778:. Federal officials began to investigate the machine. Some 650 indictments were brought forth against machine members, 300 of them at the state level. Parr, however, eluded indictment, and his conviction for fraud was later dismissed. Under the protection of Lyndon Johnson, Parr eluded all attempts to investigate and convict him for fraud, bribery, corruption, racketeering, and murder. Shepperd was a political advisor to Johnson even as he attempted to bring indictments against Parr. The Parr Machine was challenged by the Freedom Party in Alice, Texas, led by Jake Floyd. The Parrs lost control of that district court, an important office the Parr Machine was used to controlling all over South Texas. The botched assassination of Buddy Floyd, Jake's son, mistakenly shot and killed by Mario Sapet, on September 8, 1952, also signaled turbulent times for the Parr Machine.
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county saw its largely marginalized but large numbers of native Texan yeoman farmers slowly disappear leaving the county commission to be controlled by the Parr family and its cronies. While the Parr
Machine had always asserted undue influence over the county's affairs, it was not until Archer Parr that its leadership felt safely secure to overwhelm the remaining independent white farmers by appealing directly to county's new Mexican-American majority by offering them jobs (and in some cases cash directly from the county coffers) in exchange for political support.
797:. When Parr's machine collapsed soon after his death, Duval County's small Anglo white (but large-landowning) minority attempted to retain control of the county politically but was unable to halt the take-over of the county Democratic party by the now overwhelmingly large Mexican-American population. Nonetheless, the family and its network remains influential so that the county has remained one of the strongest and most consistently Democratic localities in Texas, frequently giving both national and local candidates victories greater than 70 percent.
32:
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ran
Sherwood Forest. As public officials, they took from the rich — the oil companies and the absentee landowners — through high taxes; as political bosses, they tapped the public treasury to give to the poor. Whenever a Mexicano family needed a little extra money — for a wedding,
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The alliance between the Parr-controlled commission and the
Hispanic populace made the county a bastion of Democratic strength. By 1940, the white educated population had been reduced to a tiny minority amongst a large Mexican-American population. Parr garnered popular support with his charisma, his
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With the end of the
Johnson administration in 1968, Parr lost his primary political protector. Under advice from Johnson and other prominent figures, he relinquished control of his machine to his nephew Archer III, by the early 1970s. The law finally caught up with Parr in 1974 when he was convicted
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Mr. Parr was considered a fugitive after he failed to appear for a hearing yesterday on revocation of his $ 25,000 appeal bond. He was convicted of tax evasion in March, 1974, for failing to list $ 287,000 in income between 1966 and 1969. He was sentenced to 10 years in prison but was free on bond
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and others ran in
Democratic primary election for U.S. Senate. Stevenson and Johnson advanced to a runoff election. For five days after the runoff, Stevenson appeared to hold a 112-vote lead. Then Jim Wells County amended its return, adding 202 additional votes, 200 of which were for Johnson.
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that are often associated with political machines. Along with other large landowners and managers of landed estates owned by prominent
Eastern businessmen, Parr helped develop the practice of working illegal aliens and later using them for advancing political interests. More importantly, his own
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The Parr
Machine functioned on bribery, graft, and illegal donations. Political support came from the southernmost counties in Texas. The machine could produce large numbers of votes, both legal and illegal, from the impoverished and uneducated working-class Mexican-Americans. As a result, the
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founded the
Dynasty of Duval County. Archer Parr III (1925–2000), né Archer Weller, Archie's grandson and adopted son, was the third Duke of the Duval County Dynasty. Archer Weller Parr was the county judge from 1959 to 1975; he died November 2, 2000, in Alice, Texas.
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opposed the pardon. (In 1934 Archie's reelection to the Texas State senate was in doubt and he hoped that building a road to Corpus
Christi across the King Ranch, which was owned by the Kleberg family, would save his political career. When their heretofore political ally
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was there with a handout. The support the Parrs received on election day was won not by intimidation but by friendship, and the affinity of the
Mexicanos for the Parrs went all the way back to the time when Archie was the only Anglo in the county who deigned to learn
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political career included serving as both the Duval County Judge and Sheriff. He also owned the San Diego State Bank, and the famous Dobie Ranch, including the Parr's Los Horcones Ranch. He was also a partner and silent partner of dozens of businesses in South Texas.
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and that a district attorney connected to the local political machine meant lax enforcement of laws against prostitution, which would adversely affect his force. For the sake of the war effort, Stevenson appointed a different candidate.
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Another likely motivation to oppose Stevenson was that in 1944, Parr and Judge Raymond of Webb County had asked Stevenson, then the Governor, to appoint E. James Kazen (a Raymond relative) Laredo district attorney. The commander at
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in Duval County also created ample opportunities for patronage, allowing Parr to amass a small fortune. To this day, the family's network has limited influence in Texas politics giving its patronage to both Democratic beneficiaries.
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Most contemporary observers accept that Parr used his influence to affect the Jim Wells County vote totals in Johnson's favor. One probable motivation was that Parr felt obligated to Johnson, who had helped him obtain the 1946
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In 1923, George Parr married his high school sweetheart, Thelma Duckworth of Corpus Christi. They divorced and remarried, and divorced again in 1949; Parr subsequently married Eva Perez. He had two daughters.
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However, political candidates would from time to time make Parr an object of their reforming campaigns. In 1954 Governor Allen Shivers declared war on the Parr Faction and sent down a team of
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and state investigators. Parr was charged with embezzlement but beat the case. The Parr Machine maintained control of Duval and Jim Wells counties despite the legal and political backlash.
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envious. The Mexicano underclass, its poll taxes paid by the Parrs, provided the votes, and the Parrs provided for the Mexican underclass. The Parrs ran Duval County the way
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coffers. After Archer's death, George inherited the Parr political machine, and the populace passed on the name, "El Patrón", to him as they did his father.
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827:"Duval County Museum reveals little-known tales through anecdotes. Visitors can explore rooms devoted to medical history, famed political boss"
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Parr demonstrated his success at political maneuvering by securing the defeat of Richard Kleberg in the 1944 congressional primary, with Major
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along with his father, people already understood him to be heir apparent, not merely his father's driver. There they plotted with
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618:, also attended.) Wurzbach apparently lost the 1928 election, but was eventually seated in the House because of election fraud.
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The Parrs rarely had to resort to stealing elections. For the most part, they produced majorities that would have made
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and given a ten-year prison term. He was found dead at his ranch on April 1, 1975, after apparently committing
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For a time, Parr and his friends were enthusiastic and accomplished polo players, albeit on cow ponies with
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you if it's the last thing I do.") Such a pardon would demonstrate Parr's power to the other political
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By this time Parr had total control of the county, soon acquiring the nickname "Duke of Duval County."
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in 1923 as a special student, but again left without taking a degree. Still, in 1926 he passed the
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were not competitive in the South, and prompting the sobriquet "landslide Lyndon."
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450:(March 1, 1901 – April 1, 1975) was an American politician, who controlled a
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after violating his parole. He applied for a presidential pardon in July 1943;
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fluency in Spanish, and Robin Hood tendencies with sharing the Duval County and
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Johnson won the nomination by 87 votes, tantamount to election in an era when
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Thelma Duckworth (m. 1923-divorce, remarried late 1930s, div. 1949) Eva
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that won the South Texas championship. Parr attended a variety of
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The fall of the Duke of Duval : a prosecutor's journal
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in the upcoming election. (Johnson's college student son,
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Players of American football from Jim Wells County, Texas
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Duval County Museum displays some artifacts from his life
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The Duke of Duval: The Life and Times of George B. Parr
978:"George Parr inherited his father's political dynasty"
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replaced Biddle, Johnson helped secure a pardon from
1193:Neely, Chris; Schwartz, Jeremy (November 3, 2000).
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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941:"Cowboy from Matagorda founded political dynasty"
477:George Berham Parr was born on March 1, 1901, in
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764:In 1950, Parr had become a thorn in the side of
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465:. He was known as "The Duke of Duval," like
1364:Recipients of American presidential pardons
1248:(lst ed.). Austin, Tex.: Eakin Press.
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820:
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718:1948 United States Senate election in Texas
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864:"PARR, GEORGE BERHAM [1901-1975]"
760:Struggles and demise of political machine
664:Federal Correctional Institution, El Reno
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
19:For other people with the same name, see
1389:University of Texas School of Law alumni
1359:American politicians who died by suicide
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637:
509:during one of his father's terms in the
1329:American people convicted of tax crimes
1195:"Ex-political boss Archer Parr is dead"
673:blocked it in part because Congressman
531:post-secondary educational institutions
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1012:. Waco: Texian Press. pp. 36–37.
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575:Benavides Independent School District
1369:American political bosses from Texas
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1052:"The Man in the Black Hat, Part One"
1006:Lynch, Dudley M. (January 1, 1976).
976:Givens, Murphy (September 7, 2011).
54:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
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582:1928 Democratic National Convention
13:
1424:County judges in the United States
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874:Texas State Historical Association
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825:Grant, Mary Lee (March 23, 1998).
517:for four years. He graduated from
362:b. Dec. 25, 1860 d. Oct. 18, 1942
170:Julian Windmill, 14 miles S.E. of
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461:, Texas and, to a lesser extent,
902:. April 14, 1975. Archived from
690:in the Rio Grande valley. After
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301:Lyndon Johnson's 1948 benefactor
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1404:Texas A&M University alumni
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41:needs additional citations for
16:American politician (1901–1975)
1098:Lynch, pp. 39-40, 42-47, 51-52
1078:a funeral, an illness —
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535:University of Texas Law School
277:University of Texas Law School
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1414:20th-century American lawyers
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1429:20th-century American judges
1379:Suicides by firearm in Texas
1349:People from San Diego, Texas
606:machine to defeat four term
21:George Parr (disambiguation)
7:
1199:Corpus Christi Caller-Times
1126:The Years of Lyndon Johnson
982:Corpus Christi Caller Times
945:Corpus Christi Caller-Times
832:Corpus Christi Caller Times
515:West Texas Military Academy
357:Elizabeth Parr (née Allen)
10:
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749:Laredo Army Air Force Base
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597:Texas state representative
519:Corpus Christi High School
489:" Parr, a prominent local
18:
1229:, August 18, 19, 20, 1974
1050:Burka, Paul (June 1984).
712:1948 U.S. Senate election
580:When George attended the
521:in 1921, where he played
485:. His father was Archer "
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894:"TEXAS: Death of a Duke"
869:Handbook of Texas Online
600:Samuel Ealy Johnson, Jr.
1162:"Texas Politician Dead"
916:(subscription required)
279:(special student) 1923-
269:Southwestern University
1324:County judges in Texas
1116:(1990). "Head Start".
632:Texas Attorney General
409:of Duval County, Texas
380:of Duval County, Texas
1134:Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.
668:U.S. Attorney General
638:Parr political crimes
467:his father before him
348:two daughters one son
293:, rancher, politician
203:27.59221°N 98.41209°W
174:, Duval County, Texas
1419:TMI Episcopal alumni
658:He was convicted of
642:Parr engaged in the
541:and was admitted to
65:"George Berham Parr"
50:improve this article
1246:William S. Sessions
1227:Dallas Morning News
939:(August 31, 2011).
906:on January 22, 2011
741:presidential pardon
590:Texas State senator
564:Parr family machine
264:University of Texas
208:27.59221; -98.41209
199: /
1399:American cattlemen
1278:George Berham Parr
1167:The New York Times
1060:. pp. 215–216
791:income tax evasion
675:Richard M. Kleberg
628:James Albon Mattox
448:George Berham Parr
183:Benavides cemetery
132:George Berham Parr
1384:Lyndon B. Johnson
1307:Handbook of Texas
1295:Handbook of Texas
1283:Handbook of Texas
776:John Ben Shepperd
728:Lyndon B. Johnson
724:Coke R. Stevenson
706:John E. Lyle, Jr.
621:The discovery of
612:Harry M. Wurzbach
513:and attended the
511:Texas Legislature
455:political machine
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773:Attorney General
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463:Jim Wells County
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1170:. April 2, 1975
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48:Please help
43:verification
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1344:1975 deaths
1334:1901 births
802:Archie Parr
733:Republicans
660:tax evasion
501:Parr was a
401:Givens Parr
397:Preceded by
360:Archie Parr
317:Old party (
206: /
1318:Categories
1255:1571680497
1209:2013-09-09
1075:Robin Hood
1064:2013-04-13
1033:2013-09-09
987:2013-04-13
963:Lynch p.25
950:2013-09-24
910:2012-04-12
879:2013-04-12
843:2013-04-12
809:References
608:Republican
602:, and the
473:Early life
452:Democratic
194:98°24′44″W
191:27°35′32″N
144:1901-03-01
76:newspapers
1304:from the
1302:Boss Rule
1292:from the
1280:from the
1174:April 14,
1136:pp.
1080:el patrón
479:San Diego
416:In office
387:In office
337:Spouse(s)
252:Education
237:El Patrón
219:Monuments
172:Benavides
1264:95040801
1236:(1995).
1130:New York
1028:76-54438
766:Governor
722:In 1948
543:practice
345:Children
329:Opponent
313:Democrat
242:Tacuacha
1085:Spanish
795:suicide
648:bribery
586:Houston
525:on the
505:at the
407:Sheriff
90:scholar
1309:Online
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487:Archie
420:1954–?
391:1926–?
353:Parent
291:Lawyer
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652:fraud
644:graft
483:Texas
437:Notes
97:JSTOR
83:books
1260:LCCN
1250:ISBN
1176:2017
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1024:LCCN
1014:ISBN
899:TIME
771:and
650:and
160:Died
154:, US
138:Born
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