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believed that a lifelike reality was achieved on stage through a careful study of the play and showing this in stage movement, composition and stage business. His major contribution to the stage was not just his use of realistic settings and costumes but in the way he tried to use and integrate performers as part of the mise en scene. The use of costume did not merely reflect historical accuracy but attempted to help actors perform in a style and mode which integrated with other elements. He demanded that all the actors were at most rehearsals and he carefully worked out the actions of even everyone in crowd scenes. Individual members of crowds and main actors alike were expected to provide specific research and character analysis related to the events depicted on stage. He was known for his great vision and memory and he often worked without a prompt book or script, working from his head and using a runner to ferry his ideas to his assistant
Chronegk. Because his work toured extensively from 1874 to 1890, Meiningen's unified productions had a great impact on the theatre world. He is widely considered the theatre's first Modern
830:. George in turn became increasingly angry and defensive at anyone who failed to recognize his wife and treat her as an equal. Most Germans supported George's decision to marry, but Wilhelm felt particularly upset because George's first wife had been a kinswoman of his. Wilhelm was not the only one who objected to the marriage; George's father ex-Duke Bernhard was equally angry and threatened to appeal directly to the people with the mistaken view that they would support his opinion. Officials and ministers of the Saxe-Meiningen court also objected to the match. Many resigned their offices and their wives openly insulted Ellen. The army also refused to salute her, further angering Duke George. He sent an emissary to Berlin with a complaint to Wilhelm, who responded by ordering that all officers must in the future salute Ellen as Baroness von Heldburg. She was never styled as "Duchess of Saxe-Meiningen" like his second wife.
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extensively, and had a profound effect on theatre production across the continent. There is no doubt that
Realism saw the development of the director as a separate entity, someone with an eye to oversee, someone responsible for the overall conception, interpretation, style and detail of the theatrical performance. The Meiningen Ensemble from its roots in the late 1830s under the directorships of Georg II and Ludwig Chronegk, proceeded to develop a theatre company bereft of theatre-managers and the star system. A system centered on realistic acting and staging and well-developed 'unified' productions. The Ensemble which began as a court theatre but started touring in 1874, used detailed research of people, locations, costumes and set, along with highly choreographed and individually detailed crowd scenes, to create productions which were esthetically unified and realistic in their presentations.
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attempted to educate her, as he was a great lover of the arts, especially theater. Her mother approved, stating it was "very sensible of him indeed to arrange for his bride to be much occupied with lessons, to take drawing lessons, and to hear lectures on history". Georg soon realized however that she would never be as witty and clever as
Charlotte. After the death of their third son, Feodora stayed away from Meiningen for as much as decently possible. In 1866, he succeeded as Duke of Saxe-Meiningen, making her "Duchess consort of Saxe-Meiningen".
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902:, who was to try out his Second Piano Concerto and Third Symphony with the orchestra and premiered his Fourth Symphony there, conducting it himself. A dispute with Brahms over who was to conduct the premiere of his Fourth Symphony in Frankfurt led Bülow to resign (he was scheduled to premiere it there, but Brahms pre-empted him by conducting it with a local orchestra). Bülow was succeeded briefly by his 20-year-old assistant
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naturalistic illusory atmosphere where the actor could establish or re-create authenticity in performance. Chronegk and the Duke prepared sketches and diagrams showing actors how to walk and move in period clothing to achieve a naturalistic feel to stage characterization. The
Meiningen productions influenced playwrights like Henrik Ibsen, actors like Henry Irving and directors like Antoine and Stanislavsky.
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The conventions of realism for the
Meiningen seemed to create the means by which a theatre artist creates the illusion of everyday life. They saw that art should copy science by depicting life 'as it is' without direct comment, interpretation and the structural edifice of the well made play. The Duke
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Their marriage was unhappy however. George had never become reconciled to
Charlotte's death and Feodora was not temperamentally suited for the life she was expected to lead. She had no intellectual or artistic attainments; even worse, she had no interest in developing any. Despite this fact, George
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The initial aim of the
Meiningen Ensemble was to create, within the context of an ensemble, historical exactitude of the mise en scene. The Meiningen company sought to create the illusion of natural space within the confines of the proscenium arch. Duke George was concerned mainly with creating a
910:. Steinbach championed the music of Brahms, instituting Brahms Festivals in 1895 and 1897 in Meiningen with the composer present. A private concert by the Meiningen Court Orchestra and Steinbach for Brahms in 1891 led the composer to notice the artistry of the ensemble's first clarinetist,
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using his court theatre. Using his knowledge of art history and his drawing skills, he designed highly detailed, historically accurate scenery, costumes, and properties. In addition, he choreographed large crowd scenes that stunned audiences across Europe. He and his ensemble toured Europe
596:. In opposition to his father, George had sided with the Prussians during the war and was rewarded with a position of Lieutenant General of the Prussian army. The young duke was familiar enough with Prussian politics to regard their attitudes as impractical. During the
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In his later life, George suffered from acute deafness and retired from active life. He had been fond of hunting and traveling, and was a collector of antiques and manuscripts. He died on 25 June 1914 at Bad
Wildungen and was succeeded by his eldest son
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On 27 January 1855, their second son Georg died. Charlotte would follow him two months later, dying in childbirth and leaving George inconsolable. He succeeded his father as Duke of Saxe-Meiningen in 1866, eleven years after
Charlotte's death.
542:. His birth on 2 April 1826 was met with great relief as the succession to the duchy was in jeopardy due to a lack of male heirs in the family. George remained an only child for seventeen years, until the birth of his sister
182:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
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in
January 1872, and died the following month. Despite the many differences between them, George had remained fond of her; when she became sick, he was genuinely distraught and sent telegrams to her parents twice daily.
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in 1880. Bülow instituted stringent rehearsal methods and, with the Duke's agreement, hired eight musicians, raising its membership to 44. He offered the orchestra as a trial ensemble to
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George succeeded his father as Duke of Saxe-Meiningen on 20 September 1866, when Bernhard was forced to abdicate in favor of his son following the defeat of Austria in the
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Despite his recent widowhood, George went on a search for a new wife, if only to provide a mother for his two young children. George met his second cousin
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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in the bride's honor. They spent the next five years in Berlin and Potsdam but returned to Meiningen for the birth of their children.
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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Prince Georg Albrecht (12 April 1852 – 27 January 1855). died at two years old.
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The Duke was also the patron of one of Europe's leading orchestras, the
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach
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1877:"When Morganatic Wives Become Troublemakers For European Monarchs",
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Duke Georg II of Saxe-Meiningen on the Museums of Meiningen website
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The Theater Duke: George II of Saxe-Meiningen and the German Stage
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518:(2 April 1826 – 25 June 1914), was the penultimate Duke of
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Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Großherzogtums Oldenburg: 1879
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Hof- und Staatshandbuch für das Königreich Hannover: 1861
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Herzoglich-Sachsen-Meiningisches Hof- und Staats-Handbuch
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It's All a Matter of Style – Naturalistic Theatre Forms
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Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary
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unnamed son (29 – 30 March 1855). died at a day old.
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Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Württemberg
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Prince Viktor of Saxe-Meiningen (14 – 17 May 1865).
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a machine-translated version of the German article.
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1958:Staatshandbuch für den Freistaat Sachsen: 1865/66
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1237:Ancestors of George II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen
1109:House and Merit Order of Peter Frederick Louis
858:. He is particularly known for developing the
768:(12 October 1861 – 23 August 1914) he married
200:accompanying your translation by providing an
162:Click for important translation instructions.
149:expand this article with text translated from
2043:Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Herzogtum Anhalt
740:, being a daughter of Victoria's half-sister
667:(1 April 1851 – 16 January 1928). he married
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1576:Princess Marie Frederica of Hesse-Kassel
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1150:Order of the Württemberg Crown
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563:Dowager Duchess Luise Eleonore
210:You may also add the template
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2152:. Stanford University Press.
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742:Princess Feodora of Leiningen
669:Princess Charlotte of Prussia
639:Princess Charlotte of Prussia
574:Georg, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg
348:Princess Charlotte of Prussia
2098:"A Szent István Rend tagjai"
1961:. Heinrich. 1866. p. 4.
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1127:: Grand Cross of the House
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2002:Staat Hannover (1861).
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602:Battle of Froeschweiler
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2135:Eckersley, M. (1995).
1111:, with Crown in Gold,
1028:Order of the Rue Crown
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937:Parkfriedhof Meiningen
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2008:. Berenberg. p.
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1198:Order of St. Stephen
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1943:6 July 2020 at the
1881:, 11 September 1911
1219:Order of St. Hubert
852:Franco-Prussian War
800:Georg's third wife
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572:, a younger son of
1879:The New York Times
1838:Koller, pp. 51–53.
1803:The New York Times
1215:Kingdom of Bavaria
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110:December 2016
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65:Find sources:
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43:This article
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2242:Bernhard III
2230:
2211:25 June 1914
2208:
2204:2 April 1826
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2081:. Retrieved
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1763:. Retrieved
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322:(1914-06-25)
320:25 June 1914
304:2 April 1826
284:Bernhard III
235:
198:edit summary
189:
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52:Please help
47:verification
44:
27:German noble
2265:1914 deaths
2260:1826 births
2225:Bernhard II
1146:Württemberg
940: [
817:Ellen Franz
813:Liebenstein
806:Oskar Begas
802:Ellen Franz
508:Lutheranism
488:Bernhard II
416:Ellen Franz
274:Bernhard II
270:Predecessor
2254:Categories
2236:1866–1914
1983:, Berlin:
1765:24 October
1728:References
986:April 1844
922:Later life
850:After the
824:morganatic
750:Langenburg
300:1826-04-02
80:newspapers
1105:Oldenburg
693:Lake Como
612:Marriages
606:Wilhelm I
546:in 1843.
307:Meiningen
280:Successor
241:George II
216:talk page
153:in German
2101:Archived
1941:Archived
1716:See also
1229:Ancestry
929:Bernhard
880:director
697:Marianne
504:Religion
192:provide
2129:Sources
2083:4 March
951:Honours
553:A five
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214:to the
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94:scholar
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2209:Died:
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944:]
792:Third
617:First
473:House
445:Issue
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427:(
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393:(
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359:(
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262:Reign
176:DeepL
101:JSTOR
87:books
2154:ISBN
2085:2019
1767:2010
1223:1888
1202:1870
1154:1866
1092:1858
1059:1854
1032:1845
653:and
645:and
555:mark
433:1873
403:1872
399:1858
369:1855
365:1850
317:Died
294:Born
190:must
188:You
169:View
73:news
1989:935
178:or
56:by
2256::
2062:27
2047:18
2030:33
2010:75
1987:,
1975:,
1923:19
1859:^
1843:^
1811:^
1787:^
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1736:^
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429:m.
395:m.
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675:.
302:)
298:(
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117:(
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108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
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