204:
patented a gas piston-operated rifle and pistol which he claimed could be used with sliding, rotating or falling bolts. He would also patent a gas-operated revolver in 1886. Paulson did construct models of his rifle and tried them in France shortly after filing his patent. Furthermore, according to A. W. F. Taylerson, a firearms historian, his patented revolver was probably workable. In 1887, an
American inventor called Henry Pitcher patented a gas-operated conversion system that he claimed could be applied to any manually-operated magazine rifle. In 1890 he would patent and submit an original gas-operated rifle for testing by the US government but it performed poorly and was ultimately never adopted despite being offered commercially for the civilian market. In the 1880s a gas piston-operated rifle and pistol were developed by the Clair Brothers of France who received a French patent and submitted prototypes for testing by the French army in 1888 although the true date of their invention is uncertain. They would also produce a semi-automatic shotgun in the early 1890s. In 1889, the
528:
441:. This has the advantage of reducing the total mass of recoiling parts compared with a long-stroke piston. This, in turn, enables better control of the weapon due to less mass needing to be stopped at either end of the bolt carrier travel and prevents hot combustion gases from being pushed into the internals and removes powder residue in the receiver which significantly improves reliability, increasing the lifespan of weapon parts by reducing instances of malfunctions under prolonged periods of extreme high rate of fire and suppressed shooting. The short-stroke operating system is available both on military
133:
407:
338:
623:
267:
translate this into the rearward motion needed to operate the bolt. This adds to the complexity of the mechanism and its weight, and the placement of the trap generally results in a longer weapon and allows dirt to easily enter the mechanism. Despite these disadvantages, they use relatively low pressure gas and do not require a hole in the barrel, which made them attractive in early designs. The system is no longer used in modern weapons.
36:
605:, M4, and AR-15 style rifles utilize a modified version of this where a gas tube delivers gas into the bolt carrier to impinge on the bolt, which acts as a piston to cycle the rifle. One principal advantage is that the moving parts are placed in-line with the bore axis meaning that sight picture is not disturbed as much. This offers a particular advantage for fully automatic mechanisms. It has the disadvantage of the high-temperature
582:
399:
330:
673:
featured a vertical row of barrels that advanced upwards with each shot exposing the fired chamber. As the lower barrel fired, a gas hole between the barrels pressurized the empty barrel enough to eject the case rearward. An extended spur on the hammer prevented the spent case from hitting the firer
465:
It is a cross between a short-stroke gas piston and a M1 Garand type long-stroke gas piston system. It is similar to a regular short-stroke piston in operation because it too uses an open gas piston that has an impingement cavity at its head, that rests on a gas block on the barrel. However just like
308:
The
American and German governments both had requirements that their guns operated without a hole being drilled in the barrel. Both governments would first adopt weapons and later abandon the concept. Most earlier US M1 Garand rifles were retrofitted with long-stroke gas pistons, making the surviving
266:
A gas trap system involves "trapping" combustion gas as it leaves the muzzle. This gas impinges on a surface that converts the energy to motion that, in turn, cycles the action of the firearm. As the resulting motion is forward toward the muzzle of the gun, some sort of mechanical system is needed to
609:
gas (and the accompanying fouling) being blown directly into the action parts. Direct impingement operation increases the amount of heat that is deposited in the receiver while firing, which can burn off and cover up lubricants. The bolt, extractor, ejector, pins, and springs are also heated by the
198:
The first mention of using a gas piston in a single-shot breech-loading rifle comes from 1856, by the German Edward
Lindner who patented his invention in the United States and Britain. In 1866, Englishman William Curtis filed the first patent on a gas-operated repeating rifle but subsequently failed
655:, and some other recoil operated firearms use a gas trap style mechanism to provide additional energy to "boost" the energy provided by recoil. This "boost" provides higher rates of fire and/or more reliable operation. It is alternately called a "gas assist", and may also be found in some types of
389:
changing during the action cycle, abrupt stops at the beginning and end of bolt carrier travel, and the use of the barrel as a fulcrum to drive the bolt back. Also, due to the greater mass of moving parts, more gas is required to operate the system that, in turn, requires larger operating parts.
203:
filed several patents on blowback-, recoil-, and gas-operation. In 1885, one year after Maxim's first gas-operated patent, a
British inventor called Richard Paulson, who a year before had patented a straight blowback-operated rifle and pistol, again, one year after Maxim’s first blowback patent,
237:
gas has sufficient force to destroy a firearm unless it is regulated somehow. Most gas-operated firearms rely on tuning the gas port size, mass of operating parts, and spring pressures to function. Several other methods are employed to regulate the energy. The
593:(DI) method of operation vents gas from partway down the barrel through a tube to the working parts of a rifle where they directly impinge on the bolt carrier. This results in a simpler, lighter mechanism. Firearms that use this system include the French
316:
modified the concept with a tube diverting gas from the muzzle to a standard long stroke system (see below) in order to diminish influence of the gas engine on barrel and increase accuracy, but his sniper rifle wasn't adopted due to the
257:
use the White expansion and cutoff system to stop (cut off) gas from entering the cylinder once the piston has traveled a short distance. Most systems, however, vent excess gas into the atmosphere through slots, holes, or ports.
216:
Most current gas systems employ some type of piston. The face of the piston is acted upon by combustion gas from a port in the barrel or a trap at the muzzle. Early guns, such as
Browning's "flapper" prototype, the
384:
of the bolt carrier enabling more positive extraction, ejection, chambering, and locking. The primary disadvantage to this system is the disruption of the point of aim due to several factors such as: the
437:. In either case, the energy is imparted in a short, abrupt push and the motion of the gas piston is then arrested, allowing the bolt carrier assembly to continue through the operating cycle through
503:
gases as in other blowback-based designs. However, propellant gases are vented from the barrel into a cylinder with a piston that delays the opening of the bolt. It is used by
242:
incorporates a very short piston, or "tappet." This movement is closely restricted by a shoulder recess. This mechanism inherently limits the amount of gas taken from the
348:
With a long-stroke system, the piston is mechanically fixed to the bolt group and moves through the entire operating cycle. This system is used in weapons such as the
2810:
666:
721:"Abridgments of the Specifications Relating to Fire-arms and Other Weapons, Ammunition, and Accoutrements: A.D. 1588-1858]-Pt. II. A.D. 1858-1866"
791:
563:
and makes training with the converted pistol realistic. A floating chamber provides additional force to operate the heavier slide, providing a felt
297:
used a muzzle cup blown forward by muzzle gas to operate the action through transfer bars and leverage. Other gas-trap rifles were early production
3333:
3122:
2880:
805:
466:
the long-stroke gas piston system used on the M1 Garand the piston assembly is integrated with the operating rod and moves with the bolt group.
626:
Animation of the
Vickers muzzle booster operation, showing the expanding gases pushing the barrel to the rear relative to the cooling jacket
229:. This, combined with larger operating parts, reduced the strain on the mechanism. To simplify and lighten the firearm, gas from nearer the
3026:
481:, etc. Hence firearms using this system do have higher felt recoil than their equivalent modern long-stroke gas piston counterparts.
100:
446:
72:
749:"Report of the Committee on Awards of the World's Columbian Commission: Special Reports Upon Special Subjects Or Groups, Volume 2"
3270:
2336:
53:
469:
The caveat of this system is that it has heavier moving mass than modern long-stroke gas piston systems used on rifles like the
442:
3327:
975:
Major Thomas P. Ehrhart
Increasing Small Arms Lethality in Afghanistan: Taking Back the Infantry Half-Kilometer. US Army. 2009
832:
79:
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that acted as a gas piston with combustion gas impinging directly on the front of the floating chamber. The .22 caliber
527:
290:
86:
1003:
734:
3338:
3117:
3112:
951:
869:
842:
119:
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3043:
2650:
1157:
68:
926:
Charles E. Petty, "Delightful diversion: testing Kimber's new rimfire was a tough job, but someone had to do it",
859:
559:
also used
Williams' system, which allows a much heavier slide than other conversions operating on the unaugmented
283:
used gas trapped at the muzzle to operate a "flapper" in the earliest prototype gas-operated firearm described in
3375:
1583:
318:
3258:
3199:
3077:
3048:
3000:
2830:
2785:
2672:
2460:
1285:
57:
748:
3087:
2243:
2428:
3323:
3307:
3172:
3127:
966:
Smith, W.H.B.; Ezell, E. C. (1983), Small Arms of the World, 12th
Edition, Stackpole Company, Harrisburg PA
17:
3380:
3343:
3302:
3241:
3053:
1867:
1721:
1713:
1476:
254:
535:
To avoid consuming a lot of relatively expensive rounds, many armies, including the United States Army,
3297:
2840:
2423:
1045:
1020:
611:
610:
same high-temperature gas. These combined factors reduce service life of these parts, reliability, and
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3182:
2805:
2341:
1429:
809:
93:
3385:
2948:
2742:
2465:
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1887:
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548:
2938:
2737:
2378:
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in the late 19th century and the first half of the 20th century. To do this, they needed a cheap
46:
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2943:
2455:
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1973:
1936:
1619:
1496:
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1057:
996:
763:
490:
349:
152:
720:
2875:
2800:
2770:
2495:
2304:
1892:
1872:
1456:
1373:
1280:
777:
2923:
2905:
2895:
2403:
2142:
2035:
1837:
1770:
656:
536:
508:
504:
450:
159:
208:
Adolf
Odkolek von Újezd filed a patent for the first successful gas-operated machine gun.
8:
3033:
3016:
2918:
2860:
2582:
2565:
2383:
2326:
2314:
2309:
2287:
2173:
2137:
2040:
2015:
1978:
1916:
1832:
1341:
652:
270:
163:
981:
132:
3248:
3194:
3155:
2855:
2845:
2657:
2645:
2263:
2045:
1852:
1822:
1486:
1208:
694:
590:
576:
230:
167:
2965:
2960:
2913:
2850:
2835:
2630:
2433:
2398:
2253:
2213:
2161:
1993:
1877:
1633:
1557:
1527:
1491:
1481:
1439:
1273:
1024:
989:
947:
865:
838:
226:
175:
670:
3292:
3209:
3147:
2996:
2890:
2790:
2780:
2747:
2682:
2388:
2248:
2132:
2030:
2025:
1847:
1795:
1653:
1643:
1573:
1514:
1385:
1111:
1016:
689:
684:
552:
294:
218:
205:
187:
421:
system, the piston moves separately from the bolt group. It may directly push the
3280:
3275:
3082:
3072:
2955:
2933:
2662:
2448:
2393:
2117:
1926:
1800:
1785:
1765:
1578:
1446:
1363:
1346:
1309:
1246:
1236:
560:
422:
251:
630:
Several other uses have been found for exhaust gases other than to aid cycling:
2820:
2640:
2490:
2408:
2233:
2188:
2062:
1998:
1988:
1899:
1857:
1827:
1748:
1537:
1407:
1328:
1302:
1253:
899:"Тульский "Карабинер". Винтовка ТКБ-0145С | Оружейный журнал "КАЛАШНИКОВ""
898:
634:
496:
438:
430:
386:
183:
912:
885:
3369:
3021:
2480:
2438:
2110:
2070:
2050:
2010:
1958:
1946:
1931:
1805:
1790:
1663:
1600:
1588:
1422:
1412:
1402:
1397:
1380:
1351:
1263:
1183:
454:
285:
280:
275:
148:
2865:
2502:
406:
3227:
3219:
3099:
3038:
3008:
2988:
2795:
2620:
2470:
2228:
2223:
2198:
2193:
2178:
2105:
2020:
1968:
1953:
1921:
1810:
1605:
1552:
1451:
1392:
1368:
1146:
1126:
1116:
1106:
1102:
699:
622:
556:
337:
140:). 1) gas port, 2) piston head, 3) rod, 4) bolt, 5) bolt carrier, 6) spring
27:
System of operation used to provide energy to operate autoloading firearms
3236:
3231:
2928:
2775:
2715:
2587:
2570:
2443:
2418:
2331:
2268:
2238:
2208:
2183:
2147:
2122:
2090:
2080:
2075:
1963:
1941:
1775:
1743:
1648:
1547:
1468:
1188:
516:
200:
190:
or striker, chambering of a fresh cartridge, and locking of the action.
3137:
3132:
3104:
2992:
2885:
2825:
2815:
2698:
2625:
2597:
2525:
2363:
2299:
2127:
1983:
1842:
1817:
1780:
1733:
1314:
1258:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1091:
1062:
606:
500:
426:
243:
239:
171:
2732:
2727:
2710:
2635:
2592:
2413:
2368:
2203:
2003:
1909:
1904:
1882:
1738:
1658:
1593:
1532:
1231:
1163:
1121:
474:
373:
361:
313:
302:
298:
247:
222:
543:
cartridge to operate firearms designed to use the .30-06 cartridge.
537:
trained machine gun crews with less-expensive sub-caliber ammunition
35:
3189:
3177:
2720:
2604:
2560:
2550:
2545:
2521:
2273:
2258:
1862:
1753:
1417:
1268:
1226:
1178:
1131:
640:
512:
381:
234:
410:
Short stroke gas piston and bolt carrier group, from a gas piston
3060:
2752:
2667:
2575:
2555:
2533:
2373:
2100:
1760:
1510:
1434:
1218:
1173:
1168:
1136:
1040:
1012:
598:
162:
being fired is used to power a mechanism to dispose of the spent
155:
170:. Energy from the gas is harnessed through either a port in the
2870:
2762:
2677:
2475:
1241:
1141:
1072:
594:
564:
540:
478:
369:
365:
179:
376:. The primary advantage of the long-stroke system is that the
1693:
1688:
1673:
1628:
1324:
932:. Contains some discussion about the floating chamber device.
648:
644:
470:
429:, or operate through a connecting rod or assembly, as in the
411:
357:
353:
342:
137:
581:
449:) and civilian markets as an alternative or retrofit to the
398:
158:. In gas-operation, a portion of high-pressure gas from the
377:
147:
is a system of operation used to provide energy to operate
916:
Page 8, column 2, lines 67–70, Pg 9, column 1, lines 22–39
329:
279:
though it is unknown if this firearm was ever prototyped.
1678:
1638:
1067:
1052:
1011:
602:
453:
family of weapons for addressing the shortcomings of the
434:
186:, extraction of the spent case, ejection, cocking of the
178:. This high-pressure gas impinges on a surface such as a
674:
in the face. The final case required manual extraction.
2987:
225:, used relatively low-pressure gas from at or near the
499:
is not locked but is pushed rearward by the expanding
199:
to develop that idea further. Between 1883 and 1885,
309:
gas trap rifles valuable in the collector's market.
289:, and used a slight variation of this design on the
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
834:The Hand Gun Story: A Complete Illustrated History
273:patented a muzzle-cup system in 1884 described in
601:from 1942. The Stoner gas system of the American
567:level similar to that of a full power cartridge.
312:In the 1980s Soviet designer Alexander Adov from
3367:
735:"The Curtis Rifle – the First Repeating Bullpup"
617:
3308:Small Arms & Light Weapons (SALW)
861:Hotchkiss Machine Guns: From Verdun to Iwo Jima
136:Gas-operated firearm (long-stroke piston, e.g.
997:
941:
1711:
182:head to provide motion for unlocking of the
2520:
547:invented a method that involved a separate
333:Diagram of long-stroke gas operation system
1004:
990:
761:
718:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
621:
580:
526:
405:
397:
336:
328:
131:
484:
14:
3368:
857:
830:
806:"Automatic Weapons:French Forerunners"
457:internal gas piston operating system.
2986:
2519:
1710:
1090:
1089:
985:
570:
460:
166:and insert a new cartridge into the
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
555:conversion kit for the .45 caliber
522:
491:Delayed-blowback § Gas delayed
24:
858:Walter, John (November 28, 2019).
305:(both Walther and Mauser models).
25:
3397:
211:
341:Long stroke gas piston, from an
34:
969:
960:
935:
919:
905:
891:
878:
393:
319:dissolution of the Soviet Union
291:M1895 Colt–Browning machine gun
45:needs additional citations for
946:(13th ed.). p. 291.
851:
831:Walter, John (June 30, 2008).
824:
798:
784:
770:
755:
741:
727:
723:. Great Britain Patent Office.
712:
380:of the piston rod adds to the
324:
13:
1:
3173:Firearms by country
3088:Civilian Marksmanship Program
705:
618:Other uses of gas in firearms
233:needed to be used. This high-
762:Taylerson, A. W. F. (1971).
293:"potato digger". The Danish
7:
3344:Federal Assault Weapons Ban
3242:Campaign Against Arms Trade
678:
261:
10:
3402:
3298:High-capacity magazine ban
2424:Mean time between failures
719:Woodcroft, Bennet (1859).
651:machine guns, the British
612:mean time between failures
574:
488:
193:
3316:
3266:
3257:
3218:
3146:
3098:
3027:Household ownership rates
3007:
2982:
2904:
2761:
2706:
2697:
2613:
2541:
2532:
2515:
2356:
2295:
2286:
2169:
2160:
2061:
1729:
1720:
1706:
1618:
1566:
1523:
1509:
1467:
1337:
1323:
1217:
1098:
1085:
1036:
1032:
764:"The Revolver, 1889-1914"
69:"Gas-operated reloading"
3328:by U.S. state
2738:Overpressure ammunition
2673:Improved Military Rifle
2379:Circular error probable
1298:Personal defence weapon
944:Blue Book of Gun Values
792:"Pitcher 1890 Rifle 30"
597:from 1940, the Swedish
545:David Marshall Williams
425:group parts, as in the
417:With a short-stroke or
402:short-stroke gas piston
3376:Gas-operated reloading
3022:Civilian gun ownership
2551:Firing (Shooting)
942:S. P. Fjestad (1991).
627:
586:
532:
414:
403:
350:Bren light machine gun
345:
334:
141:
2496:Handgun effectiveness
2429:Minute of Angle (MOA)
2305:Ballistic coefficient
1281:Semi-automatic pistol
913:U.S. patent 2,090,656
886:U.S. patent 1,907,163
657:blank-firing adapters
625:
584:
530:
509:Heckler & Koch P7
409:
401:
340:
332:
135:
3113:in the United States
2771:Armour piercing
2332:Rangefinding/keeping
2244:Push/Controlled feed
2036:Synchronization gear
1771:Blank-firing adapter
1622: or famous
812:on December 14, 2021
505:Volkssturmgewehr 1-5
485:Gas-delayed blowback
54:improve this article
3205:Privately made
3168:Firearm brands
3054:State firearms
3034:Exhibition shooting
3017:Celebratory gunfire
2876:Plastic tipped
2806:High explosive
2327:Physics of firearms
653:Vickers machine gun
286:U.S. patent 471,782
276:U.S. patent 319,596
3381:1856 introductions
3303:Right to bear arms
3249:Featureless rifles
3195:Improvised firearm
3156:3D printed firearm
3044:United States
2939:Fully powered
2846:Total metal jacket
2486:Stock measurements
1209:Underwater firearm
1105: versus
737:. August 10, 2018.
695:Blowback operation
628:
591:direct impingement
587:
585:direct impingement
577:Direct impingement
571:Direct impingement
561:blowback mechanism
533:
461:Short-stroke fixed
415:
404:
346:
335:
142:
3360:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3317:United States Gun
2978:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2861:Hollow point
2786:Full metal jacket
2693:
2692:
2651:Tubes and Primers
2511:
2510:
2461:Power factor
2399:Gun harmonisation
2352:
2351:
2282:
2281:
2156:
2155:
2138:Night vision
1702:
1701:
1614:
1613:
1528:Automatic shotgun
1505:
1504:
1092:Types of firearms
1081:
1080:
174:or a trap at the
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
3393:
3264:
3263:
3210:Small arms trade
3148:Firearm industry
2999:, and
2984:
2983:
2856:Hollow base
2704:
2703:
2683:Smokeless powder
2539:
2538:
2517:
2516:
2466:Precision-guided
2293:
2292:
2167:
2166:
1974:Rail system
1848:Flash suppressor
1727:
1726:
1708:
1707:
1654:Winchester rifle
1644:Antique firearms
1574:20-gauge shotgun
1521:
1520:
1335:
1334:
1087:
1086:
1034:
1033:
1006:
999:
992:
983:
982:
976:
973:
967:
964:
958:
957:
939:
933:
923:
917:
915:
909:
903:
902:
901:. June 19, 2018.
895:
889:
888:
882:
876:
875:
855:
849:
848:
828:
822:
821:
819:
817:
808:. Archived from
802:
796:
795:
788:
782:
781:
774:
768:
767:
759:
753:
752:
745:
739:
738:
731:
725:
724:
716:
690:Recoil operation
685:Delayed blowback
553:Colt Service Ace
549:floating chamber
531:floating chamber
523:Floating chamber
288:
278:
206:Austro-Hungarian
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
3401:
3400:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3390:
3386:Firearm actions
3366:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3348:
3312:
3281:Concealed carry
3276:Assault weapons
3271:Air travel
3253:
3230: and
3214:
3142:
3102:
3094:
3083:Shooting sports
3073:Pistol duelling
3003:
2970:
2934:Rifle cartridge
2900:
2841:Supercavitating
2836:Soft point
2757:
2689:
2663:Ball propellant
2609:
2528:
2507:
2503:Twist rate
2394:Gun chronograph
2384:Effective range
2348:
2278:
2249:Recoil-operated
2152:
2057:
1716:
1698:
1684:Colt Peacemaker
1610:
1584:Dragon's breath
1579:Breaching round
1562:
1543:Double-barreled
1501:
1477:General purpose
1463:
1319:
1213:
1154:Multiple-barrel
1094:
1077:
1028:
1010:
980:
979:
974:
970:
965:
961:
954:
940:
936:
924:
920:
911:
910:
906:
897:
896:
892:
884:
883:
879:
872:
856:
852:
845:
829:
825:
815:
813:
804:
803:
799:
790:
789:
785:
776:
775:
771:
760:
756:
747:
746:
742:
733:
732:
728:
717:
713:
708:
681:
620:
579:
573:
525:
493:
487:
463:
396:
327:
284:
274:
264:
214:
196:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3399:
3389:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3358:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3320:
3318:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3278:
3273:
3267:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3224:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3152:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3118:Assassinations
3115:
3109:
3107:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3063:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3036:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3019:
3013:
3011:
3005:
3004:
2980:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2910:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2767:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2713:
2707:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2641:Percussion cap
2638:
2628:
2623:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2542:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2491:Stopping power
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2409:Length of pull
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2329:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2296:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2234:Out-of-battery
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2170:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2067:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2007:
2006:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1858:Forward assist
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1828:Cocking handle
1825:
1820:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1712:Mechanics and
1704:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1625:
1623:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1538:Combat shotgun
1535:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1473:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1449:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1432:
1427:
1426:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1395:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1366:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1349:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1303:Submachine gun
1300:
1293:Pistol caliber
1290:
1289:
1288:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1223:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1037:
1030:
1029:
1009:
1008:
1001:
994:
986:
978:
977:
968:
959:
952:
934:
918:
904:
890:
877:
870:
850:
843:
823:
797:
783:
778:"Magazine-gun"
769:
754:
740:
726:
710:
709:
707:
704:
703:
702:
697:
692:
687:
680:
677:
676:
675:
667:August Schüler
663:
660:
637:
635:Muzzle booster
619:
616:
575:Main article:
572:
569:
524:
521:
489:Main article:
486:
483:
462:
459:
439:kinetic energy
431:Armalite AR-18
395:
392:
387:center of mass
326:
323:
263:
260:
213:
212:Piston systems
210:
195:
192:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3398:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3364:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3329:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3315:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3250:
3247:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3200:Most-produced
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3101:
3097:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2985:
2981:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2903:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2606:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2581:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2514:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2229:Muzzleloading
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2194:Breechloading
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1959:Muzzle shroud
1957:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1947:Stripper clip
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1937:High-capacity
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1709:
1705:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1664:Mauser rifles
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1589:Shotgun shell
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1342:Anti-materiel
1340:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1007:
1002:
1000:
995:
993:
988:
987:
984:
972:
963:
955:
953:0-9625943-4-2
949:
945:
938:
931:
929:
928:Guns Magazine
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149:locked breech
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145:Gas-operation
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71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
3362:
3220:Arms control
3100:Gun violence
3067:Jungle style
3066:
3039:Gun cultures
2944:Intermediate
2621:Fire forming
2471:Rate of fire
2342:Stadiametric
2320:Transitional
2264:Self-loading
2219:Gas-operated
2218:
2179:Blow-forward
2111:Red dot
2021:Squeeze bore
1969:Pistol slide
1954:Muzzle brake
1922:Bottom metal
1469:Machine guns
1127:Line thrower
1107:muzzleloader
1103:Breechloader
971:
962:
943:
937:
930:, March 2004
927:
921:
907:
893:
880:
860:
853:
833:
826:
816:December 14,
814:. Retrieved
810:the original
800:
786:
772:
757:
743:
729:
714:
700:Blow forward
665:Patented by
662:Gas ejection
629:
588:
557:M1911 pistol
534:
494:
468:
464:
418:
416:
394:Short-stroke
347:
311:
307:
269:
265:
223:Garand rifle
215:
197:
144:
143:
116:
110:January 2016
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
18:Gas-operated
3334:Legislation
3286:in the U.S.
3237:Disarmament
3232:Gun control
2929:Handloading
2716:Dummy round
2588:Cooking off
2583:Malfunction
2571:Field strip
2566:Maintenance
2456:Penetration
2419:Match grade
2337:Mathematics
2269:Single-shot
2209:Closed bolt
2123:Scope mount
2086:Holographic
2076:Finderscope
1964:Pistol grip
1942:Speedloader
1796:Telescoping
1776:Breechblock
1649:Gatling gun
1548:Pump action
1189:Single-shot
1112:Combination
639:The French
517:Walther CCP
507:rifle, the
325:Long-stroke
301:and German
271:Hiram Maxim
201:Hiram Maxim
153:autoloading
3370:Categories
3138:Gun safety
3133:Gunfighter
2924:Centrefire
2906:Cartridges
2886:Snake shot
2826:Round shot
2816:Projectile
2801:Incendiary
2699:Ammunition
2658:Propellant
2626:Obturation
2598:Squib load
2526:ammunition
2364:Accurizing
2300:Ballistics
2214:Electronic
2133:Telescopic
1984:Recoil pad
1843:Firing pin
1818:Bump stock
1781:Breechface
1722:Components
1714:components
1567:Ammunition
1315:Wallet gun
1259:Pepper-box
1204:Spring-gun
1199:Smoothbore
1194:Sleeve gun
706:References
607:propellant
501:propellant
427:M1 carbine
299:M1 Garands
295:Bang rifle
240:M1 carbine
221:, and the
219:Bang rifle
80:newspapers
3178:Gun shops
3128:Forensics
3103:and
3049:Gun shows
2791:Frangible
2781:Expanding
2733:Gas check
2728:Flechette
2711:Cannelure
2636:Gunpowder
2593:Hang fire
2561:Firefight
2414:Lock time
2404:Headspace
2369:Bore axis
2254:Repeating
2204:Open bolt
2118:Magnifier
2004:Auto sear
1910:Wheellock
1905:Flintlock
1883:Half-cock
1838:Extractor
1739:Feed ramp
1669:Tommy Gun
1659:M1 Garand
1594:.410 bore
1558:Sawed-off
1533:Coach gun
1447:Repeating
1440:Polygonal
1364:Automatic
1347:Anti-tank
1232:Derringer
1122:Flare gun
643:, German
519:pistols.
374:M1 Garand
362:FN Minimi
314:TsKIB SOO
303:Gewehr 41
248:M14 rifle
160:cartridge
3339:Politics
3259:Gun laws
3190:Gunsmith
3078:Politics
2997:industry
2919:Caseless
2721:Snap cap
2614:Ignition
2605:Ricochet
2546:Dry fire
2522:Shooting
2449:Velocity
2315:Terminal
2310:External
2274:Slamfire
2259:Revolver
2174:Blowback
2041:Tapering
2016:Silencer
1979:Receiver
1917:Magazine
1873:Foregrip
1863:Freebore
1833:Cylinder
1791:Rotating
1754:Trunnion
1620:Historic
1511:Shotguns
1430:Marksman
1408:Elephant
1310:Starting
1269:Revolver
1237:Duelling
1227:Cane gun
1219:Handguns
1179:Riot gun
1147:Takedown
1132:Long gun
1117:Elephant
1021:glossary
1013:Firearms
679:See also
641:Chauchat
513:Steyr GB
447:LMT MARS
382:momentum
262:Gas trap
235:pressure
156:firearms
3326: (
3293:License
3061:Hunting
3009:Society
2989:Society
2966:Wildcat
2961:Pinfire
2891:Spitzer
2821:Raufoss
2763:Bullets
2753:Wadding
2668:Cordite
2646:Rimfire
2576:Fouling
2556:Gunshot
2534:Gunshot
2374:Caliber
2357:Metrics
2288:Physics
2189:Boxlock
2162:Actions
2148:Zeroing
2143:Thermal
2101:Reticle
2071:Diopter
2046:Trigger
1893:Striker
1868:Forearm
1853:Fluting
1823:Chamber
1811:Tilting
1801:Flapper
1761:Bayonet
1749:Threads
1513: (
1435:Rifling
1423:Varmint
1413:Express
1403:Buffalo
1398:Hunting
1381:Carbine
1352:Assault
1327: (
1254:Machine
1174:Pen gun
1169:Net gun
1164:Needler
1156: (
1137:Carbine
1058:History
1041:Firearm
1015: (
751:. 1901.
599:Ag m/42
433:or the
231:chamber
194:History
168:chamber
94:scholar
3123:Deaths
3105:safety
2993:safety
2871:Meplat
2851:Tracer
2678:Ramrod
2631:Primer
2476:Recoil
2439:Energy
2434:Muzzle
2106:Reflex
2063:Sights
2011:Shroud
1994:Safety
1888:Linear
1878:Hammer
1806:Roller
1734:Barrel
1487:Medium
1452:Sniper
1393:Double
1369:Battle
1325:Rifles
1264:Pocket
1242:Pistol
1184:Rotary
1142:Musket
1073:Weapon
1063:Safety
1025:topics
1023:, and
950:
868:
841:
669:, the
595:MAS-40
565:recoil
541:.22 LR
479:FN FNC
455:Stoner
419:tappet
372:, and
370:FN FNC
366:FN MAG
246:. The
244:barrel
227:muzzle
188:hammer
184:action
180:piston
176:muzzle
172:barrel
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2956:Paper
2914:Blank
2881:ABCBC
2866:Minié
2811:HEIAP
2796:Green
2748:Sabot
2481:Group
2389:Gauge
2224:Lever
2199:Break
2096:Laser
2081:Globe
2051:guard
2031:Stock
2026:Choke
1694:Glock
1689:M1911
1674:MP 40
1634:AR-15
1629:AK-47
1492:Heavy
1482:Light
1046:lists
649:MG 42
645:MG 34
475:Tavor
471:AK-47
451:AR-15
412:AR-15
358:Tavor
354:AK-47
343:AK-74
138:AK-47
101:JSTOR
87:books
3324:Laws
3228:Arms
3183:list
3161:list
3001:laws
2949:list
2831:SLAP
2776:Cast
2524:and
2444:Rise
2239:Pump
2184:Bolt
2128:Tang
2091:Iron
1999:Sear
1932:Drum
1927:Clip
1900:Lock
1786:Bolt
1766:Belt
1744:Slug
1606:Slug
1601:Shot
1553:Riot
1515:list
1457:list
1418:Punt
1386:list
1374:list
1357:list
1329:list
1286:list
1274:list
1247:list
1158:list
1017:list
948:ISBN
866:ISBN
839:ISBN
818:2021
647:and
589:The
515:and
497:bolt
495:The
423:bolt
378:mass
255:GPMG
250:and
164:case
73:news
2896:VLD
2743:PCA
1989:Rim
1679:Uzi
1639:M16
1497:SAW
1068:War
1053:Gun
603:M16
435:SKS
252:M60
56:by
3372::
2995:,
2991:,
1019:,
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