429:, the usual track of the low is southeasterly, skirting the northern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. It is this track that moves the low across the Tyrrhenian Sea. Even after the primary low has moved out of the Tyrrhenian Sea-central Mediterranean area, if a residual trough remains south of the Alps, as is often the case, new centers can develop and occasionally move southeastward along the west coast of Italy. It is also common that a Genoa Low that has moved to the southwest will stall and become stationary, just to the west of the foot of the Italian boot, and this often will be associated with new low centers developing to the east over the
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Due to the expected warming of the future climate it is predicted that the annuality of Vb-cyclones will decrease. The decrease in Vb-cyclones could be caused by the shift of the cyclone track over Europe to the north. Modelling has shown that precipitation from future Vb-cyclones will have a greater
292:
tracks ("Zyklonenbahnen" in German) in 1891. To this date, track V of the latter group has remained in common use, unlike the large majority of van Bebber's tracks. The V track is linked to flooding events in central and eastern Europe, low pressure areas (south of the Alps) can track across France
185:
The northwestern
Mediterranean and the Gulf of Genoa in particular, are not only a transition area for passing cyclones, but are frequently areas of cyclogenesis. Low pressure areas move into or are formed as a result of North Atlantic air entering the Mediterranean Sea between the Alps and the
333:. Flooding then progresses down their major rivers of central Europe. This 'Vb-track' displays a high potential for large summer floods in Europe. Although the link between large summer floods and the Vb track have also been described as having a significant but weak correlation.
267:
which affects the southern side of the
Apennines. The area of low pressure is slow moving, and may follow a trajectory from west to east, then going on to affect the regions of the Adriatic, or move from the north-west to south-east down along the
247:. Genoa low cyclogenesis can occur at any time of year, though usually situated further south during the summer. Cyclogenesis is shifted to the east depending on the amount of cold air entering the Po Valley, and generally shifts to the
293:
into the
Mediterranean Sea where they pick up additional moisture, or form, and then move into central and eastern or southern Europe. the tracks diverge from the Genoa low formation area along the following pathways.
242:
of
Liguria and the contrast between the cold and humid air mass and the warmer water of the Ligurian Sea, the process ends with the formation of a low pressure area over the Ligurian Sea, just near the city of
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Most Genoa lows remain stationary or leave a residual trough to the south of the Alps. Three principal tracks which they typically follow were identified by
Wilhelm Jakob van Bebber who classified
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impact on the eastern coasts of the
Mediterranean Sea and a lesser impact on the Alpine region compared to the precipitation pattern of current Vb-cyclones.
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A strong southwesterly flow in the upper atmosphere leads the lows to the northeast and north-northeast, ("Zugstrasse Vb" Van Bebber) towards the
272:: in this last case, the structure will reach the same cyclonic area of formation of Tyrrhenian depressions, although not related to the latter.
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and Massif
Central. This cold and moist air enters the Mediterranean basin, and is deflected by the high mountains of northwest
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775:"Water vapour accumulation mechanisms in the Western Mediterranean Basin and the development of European extreme rainfalls"
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519:"Climatology of Vb cyclones, physical mechanisms and their impact on extreme precipitation over Central Europe"
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305:. The lows then glide over colder and denser air from the northwest and are lifted orographically by the
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Map of cyclone tracks over Europe, showing divergence of track V over the
Ligurian sea and north Adriatic
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Several factors that have special relevance in the development of depressions south of the Alps are:
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670:"Extreme floods in central Europe over the past 500 years: Role of cyclone pathway 'Zugstrasse Vb'"
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Effect of northerly flow over the Alps, enhancing cyclogenetic activity along the southern slopes.
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Effect of the concave curvature of the southern slopes of the Alps, enhancing cyclonic formation.
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746:"European wind storms, related loss potentials and changes in multi-model climate simulations"
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Messmer, Martina; Raible, Christoph C.; Gómez-Navarro, Juan José (2020-01-01).
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187:
169:. Vb cyclones are rare events which occur on average only 2.3 times per year.
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are typically generated by the time the depression moves into the Ionian Sea.
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Interaction between the polar front jet stream and the subtropical jet stream.
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The depressions bear rain, often intense, on the
Ligurian coast and hills of
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812:"Ten Years After the Deluge: Revisiting the Central Europe Floods of 2005"
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that forms or intensifies from a pre-existing cyclone to the south of the
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Mudelsee, M.; Börngen, M.; Tetzlaff, G.; Grünewald, U. (December 2004).
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Upper-level low moving south - Cyclogenesis in Genoa Bay. Eumetrain.org
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206:, which divert the air mass to the northeast, triggering cool and wet
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Tethys, Journal of
Weather and Climate of the Western Mediterranean
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568:"A robust method to identify cyclone tracks from gridded data"
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883:"Impact of climate change on the climatology of Vb cyclones"
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Examples of flooding events which follow this pattern are:
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over the upper catchments of both the southern and northern
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49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
238:A complex interaction is established between the
1937:
834:"System Explanation of Floods in Central Europe"
1779:List of atmospheric pressure records in Europe
887:Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography
772:
218:located in the immediate vicinity of the sea.
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618:"Satellite Overview and Synoptic Situation"
566:Kreienkamp, F.; A. Spekat; W. Enke (2010).
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421:If there is a strong anticyclone over the
225:The thermal contrast between land and sea.
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109:Learn how and when to remove this message
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397:The Vc track draws the lows across the
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181:Relief map of Alpine region of Europe
810:Breinl, Korbinian (26 August 2015).
737:
640:"Die Vb-Wetterlage ist das Härteste"
496:"Local Hazardous Weather Conditions"
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
16:Weather phenomenon in Northern Italy
1845:East Asian-northwest Pacific storms
463:Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone
13:
14:
1987:
968:Cyclogenesis in the Mediterranean
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354:from the lows "Hanne" and "Ilse".
348:from the lows "Xolska" and "Zoe".
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575:Advances in Science and Research
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214:, which in turn hit the western
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744:Donat, Markus G. (March 2010).
677:Journal of Geophysical Research
251:when little enters the valley.
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34:needs additional citations for
1840:Continental North Asian storms
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908:10.1080/16000870.2020.1724021
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1379:Great Sheffield Gale of 1962
1319:Moray Firth fishing disaster
720:"Central Europe Floods 2010"
646:(in German). tagesspiegel.de
383:2014 Southeast Europe floods
368:2010 Central European floods
7:
1772:List of European windstorms
1189:Pacific Northwest windstorm
498:. Naval Research Laboratory
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433:. In this case, gale force
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346:1997 Central European flood
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210:winds in response into the
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341:St. Mary Magdalene's flood
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517:Messmer, Martina (2015).
276:Van Bebber cyclone tracks
1971:Weather events in Europe
1463:Boxing Day Storm of 1998
1456:Christmas Eve storm 1997
790:10.3369/tethys.2011.8.10
1966:Weather events in Italy
1691:Friederike (David) 2018
1684:Eleanor (Burglind) 2018
1407:December 1981 windstorm
1365:North Sea flood of 1953
1278:Christmas Flood of 1717
836:. Helmholtz-Association
773:Sáez de Cámara (2011).
753:Dissertation, FU Berlin
644:Der Tagesspiegel Online
405:and on towards western
1951:Extratropical cyclones
1916:Southern Ocean cyclone
1004:Extratropical cyclones
596:10.5194/asr-4-105-2010
547:10.5194/esd-6-541-2015
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1565:Friedhelm/Bawbag 2011
1428:Burns' Day storm 1990
1312:Night of the Big Wind
1033:Post-tropical cyclone
526:Earth System Dynamics
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1400:Gale of January 1976
698:10.1029/2004JD005034
403:Carpathian Mountains
378:2013 European floods
363:2009 European floods
358:2005 European floods
352:2002 European floods
43:improve this article
1880:Southern Hemisphere
1835:Western Disturbance
1649:Thomas (Doris) 2017
1421:Great storm of 1987
1386:1968 Scotland storm
1326:Tay Bridge disaster
1305:Great Storm of 1824
1271:Great Storm of 1703
1241:European windstorms
1070:Northern Hemisphere
899:2020TellA..7224021M
860:Alert:Air-Worldwide
689:2004JGRD..10923101M
587:2010AdSR....4..105K
538:2015ESD.....6..541M
139:Ligurian depression
1018:Anticyclonic storm
961:2018-08-08 at the
331:European Watershed
290:European windstorm
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255:Effects on climate
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143:V(5)-track cyclone
135:Genoa cyclogenesis
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60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
1956:Ligurian Sea
1809:
1677:Herwart 2017
1670:Ophelia 2017
1593:St Jude 2013
1572:Joachim 2011
1551:Xynthia 2010
1509:Jeanett 2002
1494:21st century
1414:Charley 1986
1351:Ulysses 1903
1343:20th century
1297:19th century
1174:Hatteras low
1169:Aleutian Low
1109:Colorado low
1043:Weather bomb
935:. Retrieved
925:
890:
886:
876:
864:. Retrieved
859:
850:
838:. Retrieved
828:
816:. Retrieved
805:
793:. Retrieved
781:
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756:. Retrieved
752:
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727:. Retrieved
714:
702:. Retrieved
680:
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648:. Retrieved
643:
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622:. Retrieved
612:
600:. Retrieved
578:
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512:
500:. Retrieved
420:
401:towards the
396:
387:
335:
303:Vienna Basin
300:
287:
258:
237:
220:
212:Ligurian Sea
192:Rhone Valley
184:
173:Cyclogenesis
159:Ligurian Sea
142:
138:
134:
130:
128:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1909:Other areas
1854:Other areas
1830:Asiatic Low
1754:Ciarán 2023
1740:Larisa 2023
1733:Eunice 2022
1719:Aurore 2021
1712:Dennis 2020
1698:Adrian 2018
1663:Xavier 2017
1635:Niklas 2015
1586:Andrea 2012
1579:Dagmar 2011
1530:Kyrill 2007
1516:Gudrun 2005
1502:Oratia 2000
1484:Martin 1999
1477:Lothar 1999
1470:Anatol 1999
1372:Debbie 1961
1358:Iberia 1941
1123:Bighorn Low
1094:Lee Cyclone
1087:Continental
931:"Genoa Low"
893:(1): 1–18.
818:2 September
758:19 February
704:30 November
620:. eumetrain
581:: 105–114.
196:Carcassonne
99:August 2013
58:"Genoa low"
1946:Genoa lows
1940:Categories
1866:Kona storm
1747:Babet 2023
1726:Malik 2022
1705:Ciara 2020
1600:Xaver 2013
1558:Berit 2011
1544:Klaus 2009
1179:Nor'easter
532:(2): 541.
469:References
431:Ionian Sea
190:, via the
69:newspapers
1921:Sudestada
1888:Australia
1810:Genoa low
1656:Zeus 2017
1642:Egon 2017
1628:Tini 2014
1614:Anne 2014
1607:Dirk 2013
1537:Emma 2008
1449:Lili 1996
1048:Sting jet
917:1600-0870
427:Black Sea
263:, due to
240:orography
216:Apennines
163:Po Valley
153:over the
131:Genoa low
1764:See also
1523:Per 2007
1184:Gulf low
1060:Rainband
1011:Concepts
959:Archived
840:28 March
729:28 March
725:. eqecat
650:28 March
624:19 April
602:30 March
441:See also
417:Vd track
393:Vc track
297:Vb track
208:Libeccio
200:Pyrenees
167:Adriatic
1162:Oceanic
1028:Cyclone
937:3 April
895:Bibcode
685:Bibcode
583:Bibcode
534:Bibcode
502:3 April
423:Balkans
411:Moldova
407:Ukraine
372:Yolanda
319:Beskids
315:Sudetes
261:Tuscany
204:Corsica
147:cyclone
145:) is a
83:scholar
1861:Arctic
1202:Europe
915:
866:20 May
795:3 June
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1793:Other
1133:Other
1023:Storm
778:(PDF)
749:(PDF)
723:(PDF)
673:(PDF)
571:(PDF)
522:(PDF)
245:Genoa
141:, or
90:JSTOR
76:books
1823:Asia
1053:List
939:2012
913:ISSN
868:2014
842:2012
820:2015
797:2013
760:2012
731:2012
706:2012
652:2012
626:2012
604:2012
504:2012
435:Bora
409:and
321:and
151:Alps
62:news
903:doi
786:doi
693:doi
681:109
591:doi
542:doi
45:by
1942::
911:.
901:.
891:72
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691:.
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556:^
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477:^
413:.
374:".
317:,
313:,
309:,
161:,
157:,
137:,
129:A
1232:e
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1218:v
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788::
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112:)
106:(
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97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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