3611:"After the annihilation of the pro-Bulgarian right-wing elements after 1945, the Yugoslav authorities concentrated their attention on communists with a Bulgarian past and pro-Bulgarian comments. One such was Venko Markovski, who dared to oppose Koneski's ideas on the Serbianization of the Macedonian language. Others were Panko Brashnarov and Pavel Shatev, who wrote letters to Georgi Dimitrov and Stalin to complain about Tito and to ask for help in maintaining the Bulgarian character of Macedonia... The Yugoslav communists created special gulags in Idrizovo, near Skopje and Goli Otok, a barren island in Croatia, where they sent such pro-Bulgarian or pro-Macedonian independence agitators." For more see: Contested Ethnic Identity: The Case of Macedonian Immigrants in Toronto, 1900-1996, Chris Kostov, Peter Lang, 2010,
3398:...We had decided to do something against the tyrants of our people, in which we would burn. Our motto was "we will spend ourselves", i.e. we will die for the freedom of the people. Therefore, it made no sense to study, to dress, to think about personal well-being. We often ran away from school and went to the sea to bathe or stare. We finished the seventh grade, but we didn't show up for graduation, because "we will spend ourselves". This phrase was always on our lips. Otherwise, we were good students, inquisitive, but we did not find meaning in learning. We often ran away from school, wandered along the sea, took boats and small ships, went into the sea with them, or helped the boatmen when they took the ships ashore to repair them. Gradually we got the nickname "Gemidzhii". That's how we came up with this name...
3394:...Бяхме решили да извършим нещо, против тираните на нашия народ, в което да изгорим. Девизът ни бе "ке се арчиме", т.е. ще умрем в името на свободата на народа. Затова няма смисъл да се учим, да се обличаме, да мислим за лично благополучие. Често бягахме от училище и ходехме на морето да се къпем или да зяпаме. Завършихме седми клас, но на матура не се явихме, понеже "ке се арчиме". Тази фрази ни беше винаги на устата. Иначе бяхме силни ученици, любознателни, но не намирахме смисъл в учението. Бягахме често от училище, скитахме покрай морето, вземахме лодки и малки гемии, влизахме с тях в морето, или пък помагахме на гемиджиите, когато изкарваха гемиите на сухо, за да ги поправят. Постепенно добихме прозвището "гeмиджиите". Така възприехме това име...
2797:
3412:Младежите искали да осмислят своя живот в тази борба, като умрат в името на свободата на народа. Те си служили с думите: „Ке се арчиме” в смисъл, че ще се пожертвуват за свободата на народа. (In English: The youth wanted to give meaning to their lives in this struggle by dying in the name of the people's freedom. They served each other with the words: "We will spend ourselves" in the sense that they will sacrifice themselves for the freedom of the people.) For more see: Илинденско-Преображенското въстание 1903—1968, Отг. редактори: Дино Кьосев и Ламби Данаилов. Редактори на спомените: Йордан Анастасов, Тодор Браянов и Илия Славков. (Издателство на Националния съвет на Отечествения фронт, София, 1968 г.),
2778:
2477:
2812:
2971:"In 1898 a group named the Boatmen of Thessaloniki was formed and acted in the spirit of propaganda by the deed: the group's members, of Bulgaric origin, carried out deadly attacks against targets including the city's Ottoman bank, hotels, a theater, and light and gas pipes. Nearly all of the group's members were executed." Antonios Vradis and Dimitrios K. Dalakoglou, Anarchism, Greece in International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest, Volume 8, Set: 1500 to the Present with Immanuel Ness as ed., Wiley-Blackwell, 2009,
2828:
2067:
2410:
dug a tunnel. Milan Arsov exploded a bomb at the
Alhambra Theater. The same night, Kostadin Kirkov, Iliya Trachkov and Vladimir Pingov detonated bombs in different parts of the city. Dimitar Mechev and Iliya Trachkov failed to blast the reservoir of a gas-producing plant. They were later killed in their quarters during a shoot-out with army and gendarmerie forces, against which Mechev and Trachkov used more than 60 bombs. Pingov was shot dead in an attempt to set fire to the Bosh-nyak Inn.
2889:
3257:, the authorities killed more than a hundred people and arrested more than three hundred. These included all principals and teachers in the Bulgarian schools, four priests, 25 members of Bulgarian commercial families, 52 wealthy entrepreneurs, and many members of the artisan guilds. Most of these people had no connection with the Gemidzhii or the IMARO." For more see: Dimitris Keridis and John Brady Kiesling as ed., Thessaloniki: A City in Transition, 1912–2012; Routledge, 2020;
171:
2432:
2024:
2861:
2847:
2689:
2014:
2555:. Considered the leader of the group from a bourgeois family and mixed with radical-revolutionary organizations after he entered the Thessaloniki Bulgarian School in 1894. He is thought to be the mastermind of the Boatmen. He was killed during the bombings and he is the only boatman from whom no picture is saved because he refused to be photographed on the grounds of not wanting to leave a memory of himself after death.
3219:"In April 1903 there was a campaign of bombing in Thessaloniki undertaken by anarchist Bulgarian students associated with IMRO. The bombing was followed by a generalized peasant uprising among the Christians of Macedonia." For more see: Costas Lapavitsas, Pinar Cakiroglu; Capitalism in the Ottoman Balkans: Industrialisation and Modernity in Macedonia, The Ottoman Empire and the World; Bloomsbury Publishing, 2019;
2875:
2511:. Vigilante reprisals against Christians were committed by the Muslim population, with consular sources citing eleven Christian deaths. Pavel Shatev, Marko Boshnakov, Georgi Bogdanov and Milan Arsov were sentenced to death by a Turkish court martial. Under Russian and Austro-Hungarian pressure, the death sentences were commuted to life sentences. They were sent to a penal colony in
2591:. He joined IMARO and tried to kill a man from the local authority, who was sentenced the death by the Organization, with an axe in 1898. When he failed, he left for the mountains to join armed guerrilla groups. He later emigrated to the Principality of Bulgaria and worked in a mine in Pemik before joining the group. He died during the events.
2459:(IMARO). The daily express from Budapest to Istanbul was blown up near Kuleliburgaz on August 28. The explosion was intended to destroy a bridge and cut off the communication between Adrianople and Thessaloniki. Seven persons were killed and fifteen were injured. Two cars were smashed. The second terrorist act on the board of the
2292:, and asked him for funds to finance large-scale terrorist activities in the main towns of the Ottoman Empire. He promised to provide money, and the three left for Istanbul, where after much discussion, they decided to assassinate the Sultan. In December of the same year Merdzhanov was connected by the secretary of the
2468:, also died by the explosion. It was planned to attack the port of Istanbul, with four ships being exploded there on September 9: besides "Vaskapu", these were the Austro-Hungarian "Apollo", the German "Tenedos" and the French "Felix Fressinet". Due to the premature explosion of "Vaskapu", the plan failed.
49:
2463:
river- and sea- steamer
Vaskapu occurred on September 2. The detonating of the ship, dates back to the time when the passenger traffic with ships between Danube river and the Black Sea ports was busy all the way to Istanbul. It killed the captain, two officers, six of the crew, and 15 passengers, and
2405:
at the Skopje train station due to a description by a boat crew member. The same night, other group bombers: Dimitar Mechev, Iliya
Trachkov, and Milan Arsov, struck the railway between Thessaloniki and Istanbul, causing damage to the locomotive and some of the cars of a passing train without wounding
2409:
The next day, the signal to begin the large raid in
Thessaloniki was given by Kostadin Kirkov who used explosives to shut off the electricity and water supply systems of the city. Yordan Popyordanov (Orceto) blew up the building of an Ottoman Bank office, under which the "gemidzhii" had previously
2239:
also resided in
Thessaloniki, where had a contact with the Gemidzii and they were influenced by his anarchist ideas, especially those relating to methods of terrorist struggle. The first meetings of the group took part in 1899 with the purpose of forming a revolutionary terrorist group with aim of
2166:
2316:
in
Thessaloniki and Istanbul. During 1900 Merdzhanov arrived again in Istanbul to discuss the plan with the Armenians, and afterward the terrorists started to work, digging tunnels in both places. On September 18, 1900, the Ottoman police apprehended a member of the group, who was carrying the
2982:"The Boatmen of Thessaloniki were an anarcho-nationalist, pan-Slavic influenced Bulgarian militant group, active in Θεσσαλονίκη (Thessaloniki) between 1898 and 1903." Nicholas Apoifis, Anarchy in Athens: An ethnography of militancy, emotions and violence, Manchester University Press, 2017,
2643:. It is said that he was an officer in the Bulgarian army and he was the one that made the plans for the tunnel under the Bank. He was the only one who did not take part in the bombings. He was caught 14 days after the bombings, exiled in 1908 and died in Fezan, Libya, in the same year.
2299:
with local
Armenian revolutionaries. Here they established that even with the help of the Armenians it was impossible to do it. Quite early on, they decided that the effect of the explosion would be greater if there were parallel actions in other towns, and they consulted with
2219:
movement. The anarchists in the so-called "Geneva group" of students played key roles in the anti-Ottoman struggles. Nearly all of the members who founded the
Committee in Geneva were natives from Bulgaria. Despite being of non-Macedonian descent, they espoused
2796:
2603:, originated from a wealthy family. In 1901 his father sent him in Thessaloniki to work in a real estate office. As part of the Gemidzii he threw a bomb on the restaurant "Noja". Bogdanov was arrested and sent into exile in Libya. Following the
2149:. Their aim was to attract the attention of the Great Powers to Ottoman oppression in Macedonia and Thrace. The group's roots can be traced to 1898 in Geneva, and nearly all of its founders were natives from Bulgaria. It was associated with the
2777:
3532:
Yulian
Konstantinov, Studying Disconnectedness: Postsocialist ‘Liberated’ Informal Economies and Ideas of European Unity. A Bottom-up Look from the Lower Danube (Bulgarian North-west) Bulgarian Society for Regional Cultural Studies
2416:
was killed on April 30 in a shoot-out with the army. In May, Kostadin Kirkov was killed by a sentry while trying to blow up a postal office. Right before being caught, Tsvetko
Traykov, whose mission was to kill the local governor
2304:, a member of a small terrorist group in Thessaloniki, who agreed to blow up the Thessaloniki branch of the Ottoman Bank. He enlisted the aid of a number of close friends. Thessaloniki terrorists were very young men, mostly from
2184:
became a staging-point for anarchist activities against the Ottomans, particularly in support of Macedonian and Thracian liberation movements. The Boatmen of Thessaloniki was descended from a group founded in 1895 in
2357:, but failed. From there they headed to Adrianople with the intention of capturing the governor, who was the son-in-law of the Sultan, but failed again. After this failure, they kidnapped the son of a rich local
2321:. The core was hastily disbanded for security and only Pingov stayed in Thessaloniki to prepare future activity. In 1901 the prisoners were deported το Bulgaria, after pressure from the Bulgarian government.
2337:, and to gain possession of the mail in order to finance future actions. In pursuit of this plan, they went to the Adrianople area in July 1901, with a cheta consisting of ten men, equipped with the help of
2671:. His father was a trader. He got enrolled in the Bulgarian School in 1896. From 1910 until 1913 he lived in Thessaloniki and worked as a teacher in the Bulgarian Mercantile College. Shatev was jailed in
2534:, Ottoman amnesty was given to the two remaining "Boatmen". They cut the heads of their dead comrades and arrived in Thessaloniki on October 18, where they gave the heads to the parents of the deceased.
1036:
1026:
2401:, used dynamite to blow up the French ship "Guadalquivir" which was leaving the Thessaloniki harbor. He left the ship together with the other passengers by lifeboat but was caught later by the
2365:. In a battle which lasted several hours, most of the chetnitsi were killed or seriously wounded. Sokolov was among the dead, and Merdzhanov was captured alive, together with a Bulgarian from
3744:
3628:
Macedonia's child-grandfathers: the transnational politics of memory, exile, and return, 1948-1998, Author Keith Brown, Publisher Henry M. Jackson, University of Washington, 2003 pp. 32–33.
2248:
through urging the social conscience of the oppressed. The group is found in published works with several names: "The boatmen of Thessaloniki", the "Crew", or the "Gemitzides", form of the
2369:, and two Armenians. The captives were taken to Adrianople, where, in November 1901, all four were publicly hanged. The Gemidzhii were ready for action again in 1902, but the seizure in
3441:Николов, Борис Й. Вътрешна македоно-одринска революционна организация: Войводи и ръководители (1893-1934): Биографично-библиографски справочник. София, Издателство „Звезди“, 2001.
3052:İlkay Yılmaz, Propaganda by the Deed and Hotel Registration Regulations in the Late Ottoman Empire, Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association, Vol. 4, No. 1, p. 142,
2256:. The name "boatmen" was due to "leaving behind the everyday life and the limits of law and sail with a boat in the free and wild seas of lawlessness." Their new slogan became "
2145:, but after his execution by the Ottomans in 1901, the group's attention shifted to Thessaloniki. From April 28 until May 1, 1903, the group led a campaign of terror bombing in
2349:. The cheta managed to place a large quantity of dynamite on the railway line, but something went wrong, and the train passed undamaged. They learned then that the Persian
2948:
Stefan Troebst, Das makedonische Jahrhundert: von den Anfängen der nationalrevolutionären Bewegung zum Abkommen von Ohrid 1893–2001; ausgewählte Aufsätze, Oldenbourg
2456:
2150:
3977:
2235:
In 1899, Merdzhanov moved to the Bulgarian school in Thessaloniki, where he worked as teacher and sparked some of the graduates with anarchist ideas. In 1900,
2739:
3848:
2735:
2647:
2623:
2559:
3594:
Laura Beth Sherman, Fires on the Mountain: The Macedonian Revolutionary Movement and the Kidnapping of Ellen Stone, East European Monographs, 1980,
2611:
2583:
2448:
2338:
2296:
3568:
Ipek K. Yosmaoglu, Blood Ties: Religion, Violence and the Politics of Nationhood in Ottoman Macedonia, 1878–1908, Cornell University Press, 2013,
2567:, bonded with Ortzeto from an early age. They entered the Bulgarian School at the same age. He was known for his great memory and sarcastic humor.
3559:Освободителната борба на българите в Македония и Одринско 1902-1904. Дипломатически документи, София 1978, с. 182-183 – Доклад от 8/21 май 1903.
4007:
2134:
2811:
3790:
3147:
Dimitar Bechev, Historical Dictionary of North Macedonia; Historical Dictionaries of Europe, second edition, Rowman & Littlefield, 2019,
2530:
on February 14, 1908, and Arsov from exhaustion on June 8, the same year. After July 30, 1908, because of the victory of the movement of the
1051:
86:
3325:Павел Шатев, В Македония под робство: солунското съзаклятие (1903 г.), подготовка и изпълнение. Изд-во на Отечествения фронт, 1983, стр. 66.
3123:
Georg Brandes, Human Rights and Oppressed Peoples: Collected Essays and Speeches; Editor William Banks; University of Wisconsin Pres, 2020,
3982:
3952:
3038:
The Imperial Ottoman Bank in Salonica: the first 25 years, 1864-1890, John Karatzoglou, Ottoman Bank Archives & Research Centre, 2003,
2308:, pupils in the Bulgarian High School. The Thessaloniki terrorist group called itself "the Gemidzhi" (from the Turkish word for "boatman",
954:
2827:
3853:
3400:) For more see: Тодор Органджиев, "За Солунското съзаклятие", спомени в сборник "50 години от Илинденското въстание", София, 1953 година,
2382:
2053:
1148:
3962:
3947:
1949:
3992:
2191:
3715:
3700:
3308:
We, the People: Politics of National Peculiarity in Southeastern Europe, Diana Mishkova, Central European University Press, 2009,
2289:
2207:, Petar Mandzhukov and Slavi Merdzhanov. They were influenced by the anarcho-nationalism, which emerged in Europe, following the
2154:
142:
2389:, and to restrict its activity. Afterwards the members of the group went to Thessaloniki and continued to plan their bombings.
1001:
3181:
Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia, Historical Dictionaries of Europe, Dimitar Bechev, Scarecrow Press, 2009,
2435:
Pavel Shatev, one of the most notorious survivors from the group, was jailed in Communist Yugoslavia and died in home custody.
3997:
2993:
Giannēs Megas, The Boatmen of Thessaloniki: The Anarchist Bulgarian Group and the Bombing Actions of 1903, Athens: Trochalia
2419:
1404:
1083:
202:
2439:
Continuation of the Thessaloniki bombings were the bombing in the same year of the passenger train near the railway station
3663:Словото, © 1999-2016, WEB програмиране - Пламен Барух, Солунските съзаклятници, (набрала и въвела в мрежата: Вера Бучкова)
1867:
1222:
4002:
3967:
2722:, a recollections of Pavel Shatev, was published in 1934 in Sofia by the IMRO revolutionary Peter Glushkov. In 1961, the
1537:
1477:
1073:
3236:
Duncan M. Perry, The Politics of Terror: The Macedonian Liberation Movements, 1893-1903; Duke University Press, 1988;
3783:
3616:
3599:
3573:
3547:
3509:
3492:
3470:
3446:
3429:
3381:
3296:
3279:
3203:
3002:
2987:
2957:
2936:
3047:
2659:. He was an active member of the Bulgarian community. He was the last member of the group killed during the events.
541:
2787:
2707:
2579:, was the youngest of the team and still at the 4th grade of school when the attacks were made. He died in exile.
2046:
1812:
1527:
3637:
Ivo Banac. With Stalin against Tito: Cominformist splits in Yugoslav Communism, Cornell University Press, 1988,
3642:
3487:İlkay Yılmaz, Ottoman Passports: Security and Geographic Mobility, 1876-1908, Syracuse University Press, 2023,
3465:
Nadine Lange-Akhund, The Macedonian Question, 1893-1908, from Western Sources, East European Monographs, 1998,
3313:
3262:
3241:
3224:
3186:
3152:
3128:
3111:
3081:
3043:
3029:
3018:
2976:
2912:
2631:, was a "daredevil" and always took the most dangerous missions. He was the first member of the group who died.
1817:
3957:
3869:
3678:("Thessalonica conspirators" - about the heroes, with humanity and without labels), Bnr.bg, November 7, 2014.
3033:
2221:
1882:
1857:
1340:
1259:
170:
3542:
Keith Brown, Loyal Unto Death: Trust and Terror in Revolutionary Macedonia, Indiana University Press, 2013,
2738:(1936–2017) created the play "The Thessalonica conspirators", which is popular in the theaters in Bulgaria.
3987:
3838:
3776:
2374:
2362:
2342:
1862:
1727:
1687:
1312:
931:
561:
343:
101:
3424:Екзарх Йосиф I в спомени на съвременници. София, Университетско издателство „Св. Климент Охридски“, 1995.
2523:, D. Mirchev and J. Kondov, were incarcerated. The attacks of the group were not well received in Europe.
3291:
Ryan Robert Mitchell, Anarchism in Bulgaria in The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest,
1919:
1877:
1390:
939:
268:
3664:
1335:
3879:
3401:
2225:
2108:
2039:
1989:
1852:
1577:
1293:
1182:
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3813:
2329:
Merdzhanov and Sokolov went to Sofia and began to think up new ideas, one of which was to hold up the
867:
3972:
3818:
2088:
1872:
1767:
1163:
1158:
959:
626:
601:
551:
486:
414:
369:
229:
2464:
set fire to the vessel. The assailants - Ivan Stoyanov and Stefan Dimitrov, both close relatives of
2668:
2504:
2181:
1782:
1742:
1692:
1557:
1288:
1237:
1153:
1078:
1067:
944:
722:
466:
17:
3206:; стр. 34–36. Doncho Daskalov, Anarchism in Bulgaria, St. Kliment Ohridski Univ. Publishing House
757:
3833:
3522:Благов, Крум. 50-те най-големи атентата в българската история, 3. Експлозията на кораба "Вашкапу"
2727:
1904:
1542:
1512:
1457:
1452:
1330:
949:
261:
241:
802:
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3343:Петдесет 50-те най-големи атентата в българската история, Крум Благов, Репортер, 2000, стр. 21.
3166:
From Christians to Members of an Ethnic Community: Creating borders in the city of Thessaloniki
2894:
2652:
2628:
2616:
2600:
2588:
2576:
2564:
2552:
2130:
1827:
1762:
1697:
1622:
1602:
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1442:
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1207:
969:
964:
852:
566:
556:
546:
491:
317:
295:
273:
106:
3071:
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2805:, authored by Pavel Shatev and published in 1934 in Sofia by the revolutionary Peter Glushkov
2604:
2177:
1979:
1737:
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1507:
1487:
1143:
1118:
1061:
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842:
636:
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446:
436:
431:
180:
3585:"James Sotros..." same with citation 1, p. 194, Megas G. The Boatmen of Thesalloniki. p. 72.
3823:
3753:Предвестници на бурята, Петър Манджуков. Федерацията на анархистите в България, София, 2013
3274:
Die makedonische Frage. Ihre Entstehung und Entwicklung bis 1908. Steiner, Wiesbaden 1979,
3165:
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1417:
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983:
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712:
702:
384:
190:
185:
3504:Николов, Борис Й. ВМОРО: псевдоними и шифри 1893-1934. София, Издателство „Звезди“, 1999.
3370:
The Boatmen of Thessaloniki: The Anarchist Bulgarian Group and the Bombing Actions of 1903
3354:
The Greek Speaking Anarchist and Revolutionary Movement (1830–1940) Writings for a History
2476:
53:
The seal of the Committee of the Macedonian revolutionaries - terrorists in Geneva (1898).
8:
3900:
3895:
3799:
2907:
2402:
2293:
2229:
2157:. The result of the bombings was disastrous for the Bulgarian community in Thessaloniki.
2099:
1969:
1802:
1792:
1777:
1757:
1752:
1732:
1712:
1707:
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1657:
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1572:
1492:
1482:
1412:
1298:
1265:
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1093:
1056:
1031:
996:
882:
772:
654:
641:
394:
389:
300:
224:
116:
3106:
Mercia MacDermott, Freedom Or Death, the Life of Gotsé Delchev, Journeyman Press, 1978;
3413:
2751:
2731:
2715:
2672:
2547:
2507:
citizens in Thessaloniki to purge the province of the Bulgarian "threat", and later in
2413:
2301:
2241:
2079:
1787:
1772:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1617:
1552:
1502:
1497:
1277:
1243:
1197:
1123:
1113:
1016:
857:
782:
154:
66:
2070:
Bulgarian postcard depicting the arrest of surviving members of Gemidzhii, April 1903.
727:
3905:
3728:
3720:
3638:
3612:
3595:
3569:
3543:
3505:
3488:
3466:
3442:
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3025:
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2932:
2444:
2317:
explosives and later the whole group was arrested, including Merdzhanov, Sokolov and
2208:
2204:
2129:
in the years between 1898 and 1903. The members of the group were predominantly from
1999:
1929:
1722:
1627:
1522:
1271:
991:
812:
682:
616:
476:
359:
329:
278:
2252:
word for "boatman". At their start, they had a different name, the "Troublemakers",
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3675:
3053:
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2460:
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2017:
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62:
3198:Дончо Даскалов, Анархизмът в България, Унив. изд-во "Св. Климент Охридски", 1995,
3334:Михаил Герджиков: спомени, документи, материали, Наука и изкуство, 1984, стр. 71.
3057:
2866:
2763:
2697:
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2465:
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2212:
2027:
1959:
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would pass through Adrianople by train, preparing to take him on the station at
847:
667:
2880:
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for his pro-Bulgarian and anti-Yugoslav sympathies, He died in home custody in
2330:
2126:
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1974:
1964:
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747:
662:
596:
526:
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3688:
2706:, based on the memoirs of Pavel Shatev, was published in 1927 in Sofia by the
3941:
3282:(Fikret Adanır's Frankfurt am Main, Universität, Dissertation, 1977), p. 171.
3254:
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441:
3654:Радев, Ив. „Роби“ - големият роман на Страшимиров. Родна реч (бр.1). 1995.
3414:
2. Божидар Д. Божиков - Въстанието в Битолски революционен окръг, стp. 25.
2786:, based on the memoirs of Pavel Shatev, published in 1927 in Sofia by the
2734:, focusing on the struggle for independent Macedonia. In 1983, the writer
3760:
3737:Христо Силянов, "Освободителните борби на Македония", Том I, стр. 243-262
2755:
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and worked in Thessaloniki as a shoemaker. He died during the bombings.
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1939:
1934:
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3729:Солунският атентат и заточениците във Фезан. По спомени на Павел Шатев
2240:
changing international public opinion in the matter of the freedom of
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1994:
1944:
1212:
797:
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516:
162:
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2269:
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At first the anarchists started to make plans for a bomb attack in
2165:
1232:
822:
586:
334:
2312:). They planned to begin by blowing up the central offices of the
2172:(1876 - 1901), Bulgarian anarchist and founder of Gemidzhii group.
2141:, whose initial target was the capital Istanbul, and subsequently
2013:
2754:
constructed a monument by an iron bridge. As part of the project
2527:
2346:
2186:
1984:
426:
322:
3676:„Солунските съзаклятници” – за героите, с човещина и без етикети
2455:
led by Anton Prudkin, both organized by anarchists close to the
2423:), killed himself by setting off a bomb and then sitting on it.
3716:
Ottoman Bank archives and research centre - the Salonica Branch
2931:
Raymond Detrez, The A to Z of Bulgaria, Scarecrow Press, 2010,
2759:
2693:
2676:
2512:
2508:
2480:
Abstract monument representing the Gemidzhii, in the center of
2276:
the group planned the assassination of the Sultan. Merdzhanov,
2196:
1133:
672:
2803:
In Macedonia under slavery. The Thessalonica conspiracy (1903)
2720:
In Macedonia under slavery. The Thessalonica conspiracy (1903)
2495:
was declared in the city. As a response the Turkish Army and "
2260:", i.e. we will die in the name of the freedom of the people.
2743:
2710:. The story of the group was fictionalized in the 1930 novel
2640:
2516:
2426:
897:
3076:, Caroline Humphrey, Vera Skvirskaja, Berghahn Books, 2012,
3073:
Post-Cosmopolitan Cities: Explorations of Urban Coexistence
2723:
2350:
3745:Ползите и вредите от солунските атентати. Цочо В. Билярски
3253:"According to information from Bulgarian commercial agent
2607:
he was pardoned. Bogdanov died on June 12, 1939, in Sofia.
2457:
Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization
2324:
2151:
Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization
2361:, but they were soon discovered and surrounded by large
2113:
3170:
Frontiers and identities: cities in regions and nations
2263:
2137:. The group was radicalized by the Bulgarian anarchist
2093:
2692:
Monument in honor of the Gemidzhii, in the center of
2842:
3849:
Revolutionary Union for Internationalist Solidarity
3691:, София, Изд-во на Отечествения фронт, 1987 година.
2833:
Depiction of the burning French ship "Guadalquivir"
3721:Солунските атентатори - Документи, снимки, линкове
3032:, Ottoman Bank Historical Research Center, 1999,
2381:, forced the group to abandon planned attacks of
2272:. In the summer of 1899, under the leadership of
3939:
3168:, in Luďa Klusáková and Laure Teulières (eds.),
2447:and the bombing campaign of the passenger ship "
2199:into a secret, anarchistic, brotherhood called "
3461:
3459:
3457:
3455:
2758:, a monument was also erected in the center of
3978:Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization
2784:Thessalonica bombings and the exiles in Fezzan
2704:Thessalonica bombings and the exiles in Fezzan
2180:which grew in the 1890s, and the territory of
3784:
3299:, DOI: 10.1111/b.9781405184649.2009.01759.x .
3013:, Selcuk Aksin Somel, Scarecrow Press, 2010,
2047:
87:Autonomy for Macedonia and Adrianople regions
3761:„Солунското съзаклятие“ от Стоян Попсимеонов
3452:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3024:A History of the Ottoman Bank, Edhem Eldem,
2750:, which was published in Sofia in 1987. The
2133:and most of them − young graduates from the
3854:Organization for Revolutionary Self-Defense
3172:, PLUS-Pisa University Press, 2008, p. 174.
2587:, called Dime Mecheto, was born in 1870 in
2392:
2135:Bulgarian Men's High School of Thessaloniki
3791:
3777:
2542:The members of the group were as follows:
2427:Related attacks in Burgas and Kuleliburgaz
2397:On April 28, 1903, a member of the group,
2054:
2040:
1950:Definition of anarchism and libertarianism
3483:
3481:
3479:
3087:
2192:Macedonian Secret Revolutionary Committee
3364:
3362:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3137:
2718:, who was a former member of the IMARO.
2687:
2475:
2430:
2164:
2160:
2065:
3798:
2290:Supreme Macedonian-Adrianople Committee
2155:Supreme Macedonian-Adrianople Committee
143:Supreme Macedonian-Adrianople Committee
14:
3940:
3701:Visit.Veles.gov.mk: Boatmen's monument
3476:
2551:, called Ortzeto, was born in 1881 in
2515:. Members of the Central Committee of
2325:Attack plans and actions in Adrianople
1002:Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA
4008:Events during the Macedonian Struggle
3772:
3359:
3134:
2264:Attack plans and actions in Istanbul
3983:Left-wing militant groups in Greece
3953:Anarchist organizations in Bulgaria
2746:, wrote a documentary novel called
2203:". Its activists were the students
2176:The group draws its roots from the
2153:, but also had close ties with the
24:
3356:, No God-No Masters, 2004, p. 191.
2195:", which was developed in 1898 in
96:Istanbul, Adrianople, Thessaloniki
25:
4019:
3963:Defunct anarchist militant groups
3948:Anarchist organizations in Greece
3709:
3265:, Dimitris Keridis, Introduction.
2714:(Slaves) by the Bulgarian writer
2222:supranational Macedonian identity
3993:Military history of Thessaloniki
3703:, accessed on February 24, 2024.
3010:The A to Z of the Ottoman Empire
2887:
2873:
2859:
2845:
2826:
2810:
2795:
2776:
2742:(1903–1996), an activist of the
2575:, born in 1886 in Oraovetz near
2280:and their friend, the anarchist
2022:
2012:
1037:International Conference of Rome
1027:International Conference of Rome
169:
47:
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2788:Macedonian Scientific Institute
2708:Macedonian Scientific Institute
3175:
3158:
3117:
3065:
2963:
2942:
2925:
2913:Occupation of the Ottoman Bank
2526:In Libya, Boshnakov died from
2226:pan-Bulgarian national project
1149:Australian Anarchist Centenary
1074:German Revolution of 1918–1919
13:
1:
3870:Thessaloniki bombings of 1903
3402:стр. 126-124. (in Bulgarian).
2919:
2215:and his involvement with the
1336:Decentralized planned economy
3998:Military history of Istanbul
3058:10.2979/jottturstuass.4.1.08
2491:In the wake of the attacks,
2471:
2375:Supreme Macedonian Committee
2343:Supreme Macedonian Committee
2178:Bulgarian anarchist movement
562:Proletarian internationalism
7:
2838:
2821:after explosion, April 1903
2655:and lived several years in
2114:
2094:
1084:1919 United States bombings
10:
4024:
4003:Military history of Edirne
3968:1903 in the Ottoman Empire
3724:(in Bulgarian and English)
2769:
2537:
2333:on Ottoman territory near
1990:Situationist International
1294:Self-managed social center
1109:Spanish Revolution of 1936
3914:
3888:
3862:
3819:Conspiracy of Fire Nuclei
3806:
2766:, in honor of the group.
2683:
2373:of dynamite, arranged by
2211:, going back at least to
2103:
2083:
1164:Really Really Free Market
1159:1999 Seattle WTO protests
627:Temporary autonomous zone
552:Permanent autonomous zone
487:Consensus decision-making
138:
130:
122:
112:
100:
92:
82:
72:
58:
46:
40:
39:
34:
27:Bulgarian anarchist group
3665:1983 г. Георги Данаилов.
3164:Iakovos D. Michailidis,
2726:production movie called
2393:Bombings in Thessaloniki
2182:Principality of Bulgaria
1391:Workers' self-management
1289:Radical environmentalism
1238:Independent Media Center
1154:Carnival Against Capital
1079:Bavarian Soviet Republic
1068:Manifesto of the Sixteen
467:Autonomous social center
3834:Sect of Revolutionaries
3814:Boatmen of Thessaloníki
3689:"Солунските атентатори"
3114:, pp. 304–306; 350–355.
2728:The Salonika Terrorists
2258:we will spend ourselves
2224:, emancipated from the
2076:Boatmen of Thessaloniki
1331:Cost the limit of price
35:Boatmen of Thessaloniki
3880:2010–12 Greek protests
3829:Revolutionary Struggle
2895:North Macedonia portal
2748:Thessaloniki Assassins
2700:
2488:
2436:
2173:
2071:
1478:Bosnia and Herzegovina
567:Propaganda of the deed
557:Prefigurative politics
547:Participatory politics
492:Conscientious objector
107:Propaganda of the deed
3927:Villa Amalia (Athens)
2903:Anarchism in Bulgaria
2752:Municipality of Veles
2691:
2605:Young Turk Revolution
2479:
2434:
2345:'s representative in
2168:
2161:Origins and etymology
2125:group, active in the
2069:
1980:Libertarian socialism
1144:Kate Sharpley Library
1119:Red inverted triangle
1062:High Treason Incident
1052:Congress of Amsterdam
637:Voluntary association
447:Anti-authoritarianism
437:Anarchist criminology
432:Anarchist Black Cross
3958:Ottoman Thessalonica
3824:Revolutionary Nuclei
3372:, Athens: Trochalia
2383:Austrian post office
1863:Fictional characters
1284:Radical cheerleading
3988:Macedonian Question
3901:Plotino Rhodakanaty
3896:Konstantinos Speras
3800:Anarchism in Greece
2908:Macedonian Question
2294:Bulgarian Exarchate
2230:No gods, no masters
2228:. Their motto was:
1970:Left-libertarianism
1266:No gods, no masters
1094:Kronstadt rebellion
1032:Trial of the Thirty
997:Revolutions of 1848
117:No gods, no masters
93:Active regions
3687:Коста Църнушанов,
2740:Kosta Tsarnushanov
2732:Yugoslav Macedonia
2716:Anton Strashimirov
2701:
2673:Yugoslav Macedonia
2667:, born in 1882 in
2651:, born in 1878 in
2639:, born in 1878 in
2627:, born in 1885 in
2615:, born in 1885 in
2599:, born in 1882 in
2563:, born in 1882 in
2548:Yordan Popyordanov
2489:
2437:
2414:Yordan Popyordanov
2302:Yordan Popyordanov
2174:
2072:
1920:Anti-globalization
1853:Anarcho-punk bands
1538:Dominican Republic
1278:Property is theft!
1244:The Internationale
1198:Anarchist bookfair
1124:Labadie Collection
1114:Barcelona May Days
1017:Cantonal rebellion
344:Without adjectives
203:Schools of thought
74:Dates of operation
67:Yordan Popyordanov
3935:
3934:
3906:Elias Petropoulos
3863:Historical events
2817:Depiction of the
2445:Mihail Gerdzhikov
2359:Turkish landowner
2246:Adrianople Thrace
2209:French Revolution
2205:Mihail Gerdzhikov
2112:
2092:
2064:
2063:
2000:Spontaneous order
1930:Anti-war movement
1873:Jewish anarchists
1272:Popular education
992:French Revolution
617:Spontaneous order
477:Classless society
402:
401:
360:Counter-economics
148:
147:
16:(Redirected from
4015:
3973:Salonica vilayet
3875:2008 Greek riots
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2855:
2853:Anarchism portal
2850:
2849:
2848:
2830:
2814:
2799:
2780:
2730:was released in
2461:Austro-Hungarian
2406:any passengers.
2288:, the leader of
2282:Petar Mandzhukov
2274:Slavi Merdzhanov
2237:Petar Mandzhukov
2170:Slavi Merdzhanov
2139:Slavi Merdzhanov
2117:
2107:
2105:
2097:
2087:
2085:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2026:
2018:Anarchism portal
2016:
1910:Anti-consumerism
1905:Anti-corporatism
1381:Social ownership
1366:Market socialism
1341:Free association
1250:Jewish anarchism
1192:A las Barricadas
1104:Amakasu Incident
1047:Strandza Commune
1022:Haymarket affair
642:Workers' council
632:Union of egoists
592:Security culture
502:Decentralization
497:Critique of work
235:Total liberation
209:
208:
173:
150:
149:
139:Means of revenue
75:
63:Slavi Merdzhanov
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3368:Giannēs Megas,
3367:
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2867:Bulgaria portal
2865:
2860:
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2841:
2834:
2831:
2822:
2815:
2806:
2800:
2791:
2781:
2772:
2764:North Macedonia
2736:Georgi Danailov
2698:North Macedonia
2686:
2648:Tsvetko Traykov
2636:Marko Boshnakov
2624:Vladimir Pingov
2596:Georgi Bogdanov
2560:Kostadin Kirkov
2540:
2486:North Macedonia
2474:
2466:Zahari Stoyanov
2429:
2395:
2327:
2266:
2213:Mikhail Bakunin
2163:
2060:
2028:Politics portal
2005:
2004:
1960:Labour movement
1900:
1899:
1888:
1887:
1848:
1847:
1838:
1837:
1408:
1407:
1396:
1395:
1316:
1315:
1304:
1303:
1218:Escuela Moderna
1186:
1185:
1174:
1173:
1169:Occupy movement
1042:Ferrer movement
987:
986:
975:
974:
935:
934:
923:
922:
658:
657:
646:
645:
572:Refusal of work
457:Anti-militarism
452:Anti-capitalism
423:
422:
404:
403:
370:Insurrectionary
206:
205:
123:Notable attacks
73:
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3808:
3804:
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3796:
3795:
3788:
3781:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3764:(in Bulgarian)
3758:
3756:(in Bulgarian)
3750:
3748:(in Bulgarian)
3742:
3740:(in Bulgarian)
3734:
3732:(in Bulgarian)
3726:
3718:
3711:
3710:External links
3708:
3706:
3705:
3693:
3680:
3668:
3656:
3647:
3630:
3621:
3604:
3587:
3578:
3561:
3552:
3535:
3525:
3514:
3497:
3475:
3473:, pp. 121-122.
3451:
3434:
3417:
3405:
3386:
3358:
3352:James Sotros,
3345:
3336:
3327:
3318:
3316:, pp. 123–124.
3301:
3284:
3267:
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3229:
3212:
3208:(in Bulgarian)
3191:
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3157:
3133:
3116:
3086:
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408:
407:
396:
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391:
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386:
383:
381:
378:
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371:
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366:
363:
361:
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328:
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321:
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304:
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299:
298:
297:
294:
292:
289:
285:
282:
280:
277:
276:
275:
272:
270:
267:
263:
262:Philosophical
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
244:
243:
242:Individualist
240:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
222:
221:
218:
216:
213:
212:
211:
210:
204:
198:
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192:
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184:
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176:
172:
168:
167:
164:
161:
160:
156:
152:
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144:
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137:
133:
129:
125:
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118:
115:
111:
108:
105:
103:
99:
95:
91:
88:
85:
81:
77:
71:
68:
64:
61:
57:
50:
45:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3696:
3683:
3671:
3659:
3650:
3633:
3624:
3607:
3590:
3581:
3564:
3555:
3538:
3528:
3517:
3500:
3437:
3420:
3408:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3369:
3353:
3348:
3339:
3330:
3321:
3304:
3287:
3270:
3249:
3232:
3215:
3210:; pp. 34–36.
3194:
3177:
3169:
3160:
3119:
3072:
3067:
3009:
2965:
2944:
2927:
2819:Ottoman Bank
2802:
2783:
2747:
2719:
2711:
2703:
2702:
2664:Pavel Shatev
2662:
2657:Thessaloniki
2646:
2634:
2622:
2610:
2594:
2582:
2570:
2558:
2546:
2541:
2525:
2519:, including
2497:bashibozouks
2490:
2441:Kuleliburgaz
2438:
2418:
2412:
2408:
2399:Pavel Shatev
2396:
2328:
2319:Pavel Shatev
2314:Ottoman Bank
2309:
2267:
2257:
2253:
2234:
2201:Geneva group
2200:
2190:
2189:and called "
2175:
2147:Thessaloniki
2075:
2073:
1925:Anti-statism
1915:Anti-fascism
1768:South Africa
1386:Wage slavery
1351:Gift economy
1242:
1203:Anarcho-punk
1190:
1066:
955:Love and sex
843:Pi i Margall
507:Deep ecology
442:Anationalism
385:Relationship
318:Collectivist
274:Postcolonial
126:Thessaloniki
29:
2950:(in German)
2756:Skopje 2014
2572:Milan Arsov
2532:Young Turks
2493:martial law
2355:Lule Burgas
2095:Gemidzhiite
1883:Periodicals
1783:Switzerland
1743:Puerto Rico
1728:Philippines
1693:New Zealand
1688:Netherlands
1558:El Salvador
1371:Mutual bank
1326:Cooperative
1255:Lifestylism
1057:Tragic Week
960:Nationalism
612:Somatherapy
522:Freethought
390:Syndicalist
380:Platformism
352:Methodology
225:Primitivist
3942:Categories
3844:Rouvikonas
3839:Black Star
3643:0801421861
3374:(in Greek)
3314:9639776289
3263:0429513666
3242:0822308134
3225:1788316592
3187:0810862956
3153:1538119625
3129:0299324109
3112:0904526321
3082:0857455117
3044:9759369257
3030:975333110X
3019:1461731763
2995:(in Greek)
2977:1405184647
2920:References
2453:Burgas Bay
2387:Adrianople
2377:'s leader
2335:Adrianople
2217:Pan-Slavic
2143:Adrianople
2115:Gemidžiite
2100:Macedonian
2084:Гемиджиите
1955:Dual Power
1940:Autonomism
1935:Autarchism
1543:East Timor
1513:Costa Rica
1458:Bangladesh
1453:Azerbaijan
1228:Freeganism
945:Capitalism
738:Feyerabend
607:Sociocracy
577:Revolution
542:Mutual aid
472:Black bloc
365:Illegalism
41:Гемиджиите
3922:Exarcheia
3645:, p. 198.
3449:, с. 102.
3432:. с. 202.
3244:, p. 101.
3227:, p. 252.
3155:, p. 124.
3084:, p. 213.
3021:, p. ixx.
2979:, p. 126.
2939:, p. 390.
2505:Bulgarian
2501:massacred
2472:Aftermath
2451:" in the
2371:Dedeagach
2367:Lozengrad
2254:gürültücü
2242:Macedonia
2123:anarchist
2120:Bulgarian
2109:romanized
2104:Гемиџиите
2089:romanized
2080:Bulgarian
1995:Socialism
1945:Communism
1878:Musicians
1828:Venezuela
1763:Singapore
1698:Nicaragua
1623:Indonesia
1603:Hong Kong
1598:Guatemala
1443:Australia
1433:Argentina
1405:By region
1313:Economics
1299:Symbolism
1213:DIY ethic
950:Education
868:Santillán
818:Malatesta
788:Kropotkin
768:Guillaume
622:Squatting
582:Rewilding
517:Free love
395:Synthesis
330:Communist
301:Christian
296:Religious
269:Mutualism
163:Anarchism
78:1898–1903
3619:, p. 88.
3602:, p. 80.
3576:, p. 34.
3550:, p. 66.
3533:(BSRCS).
3512:. с. 74.
3495:, p. 46.
3384:, p. 52.
3376:, 1994,
3131:, p. 97.
2997:, 1994,
2990:, p. 73.
2960:, p. 56.
2952:, 2007,
2839:See also
2724:Yugoslav
2679:in 1951.
2270:Istanbul
2118:) was a
1738:Portugal
1718:Paraguay
1678:Mongolia
1663:Malaysia
1508:Colombia
1488:Bulgaria
1233:Infoshop
1134:May 1968
970:Violence
965:Religion
853:Proudhon
813:Maksimov
793:Landauer
743:Giovanni
693:Bookchin
587:Sabotage
419:Practice
375:Pacifist
335:Magonism
257:Naturist
215:Feminist
181:Glossary
155:a series
153:Part of
102:Ideology
18:Gemidzii
3915:Related
2770:Gallery
2669:Kratovo
2538:Members
2528:malaria
2449:Vaskapu
2443:led by
2347:Plovdiv
2250:Ottoman
2187:Plovdiv
2111::
2091::
1985:Marxism
1833:Vietnam
1823:Uruguay
1808:Ukraine
1798:Tunisia
1748:Romania
1703:Nigeria
1683:Morocco
1633:Ireland
1613:Iceland
1608:Hungary
1588:Germany
1583:Georgia
1568:Finland
1563:Estonia
1548:Ecuador
1533:Denmark
1518:Croatia
1473:Bolivia
1468:Belgium
1463:Belarus
1448:Austria
1438:Armenia
1428:Andorra
1423:Algeria
1418:Albania
1260:May Day
1183:Culture
984:History
913:Yarchuk
888:Tolstoy
883:Thoreau
878:Stirner
873:Spooner
838:Parsons
763:Graeber
753:Goldman
713:Durruti
698:Chomsky
688:Bonanno
683:Berkman
678:Bakunin
427:Anarchy
323:Parecon
279:African
191:Outline
186:History
134:Defunct
83:Motives
3889:People
3641:
3615:
3598:
3572:
3546:
3508:
3491:
3469:
3445:
3428:
3380:
3312:
3295:
3278:
3261:
3240:
3223:
3202:
3185:
3151:
3127:
3110:
3080:
3042:
3028:
3017:
3001:
2986:
2975:
2956:
2935:
2915:(1896)
2760:Skopje
2694:Skopje
2684:Legacy
2677:Bitola
2513:Fezzan
2509:Bitola
2341:, the
2310:gemici
2197:Geneva
1803:Turkey
1793:Taiwan
1778:Sweden
1758:Serbia
1753:Russia
1733:Poland
1713:Panama
1708:Norway
1673:Monaco
1668:Mexico
1658:Latvia
1638:Israel
1593:Greece
1573:France
1493:Canada
1483:Brazil
1413:Africa
932:Issues
918:Zerzan
908:Warren
893:Tucker
863:Rocker
858:Reclus
848:Pouget
828:Michel
808:Makhno
783:Kōtoku
773:He-Yin
748:Godwin
733:Ferrer
703:Cleyre
668:Armand
663:Alston
655:People
415:Theory
313:Social
306:Jewish
252:Market
247:Egoist
131:Status
113:Slogan
59:Leader
3048:p. 9.
2744:MYSRO
2653:Resen
2641:Ohrid
2629:Veles
2617:Veles
2601:Veles
2589:Veles
2577:Veles
2565:Veles
2553:Veles
2517:IMORO
2482:Veles
2306:Veles
2131:Veles
1868:Films
1858:Books
1846:Lists
1788:Syria
1773:Spain
1653:Korea
1648:Japan
1643:Italy
1618:India
1553:Egypt
1503:China
1498:Chile
1223:Films
1129:Provo
898:Volin
803:Magón
778:Kanno
728:Faure
723:Ervin
718:Ellul
291:Queer
284:Black
220:Green
3639:ISBN
3613:ISBN
3596:ISBN
3570:ISBN
3544:ISBN
3506:ISBN
3489:ISBN
3467:ISBN
3443:ISBN
3426:ISBN
3378:ISBN
3310:ISBN
3293:ISBN
3276:ISBN
3259:ISBN
3238:ISBN
3221:ISBN
3200:ISBN
3183:ISBN
3149:ISBN
3125:ISBN
3108:ISBN
3078:ISBN
3040:ISBN
3026:ISBN
3015:ISBN
2999:ISBN
2984:ISBN
2973:ISBN
2954:ISBN
2933:ISBN
2712:Robi
2420:vali
2351:Shah
2244:and
2074:The
1723:Peru
1628:Iran
1523:Cuba
1208:Arts
903:Ward
833:Most
823:Mett
3054:doi
2385:in
1139:LIP
798:Liu
708:Day
537:Law
3944::
3478:^
3454:^
3361:^
3136:^
3089:^
3046:,
2762:,
2696:,
2499:"
2484:,
2232:.
2106:,
2102::
2098:;
2086:,
2082::
673:Ba
157:on
3792:e
3785:t
3778:v
3060:.
3056::
3005:.
2790:.
2417:(
2078:(
2055:e
2048:t
2041:v
1280:"
1276:"
1268:"
1264:"
20:)
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