199:(TB). Originally, genotyping was only used to confirm outbreaks of tuberculosis; but with the evolution of genotyping technology it is now able to do far more. Advances in genotyping technology led to the realization that many cases of tuberculosis, including infected individuals living in the same household, were not actually linked. This caused the formation of universal genotyping in an attempt to understand transmission dynamics. Universal genotyping revealed complex transmission dynamics based on things like socio-epidemiological factors. This led to the use of polymerase chain reactions (PCR) which allowed for faster detection of tuberculosis. This rapid detection method is used to prevent TB. The addition of whole genome sequencing (WGS) allowed for identification of strains of TB which could then be put in a chronological cluster map. These cluster maps show the origin of cases and the time in which those cases arose. This gives a much clearer picture of transmission dynamics and allows for better control and prevention of transmission. All of these different forms of genotyping are used together to detect TB, prevent its spread and trace the origin of infections. This has helped to reduce the number of TB cases.
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is used to look at gene expression in crops. The knowledge gained from this type of genotyping allows for selective breeding of crops in ways which benefit agriculture. In the case of alfalfa, the cell wall was improved through selective breeding that was made possible by this type of genotyping.
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These techniques have also resulted in the discovery of genes that provide resistance to diseases. A gene called Yr15 was discovered in wheat, which protects against a disease called yellow wheat rust. Selective breeding for the Yr15 gene then prevented yellow wheat rust, benefiting agriculture.
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can arise from various genetic markers identified by genotyping, such as athletic advantages or disadvantages in professional sports or risk of disease development later in life. Much of the ethical concerns surrounding genotyping arise from information availability, as in who can access the
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or beads. Genotyping is important in research of genes and gene variants associated with disease. Due to current technological limitations, almost all genotyping is partial. That is, only a small fraction of an individual's genotype is determined, such as with (epi)GBS
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an individual has inherited from their parents. Traditionally genotyping is the use of DNA sequences to define biological populations by use of molecular tools. It does not usually involve defining the genes of an individual.
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and predispositions for disease. The benefits of population wide genotyping have been contended by ethical concerns on consent and general benefit of wide span screening. Genotyping identifies
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Hall, Alison
Elizabeth (2013). "What ethical and legal principles should guide the genotyping of children as part of a personalised screening programme for common cancer?".
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can be genotyped. Genotyping in this context may help in controlling the spreading of pathogens, by tracing the origin of outbreaks. This area is often referred to as
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that increase susceptibility of a person to develop a disease, but disease development is not guaranteed in most cases, which can cause psychological damage.
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Humans can also be genotyped. For example, when testing fatherhood or motherhood, scientists typically only need to examine 10 or 20 genomic regions (like
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GarcĂa De Viedma, DarĂo; PĂ©rez-Lago, Laura (2018-09-07). Baquero, Fernando; Bouza, Emilio; GutiĂ©rrez-Fuentes, J.A.; Coque, Teresa M. (eds.).
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The ethical concerns of genotyping humans have been a topic of discussion. The rise of genotyping technologies will make it possible to
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492:"Genotyping-by-sequencing approaches to characterize crop genomes: choosing the right tool for the right application"
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organisms, a single genomic region may be all that needs to be examined to determine the genotype. A single
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Genotyping applies to a broad range of individuals, including microorganisms. For example,
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and comparing it to another individual's sequence or a reference sequence. It reveals the
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is the process of determining differences in the genetic make-up (
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model of choice for much of medical research today.
150:assay is typically enough to genotype a transgenic
26:) of an individual by examining the individual's
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388:"Athletes Genotyping: Ethical and Legal Issues"
92:promise to provide whole-genome genotyping (or
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392:International Journal of Sports Medicine
49:restriction fragment length polymorphism
563:resources for genotyping microorganisms
51:identification (RFLPI) of genomic DNA,
47:Current methods of genotyping include
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187:of an individual in various contexts.
57:amplified fragment length polymorphism
53:random amplified polymorphic detection
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207:Many types of genotyping are used in
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282:. Illumina.com. Archived from
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133:single-nucleotide polymorphism
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280:"Genotyping at Illumina, Inc"
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551:International HapMap Project
329:"Ethics of genomic research"
90:mass-sequencing technologies
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309:Journal of Medical Ethics
61:polymerase chain reaction
386:Lippi, Giuseppe (2004).
346:10.4103/2229-3485.106405
232:Quantitative trait locus
82:Genotyping by sequencing
259:"Genotyping definition"
94:whole genome sequencing
55:(RAPD) of genomic DNA,
114:molecular epidemiology
436:Microbiology Spectrum
404:10.1055/s-2004-819956
578:Genetics techniques
154:; the mouse is the
59:detection (AFLPD),
556:2014-04-16 at the
203:Agricultural Usage
71:(ASO) probes, and
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261:. NIH. 2011-09-21
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100:Applications
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290:2010-12-04
265:2011-09-21
245:References
144:transgenic
43:Techniques
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355:2229-3485
176:mutations
156:mammalian
572:Category
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412:14986202
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220:See also
185:genotype
118:forensic
110:bacteria
88:. New
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106:viruses
63:(PCR),
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