Knowledge

Francis Marion

Source đź“ť

154: 44: 133: 985: 119: 892:, the allegation about Marion raping slaves is untrue. Marion enjoyed generally good relations with his slaves, including Peggy, the mixed-raced daughter of a Native American man and an African American woman. In an early will created when he was single, Marion freed Peggy and endowed her education, contrary to South Carolina law at the time, which made it a crime to teach slaves to write. Oller writes that there is no proof, either, that Marion personally committed any atrocities during the Anglo-Cherokee War, at least as a matter of choice, although he participated in some by order of his commander 1308: 1284: 1296: 1272: 635: 1320: 1332: 1490: 165: 559: 693:, breaking communications between British outposts in the Carolinas. On August 31, Marion rescued a small American force trapped by 500 British soldiers, under the leadership of Major C. Fraser. For this action he received the thanks of the Continental Congress. Marion commanded the right wing under General Greene at the 604:
with quick surprise attacks and equally sudden withdrawal from the field. After their capture of Charleston, the British garrisoned South Carolina with help from local Loyalists, except for Williamsburg, which they were never able to hold. The British made one attempt to garrison Williamsburg at the
943:
compared Marion's behavior with British officers during the war, including Tarleton and Major James Wemyss. Referring to Marion, Tarleton and Wemyss, Bicheno wrote that "they all tortured prisoners, hanged fence-sitters, abused parole and flags of truce, and shot their own men when they failed to
839:
as Marion, and Nielsen was also one of the singers of the theme song. The series depicted Mary Videau (who in the series has no familial relationship with Marion) secretly acting as an informant for Marion on British movements and Marion's nephew Gabriel Marion being killed by Loyalists, causing
617:
on October 25, 1780; Georgetown (four attacks) between October 1780 and May 1781; Fort Watson on April 23, 1781; Fort Motte on May 12, 1781; Quinby Bridge on July 17, 1781; Parker's Ferry on August 13, 1781; Eutaw Springs on September 8, 1781; and Wadboo Plantation on August 29, 1782. Cornwallis
853:, which, according to Crawford, "exaggerated the Swamp Fox legend for a whole new generation." The contrast between the film's depiction of Marion "as a family man and hero who single-handedly defeats countless hostile Brits" and the real-life Marion was one of the "egregious oversights" that 746:
These enslaved people, together with the ten field hands, went back with him to Pond Bluff. After the war, Marion borrowed money to purchase more enslaved people for his plantation. At the age of 54, Marion married his 49-year old cousin, Mary Esther Videau. Marion served several terms in the
863:
as number one of its "Top 10 historically misleading films" in 2011. In the film, Martin describes violence that he committed in the French and Indian War. Around the time of the film's release, comments in the British press challenged the American notion of Marion as a hero. In the
656:
was sent to capture or kill Marion in November 1780. After pursuing Marion's troops for over 26 miles through a swamp, Tarleton supposedly said "as for this old fox, the Devil himself could not catch him." Based on this tale, Marion's supporters began to call him "the Swamp Fox".
881:
described Marion as "very active in the persecution of the Cherokee Indians and not at all the sort of chap who should be celebrated as a hero. The truth is that people like Marion committed atrocities as bad, if not worse, than those perpetrated by the British." According to
1020:, and its county seat, the City of Marion, are named for Marion. The city features a statue of General Marion in the town square, and has a museum which includes many artifacts related to Francis Marion; the Marion High School mascot is the Swamp Fox. 742:
had also moved Gabriel's plantation, all of whom had been singled out for favorable treatment in Marion's prewar will: overseer June and his wife, Chloe; their daughter Phoebe (sister of Buddy, Marion's enslaved manservant); and her daughter Peggy.
729:
After Marion returned to Pond Bluff, he discovered it had been destroyed during the war. Of the roughly 200 people who had been enslaved on it before the war, most of them fled the plantation, with some joining the British as Clinton had issued the
968:
Francis Marion was a man of his times: he owned slaves, and he fought in a brutal campaign against the Cherokee Indians. While not noble by today's standards, Marion's experience in the French and Indian War prepared him for more admirable
817:, a historical romance set against the background of the Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War, Marion appears and interacts with the fictional characters. In the book, he is depicted as decisive, enterprising, and valiant. 712:
from Charleston, and there was reportedly a conspiracy to turn him over to the British. But in June of that year, he put down a Loyalist rebellion on the banks of the Pee Dee River. In August, Marion left his unit and returned to his
382:
which sank on his first voyage; the crew escaped on a lifeboat but had to spend one week at sea before reaching land. In the following years, Marion managed the family's plantation, including overseeing the activities of the family's
550:), Marion organized a small military unit, which at first consisted of between 20 and 70 men and was the only force then opposing the British in the region. At this point, Marion was still hobbling on his slowly healing ankle. 651:
The British made repeated efforts to neutralize Marion's force, but Marion's intelligence gathering was excellent and that of the British was poor, due to the overwhelming Patriot presence in the Williamsburg area. Colonel
618:
observed, "Colonel Marion had so wrought the minds of the people, partly by the terror of his threats and cruelty of his punishments, and partly by the promise of plunder, that there was scarcely an inhabitant between the
668:
working or fighting alongside the British. He received an order from Rutledge to execute all Black people suspected of carrying provisions or gathering intelligence for the British "agreeable to the laws of this State".
612:
A state-erected information sign at Marion's gravesite on the former Belle Isle Plantation shows that he was engaged in twelve major battles and skirmishes in a two-year period: Black Mingo Creek on September 28, 1780;
1240:
and was reintroduced in January 2007. The Brigadier General Francis Marion Memorial Act of 2007 passed the House of Representatives in March 2007, and the Senate in April 2008. The bill was packaged into the omnibus
1260:-class attack transport. The ship served as the flag for COMPHIBGRU 2 (Commander Amphibious Group 2). For many years, Submarine Squadron Four at the Charleston Naval Base called itself the Swamp Fox Squadron. 1725: 1217:, located about 12 miles east of Columbia in Eastover, South Carolina, boasts the title "Home of the Swamp Fox" and has an image of the face of a fox painted on the body of their F-16 Fighter Jets. The 2059: 1588:
Gray, Jefferson (Autumn 2011). "Up from the swamp: Francis Marion turned South Carolina's Low Country into a quagmire for the British and became one of history's greatest guerrilla leaders".
913:
Was Francis Marion a slave owner? Was he a determined and dangerous warrior? Did he commit acts in an 18th-century war that we would consider atrocious in the current world of peace and
952:) and Hugh Rankin can be regarded as generally accurate. The introduction to the 2007 edition of Simms's book (originally published in 1844) was written by Sean Busick, a professor of 593:. Unlike the Continental Army, Marion's Men, as they were known, served without pay, supplied their own horses, arms and often their food. Marion's Men operated from a base camp on 2876: 1847: 734:
offering Patriot enslaved people freedom. Marion's enslaved people who had joined the British were evacuated from Charleston at the end of the war and at least one settled in
2846: 2831: 717:, Pond Bluff. In 1782, the British Parliament suspended offensive operations in America, and in December 1782, the British withdrew their garrison from Charleston. The 1776: 763:
were paid $ 6.67 a month. ) He died on his plantation in 1795, at the age of 63, and was buried at Belle Isle Plantation Cemetery in Berkeley County, South Carolina.
2856: 2821: 1729: 1825: 2806: 1044:
Parks constellation. The park is bounded by 4th & 6th Streets and at the intersection of E Street and South Carolina Avenue in southeast Washington, D.C.
585:
on the British forces opposing them. He thus missed the battle, which resulted in a British victory. Marion showed himself to be a singularly able leader of
1249:
was selected, it was not built before authorization expired in 2018. Some local residents opposed a monument to a slaveowner. The U.S. Navy was home to the
2881: 2811: 2198: 2067: 1415: 515: 371: 304: 1505: 2826: 2253: 793:" of American literature "who elevated the Swamp Fox, Francis Marion, into the American pantheon." Weems is known for having invented the apocryphal 1051:
is a historic hotel in downtown Charleston, South Carolina. Within the hotel is a restaurant called the Swamp Fox. The municipalities of Marion in
495: 279: 1732 – February 27, 1795), also known as the "Swamp Fox", was an American military officer, planter, and politician who served during the 582: 1348: 964:, who says that based on the facts, "Marion deserves to be remembered as one of the heroes of the War for Independence." Crawford commented: 893: 738:. Meanwhile, ten of the people he had enslaved had moved to Belle Isle, a plantation owned by Marion's brother Gabriel, during the war. Four 888:, "it seems that Marion was slaughtering Indians for fun and regularly raping his female slaves". According to John Oller's 2016 biography, 2836: 1307: 2225: 1694: 519: 1510: 1295: 1283: 2886: 2816: 1890: 1242: 401:
Marion began his military career shortly before his 25th birthday. On January 1, 1757, Francis and his brother, Job, were recruited by
1271: 1805: 396: 2841: 979: 2015: 506:. Marion was not captured with the rest of the city's garrison when Charleston capitulated on May 12, 1780, as he had broken an 2871: 2851: 1229: 17: 2145: 1221:, the successor to the South Carolina Militia, charters the Swamp Fox Explorer Post 1670 through the national division of 708:
and left his troops to take up his seat. During his absence, Marion's men grew disheartened, particularly after a British
1886: 906: 510:
in an accident and had left the city to recuperate. Clinton led part of the force that had captured Charleston back to
467: 2120: 1918: 1660: 1563: 1214: 269: 192: 1225:
for youth 14 to 20 years of age. In 1994, Marion was posthumously inducted into the U.S. Army Ranger Hall of Fame.
2549: 1188: 660:
Once Marion had shown his ability at guerrilla warfare, making himself a serious nuisance to the British, Governor
547: 2370: 2218: 1698: 1025: 701: 343: 69: 2891: 1001: 590: 451: 221: 1319: 928:
Graham also referred to what he describes as "the unchallenged work of South Carolina's premier historian Dr.
829:
television series, "The Swamp Fox", which was broadcast on October 25, 1955. Walt Disney Productions produced
2234: 1222: 1172: 1017: 752: 639: 435: 406: 292: 158: 2866: 2625: 2610: 1331: 1250: 1184: 1033: 953: 600:
Marion rarely committed his men to frontal warfare but repeatedly bewildered larger bodies of Loyalists or
384: 794: 1112: 748: 705: 531: 443: 104: 2861: 2666: 2248: 2211: 2193: 1389: 1218: 1160: 1029: 1005: 989: 543: 503: 347: 284: 216: 73: 2695: 1195: 1021: 831: 1972: 2258: 1176: 731: 614: 483: 475: 300: 241: 124: 2040: 43: 2615: 1997: 1891:"The British Are Crying, the British Are Crying. Knock Mel all you want, but leave Francis alone" 1617: 1192: 1156: 1152: 1144: 1128: 957: 849: 760: 694: 256: 1452: 2605: 1136: 1132: 1124: 1116: 1104: 1092: 984: 944:
live up to the harsh standards they set." According to Crawford, the biographies by historians
803: 718: 363: 1956: 1865: 1702: 2796: 2508: 2319: 1168: 1148: 1080: 945: 914: 606: 410: 280: 236: 206: 1495:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
771:
The public memory of Marion has been shaped in large part by the first biography about him,
2801: 2635: 2564: 2344: 1237: 1180: 1100: 1048: 825: 686: 511: 463: 331: 246: 581:, but Gates had formed a low opinion of Marion. Gates sent Marion towards the interior to 8: 2620: 1943: 1164: 1140: 1084: 878: 809: 690: 685:
were ordered in January 1781 to attack Georgetown, but were unsuccessful. In April, they
499: 479: 431: 288: 251: 231: 2554: 2339: 1810: 1210: 785: 634: 586: 414: 327: 211: 187: 2600: 2569: 2433: 2390: 2141: 2116: 1792: 1656: 1559: 1076: 835:, an eight-episode mini-series about Marion that aired from 1959 to 1961. It starred 798: 776: 653: 539: 471: 359: 355: 319: 315: 226: 2725: 2710: 2705: 2595: 2423: 2274: 1852: 1752: 1233: 1108: 1088: 1072: 1056: 866: 714: 678: 594: 578: 447: 439: 323: 296: 169: 2775: 2700: 2674: 2645: 2493: 2408: 2403: 2289: 1895: 1830: 1199: 1060: 1052: 936:
that Marion's partisans were "a ragged band of both black and white volunteers."
901: 855: 814: 644: 77: 2174:
Domesticating Slavery: The Master Class in Georgia and South Carolina, 1670–1837
1529: 1202:
has an organization called Swamp Fox which is attributed to Francis Marion. The
2765: 2590: 2428: 2413: 1068: 993: 836: 801:, and "Marion's life received similar embellishment", as Amy Crawford wrote in 665: 535: 2790: 2750: 2730: 2715: 2585: 2334: 2324: 2304: 1501: 1496: 1000:
Numerous locations in the U.S. are named after Francis Marion, including the
682: 661: 623: 574: 455: 375: 367: 138: 874:
called him "a thoroughly unpleasant dude who was, basically, a terrorist."
843:
Marion was one of the influences for the main character of Benjamin Martin (
2498: 2483: 2365: 2284: 1870: 1245:, which passed both houses and was enacted in May 2008. Although a site at 1120: 1096: 1064: 1041: 1009: 940: 929: 884: 820: 619: 601: 566: 664:
commissioned him as a brigadier general of militia. Marion fought against
2770: 2745: 2735: 2679: 2513: 2488: 2448: 2360: 2329: 2299: 2294: 2279: 1843: 1246: 1203: 1037: 871: 790: 780: 739: 735: 527: 379: 326:, and his tactics form a part of the modern-day military doctrine of the 2128:
Founding Fighter: The Battlefield Leaders Who Made American Independence
1618:"Biography of Francis Marion the "Swamp Fox" of the American Revolution" 1514:. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 722. 2760: 2740: 2720: 2559: 2544: 2528: 2523: 2503: 2468: 2458: 2438: 2418: 2398: 2133: 1908:
Rebels and Redcoats, Hugh Bicheno, Harper Collins, 2004, London p. 189.
1788: 1726:"American Revolution: Brigadier General Francis Marion – The Swamp Fox" 1206:
is named after the county in Oregon and so derives its name from him.
918: 844: 459: 318:
against the British has led him to be considered one of the fathers of
311: 2478: 2443: 2380: 2309: 2060:"Don't want a federal monument in your neighborhood park? Tough luck" 909:
rejected criticisms like Hibbert's as an attempt to rewrite history:
523: 351: 2203: 1655:. Columbia: The University of South Carolina Press. pp. 20–33. 751:. In 1784, in recognition of his services, he was made commander of 2755: 2453: 2375: 2314: 756: 605:
colonial village of Hilltown but were driven out by Marion at the
2654: 2640: 2630: 988:
The Francis Marion Park is located in front of the Harborwalk in
961: 558: 402: 1123:
is a part), is named for the general, as are Marion Counties in
314:
or served as a commander in a major engagement, Marion's use of
2650: 2518: 2138:
The Swamp Fox: How Francis Marion Saved the American Revolution
2106:
Traditions of the Swamp Fox: William W. Boddie's Francis Marion
1866:"Mel Gibson's latest hero: a rapist who hunted Indians for fun" 890:
The Swamp Fox: How Francis Marion Saved the American Revolution
709: 438:
and on June 21, 1775, he was commissioned as an officer in the
2113:
A Sober Desire for History: William Gilmore Simms as Historian
759:
with an annual salary of $ 500 (at the time, privates in the
2473: 2463: 507: 27:
American military officer, planter and politician (1732–1795)
1826:"Top 10 Historically Misleading Films, 1. The Patriot, 2000" 2016:"NPS PEPC – Public Scoping: Marion Memorial-Site Selection" 1013: 563:
General Marion Inviting a British Officer to Share His Meal
526:. After the loss of Charleston and the defeats suffered by 681:
took command in the South, Marion and Lieutenant Colonel
450:) at the rank of captain. Marion served with Moultrie in 1806:"Bookend; Life, Literature and the Pursuit of Happiness" 374:, and at approximately the age of 15, he was hired on a 498:
entered South Carolina in the early spring of 1780 and
2153:
Representative Americans: The Revolutionary Generation
1958:
The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States
1944:
http://www.nps.gov/cahi/historyculture/cahi_marion.htm
1232:
approved a monument to Francis Marion, to be built in
2877:
People of South Carolina in the French and Indian War
924:
That's what made him a hero, 200 years ago and today.
779:
and based on the memoirs of South Carolinian soldier
2847:
South Carolina militiamen in the American Revolution
2832:
People of South Carolina in the American Revolution
305:Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War 2199:The Online Books Page: Texts about Francis Marion 2857:Members of the United States Army Special Forces 2822:Huguenot participants in the American Revolution 2788: 1787:M. L. Weems: The Life of General Francis Marion 1558:. New York: John Wiley & Sons. p. 155. 1440:Southern and Western Monthly Magazine and Review 462:attack on June 28, 1776. In September 1776, the 1961:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 200. 1581: 129: 115: 1650: 1590:MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History 1383: 1236:, sometime in 2007–2008. The bill died in the 589:militiamen and ruthless in his terrorizing of 2807:Continental Army officers from South Carolina 2219: 1416:"Father of Special Operations: The Swamp Fox" 1381: 1379: 1377: 1375: 1373: 1371: 1369: 1367: 1365: 1363: 1349:Early history of Williamsburg, South Carolina 1313:Informative sign at the burial site of Marion 1301:Informative sign at the burial site of Marion 840:Marion to seek revenge on those responsible. 470:. In the autumn of 1779, he took part in the 420: 350:around 1732. His father Gabriel Marion was a 1978:. Worldwide Army Rangers, Inc. June 12, 2015 1728:. About.com Military History. Archived from 1289:Historic marker at the burial site of Marion 1277:Historic marker at the burial site of Marion 629: 2882:People from Berkeley County, South Carolina 2812:Militia generals in the American Revolution 2176:. University of North Carolina Press, 1999. 2099:Marion's Men: A List of Twenty-Five Hundred 2226: 2212: 2101:. Charleston, SC: Heisser Print Co., 1938. 2057: 1360: 1243:Consolidated Natural Resources Act of 2008 42: 1919:"Swamp Fox Festival | City of Marion, IA" 1882: 1880: 1413: 789:has described Weems as one of the "early 2827:People from pre-statehood South Carolina 1803: 1651:Dunkerly, Robert; Boland, Irene (2017). 1644: 1553: 1500: 1483: 1481: 1479: 1477: 1475: 1473: 1407: 1387: 983: 633: 557: 390: 1954: 1948: 1874:. June 15, 2000. Retrieved May 2, 2021. 980:List of places named for Francis Marion 724: 700:In January 1782, he was elected to the 362:at some point prior to 1700 due to the 14: 2789: 2181:Cornwallis and the War of Independence 2058:Dingfelder, Sadie (December 2, 2014). 1877: 1230:United States House of Representatives 1040:is one of the four large parks in the 1032:is a wooden roller coaster located in 823:portrayed Marion in an episode of the 553: 514:, but a significant number stayed for 489: 482:which had been previously occupied by 2233: 2207: 1942:National Park Service – Marion Park: 1750: 1523: 1521: 1470: 413:. Marion also saw service during the 397:Great Britain in the Seven Years' War 95:Berkeley County, South Carolina, U.S. 2108:. Spartanburg, SC: Reprint Co. 2000. 1587: 1016:holds an annual Swamp Fox Festival. 877:Concurrently, the British historian 807:magazine in 2007. In the 1835 novel 2837:People from colonial South Carolina 1723: 1609: 1547: 1414:Dembroski, Rick (October 6, 2015). 905:, the conservative talk radio host 24: 1824:Webley, Kayla (January 26, 2011). 1518: 773:The Life of General Francis Marion 626:that was not in arms against us." 478:attempt to capture the capital of 370:. Marion was born on his family's 25: 2903: 2887:18th-century American politicians 2817:American people of French descent 2187: 2155:. Rowman & Littlefield, 2001. 1804:Delbanco, Andrew (July 4, 1999). 1615: 1527: 1215:South Carolina Air National Guard 899:In a commentary published in the 672: 2550:Ghosts of the American Civil War 2094:. Columbia, SC: State Co., 1923. 1848:"Mel's vendetta against England" 1488: 1330: 1318: 1306: 1294: 1282: 1270: 919:another great American film hero 569:kneels at the left of the group. 425: 163: 152: 131: 117: 2140:. Boston: Da Capo Press, 2016. 2077: 2051: 2033: 2008: 1990: 1973:"U.S. Army Ranger Hall of Fame" 1965: 1936: 1911: 1902: 1859: 1837: 1818: 1797: 1781: 1770: 1744: 1717: 1687: 1678: 1669: 1635: 1600: 1556:The Road to Guilford Courthouse 1388:Crawford, Amy (June 30, 2007). 1026:Florence County, South Carolina 702:South Carolina General Assembly 565:by John Blake White; his slave 2842:18th-century American planters 2194:The Swamp Fox, Smithsonian.com 2183:. John Dickens & Co, 1970. 1757:The Army Historical Foundation 1572: 1445: 1433: 1115:are named for Francis Marion. 1008:, South Carolina. The city of 1002:Francis Marion National Forest 932:, who pointed out in his 1998 13: 1: 2872:British America army officers 2852:South Carolina state senators 2179:Wickwire, Franklin and Mary. 1337:Final resting place of Marion 1325:Final resting place of Marion 1223:Exploring (Learning for Life) 1018:Marion County, South Carolina 640:Portrait of Banastre Tarleton 405:John Postell to serve in the 337: 276: 90: 64: 2626:Mercy Brown vampire incident 2167:Swamp Fox: Birth of a Legend 1354: 1034:Myrtle Beach, South Carolina 973: 921:might say: "You damn right." 859:magazine cited when listing 573:Marion joined Major General 310:Though he never commanded a 7: 2045:US House of Representatives 2002:US House of Representatives 1442:, Volume 1, 1845, page 210. 1342: 1113:Marion Center, Pennsylvania 749:South Carolina State Senate 721:brought the war to an end. 577:on July 27 just before the 494:A British force led by Sir 444:2nd South Carolina Regiment 342:Francis Marion was born in 222:Battle of Sullivan's Island 105:St. Stephen, South Carolina 10: 2908: 2160:The Life of Francis Marion 1751:Admin (January 27, 2015). 1701:Government. Archived from 1457:American Battlefield Trust 1263: 1219:South Carolina State Guard 977: 950:The Life of Francis Marion 421:American Revolutionary War 394: 348:Province of South Carolina 217:American Revolutionary War 2696:Alfred Bulltop Stormalong 2688: 2665: 2611:Lost Dutchman's Gold Mine 2578: 2537: 2389: 2353: 2267: 2241: 2169:. Ambition Studios, 2004. 1753:"First American Regiment" 1196:Marion Military Institute 1022:Francis Marion University 934:South Carolina: A History 766: 630:Engagements with Tarleton 466:commissioned Marion as a 199: 183: 175: 145: 111: 99: 83: 60: 50: 41: 34: 2104:Boddie, William Willis. 2097:Boddie, William Willis. 2090:Boddie, William Willis. 1622:American History Central 732:Philipsburg Proclamation 532:Battle of Monck's Corner 242:Battle of Tearcoat Swamp 2616:Lost Ship of the Desert 2172:Young, Jeffrey Robert. 2092:History of Williamsburg 1955:Gannett, Henry (1905). 1554:Buchanan, John (1997). 1511:Encyclopædia Britannica 1193:Military Junior College 1036:. In Washington, D.C., 958:Athens State University 761:First American Regiment 695:Battle of Eutaw Springs 546:border, in what is now 434:, Marion supported the 291:, Marion supported the 257:Battle of Eutaw Springs 2606:Goatman (urban legend) 1119:(of which the city of 1117:Marion County, Indiana 997: 971: 926: 795:"cherry tree" anecdote 648: 570: 407:South Carolina Militia 364:Edict of Fontainebleau 195:South Carolina Militia 159:South Carolina Militia 18:General Francis Marion 2892:American slave owners 1534:National Park Service 1024:is located nearby in 987: 966: 946:William Gilmore Simms 915:political correctness 911: 870:, the British author 637: 607:Battle of Black Mingo 561: 411:French and Indian War 395:Further information: 391:French and Indian War 354:who emigrated to the 281:French and Indian War 237:Battle of Black Mingo 207:French and Indian War 176:Years of service 2689:Literary folk heroes 2636:Seven Cities of Gold 2020:parkplanning.nps.gov 1998:"Public Law 110–228" 1923:www.cityofmarion.org 1695:"Banner Description" 1191:in nine states. The 1049:Francis Marion Hotel 847:) in the 2000 movie 826:Cavalcade of America 725:Later life and death 597:in Florence County. 464:Continental Congress 332:75th Ranger Regiment 307:from 1780 to 1781. 295:and enlisted in the 247:Siege of Fort Watson 2867:American guerrillas 2151:Risjord, Norman K. 2041:"Public Law 114–92" 1606:Wickwire pp. 190–91 1187:, and more than 30 879:Christopher Hibbert 810:Horse-Shoe Robinson 691:captured Fort Motte 677:When Major General 583:gather intelligence 554:Guerrilla campaigns 490:Siege of Charleston 432:American Revolution 368:slaveowning planter 299:, fighting against 289:American Revolution 252:Siege of Fort Motte 232:Siege of Charleston 2340:Theodore Roosevelt 1811:The New York Times 1724:Hickman, Kennedy. 1705:on October 7, 2006 1211:169th Fighter Wing 998: 939:English historian 786:The New York Times 649: 571: 520:Charles Cornwallis 468:lieutenant colonel 415:Anglo-Cherokee War 212:Anglo-Cherokee War 188:Lieutenant colonel 2862:American folklore 2784: 2783: 2601:Fountain of Youth 2434:Fur-bearing trout 2391:Fearsome critters 2354:Idiomatic figures 2235:American folklore 2165:Myers, Jonathan. 2162:. New York, 1833. 2146:978-0-306-82457-9 1889:(June 26, 2000). 1846:(June 20, 2000). 1793:Project Gutenberg 1732:on March 28, 2013 799:George Washington 777:Mason Locke Weems 654:Banastre Tarleton 540:Battle of Waxhaws 538:'s troops at the 472:siege of Savannah 356:Thirteen Colonies 316:irregular warfare 285:Revolutionary War 270:Brigadier General 267: 266: 227:Siege of Savannah 193:Brigadier General 87:February 27, 1795 16:(Redirected from 2899: 2726:Febold Feboldson 2711:Casey at the Bat 2706:Brother Jonathan 2596:Confederate gold 2275:Johnny Appleseed 2228: 2221: 2214: 2205: 2204: 2130:. Praeger, 2006. 2111:Busick, Sean R. 2083:Bass, Robert D. 2072: 2071: 2070:on July 6, 2018. 2066:. Archived from 2055: 2049: 2048: 2037: 2031: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2012: 2006: 2005: 1994: 1988: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1977: 1969: 1963: 1962: 1952: 1946: 1940: 1934: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1915: 1909: 1906: 1900: 1884: 1875: 1863: 1857: 1853:Evening Standard 1841: 1835: 1822: 1816: 1815: 1801: 1795: 1785: 1779: 1774: 1768: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1748: 1742: 1741: 1739: 1737: 1721: 1715: 1714: 1712: 1710: 1691: 1685: 1682: 1676: 1673: 1667: 1666: 1648: 1642: 1639: 1633: 1632: 1630: 1628: 1613: 1607: 1604: 1598: 1597: 1585: 1579: 1576: 1570: 1569: 1551: 1545: 1544: 1542: 1540: 1530:"Francis Marion" 1525: 1516: 1515: 1494: 1492: 1491: 1485: 1468: 1467: 1465: 1463: 1453:"Francis Marion" 1449: 1443: 1437: 1431: 1430: 1428: 1426: 1411: 1405: 1404: 1402: 1400: 1385: 1334: 1322: 1310: 1298: 1286: 1274: 1234:Washington, D.C. 954:American history 867:Evening Standard 715:slave plantation 687:took Fort Watson 679:Nathanael Greene 602:British regulars 579:Battle of Camden 548:Lancaster County 448:William Moultrie 440:Continental Army 324:maneuver warfare 297:Continental Army 278: 190:Continental Army 170:Continental Army 168: 167: 166: 157: 156: 155: 147: 141: 137: 135: 134: 127: 123: 121: 120: 92: 66: 46: 32: 31: 21: 2907: 2906: 2902: 2901: 2900: 2898: 2897: 2896: 2787: 2786: 2785: 2780: 2776:Windwagon Smith 2701:Annie Christmas 2684: 2675:Flying Africans 2661: 2574: 2555:Lincoln's ghost 2533: 2494:Sidehill gouger 2409:Ball-tailed cat 2404:Axehandle hound 2385: 2349: 2345:Ola Värmlänning 2263: 2237: 2232: 2190: 2080: 2075: 2064:Washington Post 2056: 2052: 2039: 2038: 2034: 2024: 2022: 2014: 2013: 2009: 1996: 1995: 1991: 1981: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1970: 1966: 1953: 1949: 1941: 1937: 1927: 1925: 1917: 1916: 1912: 1907: 1903: 1896:National Review 1887:Graham, Michael 1885: 1878: 1864: 1860: 1842: 1838: 1823: 1819: 1802: 1798: 1786: 1782: 1775: 1771: 1761: 1759: 1749: 1745: 1735: 1733: 1722: 1718: 1708: 1706: 1699:Berkeley County 1693: 1692: 1688: 1683: 1679: 1674: 1670: 1663: 1649: 1645: 1640: 1636: 1626: 1624: 1614: 1610: 1605: 1601: 1586: 1582: 1577: 1573: 1566: 1552: 1548: 1538: 1536: 1526: 1519: 1506:Marion, Francis 1504:, ed. (1911). " 1489: 1487: 1486: 1471: 1461: 1459: 1451: 1450: 1446: 1438: 1434: 1424: 1422: 1412: 1408: 1398: 1396: 1390:"The Swamp Fox" 1386: 1361: 1357: 1345: 1338: 1335: 1326: 1323: 1314: 1311: 1302: 1299: 1290: 1287: 1278: 1275: 1266: 1200:Marion, Alabama 982: 976: 902:National Review 815:John P. Kennedy 769: 727: 719:Treaty of Paris 689:. In May, they 675: 645:Joshua Reynolds 632: 556: 492: 476:Franco-American 428: 423: 399: 393: 344:Berkeley County 340: 263: 191: 164: 162: 161: 153: 151: 132: 130: 128: 118: 116: 107: 94: 88: 78:British America 70:Berkeley County 68: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 2905: 2895: 2894: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2859: 2854: 2849: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2829: 2824: 2819: 2814: 2809: 2804: 2799: 2782: 2781: 2779: 2778: 2773: 2768: 2766:Rip Van Winkle 2763: 2758: 2753: 2748: 2743: 2738: 2733: 2728: 2723: 2718: 2713: 2708: 2703: 2698: 2692: 2690: 2686: 2685: 2683: 2682: 2677: 2671: 2669: 2663: 2662: 2660: 2659: 2658: 2657: 2643: 2638: 2633: 2628: 2623: 2618: 2613: 2608: 2603: 2598: 2593: 2591:Campfire story 2588: 2582: 2580: 2576: 2575: 2573: 2572: 2567: 2562: 2557: 2552: 2547: 2541: 2539: 2535: 2534: 2532: 2531: 2526: 2521: 2516: 2511: 2506: 2501: 2496: 2491: 2486: 2481: 2476: 2471: 2466: 2461: 2456: 2451: 2446: 2441: 2436: 2431: 2429:Dungavenhooter 2426: 2421: 2416: 2414:Belled buzzard 2411: 2406: 2401: 2395: 2393: 2387: 2386: 2384: 2383: 2378: 2373: 2368: 2363: 2357: 2355: 2351: 2350: 2348: 2347: 2342: 2337: 2332: 2327: 2322: 2317: 2312: 2307: 2302: 2297: 2292: 2287: 2282: 2277: 2271: 2269: 2265: 2264: 2262: 2261: 2256: 2251: 2245: 2243: 2239: 2238: 2231: 2230: 2223: 2216: 2208: 2202: 2201: 2196: 2189: 2188:External links 2186: 2185: 2184: 2177: 2170: 2163: 2156: 2149: 2131: 2126:Cate, Alan C. 2124: 2109: 2102: 2095: 2088: 2079: 2076: 2074: 2073: 2050: 2032: 2007: 1989: 1964: 1947: 1935: 1910: 1901: 1876: 1858: 1836: 1817: 1796: 1780: 1769: 1743: 1716: 1686: 1677: 1668: 1661: 1643: 1634: 1608: 1599: 1580: 1571: 1564: 1546: 1517: 1502:Chisholm, Hugh 1469: 1444: 1432: 1406: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1352: 1351: 1344: 1341: 1340: 1339: 1336: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1269: 1265: 1262: 1253:Francis Marion 1173:South Carolina 1105:South Carolina 1093:North Carolina 994:South Carolina 978:Main article: 975: 972: 907:Michael Graham 837:Leslie Nielsen 768: 765: 726: 723: 706:Jacksonborough 674: 673:End of the war 671: 631: 628: 615:Tearcoat Swamp 555: 552: 544:North Carolina 536:Abraham Buford 530:'s men at the 491: 488: 446:(commanded by 427: 424: 422: 419: 392: 389: 378:bound for the 339: 336: 303:forces in the 273:Francis Marion 265: 264: 262: 261: 260: 259: 254: 249: 244: 239: 234: 229: 224: 214: 209: 203: 201: 197: 196: 185: 181: 180: 177: 173: 172: 149: 143: 142: 113: 109: 108: 103: 101: 97: 96: 85: 81: 80: 74:South Carolina 62: 58: 57: 52: 48: 47: 39: 38: 36:Francis Marion 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2904: 2893: 2890: 2888: 2885: 2883: 2880: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2870: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2855: 2853: 2850: 2848: 2845: 2843: 2840: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2830: 2828: 2825: 2823: 2820: 2818: 2815: 2813: 2810: 2808: 2805: 2803: 2800: 2798: 2795: 2794: 2792: 2777: 2774: 2772: 2769: 2767: 2764: 2762: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2752: 2751:Mose Humphrey 2749: 2747: 2744: 2742: 2739: 2737: 2734: 2732: 2731:Ichabod Crane 2729: 2727: 2724: 2722: 2719: 2717: 2716:Cordwood Pete 2714: 2712: 2709: 2707: 2704: 2702: 2699: 2697: 2694: 2693: 2691: 2687: 2681: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2664: 2656: 2652: 2649: 2648: 2647: 2644: 2642: 2639: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2612: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2592: 2589: 2587: 2586:Bloodstopping 2584: 2583: 2581: 2577: 2571: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2561: 2558: 2556: 2553: 2551: 2548: 2546: 2543: 2542: 2540: 2536: 2530: 2527: 2525: 2522: 2520: 2517: 2515: 2512: 2510: 2507: 2505: 2502: 2500: 2497: 2495: 2492: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2480: 2477: 2475: 2472: 2470: 2467: 2465: 2462: 2460: 2457: 2455: 2452: 2450: 2447: 2445: 2442: 2440: 2437: 2435: 2432: 2430: 2427: 2425: 2422: 2420: 2417: 2415: 2412: 2410: 2407: 2405: 2402: 2400: 2397: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2388: 2382: 2379: 2377: 2374: 2372: 2371:Jack Robinson 2369: 2367: 2364: 2362: 2359: 2358: 2356: 2352: 2346: 2343: 2341: 2338: 2336: 2335:Molly Pitcher 2333: 2331: 2328: 2326: 2325:Calamity Jane 2323: 2321: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2311: 2308: 2306: 2305:Davy Crockett 2303: 2301: 2298: 2296: 2293: 2291: 2288: 2286: 2283: 2281: 2278: 2276: 2273: 2272: 2270: 2266: 2260: 2257: 2255: 2252: 2250: 2247: 2246: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2229: 2224: 2222: 2217: 2215: 2210: 2209: 2206: 2200: 2197: 2195: 2192: 2191: 2182: 2178: 2175: 2171: 2168: 2164: 2161: 2157: 2154: 2150: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2125: 2122: 2121:1-57003-565-2 2118: 2114: 2110: 2107: 2103: 2100: 2096: 2093: 2089: 2086: 2082: 2081: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2054: 2046: 2042: 2036: 2021: 2017: 2011: 2003: 1999: 1993: 1974: 1968: 1960: 1959: 1951: 1945: 1939: 1924: 1920: 1914: 1905: 1898: 1897: 1892: 1888: 1883: 1881: 1873: 1872: 1867: 1862: 1855: 1854: 1849: 1845: 1840: 1833: 1832: 1827: 1821: 1813: 1812: 1807: 1800: 1794: 1790: 1784: 1778: 1773: 1758: 1754: 1747: 1731: 1727: 1720: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1690: 1684:Risjord p. 93 1681: 1672: 1664: 1662:9781611177589 1658: 1654: 1653:Eutaw Springs 1647: 1638: 1623: 1619: 1612: 1603: 1595: 1591: 1584: 1575: 1567: 1565:9780471327165 1561: 1557: 1550: 1535: 1531: 1524: 1522: 1513: 1512: 1507: 1503: 1498: 1497:public domain 1484: 1482: 1480: 1478: 1476: 1474: 1458: 1454: 1448: 1441: 1436: 1421: 1417: 1410: 1395: 1391: 1384: 1382: 1380: 1378: 1376: 1374: 1372: 1370: 1368: 1366: 1364: 1359: 1350: 1347: 1346: 1333: 1328: 1321: 1316: 1309: 1304: 1297: 1292: 1285: 1280: 1273: 1268: 1267: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1254: 1248: 1244: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1228:In 2006, the 1226: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1207: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1185:West Virginia 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1081:Massachusetts 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1045: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 995: 991: 986: 981: 970: 965: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 942: 937: 935: 931: 925: 922: 920: 916: 910: 908: 904: 903: 897: 895: 891: 887: 886: 880: 875: 873: 869: 868: 862: 858: 857: 852: 851: 846: 841: 838: 834: 833: 832:The Swamp Fox 828: 827: 822: 818: 816: 812: 811: 806: 805: 800: 796: 792: 791:hagiographers 788: 787: 782: 778: 775:, written by 774: 764: 762: 758: 754: 750: 744: 741: 737: 733: 722: 720: 716: 711: 707: 703: 698: 696: 692: 688: 684: 683:Henry Lee III 680: 670: 667: 663: 662:John Rutledge 658: 655: 646: 642: 641: 636: 627: 625: 621: 616: 610: 608: 603: 598: 596: 595:Snow's Island 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 575:Horatio Gates 568: 564: 560: 551: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 496:Henry Clinton 487: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 456:Fort Sullivan 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 436:Patriot cause 433: 426:Early service 418: 416: 412: 408: 404: 398: 388: 386: 381: 377: 376:merchant ship 373: 369: 366:and became a 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 335: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 308: 306: 302: 298: 294: 293:Patriot cause 290: 287:. During the 286: 282: 274: 271: 258: 255: 253: 250: 248: 245: 243: 240: 238: 235: 233: 230: 228: 225: 223: 220: 219: 218: 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 204: 202: 198: 194: 189: 186: 182: 178: 174: 171: 160: 150: 144: 140: 139:United States 126: 125:Great Britain 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 86: 82: 79: 75: 71: 63: 59: 56: 55:The Swamp Fox 53: 49: 45: 40: 33: 30: 19: 2797:1730s births 2499:Snallygaster 2484:Jersey Devil 2366:Cooter Brown 2290:Br'er Rabbit 2285:Daniel Boone 2180: 2173: 2166: 2159: 2158:Simms, W.G. 2152: 2137: 2127: 2112: 2105: 2098: 2091: 2084: 2078:Bibliography 2068:the original 2063: 2053: 2044: 2035: 2023:. Retrieved 2019: 2010: 2001: 1992: 1980:. Retrieved 1967: 1957: 1950: 1938: 1926:. Retrieved 1922: 1913: 1904: 1894: 1871:The Guardian 1869: 1861: 1851: 1844:Norman, Neil 1839: 1829: 1820: 1809: 1799: 1783: 1772: 1760:. Retrieved 1756: 1746: 1734:. Retrieved 1730:the original 1719: 1707:. Retrieved 1703:the original 1689: 1680: 1671: 1652: 1646: 1637: 1627:September 9, 1625:. Retrieved 1621: 1611: 1602: 1593: 1589: 1583: 1574: 1555: 1549: 1539:September 9, 1537:. Retrieved 1533: 1509: 1460:. Retrieved 1456: 1447: 1439: 1435: 1425:September 9, 1423:. Retrieved 1419: 1409: 1397:. Retrieved 1393: 1257: 1252: 1227: 1208: 1121:Indianapolis 1101:Pennsylvania 1046: 1042:Capitol Hill 999: 967: 949: 941:Hugh Bicheno 938: 933: 930:Walter Edgar 927: 923: 912: 900: 898: 889: 885:The Guardian 883: 876: 865: 860: 854: 848: 842: 830: 824: 821:Hans Conried 819: 808: 802: 784: 772: 770: 753:Fort Johnson 745: 740:house slaves 728: 699: 676: 666:freed slaves 659: 650: 638: 611: 599: 572: 567:Oscar Marion 562: 493: 429: 400: 341: 309: 272: 268: 200:Battles/wars 54: 29: 2802:1795 deaths 2771:Tony Beaver 2746:Kemp Morgan 2736:Joe Magarac 2680:Uncle Remus 2514:Splintercat 2489:Joint snake 2449:Goofus bird 2361:Average Joe 2330:Casey Jones 2300:Paul Bunyan 2295:Jim Bridger 2280:Elfego Baca 2268:Folk heroes 2134:Oller, John 1982:November 7, 1789:Online text 1777:TripAdvisor 1762:October 14, 1709:October 23, 1675:Cate p. 164 1641:Young p. 74 1596:(1): 56–65. 1394:Smithsonian 1258:Paul Revere 1247:Marion Park 1204:marionberry 1161:Mississippi 1085:Mississippi 1038:Marion Park 894:James Grant 872:Neil Norman 861:The Patriot 850:The Patriot 804:Smithsonian 781:Peter Horry 736:Nova Scotia 528:Isaac Huger 518:under Lord 474:, a failed 452:the defense 430:During the 409:during the 380:West Indies 51:Nickname(s) 2791:Categories 2761:Pecos Bill 2741:Johnny Kaw 2721:Evangeline 2570:White Lady 2560:La Llorona 2545:Bell Witch 2529:Wampus cat 2524:Teakettler 2509:Snow snake 2469:Hoop snake 2459:Hidebehind 2439:Gillygaloo 2419:Cactus cat 2399:Agropelter 2320:John Henry 2254:California 1578:Gray p. 60 1420:sofrep.com 1006:Charleston 990:Georgetown 845:Mel Gibson 542:(near the 516:operations 504:Charleston 500:laid siege 460:Royal Navy 372:plantation 338:Early life 312:field army 112:Allegiance 67: 1732 2565:Red Ghost 2479:Jackalope 2444:Glawackus 2381:Uncle Sam 2310:Mike Fink 2085:Swamp Fox 1355:Citations 1189:townships 1177:Tennessee 1077:Louisiana 1030:Swamp Fox 974:Landmarks 591:Loyalists 587:irregular 524:Carolinas 328:U.S. Army 320:guerrilla 179:1757–1782 93: 63) 2756:Ole Pete 2655:Vaqueros 2646:Westerns 2621:Madstone 2454:Gumberoo 2376:Sam Hide 2315:Geronimo 2259:Salishan 2115:. 2005. 2025:April 8, 1928:July 16, 1736:March 7, 1343:See also 1157:Missouri 1153:Kentucky 1145:Illinois 1129:Arkansas 1109:Virginia 1089:New York 1073:Kentucky 1057:Illinois 969:service. 757:sinecure 622:and the 512:New York 486:forces. 352:Huguenot 283:and the 146:Service/ 2667:African 2651:Cowboys 2641:Tailypo 2631:Mothman 2579:Legends 2087:. 1959. 1616:staff. 1528:staff. 1499::  1399:May 23, 1264:Gallery 1213:of the 1137:Georgia 1133:Florida 1125:Alabama 1061:Indiana 1053:Alabama 962:Alabama 647:, 1782. 624:Pee Dee 522:in the 484:British 480:Georgia 458:from a 403:Captain 301:British 2538:Ghosts 2519:Squonk 2249:Alaska 2242:Native 2144:  2119:  1659:  1562:  1493:  1462:May 2, 1238:Senate 1183:, and 1169:Oregon 1149:Kansas 1111:, and 1069:Kansas 1028:. The 1010:Marion 797:about 767:Legacy 710:sortie 620:Santee 385:slaves 360:France 148:branch 136:  122:  100:Buried 89:(aged 2504:Snipe 2474:Hugag 2464:Hodag 2424:Champ 1976:(PDF) 1181:Texas 1004:near 917:? As 508:ankle 358:from 2142:ISBN 2117:ISBN 2027:2019 1984:2021 1930:2020 1831:Time 1764:2023 1738:2013 1711:2006 1657:ISBN 1629:2022 1560:ISBN 1541:2022 1464:2024 1427:2022 1401:2016 1256:, a 1251:USS 1209:The 1165:Ohio 1141:Iowa 1097:Ohio 1065:Iowa 1047:The 1014:Iowa 856:Time 755:, a 609:. 534:and 322:and 184:Rank 84:Died 61:Born 1791:at 1508:". 1198:in 960:in 956:at 813:by 704:at 643:by 502:to 454:of 442:'s 330:'s 2793:: 2136:. 2062:. 2043:. 2018:. 2000:. 1921:. 1893:. 1879:^ 1868:. 1850:. 1828:. 1808:. 1755:. 1697:. 1620:. 1594:24 1592:. 1532:. 1520:^ 1472:^ 1455:. 1418:. 1392:. 1362:^ 1179:, 1175:, 1171:, 1167:, 1163:, 1159:, 1155:, 1151:, 1147:, 1143:, 1139:, 1135:, 1131:, 1127:, 1107:, 1103:, 1099:, 1095:, 1091:, 1087:, 1083:, 1079:, 1075:, 1071:, 1067:, 1063:, 1059:, 1055:, 1012:, 992:, 896:. 783:. 697:. 417:. 387:. 346:, 334:. 277:c. 91:c. 76:, 72:, 65:c. 2653:/ 2227:e 2220:t 2213:v 2148:. 2123:. 2047:. 2029:. 2004:. 1986:. 1932:. 1899:. 1856:. 1834:. 1814:. 1766:. 1740:. 1713:. 1665:. 1631:. 1568:. 1543:. 1466:. 1429:. 1403:. 996:. 948:( 275:( 20:)

Index

General Francis Marion

Berkeley County
South Carolina
British America
St. Stephen, South Carolina
Great Britain
United States
South Carolina Militia
Continental Army
Lieutenant colonel
Brigadier General
French and Indian War
Anglo-Cherokee War
American Revolutionary War
Battle of Sullivan's Island
Siege of Savannah
Siege of Charleston
Battle of Black Mingo
Battle of Tearcoat Swamp
Siege of Fort Watson
Siege of Fort Motte
Battle of Eutaw Springs
Brigadier General
French and Indian War
Revolutionary War
American Revolution
Patriot cause
Continental Army
British

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

↑