036:1949
2986:and
2937:Iran
2919:and
2883:emir
2875:Kars
2838:Emir
2811:and
2787:and
2773:and
2759:Kars
2751:Dvin
2721:The
2706:and
2577:1212
2547:1208
2531:1206
2515:1203
2499:1204
2483:1202
2467:1201
2450:1199
2434:1196
2418:1195
2402:Lore
2276:The
2240:The
2157:Dvin
2103:Kars
2033:, a
1966:qaba
1936:and
1812:The
1778:Kars
1774:Emir
1713:and
1596:and
1525:The
1432:and
1429:qaba
1414:The
1338:Wars
889:Kura
871:and
859:and
829:and
805:and
644:1090
597:duke
509:The
488:Kars
57:Date
2282:Ani
2263:Ani
2254:Gan
2145:Ani
2126:Van
2018:at
2006:in
1955:by
1910:of
1816:of
1776:of
1746:Ani
1619:to
1610:Tao
879:of
831:Tao
722:RUM
473:Ani
44:by
39:Le
4342::
4097:/
3755:}}
3751:{{
3630:^
3621:.
3408:^
3346:^
3331:^
3304:^
3270:^
3232:^
3217:^
3130:.
3107:^
3034:,
3030:,
2927:,
2777:.
2668:,
2656:,
2452:--
2259:ja
2237:.
2201:,
2097:,
1940:.
1788:.
1741:.
1641:a
1637:ka
1604:,
1589:.
1545:,
1499:.
1495:ka
1438:.
1426:,
825:,
821:,
754:▷
749:◁
561:.
539:c.
523:,
282:ka
251:ka
240:ka
229:ka
37:.
4079:)
4075:(
3884:e
3877:t
3870:v
3855:.
3836:.
3817:.
3789:.
3761:)
3747:.
3726:.
3705:.
3688:.
3669:.
3510:.
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