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716:, a black mariner accused of killing a rival for the affections of a lady. The case against Goode was essentially circumstantial, but the jury heeded the district attorney's call for assertive punishment of "crimes of violence" and convicted him. There were calls for Briggs to commute Goode's capital sentence, but he refused, writing "A pardon here would tend toward the utter subversion of the law."
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570:, who also sat on the committee, drafted a report in 1836 rebutting the rationales used in such legislative proposals, but the committee as a whole, and then the House, refused to accept the report. Although the authorship of the report appears to be entirely Hall's, Briggs may have contributed to it, and was a signatory to Hall's publication of the report in the
690:. After an acquittal in an 1846 murder case where anti-death penalty sentiment was thought to have a role, Briggs, seeking to undercut the anti-death penalty lobby, proposed eliminating the penalty for all crimes except murder, but expressed concern that more such acquittals by sympathetic juries would undermine the connection between crime and punishment.
830:). However, he died before he could take up the position. On September 4, 1861 Briggs was getting an overcoat out of his closet at his home in Pittsfield, when a gun fell. As Briggs was picking it up, the gun discharged and Briggs was shot. Briggs died early in the morning of September 12, 1861, and was buried in the
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was widely criticized for bias in the instructions he gave to the jury. Briggs was petitioned to commute
Webster's sentence by death penalty opponents, and even threatened with physical harm if he did not. He refused however, stating that the evidence in the case was clear (especially after Webster
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also fielded a candidate, with the result that none of the candidates won the needed majority. The legislature decided the election in those cases; with a Whig majority there, Briggs' election was assured. Briggs was reelected annually until 1850 against a succession of
Democratic opponents. He won
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was accused of murder. Briggs was appointed by the court to defend him; convinced by the evidence that the man was innocent, Briggs made what was described by a contemporary as a plea that was "a model of jury eloquence". The jury, unfortunately, disagreed with Briggs, and convicted the man, who
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was a major issue that was debated in the state during Brigg's tenure, with social reformers calling for its abolition. Briggs personally favored capital punishment, but for political reasons called for moderation in its use, seeking, for example, to limit its application in murder cases to those
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During Briggs' time as governor, abolitionist activists continued to make inroads against both the Whigs and
Democrats, primarily making common cause with the Democrats against the dominant Whigs. Briggs' stance as a Cotton Whig put him in opposition to these forces. He opposed the
576:, a major political journal. The document was influential in driving later Congressional debate on legislative proposals concerning abolitionist mailings, none of which were ever adopted. Briggs and Hall were both instrumental in drafting and gaining passage of the
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in 1818. He first opened a practice in Adams, moved it to
Lanesboro in 1823, and Pittsfield in 1842. His trial work was characterized by a contemporary as clear, brief, and methodical, even though he was fond of telling stories in less formal settings.
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During the winter of 1834–1835, while walking along the
Washington Canal, he heard a crowd exclaim that a young black boy had fallen in and was drowning. Upon hearing this, he dove into the water without removing any of his clothes and saved the boy.
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on the floor of the House of
Representatives. His moves to organize the temperance movement in Congress died out when he left the body, but it was a cause he would continue to espouse for the rest of his life. In 1860 he was chosen president of the
311:, Briggs studied law in western Massachusetts, where his civic involvement and successful legal practice preceded statewide political activity. He was elected to Congress in 1830, where he supported the conservative Whig agenda, serving on the
791:) prompted the Democrats and Free Soilers to form a coalition to gain control over the Massachusetts legislature, and divided the Whigs along pro- and antiabolition lines. With the gubernatorial election again sent to the legislature, Democrat
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in
November 1849. The trial received nationwide coverage, and the prosecution case was based on evidence that was either circumstantial (complicated by the fact that a complete corpse was not found), or founded on new types of evidence
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and his daughter
Elizabeth were unsuccessful in changing South Carolina policy, and after protests against what was perceived as Yankee interference in Southern affairs, were advised to leave the state for their own safety.
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Despite his rise in prominence, Briggs was at first ineligible for state offices because he did not own property. In 1830 he decided to run for
Congress, for which there was no such requirement. He was elected to the
460:. Briggs was also called upon to raise the four orphaned children of his brother Rufus, one of the brothers who supported him in his law studies. Rufus died in 1816, followed by his wife not long afterward.
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In 1849, Briggs failed to secure a majority in the popular vote because of the rise in power of the Free Soil Party, but the Whig legislature returned him to office. In the 1850 election, anger over the
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425:, who came to know Briggs at that time and who became a lifelong friend and political associate. His faith informed his personal behavior: he remained committed to religious ideals, for instance
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John, Richard (January 1997). "Hiland Hall's "Report on
Incendiary Publications": A Forgotten Nineteenth Century Defense of the Constitutional Guarantee of the Freedom of the Press".
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In 1817 Briggs helped to establish a Baptist church in Lanesboro; in this congregation he met Harriet Hall, whom he married in 1818; their children were Harriet, George, and
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mailings, which were seen there as incendiary; the matter was of some controversy because southern legislators sought to have these types of mailings banned. Briggs' friend
554:, and opposed the expansion of slavery into western territories, but did not seek to threaten the unity of the nation with a strong stance against slavery. He served on the
663:) were often involved. Although Whigs had a reputation for aristocratic bearing, Briggs was much more a man of the people than the preceding Whig governors, John Davis and
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598:, he advocated the taking of total abstinence pledges as a way to bring more people away from the evils of alcohol, and notably prepared such a pledge for
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650:. Briggs was apparently recommended as a compromise candidate acceptable to different factions within the party (one controlled by Webster, the other by
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authorizing the imprisonment of free blacks arriving there from Massachusetts and other northern states, sent representatives to protest the policy.
654:). He was also probably chosen to appeal more directly to the state's rural voters, a constituency that normally supported Morton. The abolitionist
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Petrulionis, Sandra Harbert (September 2001). ""Swelling That Great Tide of Humanity": The Concord, Massachusetts, Female Anti-Slavery Society".
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in 1824, was appointed chairman of the board of commissioners of highways in 1826. His interest in politics was sparked by his acquaintance with
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an excellent middle man; he looks well when speaking, and seems always ready to say something good, but never said anything; he is an orateur
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as part of a Whig bid for more rural votes, and easily won election until 1849. Although he sought to avoid the contentious issue of
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594:. He formed the Congressional Temperance Society in 1833, sitting on its executive committee; at an 1836 temperance convention at
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popular majorities until the 1849 election, even though third parties (including the Liberty Party and its successor, the
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gave a confession), and that there was no reason to doubt that the court had acted with due and proper diligence.
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Great in Goodness: A Memoir of George N. Briggs, Governor of The Commonwealth Of Massachusetts, From 1844 to 1851
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Briggs sporadically attended the public schools in White Creek, and was apprenticed for three years to a Quaker
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Briggs was nominated to run for the governorship on the Whig ticket against the incumbent Democrat
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National Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts
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The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War
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Briggs' involvement in civic life began at the local level. From 1824 to 1831 Briggs was the
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Whig Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts
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285:(April 12, 1796 – September 12, 1861) was an American lawyer and politician from
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of his experience, drawing appreciative applause from the crowds, according to
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was hanged. In 1830 the true murderer confessed to commission of the crime.
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The Transformation of Political Culture: Massachusetts Parties, 1790s–1840s
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Briggs resumed the practice of law in Pittsfield. He was a member of the
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had been nominated first, but refused the nomination, possibly because
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Spreading the News: The American Postal System from Franklin to Morse
402:, and they gave their children religious instruction from the Bible.
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1581:. Vol. 3. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 539–541.
1526:
1462:(five volume history of Massachusetts until the early 20th century)
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Members of the U.S. House of Representatives from Massachusetts
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Daniel Webster and the Trial of American Nationalism, 1843–1852
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A criminal case tried in 1826 brought Briggs wider notice. An
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United States House Committee on Post Office and Civil Service
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Collections of the Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society
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During his time in Congress, Briggs was a vocal advocate for
354:. Briggs died of an accidental gunshot wound at his home in
1426:
American Christian Rulers, or Religion and Men of Government
1627:
Anti-Slavery Politics in Antebellum and Civil War America
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was used for the first time in this trial). Furthermore,
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to Congressional sessions that stretched into Sunday and
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In 1844 Briggs, alarmed at a recently enacted policy by
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Forensic Dentistry Evidence: An Investigator's Handbook
16:
American politician and 19th Governor of Massachusetts
6385:
Members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
1735:. Boston: New England Historic Genealogical Society.
1606:""Just Mede of Praise": George N. Briggs' Heroic Act"
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in his activities to improve education in the state.
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He was nominated by the Whigs in 1843 to run against
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History of Berkshire County, Massachusetts, Volume 1
1304:
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346:, notably refusing to commute the death sentence of
811:movement, but trailed far behind other candidates.
761:. He did promote other types of reform, supporting
1704:. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press.
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546:Briggs was what became known in later years as a "
542:was a longtime friend and Congressional colleague.
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394:. The household was religious: his father was a
6440:Whig Party state governors of the United States
1577:Larson, Sylvia (1999). "Briggs, George Nixon".
712:Briggs' argument was used in the 1849 trial of
2024:
1780:Congressional Biography of George Nixon Briggs
1429:. New York: Bromfield & Company. pp.
818:to a diplomatic mission to the South American
390:, when he was seven, and, two years later, to
6410:Firearm accident victims in the United States
3238:
2826:
2010:
1702:Murder and the Death Penalty in Massachusetts
1938:U.S. House of Representatives
1903:U.S. House of Representatives
618:
1651:
1554:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
560:Committee on the Post Office and Post Roads
417:and joined the Baptist faith. He spoke at
361:
319:, abstaining from all alcohol consumption.
313:Committee on the Post Office and Post Roads
65:January 9, 1844 – January 11, 1851
3245:
3231:
2833:
2819:
2017:
2003:
1944:Massachusetts's 7th congressional district
1909:Massachusetts's 9th congressional district
1733:Memorial Biographies, 1845–1871: 1860–1862
893:
891:
814:In 1861 Briggs was appointed by President
31:
1579:Dictionary of American National Biography
1391:
1089:
1087:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
386:descent. His parents moved the family to
338:policy allowing the imprisonment of free
297:, and served seven one-year terms as the
1680:
1624:
1498:. New York: J. H. Beers & Co. 1885.
1452:. New York: The States History Company.
1422:
767:
646:promised him party support for a future
622:
530:
365:
293:, Briggs served for twelve years in the
1747:
1368:
888:
805:state constitutional convention in 1853
6430:19th-century Massachusetts politicians
6362:
1699:
1603:
1576:
1322:
1084:
1005:
978:
481:United States House of Representatives
295:United States House of Representatives
173:Massachusetts House of Representatives
126:March 4, 1831 – March 3, 1843
3226:
2814:
1998:
1726:
1515:The American Journal of Legal History
1470:. New York: Oxford University Press.
1449:Commonwealth History of Massachusetts
1400:. New York: Oxford University Press.
1349:
315:. He was also a regular advocate of
1549:
1512:
1465:
1445:
742:Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court
1981:January 9, 1844 – January 11, 1851
1446:Hart, Albert Bushnell, ed. (1927).
719:Not long after the Goode case came
431:abstaining from alcohol consumption
13:
6405:Deaths by firearm in Massachusetts
6400:Accidental deaths in Massachusetts
1612:. Massachusetts Historical Society
1423:Giddings, Edward Jonathan (1890).
14:
6476:
6465:19th-century American legislators
6445:People from White Creek, New York
6435:19th-century American politicians
1773:
1687:. Boston, MA: Gould and Lincoln.
1604:Martin, Susan (August 11, 2016).
731:, a crime that took place at the
450:admitted to the Massachusetts bar
409:, which was especially strong in
6375:People from Adams, Massachusetts
3481:
3475:
3062:
2149:
1681:Richards, William Carey (1867).
1307:
556:Committee on Public Expenditures
374:George Nixon Briggs was born in
268:
3072:(Reform in the) Civil Service*
1288:
1261:
1240:
1231:
1222:
1213:
1204:
1195:
1186:
1177:
1168:
1159:
1150:
1141:
1132:
1123:
1114:
1105:
1096:
1075:
1066:
1057:
1048:
1039:
1030:
1021:
996:
987:
957:
948:
936:
927:
469:Berkshire County, Massachusetts
382:, and Nancy (Brown) Briggs, of
6450:Baptists from New York (state)
3140:Post Office and Civil Service
1949:March 4, 1833 – March 3, 1843
1729:"Hon. George N. Briggs, LL. D"
954:Richards, pp. 51, 63, 159, 200
918:
909:
900:
879:
870:
861:
852:
843:
798:
1:
6455:19th-century American lawyers
2801:indicate acting officeholders
1936:Member of the
1901:Member of the
1886:U.S. House of Representatives
1300:
499:U.S. House of Representatives
467:for the Northern district of
405:At the age of 14, during the
109:U.S. House of Representatives
1377:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
1369:Dalzell, Robert Jr. (1973).
1350:Burns, James Dawson (1861).
7:
3209:Reform in the Civil Service
2850:Post Office and Post Roads
1323:Bowers, C. Michael (2011).
1256:History of Berkshire County
973:History of Berkshire County
943:History of Berkshire County
10:
6481:
6370:Governors of Massachusetts
3473:
2026:Governors of Massachusetts
1392:Formisano, Ronald (1983).
596:Saratoga Springs, New York
6337:
6307:
6272:
6242:
6185:
6120:
6055:
5980:
5890:
5735:
5545:
5280:
5025:
4795:
4575:
4380:
4165:
3945:
3690:
3490:
3260:
3202:
3139:
3071:
3060:
2849:
2794:
2356:
2190:
2158:
2147:
2032:
1983:
1977:Governor of Massachusetts
1974:
1966:
1961:
1951:
1934:
1926:
1916:
1899:
1891:
1884:
1876:
1868:Governor of Massachusetts
1861:
1853:
1843:
1807:Governor of Massachusetts
1800:
1792:
1787:
1654:The New England Quarterly
1629:. Westport, CT: Praeger.
1625:Mitchell, Thomas (2007).
1353:The Temperance Dictionary
638:in 1843. Former Governor
619:Governor of Massachusetts
609:American Temperance Union
526:twenty-seventh Congresses
356:Pittsfield, Massachusetts
302:Governor of Massachusetts
276:
264:
254:
240:
232:
222:
217:Pittsfield, Massachusetts
206:
187:
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178:
170:
154:
142:
130:
119:
105:
93:
81:
69:
58:
53:Governor of Massachusetts
50:
46:
30:
23:
6415:Burials in Massachusetts
1788:Party political offices
1356:. London: Job Caudwell.
1129:Petrulionis, pp. 385–418
1054:John (2009), pp. 244–248
1045:John (1997), pp. 104–105
837:
795:was chosen over Briggs.
362:Early life and education
1847:Robert Charles Winthrop
1550:John, Richard (2009) .
1327:. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
820:Granadine Confederation
578:Post Office Act of 1836
413:, Briggs experienced a
1748:Whipple, A. B (1896).
1727:Smith, Joseph (1885).
1466:Holt, Michael (1999).
1228:Holt, pp. 452–453, 579
1036:John (1997), pp. 94–96
779:
777:Southworth & Hawes
775:, c. 1851 portrait by
733:Harvard Medical School
701:
631:
573:National Intelligencer
550:". He was in favor of
543:
407:Second Great Awakening
380:Cranston, Rhode Island
371:
39:Southworth & Hawes
6460:19th-century Baptists
6380:Massachusetts lawyers
1700:Rogers, Alan (2008).
1219:Richards, pp. 244–249
822:(roughly present-day
771:
721:the sensational trial
693:
648:vice presidential bid
626:
552:protectionist tariffs
534:
415:conversion experience
398:and his mother was a
392:White Creek, New York
369:
304:, from 1844 to 1851.
3207:Name shortened from
1930:George Grennell, Jr.
876:Richards, pp. 20, 26
755:Mexican–American War
585:William Taylor Barry
479:, who served in the
376:Adams, Massachusetts
201:Adams, Massachusetts
1857:Amos Adams Lawrence
933:Richards, pp. 39–63
924:Richards, pp. 33–34
885:Richards, pp. 27–28
867:Richards, pp. 22–23
832:Pittsfield Cemetery
706:Ralph Waldo Emerson
688:first degree murder
483:from 1817 to 1821.
388:Manchester, Vermont
283:George Nixon Briggs
25:George Nixon Briggs
2410:Governor's Council
2320:Governor's Council
2241:Governor's Council
2229:Governor's Council
1987:George S. Boutwell
1962:Political offices
1750:"George N. Briggs"
1258:, Volume 1, p. 329
1201:Rogers, pp. 99–103
1102:Dalzell, pp. 77–78
1027:John (1997), p. 94
975:, Volume 1, p. 303
945:, Volume 1, p. 346
793:George S. Boutwell
789:Fugitive Slave Act
785:Compromise of 1850
780:
773:George S. Boutwell
738:forensic dentistry
725:John White Webster
683:Capital punishment
632:
604:Thomas F. Marshall
582:Postmaster General
544:
372:
370:Briggs' birthplace
350:for the murder of
348:John White Webster
344:capital punishment
210:September 12, 1861
100:George S. Boutwell
6357:
6356:
5347:H. A. S. Dearborn
4922:J. M. S. Williams
3220:
3219:
2808:
2807:
1993:
1992:
1984:Succeeded by
1952:Succeeded by
1917:Succeeded by
1877:Succeeded by
1844:Succeeded by
1246:Holt, pp. 580–583
1192:Rogers, pp. 95–97
1165:Rogers, pp. 90–91
1156:Formisano, p. 300
1147:Rogers, pp. 88–90
1120:Formisano, p. 301
1111:Hart, pp. 4:94–99
727:in the murder of
512:Congresses as an
490:Indian living in
471:. He was elected
465:register of deeds
448:in 1813, and was
340:African Americans
280:
279:
249:Henry Shaw Briggs
6472:
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3572:B. Crowninshield
3537:J. Crowninshield
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1967:Preceded by
1946:
1927:Preceded by
1911:
1892:Preceded by
1854:Preceded by
1793:Preceded by
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1315:Biography portal
1312:
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1285:Richards, p. 398
1283:
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1276:Richards, p. 397
1274:
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1267:Mitchell, p. 128
1265:
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915:Richards, p. 146
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868:
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859:
856:
850:
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759:Wendell Phillips
714:Washington Goode
708:
419:revival meetings
411:Upstate New York
342:. He supported
309:Upstate New York
307:Raised in rural
272:
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183:Personal details
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1980:
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1957:
1955:Julius Rockwell
1948:
1940:
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1920:William Jackson
1913:
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1897:
1895:Henry W. Dwight
1880:
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1002:Whipple, p. 171
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962:
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858:Richards, p. 15
857:
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849:Giddings, p. 66
848:
844:
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816:Abraham Lincoln
801:
710:
703:
661:Free Soil Party
652:Abbott Lawrence
621:
602:Representative
514:Anti-Jacksonian
501:
364:
334:, he protested
247:
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223:Political party
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149:Julius Rockwell
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1774:External links
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1660:(3): 385–418.
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744:Chief Justice
729:George Parkman
692:
672:South Carolina
665:Edward Everett
644:Daniel Webster
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352:George Parkman
336:South Carolina
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244:Harriet Briggs
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236:Harriet Briggs
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214:(aged 65)
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6310:20th district
6306:
6300:
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6275:19th district
6271:
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6245:18th district
6241:
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6188:17th district
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6123:16th district
6119:
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6058:15th district
6054:
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5983:14th district
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5893:13th district
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5738:12th district
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5602:J. Richardson
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5283:10th district
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3214:
3213:Civil Service
3210:
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2373:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2358:Commonwealth
2355:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2327:
2324:
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2255:
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2250:
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2201:
2199:
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2189:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2157:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
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2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
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2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2031:
2027:
2020:
2015:
2013:
2008:
2006:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1988:
1979:
1978:
1971:
1970:Marcus Morton
1965:
1960:
1956:
1947:
1945:
1939:
1931:
1925:
1921:
1912:
1910:
1904:
1896:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1858:
1852:
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1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
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1797:
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1778:
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1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1711:9781558496323
1707:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1685:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
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1646:
1642:
1638:
1636:9780275991685
1632:
1628:
1623:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1588:9780195206357
1584:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1561:9780674039148
1557:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1521:(1): 94–125.
1520:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1505:9781432809102
1501:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1477:9780195055443
1473:
1469:
1464:
1459:
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1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1427:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1407:9780195035094
1403:
1398:
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1390:
1386:
1380:
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1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1334:9780123820013
1330:
1326:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1305:
1294:Smith, p. 324
1291:
1282:
1273:
1264:
1257:
1252:
1243:
1234:
1225:
1216:
1207:
1198:
1189:
1183:Bowers, p. 22
1180:
1174:Rogers, p. 93
1171:
1162:
1153:
1144:
1138:Rogers, p. 84
1135:
1126:
1117:
1108:
1099:
1093:Hart, p. 4:93
1090:
1088:
1081:Martin (2016)
1078:
1072:Burns, p. 414
1069:
1063:Burns, p. 413
1060:
1051:
1042:
1033:
1024:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
999:
990:
981:
974:
969:
960:
951:
944:
939:
930:
921:
912:
903:
897:Burns, p. 412
894:
892:
882:
873:
864:
855:
846:
842:
835:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
812:
810:
806:
796:
794:
790:
786:
778:
774:
770:
766:
764:
760:
756:
750:
747:
743:
739:
734:
730:
726:
723:of Professor
722:
717:
715:
709:
707:
700:
698:
691:
689:
684:
680:
677:
673:
668:
666:
662:
657:
656:Liberty Party
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
636:Marcus Morton
629:
628:Marcus Morton
625:
616:
612:
610:
605:
601:
597:
593:
588:
586:
583:
579:
575:
574:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
541:
537:
533:
529:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
510:twenty-fourth
507:
506:twenty-second
496:
493:
489:
484:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
461:
459:
454:
451:
447:
443:
439:
434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
403:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
368:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
328:Marcus Morton
325:
320:
318:
314:
310:
305:
303:
300:
296:
292:
288:
287:Massachusetts
284:
275:
271:
267:
263:
260:
257:
253:
250:
246:George Briggs
243:
239:
235:
231:
228:
225:
221:
218:
209:
205:
202:
190:
186:
181:
177:
174:
169:
165:
160:
157:
153:
150:
147:
141:
138:
135:
129:
123:
118:
115:
114:Massachusetts
110:
106:Member of the
104:
101:
98:
92:
89:
88:Marcus Morton
86:
80:
77:
74:
72:
68:
62:
57:
54:
49:
45:
40:
34:
29:
22:
19:
6042:Wigglesworth
5967:Wigglesworth
5076:
5028:9th district
4798:8th district
4661:
4578:7th district
4383:6th district
4168:5th district
3948:4th district
3877:J. A. Thayer
3862:J. R. Thayer
3693:3rd district
3493:2nd district
3263:1st district
3212:
3208:
3174:D. Henderson
2999:J. Henderson
2908:
2798:
2763:
2551:
2501:
2474:
2457:
2425:
2408:
2401:
2374:
2361:(since 1776)
2330:
2318:
2311:
2299:
2282:
2275:
2263:
2251:
2239:
2227:
2220:
2208:
1975:
1935:
1900:
1866:nominee for
1864:Know Nothing
1862:
1805:nominee for
1801:
1757:
1753:
1732:
1701:
1683:
1657:
1653:
1626:
1614:. Retrieved
1609:
1578:
1551:
1518:
1514:
1494:
1467:
1448:
1425:
1395:
1372:
1352:
1324:
1290:
1281:
1272:
1263:
1255:
1251:
1242:
1237:Holt, p. 452
1233:
1224:
1215:
1206:
1197:
1188:
1179:
1170:
1161:
1152:
1143:
1134:
1125:
1116:
1107:
1098:
1077:
1068:
1059:
1050:
1041:
1032:
1023:
998:
989:
980:
972:
968:
959:
950:
942:
938:
929:
920:
911:
902:
881:
872:
863:
854:
845:
813:
809:Know-Nothing
802:
781:
751:
718:
711:
702:
694:
681:
669:
633:
613:
589:
571:
564:abolitionist
545:
522:twenty-fifth
508:through the
502:
485:
462:
455:
435:
404:
373:
321:
306:
282:
281:
212:(1861-09-12)
164:7th district
159:9th district
155:Constituency
144:Succeeded by
121:
95:Succeeded by
60:
37:Portrait by
18:
6395:1861 deaths
6390:1796 births
6132:S. Thatcher
6037:Frothingham
5992:G. Thatcher
5927:J. Reed Jr.
5832:F. Rockwell
5762:S. Thatcher
5747:H. Dearborn
5612:J. Reed Jr.
5362:H. Williams
5232:T. H. Eliot
5172:G. Williams
5132:W. Washburn
5092:H. Williams
5067:J. Reed Jr.
5057:J. Reed Jr.
4947:C. H. Allen
4852:J. Reed Jr.
4832:L. Williams
4812:G. Thatcher
4667:J. Rockwell
4532:A.P. Andrew
4402:J. Reed Sr.
4392:G. Thatcher
4252:W. Appleton
4242:W. Appleton
4192:L. Williams
4157:Auchincloss
4152:Kennedy III
3967:G. Thatcher
3872:C. Washburn
3587:Saltonstall
3442:G. Lawrence
3412:T. D. Eliot
3402:T. D. Eliot
3392:W. Appleton
3377:N. Appleton
3367:A. Lawrence
3357:A. Lawrence
3347:N. Appleton
3142:(1947–1995)
3074:(1893–1947)
2852:(1808–1947)
2689:Saltonstall
2547:W. Washburn
2517:E. Washburn
2465:Lincoln Jr.
2427:Lincoln Sr.
2195:(1692–1776)
2163:(1686–1689)
2037:(1629–1686)
1610:The Beehive
799:Later years
763:Horace Mann
746:Lemuel Shaw
676:Samuel Hoar
568:Hiland Hall
548:Cotton Whig
536:Hiland Hall
516:, and as a
492:Stockbridge
423:Hiland Hall
166:(1833–1843)
161:(1831–1833)
132:Preceded by
83:Preceded by
6364:Categories
6329:E. Lincoln
5807:L. Bigelow
5647:Whiting II
5592:J. Russell
5577:A. Bigelow
5487:Fitzgerald
5352:W. Baylies
5222:R. Russell
5182:Fitzgerald
5007:Kennedy II
4952:Greenhalge
4762:L. Connery
4757:W. Connery
4732:W. Everett
4717:W. Russell
4557:Torkildsen
4547:Harrington
4362:N. Tsongas
4342:P. Tsongas
4247:Burlingame
4017:E. Everett
3932:N. Tsongas
3612:Buffington
3417:Buffington
3024:Steenerson
3009:Overstreet
2954:Farnsworth
2894:R. Johnson
2879:J. Johnson
2874:F. Johnson
2604:Greenhalge
2343:Hutchinson
2332:Hutchinson
2182:Bradstreet
2141:Bradstreet
2131:Bellingham
2121:Bellingham
2081:Bellingham
1914:1831–1833
1796:John Davis
1384:0395139988
1301:References
686:involving
640:John Davis
592:temperance
477:Henry Shaw
473:town clerk
442:Pittsfield
324:Democratic
317:temperance
255:Profession
194:1796-04-12
71:Lieutenant
6284:J. Parker
6264:J. Parker
6067:Wadsworth
6007:J. Holmes
5902:Wadsworth
5872:McCormack
5752:I. Parker
5467:O'Connell
5442:McEttrick
5437:J. Walker
5387:Dickinson
5337:F Baylies
5252:McCormack
5242:Nicholson
5212:Underhill
5127:A. Walker
5117:E. Thayer
5072:H. Dwight
4997:Macdonald
4982:Dallinger
4977:H. Thayer
4972:Dallinger
4942:W Russell
4897:Wentworth
4772:Macdonald
4647:H. Dwight
4552:Mavroules
4327:E. Rogers
4322:J. Rogers
4197:T. Dwight
4177:Partridge
4132:P. Holmes
4077:J. Abbott
4027:Parmenter
3972:Wadsworth
3852:J. Andrew
3817:Whiting I
3777:A. Abbott
3747:Pickering
3737:Livermore
3657:Granfield
3642:Churchill
3557:Pickering
3086:De Forest
2869:Livermore
2476:Armstrong
2247:J. Dudley
2235:J. Dudley
2222:Stoughton
2216:Bellomont
2210:Stoughton
2192:Province
2172:J. Dudley
2160:Dominion
2111:T. Dudley
2096:T. Dudley
2076:T. Dudley
2056:T. Dudley
1720:137325169
1645:263714377
1616:April 30,
1570:434587908
1543:152027724
1486:231788473
1362:752754623
1343:688636942
446:Lanesboro
427:objecting
326:Governor
265:Signature
122:In office
61:In office
51:19th
41:, c. 1848
6340:At-large
6202:Chandler
6147:S. Davis
6087:Bradbury
6012:Lovering
5952:Mitchell
5937:Simpkins
5867:Gallivan
5847:Lovering
5842:E. Morse
5827:Robinson
5822:J. Adams
5727:Donnelly
5702:Flaherty
5692:Douglass
5677:Sullivan
5657:Coolidge
5642:Robinson
5622:Goodrich
5607:J. Adams
5587:B. Adams
5562:Bartlett
5557:Bradbury
5532:Delahunt
5497:Douglass
5422:Norcross
5377:Grinnell
5317:J. Allen
5307:Hastings
5152:T. Lyman
5087:Hastings
4967:Deitrick
4887:J. Adams
4787:Pressley
4727:Cogswell
4687:Boutwell
4672:Goodrich
4657:Grennell
4652:S. Allen
4612:Mitchell
4592:Ward Sr.
4542:W. Bates
4537:G. Bates
4512:Cogswell
4502:Lovering
4487:Thompson
4462:T. Davis
4452:G. Davis
4432:Grennell
4417:S. Allen
4407:J. Smith
4332:B. Morse
4302:Sh. Hoar
4287:L. Morse
4237:C. Allen
4222:J. Davis
4112:Mitchell
4102:Weymouth
4082:L. Morse
4042:Thompson
4032:Thompson
4022:Sa. Hoar
3987:Hastings
3962:Dearborn
3957:Sedgwick
3927:McGovern
3847:L. Morse
3812:Twichell
3797:C. Adams
3717:S. Lyman
3682:McGovern
3632:E. Morse
3582:Phillips
3527:W. Lyman
3522:Ward Sr.
3517:Sedgwick
3512:W. Lyman
3452:Heselton
3447:Treadway
3427:R. Davis
3387:S. Eliot
3382:Winthrop
3372:Winthrop
3362:Fletcher
3322:Ward Jr.
3307:J. Bacon
3302:Sedgwick
3292:Sedgwick
3215:in 1925.
3131:Randolph
3126:Ramspeck
3116:Lehlbach
2759:Cellucci
2699:Bradford
2654:Coolidge
2594:Brackett
2584:Robinson
2512:Clifford
2507:Boutwell
2421:Sullivan
2313:S. Phips
2301:S. Phips
2204:W. Phips
2136:Leverett
2126:Endecott
2116:Endecott
2106:Endecott
2101:Winthrop
2091:Endecott
2086:Winthrop
2071:Winthrop
2051:Winthrop
2046:Endecott
1741:13166463
1597:39182280
1416:18429354
824:Colombia
600:Kentucky
558:and the
524:through
384:Huguenot
241:Children
6319:Hubbard
6299:Cushman
6259:T. Rice
6234:Kinsley
6222:J. Carr
6212:F. Carr
6207:Gannett
6177:Gifford
6167:Thacher
6142:Tallman
6112:Gifford
6092:Whitman
6082:Widgery
6077:Whitman
6027:Gilmore
6017:E. Foss
6002:C. King
5932:Randall
5912:Ruggles
5812:Baylies
5802:Kendall
5792:Hulbert
5777:Bidwell
5767:Skinner
5717:O'Neill
5712:Kennedy
5697:Higgins
5687:Tinkham
5667:Sprague
5652:Wallace
5627:Trafton
5617:Burnell
5582:Brigham
5572:Stedman
5537:Keating
5522:Heckler
5502:Tinkham
5452:Barrows
5427:W. Rice
5412:Stevens
5407:Crocker
5392:Chaffee
5382:Scudder
5372:Burnell
5327:Wheaton
5322:Brigham
5292:Goodhue
5272:Keating
5262:Moakley
5237:Gifford
5202:Roberts
5192:Keliher
5167:Candler
5162:Burnett
5147:W. Rice
5142:G. Hoar
5137:Crocker
5112:De Witt
5082:Jackson
5052:Wheaton
5047:J. Dean
5012:Capuano
5002:O'Neill
4992:Goodwin
4957:Stevens
4937:Candler
4932:Claflin
4917:G. Hoar
4912:Baldwin
4882:Calhoun
4872:Lathrop
4862:Sampson
4857:Baylies
4842:Gardner
4817:F. Ames
4782:Capuano
4752:Maloney
4742:Roberts
4737:Barrett
4702:E. Hoar
4637:Hulbert
4632:Baylies
4622:Baylies
4602:Bullock
4597:Leonard
4587:Leonard
4567:Moulton
4562:Tierney
4522:Gardner
4427:Kendall
4412:Taggart
4397:Leonard
4347:Shannon
4317:B. Ames
4307:Stevens
4212:Lathrop
4187:Freeman
4137:Donohue
4122:Winslow
4107:Tirrell
4087:Collins
4062:A. Rice
4037:Palfrey
4007:Stearns
3912:Donohue
3902:Philbin
3892:F. Foss
3867:R. Hoar
3832:B. Dean
3807:A. Rice
3792:Damrell
3787:Edmands
3772:Cushing
3722:Mattoon
3667:Furcolo
3637:Gillett
3617:O. Ames
3607:Crocker
3597:Rantoul
3592:D. King
3567:Barstow
3562:Silsbee
3552:W. Reed
3547:Pickman
3532:Shepard
3502:Goodhue
3432:Randall
3397:Scudder
3337:Webster
3297:Skinner
3282:Goodhue
3272:F. Ames
3121:Jeffers
3096:Gillett
3091:Brosius
3054:O'Brien
3034:Sanders
2994:Bingham
2979:Bingham
2969:Waddell
2939:English
2914:Hopkins
2799:Italics
2776:Patrick
2749:Dukakis
2739:Dukakis
2734:Sargent
2724:Peabody
2714:Furcolo
2624:Douglas
2609:Wolcott
2599:Russell
2542:Claflin
2537:Bullock
2522:Gardner
2482:Everett
2387:Hancock
2382:Bowdoin
2376:Cushing
2370:Hancock
2338:Bernard
2326:Pownall
2307:Shirley
2295:Shirley
2290:Belcher
2034:Colony
1766:1772059
1693:4045699
1674:3185425
1458:1543273
1439:5929456
540:Vermont
520:to the
396:Baptist
332:slavery
6324:Parris
6289:Conner
6254:Wilson
6227:Wilson
6107:Martin
6097:Greene
6072:Ilsley
6047:Martin
6022:Harris
5957:Carter
5942:Greene
5922:Eustis
5907:Seaver
5882:Studds
5862:Curley
5852:Powers
5837:Crosby
5817:Hodges
5797:Strong
5772:Larned
5707:Curley
5682:Peters
5672:Powers
5662:Draper
5637:Chapin
5597:Hobart
5567:Cutler
5527:Studds
5517:Martin
5512:Curtis
5507:Herter
5477:Murray
5472:Curley
5462:McNary
5457:Naphen
5447:Atwood
5417:Seelye
5397:Delano
5367:Borden
5357:Borden
5342:Bailey
5332:Morton
5297:Sewall
5207:Fuller
5197:Murray
5177:O'Neil
5122:Bailey
5107:Little
5102:Fowler
5077:Briggs
5062:Folger
5042:Bishop
5037:Varnum
4987:Healey
4962:McCall
4927:Warren
4867:Hobart
4827:Eustis
4777:Markey
4747:Phelan
4712:Butler
4707:Tarbox
4692:Brooks
4662:Briggs
4627:Turner
4617:Barker
4607:Bishop
4527:Lufkin
4492:Loring
4482:Butler
4447:Ashmun
4437:Alvord
4367:Markey
4357:Meehan
4352:Atkins
4337:Cronin
4292:Hayden
4282:Bowman
4267:Butler
4257:Hooper
4232:Hudson
4217:Sibley
4182:Bourne
4142:Drinan
4127:Stobbs
4117:Wilder
4097:Apsley
4092:O'Neil
4067:Hooper
4057:Comins
4052:Walley
4047:Sabine
4012:Fuller
3992:Varnum
3977:Foster
3937:Trahan
3907:Drinan
3882:Wilder
3857:Walker
3842:Ranney
3822:Pierce
3802:Thomas
3782:Duncan
3767:Osgood
3762:Nelson
3757:Varnum
3752:Nelson
3732:Nelson
3727:Cutler
3712:Coffin
3707:Bourne
3672:Boland
3662:Clason
3652:Kaynor
3647:Bowles
3622:Harris
3577:Choate
3507:Foster
3437:Wright
3352:Gorham
3342:Gorham
3332:Gorham
3317:Quincy
3312:Eustis
3287:Holten
3277:Dexter
3184:Hanley
3169:Dulski
3164:Murray
3154:Murray
3111:Godwin
3106:Hamill
3101:Godwin
3081:Andrew
3044:Romjue
3029:Griest
2989:Blount
2959:Packer
2944:Colfax
2924:Potter
2919:Goggin
2909:Briggs
2899:Connor
2889:McKean
2884:Ingham
2864:Ingham
2786:Healey
2771:Romney
2709:Herter
2684:Hurley
2679:Curley
2664:Fuller
2649:McCall
2634:Draper
2579:Butler
2569:Talbot
2559:Gaston
2553:Talbot
2532:Andrew
2502:Briggs
2497:Morton
2487:Morton
2459:Morton
2453:Eustis
2448:Brooks
2443:Strong
2416:Strong
2397:Sumner
2284:Tailer
2277:Dummer
2271:Burnet
2265:Dummer
2253:Tailer
2177:Andros
2061:Haynes
1941:from
1906:from
1764:
1739:
1718:
1708:
1691:
1672:
1643:
1633:
1595:
1585:
1568:
1558:
1541:
1535:845472
1533:
1502:
1484:
1474:
1456:
1437:
1414:
1404:
1381:
1360:
1341:
1331:
828:Panama
697:manqué
488:Oneida
438:hatter
400:Quaker
259:Lawyer
233:Spouse
6197:Bruce
6172:Walsh
6152:Brown
6102:Leach
6032:Olney
5997:Cutts
5972:Burke
5947:Weeks
5917:Dowse
5877:Keith
5857:Weeks
5787:Dewey
5782:Bacon
5722:Burke
5632:Dawes
5492:Tague
5482:Tague
5402:Dawes
5312:Upham
5267:Lynch
5257:Hicks
5247:Keith
5187:Conry
5017:Lynch
4907:Train
4902:Knapp
4877:Bates
4847:Green
4837:Green
4807:Grout
4722:Stone
4682:Gooch
4677:Banks
4517:Moody
4507:Lodge
4497:Stone
4477:Banks
4472:Gooch
4467:Alley
4457:Upham
4442:Baker
4422:Locke
4372:Clark
4297:Banks
4277:Banks
4272:Gooch
4262:Alley
4207:Mills
4147:Frank
4072:Frost
3922:Blute
3917:Early
3897:Casey
3887:Paige
3837:Field
3827:Field
3742:White
3702:Gerry
3542:Story
3462:Olver
3457:Conte
3422:Crapo
3327:Mason
3049:Burch
3014:Weeks
2984:Money
2974:Money
2964:Clark
2949:Alley
2904:McKay
2781:Baker
2765:Swift
2729:Volpe
2719:Volpe
2704:Dever
2694:Tobin
2669:Allen
2644:Walsh
2629:Guild
2619:Bates
2614:Crane
2527:Banks
2492:Davis
2470:Davis
2438:Gerry
2392:Adams
2259:Shute
1670:JSTOR
1539:S2CID
1531:JSTOR
1433:–69.
838:Notes
458:Henry
289:. A
112:from
6349:Cobb
6294:Gage
6217:Wood
6162:Hill
6137:Cook
5962:Luce
5302:Read
5227:Luce
5217:Luce
5097:Hale
4892:Mann
4822:Otis
4767:Lane
4697:Esty
4642:Shaw
4312:Knox
4002:Dana
3677:Neal
3627:Long
3467:Neal
3407:Hall
3203:Note
3194:Clay
3189:Ford
3159:Rees
3149:Rees
3039:Mead
3019:Moon
3004:Loud
2934:Mace
2929:Olds
2859:Rhea
2754:Weld
2744:King
2639:Foss
2589:Ames
2574:Long
2564:Rice
2433:Gore
2403:Gill
2348:Gage
2066:Vane
1879:None
1873:1859
1840:1850
1836:1849
1832:1848
1828:1847
1824:1846
1820:1845
1816:1844
1812:1843
1803:Whig
1762:OCLC
1737:OCLC
1716:OCLC
1706:ISBN
1689:OCLC
1641:OCLC
1631:ISBN
1618:2024
1593:OCLC
1583:ISBN
1566:OCLC
1556:ISBN
1500:ISBN
1482:OCLC
1472:ISBN
1454:OCLC
1435:OCLC
1412:OCLC
1402:ISBN
1379:ISBN
1358:OCLC
1339:OCLC
1329:ISBN
826:and
518:Whig
444:and
299:19th
291:Whig
227:Whig
207:Died
188:Born
6157:Orr
5757:Lee
5157:Ely
4202:Ely
3602:Fay
3211:to
3179:Nix
2674:Ely
2659:Cox
1662:doi
1523:doi
538:of
6366::
1838:,
1834:,
1830:,
1826:,
1822:,
1818:,
1814:,
1760:.
1756:.
1752:.
1731:.
1714:.
1668:.
1658:74
1656:.
1639:.
1608:.
1591:.
1564:.
1537:.
1529:.
1519:41
1517:.
1480:.
1431:61
1410:.
1337:.
1086:^
1007:^
890:^
834:.
699:.
667:.
611:.
587:.
433:.
358:.
3246:e
3239:t
3232:v
2834:e
2827:t
2820:v
2018:e
2011:t
2004:v
1768:.
1758:2
1743:.
1722:.
1695:.
1676:.
1664::
1647:.
1620:.
1599:.
1572:.
1545:.
1525::
1508:.
1488:.
1460:.
1441:.
1418:.
1387:.
1364:.
1345:.
736:(
704:—
196:)
192:(
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