31:
1146:
1203:
932:
1329:
741:
3444:
2002:
1298:
1060:
1618:
1566:
1578:
1199:, the science of moving large amounts of earth. This science had several technological developments. This science had come from the military, following the introduction of cannon and modern siege warfare, when they were required to dig trenches and build walls and earth fortifications quickly. This led to the development of baskets for carrying earth on the back, wheelbarrows, carts and wagons. Andre LeNotre adapted these methods to build the level terraces, and to dig canals and basins on a grand scale.
827:
1308:
67:
1589:
1319:
3456:
347:, and the space was filled with parterres of evergreen shrubs in ornamental patterns, bordered by coloured sand, and the alleys were decorated at regular intervals by statues, basins, fountains, and carefully sculpted topiaries. "The symmetry attained at Vaux achieved a degree of perfection and unity rarely equalled in the art of classic gardens. The chateau is at the center of this strict spatial organization, which symbolizes power and success."
299:
1551:
388:
1599:
291:
41:
3480:
3468:
1133:. In 1664, Louis XIV celebrated a six-day festival in the gardens, with cavalcades, comedies, ballets, and fireworks. Gardens of Versailles included a theatre of water, decorated with fountains and statues of the infancy of the gods (destroyed between 1770 and 1780). Full-size ships were constructed for sailing on the Grand Canal, and the garden had an open-air ballroom surrounded by trees; a water organ,
196:
53:
947:
363:. They were the largest gardens in Europe, with an area of 15,000 hectares, and were laid out on an east–west axis followed the course of the sun: the sun rose over the Court of Honor, lit the Marble Court, crossed the Chateau and lit the bedroom of the King, and set at the end of the Grand Canal, reflected in the mirrors of the
1224:, bringing water to the gardens for the irrigation of the plants and for use in the many fountains. This development was not fully successful at Versailles, which was on a plateau; even with 221 pumps and a system of canals bringing water from the Seine, and the construction in 1681 of a huge pumping machine, the
273:
following the
Italian rules of proportion. The carefully prepared harmony of Anet, with its parterres and surfaces of water integrated with sections of greenery, became one of the earliest and most influential examples of the classic French garden. Today, water remains a key garden design in the form
804:
farther from the house, the broderies are replaced with simpler parterres, filled with grass, and often containing fountains or basins of water. Beyond these, small carefully created groves of trees serve as an intermediary between the formal garden and the masses of trees of the park. "The perfect
698:
A planting bed, usually square or rectangular, containing an ornamental design made with low closely clipped hedges, colored gravel, and sometimes flowers. Parterres were usually laid out in geometric patterns, divided by gravel paths. They were intended seen from above from a house or terrace. A
277:
While the gardens of the French
Renaissance were much different in their spirit and appearance than those of the Middle Ages, they were still not integrated with the architecture of the châteaux, and were usually enclosed by walls. In French garden design, the chateau or home was supposed to be the
1075:
The designers of the French garden saw their work as a branch of architecture, which simply extended the space of the building to the space outside the walls, and ordered nature according to the rules of geometry, optics and perspective. Gardens were designed like buildings, with a succession of
1103:
Just as architects installed systems of water into the chateaux, they laid out elaborate hydraulic systems to supply the fountains and basins of the garden. Long basins full of water replaced mirrors, and the water from fountains replaced chandeliers. In the bosquet du Marais in the gardens of
463:
began to appear. Elaborate parterres of broderies, with their curves and counter-curves, were replaced by parterres of grass bordered with flowerbeds, which were easier to maintain. Circles became ovals, called rotules, with alleys radiating outward in the shape of an 'x', and irregular octagon
1164:
to their work. In the first published treatises on gardens, in the 17th century, they devoted chapters to the subject of how to correct or improve perspective, usually to create the illusion of greater distance. This was often done by having alleys become narrower, or having rows of trees that
785:
a central axis, or perspective, perpendicular to the facade of the house, on the side opposite the front entrance. The axis extends either all the way to the horizon (Versailles) or to piece of statuary or architecture (Vaux-le-Vicomte). The axis faces either South (Vaux-le-Vicomte, Meudon) or
278:
visual focal point. The different parts of the gardens were not harmoniously joined, and they were often placed on difficult sites chosen for terrain easy to defend, rather than for beauty. All this was to change in the middle of the 17th century with the development of the first real garden
841:
were relatively rare in French gardens in the 17th century and there was a limited range of colours: blue, pink, white and mauve. Brighter colours (yellow, red, orange) would not arrive until about 1730, because of botanical discoveries from around the world brought to Europe. Bulbs of
1176:). This was a method used to conceal fences which crossed long alleys or perspectives. A deep and wide trench with vertical wall of stone on one side was dug wherever a fence crossed a view, or a fence was placed in bottom of the trench, so that it was invisible to the viewer.
1108:
placed tables of white and red marble for serving meals. The flowing water in the basins and fountains imitated water pouring into carafes and crystal glasses. The dominant role of architecture in the garden did not change until the 18th century, when the
464:
shapes appeared. Gardens began to follow the natural landscape, rather than moving earth to shape the ground into artificial terraces. Limited colors were available at the time as well. Traditionally, French gardens included blue, pink, white, and mauve.
951:
789:
the most elaborate parterres, or planting beds, in the shape of squares, ovals, circles or scrolls, are placed in a regular and geometric order close to the house, to complement the architecture and to be seen from above from the reception rooms of the
1165:
converged, or were trimmed so that they became gradually shorter, as they went farther away from the centre of the garden or from the house. This created the illusion that the perspective was longer and that the garden was larger than it actually was.
378:
in the central fountain of the garden. "The views and perspectives, to and from the palace, continued to infinity. The king ruled over nature, recreating in the garden not only his domination of his territories, but over the court and his subjects."
949:
192:. Additionally, the symmetry of French gardens was a continuation of the Renaissance themes of harmony. French gardens were symmetrical and well manicured to represent order, and this idea of orderliness extended to French society at the time.
1273:
of the time, which tried to achieve similar effects with fire instead of water. Both the fountains and fireworks were often accompanied by music, and were designed to show how nature (water and fire) could be shaped by the will of man.
1241:, the art and science of shaping water into different shapes as it came out the fountain. The shape of the water depended upon the force of the water and the shape of the nozzle. New forms created through this art were named
950:
786:
east–west (Tuileries, Clagny, Trianon, Sceaux). The principal axis is composed of a lawn, or a basin of water, bordered by trees. The principal axis is crossed by one or more perpendicular perspectives and alleys
1076:
rooms which a visitor could pass through following an established route, hallways, and vestibules with adjoining chambers. They used the language of architecture in their plans; the spaces were referred to as
817:
and pieces of sculpture, usually on mythological themes, which either underline or punctuate the perspectives, and mark the intersections of the axes, and by moving water in the form of cascades and fountains.
367:. In contrast with the grand perspectives, reaching to the horizon, the garden was full of surprises – fountains, small gardens filled with statuary, which provided a more human scale and intimate spaces.
342:
to create the gardens. It was for the first time that the garden and the chateau were perfectly integrated. A grand perspective of 1500 meters extended from the foot of the chateau to the statue of the
779:
all vegetation is constrained and directed to demonstrate the mastery of man over nature. Trees are planted in straight lines and carefully trimmed, and their tops are trimmed at a set height
782:
the residence serves as the central point of the garden and its central ornament. No trees are planted close to the house; rather, the house is set apart by low parterres and trimmed bushes
586:, the greatest garden project of the age. The gardens he created became the symbols of French grandeur and rationality, setting the style for European gardens until the arrival of the
1476:
948:
422:
923:
The trees in the park were trimmed both horizontally and flattened at the top, giving them the desired geometric form. Only in the 18th century were they allowed to grow freely.
475:
priests from the Court of the
Emperor of China. These styles rejected symmetry in favor of nature and rustic scenes and brought an end to the reign of the symmetrical garden
1289:
had walls five meters thick, with a double wall that maintains temperatures in winter between 5 and 8 degrees
Celsius (41 and 46 °F). Today it can shelter 1055 trees.
2190:« Il est à souhaiter que les jardins soient regardés de haut en bas, soit depuis des bâtiments, soit depuis des terrasses rehaussées à l'entour des parterres »,
1505:
1281:, in the ability to raise plants from warmer climates in the northern European climate by protecting them inside buildings and bringing them outdoors in pots. The first
758:
The form of the French garden was largely fixed by the middle of the 17th century. It had the following elements, which became typical of the formal French garden:
659:
A very curling decorative pattern within a parterre, created with trimmed yew or box or made by cutting the pattern out of a lawn and filling it with colored gravel
30:
2043:
188:, and statuary on mythological themes. The gardens were designed to represent harmony and order, the ideals of the Renaissance, and to recall the virtues of
858:, a tree or bush carved into geometric or fantastic shapes, which were placed in rows along the main axes of the garden, alternating with statues and vases.
1517:
2412:
605:, and included drawings and designs of gardens and parterres. It was reprinted many times, and was found in the libraries of aristocrats across Europe.
3092:
2048:
3506:
3484:
2518:
1179:
As gardens became more and more ambitious and elaborate through the 17th century, the garden no longer served as a decoration for the chateau. At
1145:
776:
wrote in 1600, "It is desirable that the gardens should be seen from above, either from the walls, or from terraces raised above the parterres."
1195:
The appearance of the French garden in the 17th and 18th centuries was a result of the development of several new technologies. The first was
991:. Even the arrangement of the flowers is designed to create a harmonious interplay of colours. Frequently found in French Baroque gardens are
1710:
520:
Traité du jardinage selon les raisons de la nature et de l'art. Ensemble divers desseins de parterres, pelouzes, bosquets et autres ornements
3511:
1831:
1033:
805:
place for a stroll, these spaces present alleys, stars, circles, theaters of greenery, galleries, spaces for balls and for festivities."
1970:
17:
1202:
397:
André Le Nôtre died in 1700, but his pupils and his ideas continued to dominate the design of gardens in France through the reign of
3521:
3281:
2405:
801:
to resemble the patterns of a carpet, and given a polychrome effect by plantings of flowers, or by colored brick, gravel or sand
772:
a terrace overlooking the garden, allowing the visitor to see all at once the entire garden. As the French landscape architect
2015:
2398:
1481:
1430:
1234:
were placed along the routes of the King's promenades, and turned on the fountains at each site just before he arrived.
1184:
1700:
831:
2766:
143:
755:
that "the principal reason for the existence of a garden is the esthetic pleasure which it gives to the spectator."
1861:
1285:
were built in France in the 16th century following the introduction of the orange tree after the
Italian Wars. The
729:
Trees or bushes trimmed into ornamental shapes. In French gardens, they were usually trimmed into geometric shapes
869:, kept in pots, and changed three or four times a year. Palace records from 1686 show that the palace used 20,050
448:) in 1748–50. The major inspiration for gardens continued to be architecture, rather than nature – the architect
1210:
126:
414:
2025:
3472:
1908:
1607:
406:
2793:
2491:
574:(1613–1700) was the most important figure in the history of the French garden. The son of the gardener of
3312:
1658:
1228:, there was still not enough water pressure for all the fountains of Versailles to be turned on at once.
1134:
931:
1488:
1404:
1047:
As fashions changed, many parterres de broderie of stately homes had to give way in the 19th century to
243:
3516:
2803:
2476:
2456:
157:
3332:
3286:
3136:
2020:
1629:
1510:
988:
794:
651:
594:
303:
153:
1410:
564:, where Italian formal gardening was introduced to France and where Claude apprenticed. His son was
2726:
2583:
1633:
1048:
996:
468:
1898:
1392:
1362:
251:
204:
3370:
3146:
3048:
3043:
2761:
2638:
1855:
1592:
646:
A small group of trees, usually some distance from the house, designed as an ornamental backdrop
582:, before becoming the chief gardener of Louis XIV between 1645 and 1700, and the designer of the
500:
259:
200:
165:
1529:
1442:
1398:
1350:
1312:
1301:
1180:
1088:
of greenery. The "walls" were composed of hedges, and "stairways" of water. On the ground were
1064:
479:. In many French parks and estates, the garden closest to the house was kept in the traditional
344:
223:
3271:
3208:
3156:
3119:
3114:
2588:
1465:
1322:
1113:
arrived in Europe and the inspiration for gardens began to come not from architecture but from
359:, created by André Le Nôtre between 1662 and 1700, were the greatest achievement of the garden
266:
219:
211:
95:
1639:
1534:
1522:
1332:
808:
bodies of water (canals, basins) serve as mirrors, doubling the size of the house or the trees
210:
Following his campaign in Italy in 1495, where he saw the gardens and castles of Naples, King
3460:
3218:
2935:
2553:
2548:
2441:
1912:
1652:
1424:
1356:
1150:
1041:
920:
and transplanted to
Versailles. Many died in transplanting and had to be regularly replaced.
583:
535:
522:
was published after his death in 1638. Its sixty-one engravings of designs for parterres and
471:, created by British aristocrats and landowners, and the Chinese style, brought to France by
356:
222:, from Naples and ordered the construction of Italian-style gardens at his residence at the
111:
34:
1795:
3322:
3263:
2707:
2568:
2543:
2523:
1983:
1825:
1819:
1581:
1286:
1029:
980:
763:
549:
531:
527:
449:
427:
60:
1835:
1706:
1570:
1500:
1471:
1460:
1454:
1344:
561:
270:
8:
3241:
3104:
2660:
2528:
2513:
2461:
2451:
1957:
1867:
1801:
1776:
1539:
1370:
1328:
1105:
740:
571:
553:
433:
391:
339:
327:
239:
118:
115:
45:
1297:
235:
3443:
3317:
3231:
3196:
3082:
2975:
2955:
2001:
1902:
1807:
1788:
1782:
1743:
1059:
984:
625:
545:
227:
160:
at the beginning of the 16th century. The
Italian Renaissance garden, typified by the
1894:
1617:
1565:
3365:
3226:
3191:
3186:
3053:
2895:
2680:
2628:
2191:
1668:
1662:
1559:
1366:
1161:
870:
773:
503:, which was inspired not by architecture but by painting, literature and philosophy.
483:
style, but the rest of the park was transformed into the new style, called variously
410:
255:
231:
2719:
865:
and in parterres on the north side of the palace. Flowers were usually brought from
180:
to animate the garden; stairways and ramps to unite different levels of the garden;
3448:
3422:
3176:
2940:
2665:
2613:
2466:
1696:
1417:
1225:
1214:
838:
2863:
1577:
514:, sieur de la Barauderie (c. 1560–1633) the superintendent of royal gardens under
3427:
3412:
3407:
3099:
3005:
2985:
2885:
2873:
2858:
2838:
2833:
2697:
2648:
2623:
2603:
1925:
1842:
1763:
1756:
1690:
1621:
1386:
968:
939:
748:
579:
511:
364:
335:
323:
319:
215:
91:
2890:
565:
3402:
3392:
3236:
3181:
3171:
2990:
2965:
2945:
2813:
2808:
2798:
2690:
2685:
2670:
2598:
2498:
2007:
1945:
1929:
1880:
1436:
1110:
1068:
826:
677:
587:
445:
418:
402:
161:
3126:
1307:
3500:
3397:
3375:
3151:
3060:
3010:
2995:
2930:
2925:
2910:
2880:
2843:
2823:
2783:
2778:
2748:
2714:
2653:
2633:
2618:
2578:
2486:
2390:
1941:
1935:
1448:
1129:
was often used as a setting for plays, spectacles, concerts, and displays of
1008:
983:. It is characterised by a symmetrical layout of the flower beds and sheared
976:
862:
813:
664:
557:
544:(ca 1564-shortly before 1649), was the chief gardener of three French kings:
541:
226:
and at Château
Gaillard, another private résidence in Amboise. His successor
172:, created in geometric shapes, and laid out symmetrical patterns; the use of
71:
3342:
3161:
3141:
3109:
3038:
3025:
3000:
2980:
2950:
2675:
2643:
2421:
1736:
1278:
1012:
992:
452:
designed elements of the gardens at
Versailles, Choisy (Val-de-Marne), and
441:
331:
246:, which featured fountains, parterres, a forest of pine trees brought from
189:
66:
1611:
913:
884:
Most of the trees at
Versailles were taken from the forest; they included
854:. An important ornamental feature in Versailles and other gardens was the
453:
3253:
3248:
3033:
2920:
2915:
2905:
2900:
2828:
2818:
2593:
2558:
2538:
2503:
2471:
1723:
1588:
1318:
1230:
1114:
851:
2098:
2970:
2853:
2788:
2773:
2731:
2608:
2508:
685:
Three or five paths or allées which spread outward from a single point
575:
515:
307:
3417:
3380:
3327:
3307:
3302:
2960:
2446:
2433:
2425:
2346:
According to the chronology of Yves-Marie Allian, Janine Christiany,
1987:
1353:(1536, destroyed in the 19th century and recreated beginning in 1906)
1282:
1270:
1187:, the chateau became a decorative element of the much larger garden.
1130:
371:
185:
177:
122:
1550:
716:
A recessed landscape design element that creates a vertical barrier
568:, who took the French style to the Netherlands, Sweden and England.
298:
3276:
3203:
3131:
2868:
2743:
2533:
1813:
1716:
1598:
901:
885:
874:
866:
690:
467:
The middle of the 18th century saw spread in popularity of the new
459:
Nonetheless, a few variations in the strict geometry of the garden
398:
387:
290:
247:
173:
169:
103:
56:
526:
made it a style book for gardens, which influenced the design the
491:, or "pittoresques". This marked the end of the age of the garden
437:
3385:
3347:
3337:
3213:
2848:
2738:
1951:
1672:
1037:
1021:
1016:
855:
721:
638:
523:
107:
40:
703:
was made of turf with a pattern cut out and filled with gravel.
3077:
3070:
3065:
2481:
1004:
1000:
917:
909:
905:
847:
843:
767:
753:
Traité du jardinage, selon les raisons de la nature et de l'art
518:, became the first theorist of the new French style. His book,
472:
375:
195:
181:
99:
2179:
Traite du jardinage selon les raisons de la nature et de l'art
2168:
See Harrap's standard French-English Dictionary, 1934 edition.
1096:, or embroidered, with plants, and the trees were formed into
3166:
1169:
897:
893:
798:
708:
370:
The central symbol of the garden was the sun; the emblem of
52:
3087:
2702:
878:
94:
for 'garden in the French manner'), is a style of "
3015:
889:
1338:
269:, upon his return from Rome, created the gardens of the
1494:
1168:
Another trick used by French garden designers was the
762:
a geometric plan using the most recent discoveries of
1377:
1997:
1269:(the fan). This art was closely associated with the
975:
meaning 'embroidery') is the typical form of French
1160:did not stop at applying the rules of geometry and
912:trees. Large trees were dug up from the forests of
106:and the principle of imposing order on nature. Its
830:Belvedere Palace's Gardens in Vienna, designed by
254:had two gardens in the new style, one created for
250:, and the first artificial grotto in France. The
861:At Versailles flower beds were found only at the
793:the parterres near the residence are filled with
3498:
234:, created an Italian-style garden nearby at the
2420:
2211:Claude Wenzler, Architecture du Jardin, pg. 22
230:, who had also travelled to Italy and had met
2406:
2026:French gardens in England (The English House)
987:hedging to form ornamental patterns known as
821:
3282:List of organic gardening and farming topics
2196:Théatre d'architecture ou Mesnage des champs
1025:the parterre transitions into the bosquets.
83:
1655:, Marseille, garden by Eduard Andre, 1891.
1028:Well known examples are the gardens at the
2413:
2399:
2279:Une nature domptée sur ordre du Roi Soleil
1971:Royal Palace of La Granja de San Ildefonso
1832:Augustusburg and Falkenlust Palaces, Brühl
506:
330:, beginning in 1656. Fouquet commissioned
2362:Yves-Marie Allain and Janine Christiany,
2294:Yves-Marie Allain and Janine Christiany,
2046:, "Les jardins témoins de leur temps" in
1960:Palace and Garden, west of St. Petersburg
1679:
294:17th-century engraving of Vaux-le-Vicomte
168:, was characterized by planting beds, or
2271:
2150:Wenzer, Architecture du jardin, (pg. 27)
1616:
1597:
1587:
1576:
1564:
1549:
1327:
1317:
1306:
1296:
1201:
1144:
1058:
945:
930:
926:
825:
739:
633:A straight path, often lined with trees
601:, laid out the principles of the garden
386:
350:
297:
289:
194:
137:
114:designed during the 17th century by the
65:
51:
39:
29:
2061:Wenzler, Architecture du jardin, pg. 12
487:(the English garden), "anglo-chinois",
14:
3507:Châteaux with formal gardens in France
3499:
2184:
2090:
2037:
1636:, restored to original design in 2003)
338:to design statues for the garden, and
2394:
2016:History of Parks and Gardens of Paris
1845:in Düsseldorf, North Rhine-Westphalia
1339:Predecessors in the Renaissance Style
1277:Another important development was in
3467:
2366:, Citadelles et Mazenod, Paris, 2006
1646:
1495:Gardens attributed to André Le Nôtre
1237:A related development took place in
672:An umbrella term for water features
326:, the Superintendent of Finances to
310:-like patterning) at Vaux-le-Vicomte
156:, a style which was inspired by the
3479:
1828:, Hanover, Lower Saxony (1676–1680)
846:and other exotic flowers came from
24:
2198:, 1600, cité par Bernard Jeannel,
2177:Jacques Boyceau de La Barauderie,
1816:, Kassel, Hesse (built until 1785)
1779:in Schwetzingen, Baden-Württemberg
1726:in Engelhartstetten, Lower Austria
1378:Gardens designed by André Le Nôtre
285:
110:is generally considered to be the
25:
3533:
3512:Ancien Régime French architecture
1791:near Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg
1785:in Weikersheim, Baden-Württemberg
1730:
1100:, or curtains, along the alleys.
495:and the arrival in France of the
144:Gardens of the French Renaissance
27:Style of garden based on symmetry
3478:
3466:
3455:
3454:
3442:
2378:Jardins, potagers et labyrinthes
2181:, Paris, Michel Vanlochon, 1638.
2139:Jardins, potagers et labyrinthes
2000:
1862:Palazzina di caccia of Stupinigi
1545:
1431:Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye
1063:Broderies in the gardens of the
1040:in Germany, which have achieved
749:Jacques Boyceau de La Barauderie
3522:Garden design history of France
2340:
2327:
2314:
2301:
2288:
2258:
2245:
2232:
2223:
2214:
2205:
2171:
2162:
2153:
1190:
1054:
374:, illustrated by the statue of
274:of round pools and long ponds.
2144:
2131:
2118:
2105:
2077:
2064:
2055:
1874:
1140:
1051:and have not been reinstated.
599:Théorie et traité de jardinage
214:brought Italian craftsmen and
13:
1:
2373:, Editions Ouest-France, 2003
2356:
1156:The architects of the garden
744:A French estate, 18th century
735:
1938:, St. Petersburg (1712–1725)
1220:A second development was in
811:the garden is animated with
578:, he worked on the plans of
415:Philippe II, Duke of Orléans
48:in the Gardens of Versailles
7:
3313:Index of pesticide articles
2364:L'art des jardins en Europe
2348:L'art des jardins in Europe
2296:L'art des jardins en Europe
1993:
1665:estate, early 20th century.
1659:Nemours Mansion and Gardens
797:, designs created with low
423:Jean-Charles Garnier d'Isle
314:The first important garden
242:created new gardens at the
238:. Beginning in 1528, King
125:and widely copied by other
74:at the Palace of Versailles
10:
3538:
2457:Climate-friendly gardening
2387:, Editions Sud Ouest, 2006
1954:Estate, Moscow (1750–1780)
1909:Branicki Palace, Białystok
1770:
1750:
1684:
1207:Vue de la Machine de Marly
1120:
822:Colours, flowers and trees
382:
258:in 1551, and a second for
158:Italian Renaissance garden
141:
132:
3436:
3358:
3333:Plant disease forecasting
3295:
3287:Vegan organic agriculture
3262:
3137:Genetically modified tree
3024:
2567:
2432:
2021:Notable Gardens of France
1977:
1973:in San Ildefonso, Segovia
1919:
1887:
1766:, Buckinghamshire (1870s)
1759:, Oxfordshire (1705–1724)
1451:at Versailles (1687–1688)
1049:English landscape gardens
834:, pupil of André Le Nôtre
421:), and another relative,
154:French Renaissance garden
2031:
1964:
1883:in Apeldoorn, Gelderland
1849:
1838:, North Rhine-Westphalia
1489:Château de Pontchartrain
1405:Château de Fontainebleau
1092:, or carpets, of grass,
1007:. Further away from the
469:English landscape garden
444:) in 1746 and Bellevue (
405:, created the garden at
244:Château de Fontainebleau
1870:Palace, Piedmont (1755)
1856:Royal Palace of Caserta
1709:in Vienna (designed by
1699:in Vienna (designed by
1593:Royal Palace of Caserta
1506:Château de Valgenceusel
1292:
1265:(Ball in the air), and
900:trees. There were also
507:Theorists and gardeners
334:to design the chateau,
166:Villa Medici in Fiesole
3272:Biodynamic agriculture
3209:Postharvest physiology
3157:Landscape architecture
2854:Indonesian home garden
2380:, Hazan, Paris, 2007.
2371:Architecture du jardin
1822:in Celle, Lower Saxony
1680:Gardens outside France
1625:
1614:
1595:
1585:
1574:
1562:
1554:A contemporary garden
1411:Château de Saint-Cloud
1335:
1325:
1315:
1304:
1217:
1153:
1072:
1034:Palace of Augustusburg
972:
960:
943:
835:
745:
595:Dezallier d'Argenville
588:English landscape park
432:, created gardens for
417:(1717) and at Champs (
394:
311:
295:
265:In 1536 the architect
220:Pacello da Mercogliano
207:
84:
75:
63:
49:
37:
2519:Historic conservation
2285:, n° 7/8, 2000, p. 39
2277:Jean-Marie Constant,
1913:Podlaskie Voivodeship
1653:Jardin de la Magalone
1632:(1710–1724, later an
1620:
1601:
1591:
1580:
1569:View of the gardens,
1568:
1553:
1477:Château de Montmirail
1425:Gardens of Versailles
1393:Château de Versailles
1363:Château de Chenonceau
1357:Chateau Fontainebleau
1331:
1321:
1310:
1300:
1205:
1151:Gardens of Versailles
1148:
1062:
1042:UNESCO World Heritage
965:parterres de broderie
959:(49 seconds, 1.54 MB)
954:
934:
927:Parterres de broderie
829:
751:wrote in 1638 in his
743:
726:Ornamental gardening
590:in the 18th century.
584:Gardens of Versailles
536:Saint Germain-en-Laye
534:, and the gardens of
390:
357:Gardens of Versailles
351:Gardens of Versailles
301:
293:
252:Château de Chenonceau
205:Château de Chenonceau
198:
150:jardin à la française
138:Renaissance influence
112:Gardens of Versailles
86:jardin à la française
69:
55:
43:
35:Gardens of Versailles
33:
18:Garden à la française
3449:Gardening portal
3348:Aquamog weed remover
3323:List of insecticides
2385:Histoire des jardins
2335:Histoire des jardins
2322:Histoire des jardins
2309:Histoire des jardins
2266:Histoire des jardins
2253:Histoire des jardins
2240:Histoire des jardins
2126:Histoire des jardins
2113:Histoire des jardins
2085:Histoire des Jardins
2072:Histoire des jardins
1984:Drottningholm Palace
1826:Herrenhausen Gardens
1820:French Garden, Celle
1798:in Würzburg, Bavaria
1630:Château de Lunéville
1582:Herrenhausen Gardens
1530:Château de Courances
1443:Château de Dampierre
1399:Château de Chantilly
1351:Château de Villandry
1313:Château de Chantilly
1302:Château de Villandry
1287:Versailles Orangerie
1249:(the double sheaf),
1065:château de Villandry
1030:Palace of Versailles
957:parterre de broderie
936:Parterre de broderie
617:English translation
532:Jardin des Tuileries
528:Palais du Luxembourg
450:Ange-Jacques Gabriel
260:Catherine de' Medici
201:Catherine de' Medici
164:in Florence and the
80:French formal garden
61:Versailles Orangerie
1802:Schleissheim Palace
1777:Schwetzingen Palace
1640:Château de Breteuil
1540:Castle of Racconigi
1535:Château de Castries
1371:Catherine de Medici
1333:Château de Breteuil
1211:Pierre-Denis Martin
1149:Perspective in the
610:
485:jardin à l'anglaise
434:Madame de Pompadour
407:Château de Bagnolet
318:was the Chateau of
267:Philibert de l'Orme
116:landscape architect
3318:List of fungicides
3083:Companion planting
2202:, Éd. Hazan, p. 26
2102:, Éd. Hazan, p. 17
2044:Éric Mension-Rigau
1903:Tylman van Gameren
1810:in Munich, Bavaria
1808:Nymphenburg Palace
1804:in Munich, Bavaria
1796:Würzburg Residence
1789:Ludwigsburg Palace
1783:Weikersheim Castle
1744:Wallenstein Palace
1626:
1615:
1596:
1586:
1575:
1563:
1336:
1326:
1316:
1305:
1257:(candelabra), and
1218:
1154:
1073:
1032:in France and the
961:
944:
839:Ornamental flowers
836:
746:
608:
597:(1680–1765) wrote
395:
312:
296:
208:
82:, also called the
76:
64:
50:
38:
3517:Gardens in France
3494:
3493:
3366:Community orchard
3192:drought tolerance
2383:Philippe Prevot,
2376:Lucia Impelluso,
2333:Philippe Prévôt,
2320:Philippe Prévôt,
2307:Philippe Prévôt,
2264:Philippe Prévôt,
2251:Philippe Prévôt,
2238:Philippe Prévôt,
2192:Olivier de Serres
2137:Lucia Impelluso,
2096:Bernard Jeannel,
2070:Philippe Prevot,
1841:French garden of
1836:Brühl (Rhineland)
1707:Schönbrunn Palace
1675:, created in 2004
1669:Pavillon de Galon
1647:19th–21st century
1571:Schönbrunn Palace
1560:Pavillon de Galon
1501:Château du Raincy
1472:Château de Braine
1466:Château de Cordès
1461:Château de Meudon
1455:Château de Clagny
1367:Diane de Poitiers
1323:Château de Cordès
1263:La Boule en l'air
1115:romantic painting
967:(from the French
952:
774:Olivier de Serres
733:
732:
701:parterre de gazon
556:. His father was
411:Seine-Saint-Denis
256:Diane de Poitiers
232:Leonardo da Vinci
224:Château d'Amboise
152:evolved from the
16:(Redirected from
3529:
3482:
3481:
3470:
3469:
3458:
3457:
3447:
3446:
3423:Plant collecting
3359:Related articles
3296:Plant protection
2477:French intensive
2415:
2408:
2401:
2392:
2391:
2369:Claude Wenzler,
2351:
2344:
2338:
2331:
2325:
2318:
2312:
2305:
2299:
2292:
2286:
2275:
2269:
2262:
2256:
2249:
2243:
2236:
2230:
2227:
2221:
2220:Wenzler, pg. 22.
2218:
2212:
2209:
2203:
2188:
2182:
2175:
2169:
2166:
2160:
2157:
2151:
2148:
2142:
2135:
2129:
2122:
2116:
2109:
2103:
2094:
2088:
2081:
2075:
2068:
2062:
2059:
2053:
2052:, n° 7/8 (2000).
2041:
2010:
2005:
2004:
1986:gardens outside
1899:Łódź Voivodeship
1864:Palace, Piedmont
1739:, Prague (1720s)
1701:Dominique Girard
1697:Belvedere Palace
1624:, St. Petersburg
1558:in Provence: Le
1526:
1518:Château de Fages
1514:
1485:
1418:Tuileries Palace
1226:Machine de Marly
1215:Machine de Marly
1137:, and a grotto.
953:
832:Dominique Girard
611:
607:
552:, and the young
501:landscape garden
431:
345:Farnese Hercules
236:Château de Blois
216:garden designers
89:
46:Bassin d'Apollon
21:
3537:
3536:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3490:
3441:
3432:
3428:Turf management
3413:Lists of plants
3408:List of gardens
3354:
3291:
3258:
3020:
2570:
2563:
2428:
2419:
2359:
2354:
2345:
2341:
2332:
2328:
2319:
2315:
2306:
2302:
2293:
2289:
2276:
2272:
2263:
2259:
2250:
2246:
2237:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2189:
2185:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2159:Wenzel, pg. 28.
2158:
2154:
2149:
2145:
2136:
2132:
2123:
2119:
2110:
2106:
2095:
2091:
2082:
2078:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2006:
1999:
1996:
1980:
1967:
1922:
1895:Nieborów Palace
1890:
1877:
1852:
1843:Schloss Benrath
1794:Gardens of the
1773:
1764:Waddesdon Manor
1757:Blenheim Palace
1753:
1742:Gardens of the
1733:
1691:Mirabell Palace
1687:
1682:
1649:
1622:Peterhof Palace
1608:Branicki Palace
1548:
1520:
1508:
1497:
1479:
1423:Grand Canal of
1416:Gardens of the
1387:Vaux-le-Vicomte
1380:
1341:
1311:Gardens of the
1295:
1193:
1143:
1123:
1057:
1036:at Brühl, near
946:
940:Vaux-le-Vicomte
929:
824:
738:
593:Joseph-Antoine
580:Vaux-le-Vicomte
512:Jacques Boyceau
509:
497:jardin paysager
425:
385:
365:Hall of Mirrors
353:
336:Charles Le Brun
324:Nicolas Fouquet
320:Vaux-le-Vicomte
288:
286:Vaux-le-Vicomte
146:
140:
135:
127:European courts
70:Gardens of the
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3535:
3525:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3476:
3464:
3452:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3403:Garden tourism
3400:
3395:
3393:Groundskeeping
3390:
3389:
3388:
3383:
3373:
3368:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3299:
3297:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3268:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3182:free-flowering
3179:
3174:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3063:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3030:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2575:
2573:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2499:Groundskeeping
2496:
2495:
2494:
2492:computer-aided
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2438:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2418:
2417:
2410:
2403:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2381:
2374:
2367:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2339:
2326:
2313:
2300:
2287:
2270:
2257:
2244:
2231:
2229:Wenzler pg. 24
2222:
2213:
2204:
2183:
2170:
2161:
2152:
2143:
2130:
2117:
2104:
2089:
2076:
2063:
2054:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2008:Gardens portal
1995:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1944:Old Garden in
1939:
1933:
1930:St. Petersburg
1921:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1906:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1881:Het Loo Palace
1876:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1839:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1762:The Parterre,
1760:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1740:
1732:
1731:Czech Republic
1729:
1728:
1727:
1720:
1714:
1704:
1694:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1666:
1656:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1637:
1634:English garden
1604:à la française
1556:à la française
1547:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1515:
1503:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1474:
1469:
1463:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1437:Parc de Sceaux
1434:
1428:
1421:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1345:Château d'Anet
1340:
1337:
1294:
1291:
1253:(centerpiece)
1213:, showing the
1192:
1189:
1158:à la française
1142:
1139:
1127:à la française
1122:
1119:
1111:English garden
1106:André Le Nôtre
1069:Indre-et-Loire
1056:
1053:
955:Elements of a
928:
925:
823:
820:
819:
818:
809:
806:
802:
791:
787:
783:
780:
777:
770:
737:
734:
731:
730:
727:
724:
718:
717:
714:
711:
705:
704:
696:
695:On the ground
693:
687:
686:
683:
680:
674:
673:
670:
667:
661:
660:
657:
654:
648:
647:
644:
641:
635:
634:
631:
628:
622:
621:
618:
615:
603:à la française
572:André Le Nôtre
562:Château d'Anet
508:
505:
493:à la française
481:à la française
477:à la française
461:à la française
446:Hauts-de-Seine
419:Seine-et-Marne
403:Claude Desgots
401:. His nephew,
392:André Le Nôtre
384:
381:
361:à la française
352:
349:
340:André Le Nôtre
322:, created for
316:à la française
287:
284:
280:à la française
271:Château d'Anet
162:Boboli Gardens
142:Main article:
139:
136:
134:
131:
119:André Le Nôtre
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3534:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3487:
3486:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3465:
3463:
3462:
3453:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3439:
3438:
3435:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3398:Garden centre
3396:
3394:
3391:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3377:
3376:Floral design
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3357:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3243:
3242:reforestation
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3152:Intercropping
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3094:
3093:most valuable
3091:
3090:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3061:Arboriculture
3059:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2696:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2654:Garden square
2652:
2651:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2584:Ancient Egypt
2582:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2566:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2487:Garden design
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2416:
2411:
2409:
2404:
2402:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2386:
2382:
2379:
2375:
2372:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2360:
2349:
2343:
2336:
2330:
2323:
2317:
2310:
2304:
2297:
2291:
2284:
2280:
2274:
2267:
2261:
2254:
2248:
2241:
2235:
2226:
2217:
2208:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2187:
2180:
2174:
2165:
2156:
2147:
2140:
2134:
2127:
2121:
2114:
2108:
2101:
2100:
2093:
2086:
2080:
2073:
2067:
2058:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2003:
1998:
1989:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1942:Tsarskoe Selo
1940:
1937:
1936:Summer Garden
1934:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1901:(designed by
1900:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1725:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1674:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1594:
1590:
1583:
1579:
1572:
1567:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1546:Later gardens
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1449:Grand Trianon
1447:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1372:
1368:
1365:, gardens of
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1334:
1330:
1324:
1320:
1314:
1309:
1303:
1299:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1245:(the tulip),
1244:
1240:
1235:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1198:
1188:
1186:
1185:Saint-Germain
1182:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1152:
1147:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1052:
1050:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1009:country house
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
993:water gardens
990:
986:
982:
978:
977:garden design
974:
970:
966:
958:
941:
937:
933:
924:
921:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
882:
880:
876:
873:bulbs, 23000
872:
868:
864:
863:Grand Trianon
859:
857:
853:
849:
845:
840:
833:
828:
816:
815:
810:
807:
803:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
781:
778:
775:
771:
769:
765:
761:
760:
759:
756:
754:
750:
742:
728:
725:
723:
720:
719:
715:
712:
710:
707:
706:
702:
697:
694:
692:
689:
688:
684:
681:
679:
676:
675:
671:
668:
666:
663:
662:
658:
655:
653:
650:
649:
645:
642:
640:
637:
636:
632:
629:
627:
624:
623:
619:
616:
613:
612:
606:
604:
600:
596:
591:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
567:
563:
559:
558:head gardener
555:
551:
547:
543:
542:Claude Mollet
539:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
465:
462:
457:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
429:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
393:
389:
380:
377:
373:
368:
366:
362:
358:
348:
346:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
309:
305:
300:
292:
283:
281:
275:
272:
268:
263:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
206:
203:'s garden at
202:
197:
193:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
145:
130:
128:
124:
120:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
88:
87:
81:
73:
72:Grand Trianon
68:
62:
58:
54:
47:
42:
36:
32:
19:
3483:
3471:
3459:
3440:
3343:Weed control
3232:horticulture
3162:Olericulture
3142:Hydroculture
3132:Fruticulture
3110:Floriculture
3039:Permaculture
3026:Horticulture
2756:
2422:Horticulture
2384:
2377:
2370:
2363:
2347:
2342:
2334:
2329:
2321:
2316:
2308:
2303:
2295:
2290:
2282:
2278:
2273:
2265:
2260:
2252:
2247:
2239:
2234:
2225:
2216:
2207:
2199:
2195:
2186:
2178:
2173:
2164:
2155:
2146:
2138:
2133:
2125:
2120:
2112:
2107:
2097:
2092:
2084:
2079:
2071:
2066:
2057:
2047:
2039:
1737:Vrtba Garden
1603:
1555:
1381:
1279:horticulture
1276:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1247:double gerbe
1246:
1242:
1238:
1236:
1229:
1221:
1219:
1206:
1196:
1194:
1191:Technologies
1178:
1174:saut de loup
1173:
1167:
1157:
1155:
1126:
1124:
1104:Versailles,
1102:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1074:
1055:Architecture
1046:
1027:
1020:
1013:stately home
964:
962:
956:
935:
922:
883:
860:
837:
812:
757:
752:
747:
709:Saut de loup
700:
669:Water games
602:
598:
592:
570:
566:André Mollet
540:
519:
510:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
466:
460:
458:
442:Eure-et-Loir
396:
369:
360:
354:
332:Louis Le Vau
315:
313:
302:Parterre of
279:
276:
264:
212:Charles VIII
209:
199:View of the
190:Ancient Rome
149:
147:
85:
79:
77:
3485:WikiProject
3254:Monoculture
3249:Viticulture
3227:agriculture
3187:propagation
3127:Hügelkultur
3049:sustainable
3034:Agriculture
2976:Therapeutic
2956:Shakespeare
2767:Renaissance
2559:Xeriscaping
2554:Sustainable
2549:Square foot
2539:Proplifting
2504:Garden tool
2472:Foodscaping
1958:Oranienbaum
1948:(1717–1720)
1932:(1714–1725)
1915:(1737–1771)
1875:Netherlands
1858:near Napoli
1724:Schloss Hof
1711:Jean Trehet
1693:in Salzburg
1642:(1730–1784)
1521: [
1509: [
1480: [
1457:(1674–1680)
1445:(1673–1783)
1433:(1669–1673)
1427:(1668–1669)
1407:(1645–1685)
1401:(1663–1684)
1395:(1662–1700)
1389:(1658–1661)
1373:(1559–1570)
1359:(1522–1540)
1261:(bouquet),
1239:hydroplasie
1231:Fontainiers
1162:perspective
1141:Perspective
1135:a labyrinth
1125:The garden
904:trees from
877:, and 1700
852:Netherlands
764:perspective
682:Goose foot
678:Patte d'oie
656:Embroidery
620:Definition
426: [
3501:Categories
3147:Indigenous
3044:stock-free
3016:Zoological
2896:Pollinator
2789:Greenhouse
2732:Sharawadgi
2720:Vietnamese
2681:East Asian
2589:Australian
2544:Raised bed
2509:Green wall
2357:References
2298:. (p. 234)
1283:orangeries
1267:L'Evantail
1255:candélabre
1209:(1723) by
1197:géoplastie
814:jeux d'eau
736:Principles
665:Jeux d'eau
576:Louis XIII
550:Louis XIII
516:Louis XIII
308:embroidery
218:, such as
186:labyrinths
3418:Perennial
3381:Floristry
3328:Pesticide
3308:Herbicide
3303:Fungicide
3197:hardiness
2961:Shrubbery
2941:Sculpture
2762:landscape
2691:Cantonese
2666:Container
2661:Community
2629:Byzantine
2624:Butterfly
2614:Botanical
2514:Guerrilla
2462:Community
2452:Butterfly
2447:Arboretum
2442:Allotment
2434:Gardening
2426:gardening
2350:, pg. 612
2337:, pg. 156
2324:, pg. 155
2311:, pg. 167
2268:, pg. 165
2255:, pg. 166
2242:, pg. 164
2141:, pg. 64.
2128:, pg. 152
2115:, pg. 146
2074:, pg. 107
1988:Stockholm
1928:Gardens,
1868:Racconigi
1746:in Prague
1719:in Vienna
1612:Białystok
1584:, Hanover
1413:(1664–65)
1271:fireworks
1259:corbeille
1251:Girandole
1222:hydrology
1181:Chantilly
1131:fireworks
914:Compiègne
795:broderies
630:Alleyway
609:Glossary
554:Louis XIV
489:exotiques
454:Compiègne
372:Louis XIV
328:Louis XIV
304:broderies
262:in 1560.
240:Francis I
174:fountains
170:parterres
123:Louis XIV
102:based on
96:landscape
3461:Category
3371:Features
3277:Grafting
3237:forestry
3219:Tropical
3204:Pomology
3177:cuttings
3172:breeding
3006:Wildlife
2986:Tropical
2936:Scottish
2886:Pleasure
2874:Paradise
2869:Charbagh
2839:Monastic
2834:Medieval
2744:Floating
2698:Japanese
2649:Communal
2639:Colonial
2604:Biblical
2569:Types of
2534:Parterre
2283:Historia
2200:Le Nôtre
2124:Prevot,
2111:Prevot,
2099:Le Nôtre
2083:Prevot,
2049:Historia
1994:See also
1926:Peterhof
1893:Parc of
1814:Karlsaue
1722:Parc of
1717:Augarten
1573:, Vienna
1382:Source:
1086:théâtres
1082:chambres
1044:status.
997:cascades
989:broderie
973:broderie
902:chestnut
886:hornbeam
881:plants.
875:cyclamen
867:Provence
850:and the
691:Parterre
652:Broderie
546:Henry IV
524:bosquets
399:Louis XV
248:Provence
228:Henry II
178:cascades
104:symmetry
57:Parterre
3473:Commons
3386:Ikebana
3338:Pruning
3264:Organic
3214:Roguing
3100:Cutting
2991:Victory
2966:Spanish
2946:Sensory
2891:Prairie
2859:Persian
2849:Orchard
2814:Kitchen
2809:Keyhole
2804:Italian
2799:Islamic
2794:Hanging
2753:French
2739:Fernery
2727:English
2686:Chinese
2671:Cottage
2599:Baroque
2571:gardens
2524:History
1952:Kuskovo
1946:Pushkin
1771:Germany
1751:England
1685:Austria
1673:Cucuron
1663:du Pont
1606:of the
1602:Garden
1183:and at
1121:Theatre
1098:rideaux
1038:Cologne
1022:schloss
1017:chateau
1005:statues
1001:grottos
981:Baroque
979:of the
871:jonquil
856:topiary
799:boxwood
722:Topiary
639:Bosquet
560:at the
383:Decline
182:grottos
133:History
108:epitome
59:of the
3223:Urban
3120:Taiwan
3115:Canada
3078:Botany
3071:Saikei
3066:Bonsai
3011:Winter
2996:Walled
2931:School
2926:Sacred
2881:Physic
2844:Mughal
2824:Market
2779:German
2757:formal
2749:Flower
2715:Korean
2634:Cactus
2619:Bottle
2579:Alpine
2529:Native
2482:Garden
2467:Forest
1978:Sweden
1920:Russia
1888:Poland
1468:(1695)
1439:(1670)
1420:(1664)
1347:(1536)
1243:tulipe
1094:brodés
1078:salles
969:French
918:Artois
910:acacia
906:Turkey
896:, and
894:linden
848:Turkey
844:tulips
768:optics
643:Grove
530:, the
473:Jesuit
413:) for
376:Apollo
100:garden
92:French
3167:Plant
3105:Flora
3054:urban
3001:Water
2981:Trial
2951:Shade
2911:Roman
2784:Greek
2774:Front
2676:Dutch
2644:Color
2087:, 114
2032:Notes
1965:Spain
1850:Italy
1525:]
1513:]
1484:]
1172:(fr:
1170:ha-ha
1090:tapis
898:beech
790:house
713:Wall
626:Allée
614:Term
499:, or
438:Crécy
430:]
3088:Crop
2921:Rose
2916:Roof
2906:Rock
2901:Rain
2864:Bāgh
2829:Mary
2819:Knot
2703:Roji
2594:Back
2424:and
1369:and
1293:List
1084:and
1003:and
963:The
916:and
908:and
879:lily
766:and
355:The
176:and
148:The
121:for
78:The
44:The
2971:Tea
2708:Zen
2609:Bog
2281:in
2194:in
1834:in
1671:in
1610:in
1019:or
985:box
938:at
890:elm
436:at
3503::
1911:,
1897:,
1661:–
1523:fr
1511:fr
1482:fr
1117:.
1080:,
1015:,
1011:,
999:,
995:,
971::
892:,
888:,
548:,
538:.
456:.
428:fr
282:.
184:,
129:.
98:"
2414:e
2407:t
2400:v
1905:)
1713:)
1703:)
1071:)
1067:(
942:.
440:(
409:(
306:(
90:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
