653:
98:
193:
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632:. Consequently, even before the reform measures were made public, within three days the coup was suppressed by the Chinese troops who attacked and defeated the Japanese forces and restored power to the pro-Chinese Sadaedang faction. During the ensuing melee Hong Yeong-sik was killed, the Japanese legation building was burned down and forty Japanese soldiers were killed. The surviving Korean coup leaders, including Kim Ok-gyun, Pak Yung-hio, Seo Gwang-beom, and Soh Jaipil, escaped to the port of
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on May 31, 1885. The two parties also pledged to withdraw their troops from Korea within four months, with prior notification to the other, if troops were to be sent to Korea in the future. After both countries withdrew their forces, they left behind a precarious balance of power on Korean peninsula
553:
while recognizing the importance of acquiring and adopting
Western technology, particularly military technology, in order to preserve autonomy. Hence, rather than the major institutional reforms such as the adaptation of new values such as legal equality or introducing modern education like in Meiji
504:
as his daughter-in-law and the royal consort, the
Daewongun felt secure in his power. However, after she had become queen, Min recruited all her relatives and had them appointed to influential positions in the name of the king. The Queen also allied herself with the Daewongun's political enemies, so
612:
privilege and the establishment of equal rights for all; the reorganization of the government as virtually a constitutional monarchy; the revision of land tax laws; cancellation of the grain loan system; the unification of all internal fiscal administrations under the jurisdiction of the Ho-jo; the
364:
of 1882, early reform efforts in Korea suffered a major setback. The aftermath of the event also brought the
Chinese into the country where they began to directly interfere in Korean internal affairs, undertaking several initiatives to gain significant influence over the Korean government. A Korean
599:
faction. Kim Ok-gyun and his comrades approached King Gojong, falsely stating that
Chinese troops had created a disturbance and escorted him to a small palace, the Gyoengu Palace, where they placed him in the custody of Japanese legation guards. They then proceeded to kill and wound several senior
376:
that permitted
Chinese merchants to trade in Korea and gave them substantial advantages over the Japanese and Westerners, the regulations also granted the Chinese unilateral extraterritoriality privileges in civil and criminal cases. Although it allowed Koreans reciprocally to trade in Beijing the
513:
Through the ascendancy of Queen to the throne, the Min clan had also been able to use the newly created institutions by the government as bases for political power, and with their growing monopoly of key positions they frustrated the ambitions of the
Enlightenment Party. After the Imo incident in
482:
and also by Seo Gwang-beom. Kim Ok-gyun, while also studying in Japan, had cultivated friendships with influential
Japanese figures and was the de facto leader of the group. They were also strongly nationalistic and desired to make their country truly independent by ending Chinese interference in
347:
and the killing of several members of the pro-Chinese conservative faction. However, the coup was eventually suppressed by a
Chinese garrison stationed in the country. Thwarted by the Chinese actions, some of the pro-Japanese faction leaders found exile in Japan. The event led to informal Chinese
663:
After the abortive coup, King Gojong voided the reform measures proposed by the coup leaders and sent an envoy to Japan protesting its involvement in the coup and demanding repatriation of the conspirators. The
Japanese government instead demanded an apology and reparations for damages from the
566:
members had failed to secure appointments to vital offices in the government and subsequently were unable to implement their reform plans. As a consequence, they were prepared to seize power by all means necessary. An opportunity presented itself to stage a
607:
After the coup, the
Enlightenment Party members formed a new government and devised a program of reform. The radical 14-point reform proposal stated that the following conditions be met: an end to Korea's tributary relationship with China; the abolition of
477:
All had spent some time in Japan. In 1882, Pak Yung-hio had been part of a mission sent to Japan to apologize for the Imo incident. He had been accompanied by Kim Ok-gyun, who later come under the influence of Japanese modernizers such as
509:
submitted a memorial to King Gojong urging him to rule in his own right, Queen Min seized the opportunity to force her father-in-law's retirement as regent. The Daewongun's departure led to Korea's abandonment of its isolationist policy.
514:
1882, the Min clan pursued a pro-Chinese policy. This was partly a matter of opportunism as the intervention by Chinese troops led to subsequent exile of the rival Daewongun in Tianjin and the expansion of Chinese influence in Korea.
474:. The group were all relatively young; Pak Yung-hio came from a prestigious lineage related to the royal family, was 23, Hong was 29, Seo Gwang-beom was 25, and Soh Jaipil was 20, with Kim Ok-gyun being the oldest, at 33.
613:
suppression of privileged merchants and the development of free commerce and trade, the creation of a modern police system including police patrols and royal guards; and severe punishment of corrupt officials.
495:
acknowledged that any future sons-in-law might threaten his authority. Therefore, he attempted to prevent any possible threat to his rule by selecting a new queen for his son, an orphaned girl from among the
420:
unable to appoint diplomats without Chinese approval and troops stationed in Seoul in order to protect Chinese interests in the country. China also obtained concessions in Korea, notably the
446:
and had become frustrated at the limited scale and arbitrary pace of reforms. The members who constituted the Enlightenment Party were youthful, well-educated Koreans and most were from the
554:
Japan, the advocates of this school of thought sought piecemeal adoptions of institutions that would strengthen the state while preserving the basic social, political, and cultural order.
416:. The Chinese also supervised the creation of a Korean Maritime Customs Service in 1883 with von Möellendorff as its head. Korea was again reduced to a tributary state of China with
549:) philosophy, which had originated from the ideas of moderate Chinese reformers who had emphasized the need to maintain the perceived superior cultural values and heritage of the
377:
agreement was not a treaty but was in effect issued as a regulation for a vassal, it also reasserted Korea's dependency on China. In December, two high-level offices, the Oeamun (
636:
under escort of the Japanese minister Takezoe. From there they boarded a Japanese ship for exile in Japan. On 23 October, 9 participants including Kim Ok-gyun, Seo Jae-pil,
369:
into a semi-colony and its policy towards Korea substantially changed to a new imperialistic one where the suzerain state demanded certain privileges in her vassal state".
664:
Korean government over the incident. In January 1885, with a show of force, the Japanese dispatched two battalions and seven warships to Korea, which resulted in the
526:
687:, in order to overcome Japan's disadvantageous position in Korea followed by the abortive coup, visited China to discuss the matter with his Chinese counterpart,
115:
696:
between those two nations. Meanwhile, Yuan Shikai remained in Seoul appointed as the Chinese Resident and continued to interfere with Korean domestic politics.
393:
was responsible for military matters and internal affairs. At the recommendation of the Chinese two advisors were appointed to the foreign office: the German
580:
1636:
700:
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sought to initiate rapid changes within the country, including eliminating social distinctions by abolishing the legal privileges of the
595:
was expected to attend together with several foreign diplomats and high-ranking officials, most of whom were members of the pro-Chinese
1316:
505:
that by late 1873 she had mobilized enough influence to oust the Daewongun from power. In October 1873, when the Confucian scholar
620:
were supported by no more than 140 Japanese troops facing at least 1,500 Chinese garrisoned in Seoul under the command of General
1595:
1459:
348:
domination of Korea from 1885 to 1894. Within the Joseon court, Chinese influence grew particularly under the Resident-General
1228:
1154:
879:
1346:
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staged their coup under the guise of a banquet hosted by Hong Yeong-sik, director of the General Postal Administration (
1714:
1709:
652:
1580:
1209:
1182:
1174:
1135:
1109:
579:, half of the Chinese troops were withdrawn from Korea. On December 4, 1884, with the help of the Japanese minister
1419:
1259:
668:(Treaty of Hanseong), signed on 9 January 1885 by the Korean government with the Japanese envoy, Foreign Minister
120:
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703:. Some of the mission's members were part of the Gaehwa Party, and were either killed or forced into exile.
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1306:
1434:
576:
1674:
1336:
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class. The coup d'état attempt, with Japanese support, began on December 4, 1884, with seizure of the
1724:
753:
Also known as the "Regulations for Maritime and Overland Trade Between Chinese and Korean Subjects" (
366:
1646:
1641:
1409:
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However the new government failed, lasting no longer than a few days, especially as the members of
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1404:
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583:, who promised to mobilize Japanese legation guards to provide assistance, the members of the
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100,000 for damages to their legation and provide a site and buildings for a new legation.
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8:
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On October 4, 1882, the Korean government signed a new set of trade regulations with the
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The Korean name for the events takes from the year in the traditional East Asian
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who had served in the Chinese Maritime Customs Service and the Chinese diplomat
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between the two nations, and the Korean government agreed to pay the Japanese
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supported the enlightenment policy they favored gradual changes based on the
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that wanted to maintain power with China's help. Although the members of the
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In Korean history, the king's in-laws enjoyed great power, and the regent
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1147:
A History of Korea: From "Land of the Morning Calm" to States in Conflict
717:
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641:
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186:
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1072:[Joseon Bobingsa's Dispatch to the United States and Schedule].
1605:
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historian stated that "the Chinese government began to turn its former
291:
1519:
625:
492:
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The coup significantly disrupted reform efforts that arose from the
1481:
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from the Min family but also prominent political figures such as
447:
336:
1549:
1514:
1509:
1474:
1268:
994:
486:
254:
129:
44:
1196:. River Edge, New Jersey: World Scientific Publishing Company.
1620:
644:, Jeong Nan-gyou, Shin Ung-hui successfully exiled to Japan.
432:
344:
270:
49:
591:) to celebrate the opening of the new national post office.
1102:
The Abacus and the Sword: The Japanese Penetration of Korea
500:, a clan which lacked powerful political connections. With
1237:
677:
305:
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Adopting Western knowledge while keeping Eastern values
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412:), was also created and trained along Chinese lines by
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was a group of conservatives, which included not only
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541:. Consequently, the Min clan became advocates of the
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and were eager to emulate them. Its members included
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628:secretly requested military intervention from the
450:class. They were impressed by the developments in
442:A small group of reformers had emerged around the
1221:A History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present
911:
816:
799:
1666:
1637:1883 Korean special mission to the United States
1126:Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World, 1852–1912
701:1883 Korean special mission to the United States
389:dealt with foreign affairs and trade while the
691:. The two parties succeeded in concluding the
1253:
1379:Political factions during the Joseon dynasty
1104:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
487:Ascendancy of the Min clan and conservatives
276:
260:
1260:
1246:
1168:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
1317:19th-century peasant rebellions in Korea
755:Choch’ŏng sangmin suryuk muyŏk changjŏng
651:
431:
1596:Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty
1301:Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)
1191:
1130:. New York: Columbia University Press.
571:in August 1884. As hostilities between
1695:19th-century military history of Japan
1667:
1149:. New York: Indiana University Press.
1241:
1118:
874:. V&R unipress GmbH. p. 97.
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404:A new Korean military formation, the
331:during 1884. Korean reformers in the
1690:Military history of the Qing dynasty
1347:Assassination of Empress Myeongseong
1218:
1099:
1078:National Institute of Korean History
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810:
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428:Emergence of the Enlightenment Party
293:Gapsinjeongbyeon, Gapsinhyeongmyeong
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624:. Facing this threat to her power,
34:December 4, 1884 – December 6, 1884
13:
1062:
14:
1736:
1581:Royal Tombs of the Joseon dynasty
871:A New Modern History of East Asia
1420:Border Defense Council of Joseon
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307:Kapsinjŏngbyŏn, Kapsinhyŏngmyŏng
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16:1884 failed coup d'état in Korea
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1680:Attempted coups d'état in Asia
1048:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
1000:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
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847:"Guide to Incheon's Chinatown"
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1:
764:
422:Chinese concession of Incheon
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1223:. Rowman & Littlefield.
658:Imo Incident and Gapsin Coup
7:
1305:Manchu invasions of Korea (
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306:
292:
10:
1741:
1337:Donghak Peasant Revolution
1267:
1194:Korea: A Century of Change
666:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1885
483:Korea's internal affairs.
395:Paul Georg von Möllendorff
374:China–Korea Treaty of 1882
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1219:Seth, Michael J. (2011).
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1647:Joseon missions to Japan
1642:Joseon missions to China
1410:Six Ministries of Joseon
1279:Korean state (1392–1897)
1192:Kleiner, Jergen (2001).
868:Fuchs, Eckhardt (2017).
744:refers to the year 1884.
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385:) were established. The
1415:Three offices of Joseon
1405:State Council of Joseon
1400:List of kings of Joseon
1525:Joseon white porcelain
1425:Secret royal inspector
1384:Korean literati purges
1164:Kim, Djun Kil (2005).
672:. The treaty restored
660:
439:
410:Capital Guards Command
152:Commanders and leaders
1715:China–Japan relations
1710:Japan–Korea relations
1470:Caste system in Korea
1145:Kim, Jinwung (2012).
693:Convention of Tianjin
655:
435:
116:Extreme conservatives
1720:December 1884 events
1166:The History of Korea
1100:Duus, Peter (1998).
1045:[Bobingsa].
674:diplomatic relations
319:, also known as the
287:Revised Romanization
1530:Korean tea ceremony
1500:Education in Joseon
1296:Tsushima expedition
444:Enlightenment Party
381:) and the Naeamun (
333:Enlightenment Party
1616:Seungjeongwon ilgi
1559:Cultural heritages
1505:Five Grand Palaces
1070:"조선보빙사의 미국파견 및 일정"
740:system of dating,
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581:Takezoe Shinichiro
558:Events of the coup
551:Sino-centric world
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197:Takezoe Shinichiro
1675:Conflicts in 1884
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1630:Foreign relations
1460:Styles and titles
1435:late 19th century
1322:Treaty of Ganghwa
1230:978-0-742-56715-3
1156:978-0-253-00024-8
881:978-3-7370-0708-5
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849:. 3 March 2022
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1094:Bibliography
1081:. Retrieved
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1064:
1053:. Retrieved
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1037:
1005:. Retrieved
998:
995:"갑신정변(甲申政變)"
989:
946:
913:
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863:
851:. Retrieved
841:
754:
749:
741:
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689:Li Hongzhang
685:Ito Hirobumi
682:
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648:Consequences
640:, Byeon Su,
638:Ryu Hyeok-ro
617:
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610:ruling-class
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362:Imo Incident
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341:royal palace
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316:
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176:Bak Yeonghyo
134:
107:
91:
88:Gaehwa Party
74:Belligerents
1442:Joseon Navy
1430:Joseon Army
1342:Gabo Reform
1332:Gapsin Coup
1051:(in Korean)
1043:"보빙사 (報聘使)"
1003:(in Korean)
718:Gabo Reform
670:Inoue Kaoru
642:Lee Kyu-wan
622:Yuan Shikai
593:King Gojong
569:coup d’état
531:Eo Yun-jung
527:Kim Yun-sik
456:Kim Ok-gyun
452:Meiji Japan
437:Kim Ok-gyun
418:King Gojong
414:Yuan Shikai
383:Home Office
350:Yuan Shikai
325:coup d'état
317:Gapsin Coup
249:Gapsin Coup
239:Yuan Shikai
208:King Gojong
187:Seo Jae-pil
165:Kim Ok-gyun
119: [
65:Coup failed
54:South Korea
22:Gapsin Coup
1705:Yun Chi-ho
1700:Soh Jaipil
1669:Categories
1606:Ilseongnok
1545:Chaekgeori
1393:Government
1203:9810246579
1083:2024-01-28
1055:2024-01-27
1007:2023-02-14
765:References
656:The book,
472:Soh Jaipil
360:After the
356:Background
278:甲申政變, 甲申革命
262:갑신정변, 갑신혁명
1520:Buncheong
906:Seth 2011
811:Duus 1998
794:Seth 2011
626:Queen Min
604:faction.
602:Sadaedang
597:Sadaedang
535:Sadaedang
519:Sadaedang
502:Queen Min
493:Daewongun
219:Queen Min
48:(present
43:Hanyang,
1591:Yangdong
1371:Politics
1122:(2002).
1030:Kim 2012
982:Kim 2012
951:Kim 2012
939:Kim 2012
918:Kim 2012
834:Kim 2012
742:"gapsin"
707:See also
634:Chemulpo
618:Gaehwapa
585:Gaehwapa
564:Gaehwapa
86:Radical
39:Location
1571:Jongmyo
1493:Culture
1483:kisaeng
1452:Society
1288:History
630:Chinese
448:yangban
391:Naeamun
337:yangban
1550:Minhwa
1515:Hangul
1510:Hanbok
1476:seonbi
1311:Second
1269:Joseon
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470:, and
387:Oeamun
255:Hangul
62:Result
45:Joseon
1621:Uigwe
1587:Hahoe
1307:First
1074:우리역사넷
724:Notes
577:Annam
345:Seoul
329:Korea
271:Hanja
123:]
50:Seoul
1589:and
1225:ISBN
1206:ISBN
1199:ISBN
1179:ISBN
1171:ISBN
1151:ISBN
1132:ISBN
1106:ISBN
876:ISBN
855:2023
562:The
529:and
517:The
315:The
146:Qing
31:Date
343:in
1671::
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