267:
had previously reported cannabis use were associated with a five times greater odds of being diagnosed with AUD than those who had not. After adjustment for select confounders (age, race, marital status, income, and education), these odds were reduced to two times greater risk. Another sample of self-reported data from 2,121 persons included only those who had already been diagnosed with AUD. In this sample, it was found that those who had reported cannabis use in the past year (416 people) were associated with 1.7 greater odds of AUD persistence three years later. After adjustment for the same confounders as before, these odds were reduced to 1.3.
387:(who share approximately 100% of their genes) and non-identical twins (who share approximately 50% of their genes) separately and adjusted for additional confounders such as peer drug use. It found, after confounder adjustment, that the associations with later hard drug use existed only for non-identical twins. This suggests a significant genetic factor in the likelihood of later hard drug usage. The study suggested that a causal role of cannabis use in later hard drug usage is minimal, if it exists at all, and that cannabis use and hard drug use share the same influencing factors such as genetics and environment.
370:), a number of personal, social, genetic and environmental factors can lead to a generally increased interest in various drugs. The sequence of first-time use would then depend on these factors. Violations of the typical sequence of first-time drug usage give credit to this theory. For example, in Japan, where cannabis use is uncommon, 83.2% of the people who used illicit substances did not use cannabis first. The concept received additional support from a large-scale genetic analysis that showed a genetic basis for the connection of the prevalence of cigarette smoking and cannabis use during the life of a person.
4482:
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Degenhardt, L; Dierker, L; Chiu, W. T.; Medina-Mora, M. E.; Neumark, Y; Sampson, N; Alonso, J; Angermeyer, M; Anthony, J. C.; Bruffaerts, R; De
Girolamo, G; De Graaf, R; Gureje, O; Karam, A. N.; Kostyuchenko, S; Lee, S; Lépine, J. P.; Levinson, D; Nakamura, Y; Posada-Villa, J; Stein, D; Wells, J. E.;
386:
Another twin study (of 510 same sex twin pairs) also examined the association of earlier cannabis use and later hard drug use. Like other studies it examined later drug use differences between siblings where one sibling had used cannabis early and the other had not. The study examined identical twins
377:
presented indications that familial genetic and familial environmental factors do not fully explain these associations, and are possibly only relevant for sequences of some drugs. In 219 same-sex Dutch identical and non-identical twin pairs, one co-twin had reported cannabis use before the age of 18
266:
A study involving self-reported data from a sample of 27,461 people examined the relationship of cannabis use and AUD. These respondents had no prior diagnosis of AUD. Of the 27,461 people, 160 had reported cannabis use within the past year. At the end of a three-year period, it found that those who
147:
On the other hand, the 2018 report issued by the
National Institute of Justice states "that the current state of research on this issue is limited, and the studies that have been conducted suffer from difficulties in collecting information and applying the findings to a larger population. The report
382:
of later reported use of party drugs was four times higher and the lifetime prevalence of later reported use of hard drugs was seven times higher than in the non-cannabis group. The authors concluded that at least family influences – both genetic and social ones – could not explain the differences.
262:
The role of cannabis use in regard to alcohol use and
Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) is still not fully understood. Some studies suggest better alcohol treatment completion for those who use cannabis, while other studies find the opposite. A 2016 review of 39 studies which examined the relation between
2726:
Stringer, S; Minică, C. C.; Verweij, K. J.; Mbarek, H; Bernard, M; Derringer, J; Van Eijk, K. R.; Isen, J. D.; Loukola, A; MacIejewski, D. F.; Mihailov, E; Van Der Most, P. J.; Sánchez-Mora, C; Roos, L; Sherva, R; Walters, R; Ware, J. J.; Abdellaoui, A; Bigdeli, T. B.; Branje, S. J.; Brown, S. A.;
275:
Because a sequence of first-time use can only indicate the possibility – but not the fact – of an underlying causal relation, different theories concerning the observed trends were developed. The scientific discussion (state of 2016) is dominated by two concepts, which appear to cover almost all
193:
From a sample of 6,624 people who had not used other illegal drugs before their cannabis consumption the overall probability of later use of other illegal drugs was estimated to be 44.7%. Subgroup analyses showed that personal and social conditions, such as gender, age, marital status, mental
342:
In rats, alcohol increased the probability of later addiction to cocaine and again relevant alterations in the reward system were identified. These observations thus correspond to the epidemiological findings that the consumption of alcohol in humans is coupled to a later increased risk of a
148:
further notes that although many of the reviewed studies found statistically significant associations between cannabis use and the users' later use of other illicit drugs, there is currently no conclusive evidence that cannabis use caused the later use of harder illicit drugs."
133:
use disorder within 3 years; people who used marijuana and already had an alcohol use disorder at the outset were at greater risk of their alcohol use disorder worsening." They further claimed that marijuana use "is also linked to other substance use disorders including
263:
cannabis use and alcohol use found that 16 studies support the idea that cannabis and alcohol are substitutes for each other, 10 studies found that they are complements, 12 found that they are neither complementary nor substitutes, and one found that they are both.
2139:
74:
papers cited in the report claims that while "some studies have found that use of legal drugs or cannabis are not a requirement for the progression to other illicit drugs most studies have supported the "gateway sequence"." However, a 2018
138:
addiction." While stating that their "findings are consistent with the idea of marijuana as a "gateway drug"", they conceded that "the majority of people who use marijuana do not go on to use other, "harder" substances", and that
2085:
143:
is not unique to marijuana. Alcohol and nicotine also prime the brain for a heightened response to other drugs and are, like marijuana, also typically used before a person progresses to other, more harmful substances."
961:
181:. As to the interpretation of the observed trends, it is important to note the difference between sequence and causation. Both may – but need not – be coupled, a question which is subject of further research, e.g., by
383:
The study noted that, besides a potential causal role of cannabis use, non shared environment factors could play a role in the association such as differing peer affiliations that preceded the cannabis use.
66:), alterations in the brain due to earlier substance exposure, as well as similar attitudes of people who use different substances, and therefore experience a "common liability to addiction". In 2020, the
2440:"Probability and predictors of transition from first use to dependence on nicotine, alcohol, cannabis, and cocaine: results of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC)"
276:
possible causal connections if appropriately combined. These are the theories of biological alterations in the brain due to an earlier drug use and the theory of similar attitudes across different drugs.
2679:"Evaluating the drug use "gateway" theory using cross-national data: Consistency and associations of the order of initiation of drug use among participants in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys"
320:, the importance of the findings from animal studies for the reward system in the human brain in relation to the liability to the use of further drugs has been pointed out in several reviews.
83:, which analyzed 23 peer-reviewed research studies, concluded "that existing statistical research and analysis relevant to the "gateway" hypothesis has produced mixed results", and that "no
1711:
Cadoni, C; Pisanu, A; Solinas, M; Acquas, E; Di Chiara, G (2001). "Behavioural sensitization after repeated exposure to Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cross-sensitization with morphine".
243:
have a greater risk of alcohol use disorder, cocaine use and misuse of prescription stimulants. The elevated risk remains after accounting for prior substance use and other risk factors.
1223:
2824:
1852:
Alcaro A, Panksepp J (2011). "The SEEKING mind: primal neuro-affective substrates for appetitive incentive states and their pathological dynamics in addictions and depression".
354:) in combination with alcohol increased the craving for more alcohol more strongly than alcohol alone. These findings correspond to epidemiological data that people who consume
992:
125:
In 2019, a research report by the
National Institute on Drug Abuse determined that marijuana use is "likely to precede use of other licit and illicit substances", and cited a
254:
of 2018 said that "Because the term 'gateway' has historically been used in colloquial, non-scientific settings and lacks a clear definition, it is not used in this report".
1471:"Is cannabis use associated with an increased risk of onset and persistence of alcohol use disorders? A three-year prospective study among adults in the United States"
3893:
2729:"Genome-wide association study of lifetime cannabis use based on a large meta-analytic sample of 32 330 subjects from the International Cannabis Consortium"
3146:
2615:"Increased alcohol consumption, nonmedical prescription drug use, and illicit drug use are associated with energy drink consumption among college students"
3817:
339:
observations in humans that nicotine consumption is coupled to an increased probability of later use of cannabis and cocaine, as well as other drugs.
3822:
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in which "adults who reported marijuana use during the first wave of the survey were more likely than adults who did not use marijuana to develop an
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213:, and other illegal drugs. Adolescents who smoked cigarettes before age 15 were up to 80 times more likely to use illegal drugs. Studies indicate
4204:
3766:
2776:
Lynskey, M. T.; Vink, J. M.; Boomsma, D. I. (2006). "Early onset cannabis use and progression to other drug use in a sample of Dutch twins".
205:
A study of drug use of 14,577 U.S. 12th graders showed that alcohol consumption was associated with an increased probability of later use of
3108:
1566:
Fergusson, D. M.; Boden, J. M.; Horwood, L. J. (2006). "Cannabis use and other illicit drug use: Testing the cannabis gateway hypothesis".
2727:
Bruinenberg, M; Casas, M; Esko, T; Garcia-Martinez, I; Gordon, S. D.; Harris, J. M.; Hartman, C. A.; Henders, A. K.; et al. (2016).
1231:
1173:"Patterns of cannabis use during adolescence and their association with harmful substance use behaviour: findings from a UK birth cohort"
236:
from 2015 and 2017 showed an association between cannabis use and an increased probability of later disorders in the use of other drugs.
2895:"Understanding the association between adolescent marijuana use and later serious drug use: gateway effect or developmental trajectory?"
1947:"Preclinical Studies of Cannabinoid Reward, Treatments for Cannabis Use Disorder, and Addiction-Related Effects of Cannabinoid Exposure"
4407:
3977:
1018:"The rise of e-cigarettes, pod mod devices, and JUUL among youth: Factors influencing use, health implications, and downstream effects"
194:
disorders, family history of substance use, overlapping illegal drug distribution channels, alcohol use disorder, nicotine dependence,
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62:
people seeking both soft and hard drugs (meaning people who use one drug are likely to use another drug due to personality and that
3350:
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70:
released a research report which supported allegations that marijuana is a "gateway" to more dangerous substance use; one of the
2308:"Prior alcohol use enhances vulnerability to compulsive cocaine self-administration by promoting degradation of HDAC4 and HDAC5"
3829:
3930:
3030:
3007:
2981:
2959:
1270:
1253:
National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2018). Stratton, Kathleen; Kwan, Leslie Y; Eaton, David L (eds.).
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636:
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The scientific and political discussion has intensified since 1975 after the publications of several longitudinal studies by
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84:
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1650:"Proenkephalin mediates the enduring effects of adolescent cannabis exposure associated with adult opiate vulnerability"
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1123:
2503:"Competing neurobehavioral decision systems theory of cocaine addiction: From mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities"
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is coupled to an increased probability of the use of further substances. Possible reasons for the connection include
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1124:"Tobacco smoking and cannabis use in a longitudinal birth cohort: evidence of reciprocal causal relationships"
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3222:
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453:"Common liability to addiction and "gateway hypothesis": theoretical, empirical and evolutionary perspective"
80:
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17:
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1606:"Adolescent cannabis exposure alters opiate intake and opioid limbic neuronal populations in adult rats"
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Smoking stokes cocaine cravings: Molecular mechanism found for controversial 'gateway drug' hypothesis
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in the 1980s, the underlying ideas had already been discussed since the 1930s by using the phrases
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2210:"Birth Cohorts Analysis of Adolescent Cigarette Smoking and Subsequent Marijuana and Cocaine Use"
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3552:
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2100:"What Can Rats Tell Us about Adolescent Cannabis Exposure? Insights from Preclinical Research"
1805:"The vertebrate mesolimbic reward system and social behavior network: a comparative synthesis"
3798:
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2544:
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2418:
2379:"It is a complex issue: emerging connections between epigenetic regulators in drug addiction"
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link between cannabis use and the use of other illicit drugs can be claimed at this time."
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742:"Patterns of drug use from adolescence to young adulthood: II. Sequences of progression"
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is based on observations that the sequence of first-time use of different drugs is not
126:
2046:"Cannabinoid modulation of drug reward and the implications of marijuana legalization"
1359:"Substitution and Complementarity of Alcohol and Cannabis: A Review of the Literature"
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2566:"Taurine, caffeine, and energy drinks: Reviewing the risks to the adolescent brain"
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550:
210:
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355:
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309:
247:
240:
119:
100:
71:
55:
1325:
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1622:
1605:
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1504:
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1206:
1157:
1108:
1059:
988:
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897:
568:
486:
351:
336:
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806:
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3199:
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2744:
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374:
331:, and the experiments permitted concrete conclusions on the underlying
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3629:
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3557:
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it's not the initial drug that leads to the use of another drug
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E-Cigarettes May Promote Illicit Drug Use and Addiction
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1517:
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296:(results based on 11 male rats and >50 male rats),
1565:
378:
whereas the other had not. In the cannabis group the
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was first popularized by anti-drug activists such as
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2201:
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1603:
1594:
1559:
1511:
1462:
1224:"Energy drinks and risk to future substance use"
953:
911:Kluger B, Triolo P, Jones W, Jankovic J (2015).
855:
346:Controlled animal and human studies showed that
50:for the often observed effect that the use of a
4205:Foundation for Advancing Alcohol Responsibility
2838:
2836:
1643:
1641:
1599:
1597:
788:
782:
739:
493:
437:
2892:
2842:
1604:Ellgren, M; Spano, S. M.; Hurd, Y. L. (2007).
1009:
733:
672:
446:
444:
442:
440:
3102:
514:. National Institute on Drug Abuse. July 2020
151:
3767:International Women's Collaboration Brew Day
2833:
2661:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2606:
2557:
2549:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2494:
2486:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2431:
2423:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2370:
2362:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2299:
2250:
2098:Renard J, Rushlow WJ, Laviolette SR (2016).
2091:
2037:
1987:
1938:
1888:
1845:
1796:
1696:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1638:
1454:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1293:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1246:
1177:Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
1164:
1115:
1066:
904:
581:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
173:. On the basis of established techniques of
1993:
1399:
1218:
1216:
526:
279:
239:Students who regularly consume caffeinated
4408:Medicinal Liquor Prescriptions Act of 1933
3978:List of countries with alcohol prohibition
3109:
3095:
1894:
1408:"Co-use of Alcohol and Cannabis: A Review"
1356:
1307:
1255:Public Health Consequences of E-Cigarettes
959:
3310:Short-term effects of alcohol consumption
2868:
2789:
2752:
2702:
2638:
2589:
2526:
2463:
2339:
2282:
2233:
2184:
2123:
2069:
2019:
1970:
1820:
1779:
1673:
1621:
1494:
1431:
1382:
1333:
1257:. National Academies Press. p. 496.
1196:
1147:
1098:
1073:Courtney KE, Mejia MH, Jacobus J (2017).
1049:
936:
887:
814:
765:
708:
558:
476:
1213:
3948:Legal drinking age in the United States
3010:, chapt. 4, question 8, pp. 81–83.
2988:
2941:
300:(study based on 12 male rats) and also
14:
4499:
3116:
2044:Covey DP, Wenzel JM, Cheer JF (2015).
678:
653:
258:Associations aside from first-time use
3931:List of dry communities by U.S. state
3090:
3020:
596:
594:
592:
292:increased the self-administration of
188:
3444:List of methanol poisoning incidents
2954:, Cambridge University Press, 2002,
1357:Subbaraman, MS (18 September 2016).
868:International Journal of Drug Policy
844:, Cambridge University Press, 2002,
740:Yamaguchi, K; Kandel, D. B. (1984).
631:, Cambridge University Press, 2002,
362:Personal, social and genetic factors
4165:Alcohol consumption recommendations
4090:Temperance and Good Citizenship Day
3023:Marijuana Effects on Human Behavior
656:Marijuana Effects on Human Behavior
24:
3889:Alcohol packaging warning messages
3501:Alcohol use among college students
3163:Drunk driving in the United States
2936:
589:
156:
25:
4533:
4448:Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
4428:Index of alcohol-related articles
3871:Administrative License Suspension
3040:
3002:, Oxford University Press, 2011,
2893:Cleveland, HH; Wiebe, RP (2008).
2564:Curran CP, Marczinski CA (2017).
2214:American Journal of Public Health
1945:Panlilio LV, Justinova Z (2018).
1803:O'Connell LA, Hofmann HA (2011).
1518:Morral, A. R.; McCaffrey, D. F.;
795:American Journal of Public Health
746:American Journal of Public Health
4481:
4480:
3882:Alcoholic beverage control state
3678:Andrew Johnson alcoholism debate
3064:, Nature News, November 2, 2011.
3051:National Institute on Drug Abuse
2695:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.12.001
2456:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.11.004
1580:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01322.x
1536:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00280.x
1487:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.01.014
1140:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.02.015
1034:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.04.011
981:10.1111/j.1746-1561.2012.00712.x
789:Kandel, D; Yamaguchi, K (1993).
469:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.018
68:National Institute on Drug Abuse
3491:Alcohol in association football
2899:Development and Psychopathology
2886:
2165:New England Journal of Medicine
1916:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.08.003
1866:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.03.002
1350:
1301:
960:Kirby, T; Barry, A. E. (2012).
831:
3703:List of deaths through alcohol
3521:Epidemiology of binge drinking
3325:Subjective response to alcohol
2996:Is marijuana a "gateway drug"?
2984:, chapt. 10, pp. 104–114.
2843:Agrawal A, Lynskey MT (2014).
2104:Canadian Journal of Psychiatry
2062:10.1016/j.brainres.2014.11.034
1666:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.04.026
642:
618:
423:
13:
1:
4188:Sweat alcohol content monitor
3223:Alcoholism in rural Australia
3055:National Institutes of Health
3015:State of research before 1974
1375:10.3109/10826084.2016.1170145
606:National Institute of Justice
417:
368:common liability to addiction
81:National Institute of Justice
4111:Adult Children of Alcoholics
3899:Drunk driving law by country
3315:Long-term effects of alcohol
3233:Disease theory of alcoholism
3218:Alcoholism in family systems
3208:Alcohol and Native Americans
3047:Is marijuana a gateway drug?
2631:10.1097/ADM.0b013e3181aa8dd4
2275:10.5811/westjem.2019.7.41661
2000:Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
1994:Parsons LH, Hurd YL (2015).
880:10.1016/j.drugpo.2014.07.011
551:10.1016/j.drugpo.2014.07.011
7:
4517:Substance-related disorders
3838:International whisk(e)y day
3152:Driving under the influence
2970:Is cannabis a gateway drug?
2968:, Rosalie Liccardo Pacula:
2683:Drug and Alcohol Dependence
2257:Ren M, Lotfipour S (2019).
1475:Drug and Alcohol Dependence
1128:Drug and Alcohol Dependence
1022:Drug and Alcohol Dependence
654:Miller, Loren, ed. (1974).
390:
10:
4538:
4354:Christian views on alcohol
3960:List of alcohol laws of US
3238:High-functioning alcoholic
2519:10.1016/bs.pbr.2015.07.009
1363:Substance Use & Misuse
402:Substance abuse prevention
152:Sequence of first-time use
90:
27:Substance-related disorder
4476:
4420:
4374:
4344:
4268:
4253:Alcoholic spirits measure
4238:Low-alcoholic malt drinks
4152:
3996:
3968:
3919:Ignition interlock device
3861:
3852:
3808:Drunken monkey hypothesis
3741:
3670:
3641:Routes of administration
3422:
3333:
3302:
3270:Alcohol congener analysis
3252:
3213:Alcoholism in adolescence
3198:
3135:
3124:
2911:10.1017/S0954579408000308
2800:10.1007/s10519-005-9023-x
1424:10.1007/s40429-017-0149-8
1412:Current Addiction Reports
1091:10.1007/s40429-017-0133-3
1079:Current Addiction Reports
288:repeatedly injected with
270:
2733:Translational Psychiatry
2226:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303128
2116:10.1177/0706743716645288
1189:10.1136/jech-2016-208503
969:Journal of School Health
280:Alterations in the brain
4433:Alcohol and spaceflight
4175:Alcohol server training
4048:Managed alcohol program
3626:Binge drinking devices
3320:Pharmacology of ethanol
2677:Kessler, R. C. (2010).
1951:Neuropsychopharmacology
1760:Neuropsychopharmacology
1610:Neuropsychopharmacology
1308:Subbaraman, MS (2014).
701:10.1126/science.1188374
412:Tobacco and other drugs
217:serves as a gateway to
179:statistical probability
56:environmental influence
4038:Alcohol rehabilitation
4006:Alcohol detoxification
3909:Field sobriety testing
3794:Health effects of wine
3762:International Beer Day
3526:Holiday heart syndrome
2332:10.1126/sciadv.1701682
1623:10.1038/sj.npp.1301127
1314:Alcohol and Alcoholism
407:Substance use disorder
219:traditional cigarettes
113:progression hypothesis
52:psychoactive substance
44:progression hypothesis
4290:Disulfiram-like drugs
3830:Ritual use of alcohol
3799:Wine and food pairing
3784:Apéritif and digestif
3435:Adulterated moonshine
3282:Blood alcohol content
3244:Seeing pink elephants
2177:10.1056/NEJMsa1405092
1904:Neurosci Biobehav Rev
1854:Neurosci Biobehav Rev
1725:10.1007/s002130100875
1326:10.1093/alcalc/agt182
807:10.2105/ajph.83.6.851
758:10.2105/ajph.74.7.668
109:escalation hypothesis
105:stepping-stone theory
46:) is a comprehensive
40:escalation hypothesis
36:stepping-stone theory
4512:Substance dependence
4359:Alcohol in the Bible
4346:Religion and alcohol
4312:General anaesthetics
4105:Alcoholics Anonymous
4063:List of mixed drinks
3516:Alcohol intoxication
3431:Adulterated alcohol
2989:Lay scientific books
2942:Scientific textbooks
1963:10.1038/npp.2017.193
333:molecular biological
290:tetrahydrocannabinol
226:longitudinal studies
175:longitudinal studies
4438:Gateway drug effect
4224:Low-alcohol drinks
4053:Non-alcoholic drink
3988:Temperance movement
3970:Alcohol prohibition
3693:Gilbert Paul Jordan
3683:Dionysian Mysteries
3467:on college campuses
3462:Alcohol advertising
3180:Public intoxication
3083:, January 16, 2015.
3081:Columbia University
2444:Drug Alcohol Depend
2324:2017SciA....3E1682G
1895:Panksepp J (2011).
1772:10.1038/npp.2013.16
1234:on 18 February 2020
693:1975Sci...190..912K
457:Drug Alcohol Depend
380:lifetime prevalence
141:cross-sensitization
32:gateway drug effect
4507:Alcohol and health
4270:Addiction medicine
4213:Get Your Sexy Back
4153:Alcohol limitation
4129:Sober living house
4095:Twelve-step groups
4028:Brief intervention
4021:Open-container law
3983:Neo-prohibitionism
3943:Legal drinking age
3749:Alcoholic beverage
3650:Alcohol inhalation
3565:Drinking in public
3543:Blackout Wednesday
3401:Beverage-specific
3118:Alcohol and health
2998:In: Same authors:
2972:In: Same authors:
2827:2019-05-24 at the
2745:10.1038/tp.2016.36
1713:Psychopharmacology
917:Movement Disorders
463:(Suppl 1): S3–17.
221:and cannabis use.
189:Examples of trends
127:longitudinal study
4494:
4493:
4416:
4415:
4366:Islam and alcohol
4300:Calcium carbimide
4170:Alcohol education
4058:List of cocktails
4033:Designated driver
4011:Alcohol-free zone
3914:Hip flask defence
3848:
3847:
3789:Hangover remedies
3733:Whiskey Rebellion
3723:Six o'clock swill
3511:Austrian syndrome
3450:Surrogate alcohol
3440:Denatured alcohol
3412:Red wine headache
3060:Virginia Gewin:
3049:, website of the
3032:978-1-4832-5811-9
3008:978-0-19-983138-8
2982:978-0-521-80024-2
2960:978-0-521-78969-1
2861:10.1111/add.12436
2778:Behavior Genetics
2582:10.1002/bdr2.1177
2576:(20): 1640–1648.
2570:Birth Defects Res
2395:10.1111/ejn.14170
1822:10.1002/cne.22735
1530:(12): 1493–1504.
1272:978-0-309-46834-3
1228:www.drugabuse.gov
929:10.1002/mds.26142
850:978-0-521-78969-1
687:(4217): 912–914.
665:978-1-4832-5811-9
637:978-0-521-78969-1
539:Int J Drug Policy
373:The results of a
250:about the use of
95:While the phrase
79:conducted by the
77:literature review
16:(Redirected from
4529:
4484:
4483:
4283:Chlordiazepoxide
4233:Low-alcohol beer
3877:Alcohol monopoly
3859:
3858:
3779:Drinking culture
3772:Women in brewing
3655:Vodka eyeballing
3622:Passive drinking
3133:
3132:
3111:
3104:
3097:
3088:
3087:
3036:
2931:
2930:
2890:
2884:
2882:
2872:
2840:
2831:
2819:
2793:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2756:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2706:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2660:
2652:
2642:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2593:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2548:
2540:
2530:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2485:
2477:
2467:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2422:
2414:
2389:(3): 2477–2491.
2374:
2368:
2367:
2361:
2353:
2343:
2318:(11): e1701682.
2303:
2297:
2296:
2286:
2263:West J Emerg Med
2254:
2248:
2247:
2237:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2188:
2149:
2143:
2137:
2127:
2095:
2089:
2083:
2073:
2056:(Pt A): 233–43.
2041:
2035:
2033:
2023:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1974:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1901:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1824:
1815:(18): 3599–639.
1800:
1794:
1793:
1783:
1766:(7): 1198–1208.
1751:
1745:
1744:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1695:
1687:
1677:
1645:
1636:
1635:
1625:
1601:
1592:
1591:
1563:
1557:
1555:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1498:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1453:
1445:
1435:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1386:
1369:(11): 1399–414.
1354:
1348:
1347:
1337:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1292:
1284:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1220:
1211:
1210:
1200:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1151:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1102:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1053:
1013:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1003:
997:
991:. Archived from
966:
957:
951:
950:
940:
908:
902:
901:
891:
859:
853:
835:
829:
828:
818:
786:
780:
779:
769:
737:
731:
730:
712:
676:
670:
669:
646:
640:
622:
616:
615:
613:
612:
598:
587:
586:
580:
572:
562:
530:
524:
523:
521:
519:
508:
491:
490:
480:
448:
435:
434:
427:
34:(alternatively,
21:
4537:
4536:
4532:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4527:
4526:
4497:
4496:
4495:
4490:
4472:
4453:Self-medication
4412:
4370:
4340:
4278:Benzodiazepines
4264:
4148:
4134:Sobering center
4119:Sober companion
4100:Al-Anon/Alateen
3992:
3964:
3854:
3844:
3737:
3666:
3606:In vino veritas
3600:Hair of the dog
3418:
3334:Adverse effects
3329:
3298:
3248:
3194:
3138:
3137:Alcohol-related
3128:
3120:
3115:
3043:
3033:
3017:
2991:
2944:
2939:
2937:Further reading
2934:
2891:
2887:
2841:
2834:
2829:Wayback Machine
2774:
2770:
2724:
2720:
2674:
2670:
2654:
2653:
2611:
2607:
2562:
2558:
2542:
2541:
2499:
2495:
2479:
2478:
2450:(1–2): 120–30.
2436:
2432:
2416:
2415:
2375:
2371:
2355:
2354:
2304:
2300:
2255:
2251:
2206:
2202:
2171:(10): 932–943.
2150:
2146:
2096:
2092:
2042:
2038:
2012:10.1038/nrn4004
1992:
1988:
1943:
1939:
1910:(9): 1791–804.
1899:
1893:
1889:
1850:
1846:
1801:
1797:
1752:
1748:
1709:
1705:
1689:
1688:
1654:Biol Psychiatry
1646:
1639:
1602:
1595:
1564:
1560:
1516:
1512:
1467:
1463:
1447:
1446:
1404:
1400:
1355:
1351:
1306:
1302:
1286:
1285:
1273:
1251:
1247:
1237:
1235:
1222:
1221:
1214:
1169:
1165:
1120:
1116:
1071:
1067:
1014:
1010:
1001:
999:
995:
964:
958:
954:
909:
905:
860:
856:
836:
832:
787:
783:
738:
734:
677:
673:
666:
647:
643:
623:
619:
610:
608:
600:
599:
590:
574:
573:
531:
527:
517:
515:
510:
509:
494:
449:
438:
429:
428:
424:
420:
393:
364:
337:epidemiological
314:physiologically
308:changes in the
282:
273:
260:
191:
161:The concept of
159:
157:General concept
154:
93:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4535:
4525:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4488:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4470:
4468:French paradox
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4424:
4422:
4418:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4378:
4376:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4368:
4363:
4362:
4361:
4350:
4348:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4338:
4337:
4336:
4331:
4324:Sulfonic acids
4321:
4320:
4319:
4309:
4308:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4287:
4286:
4285:
4274:
4272:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4262:
4261:
4260:
4258:Standard drink
4255:
4247:
4246:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4222:
4220:Liquor license
4217:
4216:
4215:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4185:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4156:
4154:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4108:
4102:
4092:
4087:
4085:Temperance bar
4082:
4077:
4076:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4018:
4008:
4002:
4000:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3974:
3972:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3962:
3957:
3956:
3955:
3950:
3940:
3935:
3934:
3933:
3923:
3922:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3885:
3884:
3874:
3867:
3865:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3841:
3840:
3832:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3791:
3786:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3751:
3745:
3743:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3659:
3658:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3632:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3555:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3534:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3506:Binge drinking
3503:
3498:
3496:Alcohol powder
3493:
3488:
3486:Alcohol myopia
3483:
3482:
3481:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3459:
3454:
3453:
3452:
3447:
3437:
3428:
3426:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3408:
3399:
3394:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3294:Wine chemistry
3291:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3262:
3260:Beer chemistry
3256:
3254:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3204:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3155:
3149:
3143:
3141:
3130:
3122:
3121:
3114:
3113:
3106:
3099:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3065:
3058:
3042:
3041:External links
3039:
3038:
3037:
3031:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3011:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2963:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2885:
2832:
2791:10.1.1.79.4510
2784:(2): 195–200.
2768:
2718:
2689:(1–2): 84–97.
2668:
2605:
2556:
2507:Prog Brain Res
2493:
2430:
2383:Eur J Neurosci
2369:
2298:
2269:(5): 696–709.
2249:
2200:
2144:
2090:
2050:Brain Research
2036:
2006:(10): 579–94.
1986:
1957:(1): 116–141.
1937:
1887:
1860:(9): 1805–20.
1844:
1795:
1746:
1719:(3): 259–266.
1703:
1660:(10): 803–10.
1637:
1616:(3): 607–615.
1593:
1574:(4): 556–569.
1558:
1520:Paddock, S. M.
1510:
1461:
1418:(2): 184–193.
1398:
1349:
1300:
1271:
1263:10.17226/24952
1245:
1212:
1183:(8): 764–770.
1163:
1114:
1065:
1008:
952:
903:
874:(2): 135–142.
854:
830:
801:(6): 851–855.
781:
752:(7): 668–672.
732:
671:
664:
641:
617:
588:
525:
492:
436:
421:
419:
416:
415:
414:
409:
404:
399:
392:
389:
363:
360:
281:
278:
272:
269:
259:
256:
190:
187:
158:
155:
153:
150:
92:
89:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4534:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4487:
4479:
4478:
4475:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4443:Mood disorder
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4419:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4373:
4367:
4364:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4347:
4343:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4326:
4325:
4322:
4318:
4317:Nitrous oxide
4315:
4314:
4313:
4310:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4291:
4288:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4271:
4267:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4228:Fermented tea
4226:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4151:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4124:Sober curious
4122:
4120:
4117:
4112:
4109:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4097:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4055:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4003:
4001:
3999:
3995:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3967:
3961:
3958:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3927:
3924:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3878:
3875:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3864:
3860:
3857:
3851:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3813:Ladies' night
3811:
3809:
3806:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3780:
3777:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3713:Rum Rebellion
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3663:
3660:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3645:Alcohol enema
3643:
3642:
3640:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3595:Flaming drink
3593:
3591:
3590:Dutch courage
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3575:Drunk walking
3573:
3571:
3570:Drunk dialing
3568:
3566:
3563:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3548:Drinking game
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3472:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3457:Alcohol abuse
3455:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3424:Social issues
3421:
3413:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3362:
3361:breast cancer
3359:
3358:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3301:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3289:Fusel alcohol
3287:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3275:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3158:Drunk driving
3156:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3134:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3112:
3107:
3105:
3100:
3098:
3093:
3092:
3089:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3073:Denise Kandel
3070:
3066:
3063:
3059:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3034:
3028:
3024:
3019:
3018:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2992:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2905:(2): 615–32.
2904:
2900:
2896:
2889:
2880:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2855:(3): 360–70.
2854:
2850:
2846:
2839:
2837:
2830:
2826:
2823:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2772:
2764:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2722:
2714:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2672:
2664:
2658:
2650:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2609:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2560:
2552:
2546:
2538:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2497:
2489:
2483:
2475:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2434:
2426:
2420:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2373:
2365:
2359:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2302:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2253:
2245:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2220:(6): 1143–9.
2219:
2215:
2211:
2204:
2196:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2148:
2141:
2135:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2110:(6): 328–34.
2109:
2105:
2101:
2094:
2087:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2040:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1990:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1941:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1898:
1891:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1848:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1809:J Comp Neurol
1806:
1799:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1750:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1707:
1699:
1693:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1644:
1642:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1600:
1598:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1562:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1514:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1465:
1457:
1451:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1402:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1353:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1304:
1296:
1290:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1249:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1219:
1217:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1167:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1118:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1069:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1012:
998:on 2016-06-04
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
963:
956:
948:
944:
939:
934:
930:
926:
923:(3): 313–27.
922:
918:
914:
907:
899:
895:
890:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
858:
851:
847:
843:
839:
834:
826:
822:
817:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
785:
777:
773:
768:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
736:
728:
724:
720:
716:
711:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
675:
667:
661:
657:
651:
648:Erich Goode:
645:
638:
634:
630:
626:
621:
607:
603:
597:
595:
593:
584:
578:
570:
566:
561:
556:
552:
548:
545:(2): 135–42.
544:
540:
536:
529:
513:
507:
505:
503:
501:
499:
497:
488:
484:
479:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
447:
445:
443:
441:
432:
426:
422:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
394:
388:
384:
381:
376:
371:
369:
359:
357:
356:energy drinks
353:
352:energy drinks
349:
344:
340:
338:
334:
330:
326:
321:
319:
315:
311:
310:reward system
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
277:
268:
264:
255:
253:
249:
248:meta-analysis
244:
242:
241:energy drinks
237:
235:
231:
227:
222:
220:
216:
212:
208:
203:
201:
197:
186:
185:experiments.
184:
183:physiological
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
149:
145:
142:
137:
132:
128:
123:
121:
120:Denise Kandel
116:
114:
110:
106:
102:
101:Robert DuPont
98:
88:
86:
82:
78:
73:
72:peer-reviewed
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4437:
4403:Gin Act 1751
4393:Bratt System
4386:
4382:
4249:Measurement
4183:Breathalyzer
3953:Shoulder tap
3605:
3479:Beer goggles
3022:
2999:
2995:
2973:
2969:
2951:
2948:D. B. Kandel
2902:
2898:
2888:
2852:
2848:
2781:
2777:
2771:
2736:
2732:
2721:
2686:
2682:
2671:
2657:cite journal
2625:(2): 74–80.
2622:
2619:J Addict Med
2618:
2608:
2573:
2569:
2559:
2545:cite journal
2510:
2506:
2496:
2482:cite journal
2447:
2443:
2433:
2419:cite journal
2386:
2382:
2372:
2358:cite journal
2315:
2311:
2301:
2266:
2262:
2252:
2217:
2213:
2203:
2168:
2164:
2157:D. B. Kandel
2153:E. R. Kandel
2147:
2107:
2103:
2093:
2053:
2049:
2039:
2003:
1999:
1989:
1954:
1950:
1940:
1907:
1903:
1890:
1857:
1853:
1847:
1812:
1808:
1798:
1763:
1759:
1749:
1716:
1712:
1706:
1692:cite journal
1657:
1653:
1613:
1609:
1571:
1567:
1561:
1527:
1523:
1513:
1478:
1474:
1464:
1450:cite journal
1415:
1411:
1401:
1366:
1362:
1352:
1320:(3): 292–8.
1317:
1313:
1303:
1254:
1248:
1236:. Retrieved
1232:the original
1227:
1180:
1176:
1166:
1131:
1127:
1117:
1085:(2): 43–52.
1082:
1078:
1068:
1025:
1021:
1011:
1000:. Retrieved
993:the original
975:(8): 371–9.
972:
968:
955:
920:
916:
906:
871:
867:
857:
841:
838:D. B. Kandel
833:
798:
794:
784:
749:
745:
735:
684:
680:
674:
655:
649:
644:
628:
625:D. B. Kandel
620:
609:. Retrieved
605:
577:cite journal
542:
538:
528:
516:. Retrieved
460:
456:
425:
385:
372:
367:
365:
345:
341:
322:
283:
274:
265:
261:
252:e-cigarettes
245:
238:
224:Large-scale
223:
204:
192:
163:gateway drug
162:
160:
146:
124:
122:and others.
117:
112:
108:
104:
97:gateway drug
96:
94:
43:
39:
35:
31:
29:
18:Gateway drug
4522:Drug policy
4383:Beer Street
4334:Homotaurine
4329:Acamprosate
4200:Dry January
4179:Monitoring
4080:Teetotalism
4073:Malt drinks
3863:Alcohol law
3635:Yard of ale
3580:Drunkorexia
3392:intolerance
3185:Rum-running
3069:Eric Kandel
2739:(3): e769.
1149:10523/10359
852:, pp. 3-10.
710:10983/25298
518:November 7,
397:Drug policy
284:Adolescent
234:New Zealand
48:catchphrase
4501:Categories
4463:Town drunk
4295:Disulfiram
4243:Small beer
4209:Campaigns
4043:Drunk tank
4016:Dry campus
3926:Dry county
3708:Rum ration
3688:Dipsomania
3617:Pantsdrunk
3410:Red wine:
3200:Alcoholism
3190:Wine fraud
2966:Wayne Hall
2513:: 269–93.
1002:2016-05-26
611:2022-04-01
459:(Review).
418:References
375:twin study
306:anatomical
200:urbanicity
169:but shows
4398:Dry state
4305:Cyanamide
4139:Sobrietol
3938:Last call
3904:DWI court
3757:Beer mile
3728:Speakeasy
3698:Gin Craze
3630:Beer bong
3585:Dry drunk
3558:Pregaming
3406:Potomania
3388:Tolerance
3378:Pregnancy
3253:Chemistry
3175:Nip joint
3170:Moonshine
2883:(Review).
2849:Addiction
2786:CiteSeerX
2142:(Review).
2088:(Review).
2034:(Review).
1932:207089299
1568:Addiction
1556:(Review).
1524:Addiction
1481:: 363–7.
1289:cite book
1134:: 69–76.
1042:0376-8716
1028:: 85–93.
196:ethnicity
60:impulsive
4486:Category
4387:Gin Lane
4144:Quit lit
4068:Spritzer
3998:Sobriety
3853:Alcohol
3834:Whiskey
3662:Sconcing
3612:Nightcap
3538:Blackout
3368:Cortisol
3265:Congener
2927:19232946
2919:18423097
2879:24438181
2825:Archived
2808:16402286
2763:27023175
2713:20060657
2649:20729975
2600:29251842
2537:26806781
2474:21145178
2411:52816486
2403:30251397
2350:29109977
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2159:(2014).
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2080:25463025
2030:26373473
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1924:21872619
1874:21396397
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1790:23314220
1741:24008118
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1684:22683090
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1505:26875671
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1109:29057198
1060:31200279
989:22712674
947:25649017
898:25168081
727:30124614
569:25168081
487:22261179
391:See also
348:caffeine
302:nicotine
298:morphine
211:cannabis
136:nicotine
4421:Related
4375:History
4160:0-0-1-3
3855:control
3742:General
3718:Shebeen
3671:History
3341:Anxiety
3303:Effects
3277:Ethanol
3126:Alcohol
3067:Video:
3053:at the
2950:(Ed.):
2870:3943474
2816:8263454
2754:4872459
2704:2835832
2640:2923814
2591:5737830
2528:5495192
2465:3069146
2341:5665598
2320:Bibcode
2312:Sci Adv
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2235:4880234
2186:4353486
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2021:4652927
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1051:7183384
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889:4291295
840:(Ed.):
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816:1694748
776:6742252
767:1651663
719:1188374
689:Bibcode
681:Science
639:, p. 4.
627:(Ed.):
560:4291295
478:3600369
329:cocaine
318:mammals
228:in the
207:tobacco
131:alcohol
91:History
4195:FRAMES
3404:Beer:
3397:Weight
3373:Memory
3356:Cancer
3139:crimes
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294:heroin
271:Causes
215:vaping
171:trends
167:random
85:causal
4458:Spins
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4107:(AA):
3873:(ALS)
3753:Beer
3531:Zapoy
3383:Sleep
3351:Brain
3346:Aging
3240:(HFA)
3154:(DUI)
2923:S2CID
2812:S2CID
2407:S2CID
1928:S2CID
1900:(PDF)
1878:S2CID
1835:S2CID
1737:S2CID
1548:S2CID
996:(PDF)
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2076:PMID
2054:1628
2026:PMID
1977:PMID
1920:PMID
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325:mice
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