Game theory - Knowledge

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chosen before the project charter can be produced. Similarly, any large project involving subcontractors, for instance, a construction project, has a complex interplay between the main contractor (the project manager) and subcontractors, or among the subcontractors themselves, which typically has several decision points. For example, if there is an ambiguity in the contract between the contractor and subcontractor, each must decide how hard to push their case without jeopardizing the whole project, and thus their own stake in it. Similarly, when projects from competing organizations are launched, the marketing personnel have to decide what is the best timing and strategy to market the project, or its resultant product or service, so that it can gain maximum traction in the face of competition. In each of these scenarios, the required decisions depend on the decisions of other players who, in some way, have competing interests to the interests of the decision-maker, and thus can ideally be modeled using game theory.

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quantity but there is a high incentive to deviate and produce more, which decreases the market-clearing price. For example, firms may be tempted to deviate from the monopoly quantity if there is a low monopoly quantity and high price, with the aim of increasing production to maximize profit. However this option does not provide the highest payoff, as a firm's ability to maximize profits depends on its market share and the elasticity of the market demand. The Cournot equilibrium is reached when each firm operates on their reaction function with no incentive to deviate, as they have the best response based on the other firms output. Within the game, firms reach the Nash equilibrium when the Cournot equilibrium is achieved.

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significant number of his subjects. Sovereign control is instead explained by the recognition by each citizen that all other citizens expect each other to view the king (or other established government) as the person whose orders will be followed. Coordinating communication among citizens to replace the sovereign is effectively barred, since conspiracy to replace the sovereign is generally punishable as a crime. Thus, in a process that can be modeled by variants of the prisoner's dilemma, during periods of stability no citizen will find it rational to move to replace the sovereign, even if all the citizens know they would be better off if they were all to act collectively.

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Warfare (ii) Information Warfare (iii) Weapons Control Warfare, and (iv) Adversary Monitoring Warfare. Many of the problems studied are concerned with sensing and tracking, for example a surface ship trying to track a hostile submarine and the submarine trying to evade being tracked, and the interdependent decision making that takes place with regards to bearing, speed, and the sensor technology activated by both vessels. Ho et al provides a concise summary of the state-of-the-art with regards to the use of game theory in defence applications and highlights the benefits and limitations of game theory in the considered scenarios.

3556:. One important usage of it in the field of managerial economics is in analyzing strategic interactions between firms. For example, firms may be competing in a market with limited resources, and game theory can help managers understand how their decisions impact their competitors and the overall market outcomes. Game theory can also be used to analyze cooperation between firms, such as in forming strategic alliances or joint ventures. Another use of game theory in managerial economics is in analyzing pricing strategies. For example, firms may use game theory to determine the optimal 13453: 4259:. This is a situation in which an organism appears to act in a way that benefits other organisms and is detrimental to itself. This is distinct from traditional notions of altruism because such actions are not conscious, but appear to be evolutionary adaptations to increase overall fitness. Examples can be found in species ranging from vampire bats that regurgitate blood they have obtained from a night's hunting and give it to group members who have failed to feed, to worker bees that care for the queen bee for their entire lives and never mate, to 4301:, because (on average) an individual shares half of the alleles in its sibling's offspring. Ensuring that enough of a sibling's offspring survive to adulthood precludes the necessity of the altruistic individual producing offspring. The coefficient values depend heavily on the scope of the playing field; for example if the choice of whom to favor includes all genetic living things, not just all relatives, we assume the discrepancy between all humans only accounts for approximately 1% of the diversity in the playing field, a coefficient that was 4798: 2672: 72: 1600: 2240: 1656: 2317: 963: 15176: 14158: 13465: 4291:. The more closely related two organisms are causes the incidences of altruism to increase because they share many of the same alleles. This means that the altruistic individual, by ensuring that the alleles of its close relative are passed on through survival of its offspring, can forgo the option of having offspring itself because the same number of alleles are passed on. For example, helping a sibling (in diploid animals) has a coefficient of 899: 3327: 14147: 887: 3523:. A common assumption is that players act rationally. In non-cooperative games, the most famous of these is the Nash equilibrium. A set of strategies is a Nash equilibrium if each represents a best response to the other strategies. If all the players are playing the strategies in a Nash equilibrium, they have no unilateral incentive to deviate, since their strategy is the best they can do given what others are doing. 13489: 13477: 2306:

opponent's valuation of the object of negotiation, companies may be unaware of their opponent's cost functions, combatants may be unaware of their opponent's strengths, and jurors may be unaware of their colleague's interpretation of the evidence at trial. In some cases, participants may know the character of their opponent well, but may not know how well their opponent knows his or her own character.

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probability of 1/2 (this evaluation comes from Player 1's experience probably: she faces players who want to date her half of the time in such a case and players who want to avoid her half of the time). Due to the probability involved, the analysis of this situation requires to understand the player's preference for the draw, even though people are only interested in pure strategic equilibrium.

2496:, in which offspring adopt their parents' strategies and parents who play more successful strategies (i.e. corresponding to higher payoffs) have a greater number of offspring. In the social sciences, such models typically represent strategic adjustment by players who play a game many times within their lifetime and, consciously or unconsciously, occasionally adjust their strategies. 2283:, which is a similar concept pertaining to the common knowledge of each player's sequence, strategies, and payoffs throughout gameplay. Complete information requires that every player know the strategies and payoffs available to the other players but not necessarily the actions taken, whereas perfect information is knowledge of all aspects of the game and players. Games of 2898:

other chooses the column. Each player has two strategies, which are specified by the number of rows and the number of columns. The payoffs are provided in the interior. The first number is the payoff received by the row player (Player 1 in our example); the second is the payoff for the column player (Player 2 in our example). Suppose that Player 1 plays

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to settle disputes agreeably without resorting to fighting. Moreover, war may arise because of commitment problems: if two countries wish to settle a dispute via peaceful means, but each wishes to go back on the terms of that settlement, they may have no choice but to resort to warfare. Finally, war may result from issue indivisibilities.

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assumptions made by game theorists are often violated when applied to real-world situations. Game theorists usually assume players act rationally, but in practice, human rationality and/or behavior often deviates from the model of rationality as used in game theory. Game theorists respond by comparing their assumptions to those used in

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plan to sentence both to two years in prison on a lesser charge but offer each prisoner a Faustian bargain: If one of them confesses to the crime of the principal charge, betraying the other, they will be pardoned and free to leave while the other must serve the entirety of the sentence instead of just two years for the lesser charge.

2687:(or node) represents a point of choice for a player. The player is specified by a number listed by the vertex. The lines out of the vertex represent a possible action for that player. The payoffs are specified at the bottom of the tree. The extensive form can be viewed as a multi-player generalization of a 4724:

The "battle of the sexes" is a term used to describe the perceived conflict between men and women in various areas of life, such as relationships, careers, and social roles. This conflict is often portrayed in popular culture, such as movies and television shows, as a humorous or dramatic competition

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is that public and open debate in democracies sends clear and reliable information regarding their intentions to other states. In contrast, it is difficult to know the intentions of nondemocratic leaders, what effect concessions will have, and if promises will be kept. Thus there will be mistrust and

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is that the latter considers the worst-case over a set of adversarial moves, rather than reasoning in expectation about these moves given a fixed probability distribution. The minimax approach may be advantageous where stochastic models of uncertainty are not available, but may also be overestimating

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means a strategic game with incomplete information. For a strategic game, decision makers are players, and every player has a group of actions. A core part of the imperfect information specification is the set of states. Every state completely describes a collection of characteristics relevant to the

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can be different for each firm and the firm's payoff is profit. The production costs are public information and the firm aims to find their profit-maximizing quantity based on what they believe the other firm will produce and behave like monopolies. In this game firms want to produce at the monopoly

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The Trust Game is an experiment designed to measure trust in economic decisions. It is also called "the investment game" and is designed to investigate trust and demonstrate its importance rather than "rationality" of self-interest. The game was designed by Berg Joyce, John Dickhaut and Kevin McCabe

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One player, the proposer, is endowed with a sum of money. The proposer is tasked with splitting it with another player, the responder (who knows what the total sum is). Once the proposer communicates his decision, the responder may accept it or reject it. If the responder accepts, the money is split

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to the political process. In the Downsian model, political candidates commit to ideologies on a one-dimensional policy space. Downs first shows how the political candidates will converge to the ideology preferred by the median voter if voters are fully informed, but then argues that voters choose to

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on reasoning about the structure of games of chance. Pascal argued for equal division when chances are equal while Huygens extended the argument by considering strategies for a player who can make any bet with any opponent so long as its terms are equal. Huygens later published his gambling calculus

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Two members of a criminal gang, A and B, are arrested and imprisoned. Each prisoner is in solitary confinement with no means of communication with their partner. The principal charge would lead to a sentence of ten years in prison; however, the police do not have the evidence for a conviction. They

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However, game theory predicts that two countries may still go to war even if their leaders are cognizant of the costs of fighting. War may result from asymmetric information; two countries may have incentives to mis-represent the amount of military resources they have on hand, rendering them unable

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The extensive form can also capture simultaneous-move games and games with imperfect information. To represent it, either a dotted line connects different vertices to represent them as being part of the same information set (i.e. the players do not know at which point they are), or a closed line is

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An important subset of sequential games consists of games of perfect information. A game with perfect information means that all players, at every move in the game, know the previous history of the game and the moves previously made by all other players. An imperfect information game is played when

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Cooperative game theory provides a high-level approach as it describes only the structure and payoffs of coalitions, whereas non-cooperative game theory also looks at how strategic interaction will affect the distribution of payoffs. As non-cooperative game theory is more general, cooperative games

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The Bertrand competition assumes homogenous products and a constant marginal cost and players choose the prices. The equilibrium of price competition is where the price is equal to marginal costs, assuming complete information about the competitors' costs. Therefore, the firms have an incentive to

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In this game, there are two pure strategy Nash equilibria: one where both the players choose the same strategy and the other where the players choose different options. If the game is played in mixed strategies, where each player chooses their strategy randomly, then there is an infinite number of

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Piraveenan (2019) in his review provides several examples where game theory is used to model project management scenarios. For instance, an investor typically has several investment options, and each option will likely result in a different project, and thus one of the investment options has to be

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A prototypical paper on game theory in economics begins by presenting a game that is an abstraction of a particular economic situation. One or more solution concepts are chosen, and the author demonstrates which strategy sets in the presented game are equilibria of the appropriate type. Economists

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Since the decision to take a vaccine for a particular disease is often made by individuals, who may consider a range of factors and parameters in making this decision (such as the incidence and prevalence of the disease, perceived and real risks associated with contracting the disease, mortality

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Game theory has been used extensively to model decision-making scenarios relevant to defence applications. Most studies that has applied game theory in defence settings are concerned with Command and Control Warfare, and can be further classified into studies dealing with (i) Resource Allocation

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Game theory could also help predict a nation's responses when there is a new rule or law to be applied to that nation. One example is Peter John Wood's (2013) research looking into what nations could do to help reduce climate change. Wood thought this could be accomplished by making treaties with

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how human populations behave. Some scholars believe that by finding the equilibria of games they can predict how actual human populations will behave when confronted with situations analogous to the game being studied. This particular view of game theory has been criticized. It is argued that the

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which shows the players, strategies, and payoffs (see the example to the right). More generally it can be represented by any function that associates a payoff for each player with every possible combination of actions. In the accompanying example there are two players; one chooses the row and the

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For example, where Player 1 is unsure whether Player 2 would rather date her or get away from her, while Player 2 understands Player 1's preferences as before. To be specific, supposing that Player 1 believes that Player 2 wants to date her under a probability of 1/2 and get away from her under a

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Zero-sum games (more generally, constant-sum games) are games in which choices by players can neither increase nor decrease the available resources. In zero-sum games, the total benefit goes to all players in a game, for every combination of strategies, and always adds to zero (more informally, a

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then gets a payoff of "eight" (which in real-world terms can be interpreted in many ways, the simplest of which is in terms of money but could mean things such as eight days of vacation or eight countries conquered or even eight more opportunities to play the same game against other players) and

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One of the assumptions of the Nash equilibrium is that every player has correct beliefs about the actions of the other players. However, there are many situations in game theory where participants do not fully understand the characteristics of their opponents. Negotiators may be unaware of their

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An example of the "battle of the sexes" can be seen in the portrayal of relationships in popular media, where men and women are often depicted as being fundamentally different and in conflict with each other. For instance, in some romantic comedies, the male and female protagonists are shown as

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It has also been proposed that game theory explains the stability of any form of political government. Taking the simplest case of a monarchy, for example, the king, being only one person, does not and cannot maintain his authority by personally exercising physical control over all or even any

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Sensible decision-making is critical for the success of projects. In project management, game theory is used to model the decision-making process of players, such as investors, project managers, contractors, sub-contractors, governments and customers. Quite often, these players have competing

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must be used. It involves working backward up the game tree to determine what a rational player would do at the last vertex of the tree, what the player with the previous move would do given that the player with the last move is rational, and so on until the first vertex of the tree is reached.

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is used to represent sequential ones. The transformation of extensive to normal form is one way, meaning that multiple extensive form games correspond to the same normal form. Consequently, notions of equilibrium for simultaneous games are insufficient for reasoning about sequential games; see

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Game theory has multiple applications in the field of AI/ML. It is often used in developing autonomous systems that can make complex decisions in uncertain environment. Some other areas of application of game theory in AI/ML context are as follows - multi-agent system formation, reinforcement

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In the game, one player (the investor) is given a sum of money and must decide how much of it to give to another player (the trustee). The amount given is then tripled by the experimenter. The trustee then decides how much of the tripled amount to return to the investor. If the recipient is

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A symmetric game is a game where each player earns the same payoff when making the same choice. In other words, the identity of the player does not change the resulting game facing the other player. Many of the commonly studied 2×2 games are symmetric. The standard representations of

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of certain types, including "loopy" games that may result in infinitely long sequences of moves. These methods address games with higher combinatorial complexity than those usually considered in traditional (or "economic") game theory. A typical game that has been solved this way is

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per the proposal; if the responder rejects, both players receive nothing. Both players know in advance the consequences of the responder accepting or rejecting the offer. The game demonstrates how social acceptance, fairness, and generosity influence the players decisions.

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is also used to refer to a practical approach developed by Nigel Howard, whereby a situation is framed as a strategic game in which stakeholders try to realize their objectives by means of the options available to them. Subsequent developments have led to the formulation of

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have different strategies for each player. It is possible, however, for a game to have identical strategies for both players, yet be asymmetric. For example, the game pictured in this section's graphic is asymmetric despite having identical strategy sets for both players.

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can be analyzed through the approach of non-cooperative game theory (the converse does not hold) provided that sufficient assumptions are made to encompass all the possible strategies available to players due to the possibility of external enforcement of cooperation.

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When a game is presented in normal form, it is presumed that each player acts simultaneously or, at least, without knowing the actions of the other. If players have some information about the choices of other players, the game is usually presented in extensive form.

4252:, "paradoxically, it has turned out that game theory is more readily applied to biology than to the field of economic behaviour for which it was originally designed". Evolutionary game theory has been used to explain many seemingly incongruous phenomena in nature. 2127:

about every action of earlier players; it might be very little knowledge. For instance, a player may know that an earlier player did not perform one particular action, while they do not know which of the other available actions the first player actually performed.

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has made their choice, the game is considered finished and each player gets their respective payoff, represented in the image as two numbers, where the first number represents Player 1's payoff, and the second number represents Player 2's payoff. Suppose that

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has addressed both perfect and imperfect information games that have very complex combinatorial structures (like chess, go, or backgammon) for which no provable optimal strategies have been found. The practical solutions involve computational heuristics, like

4507:: what it means for a collective to have common beliefs or knowledge, and what are the consequences of this knowledge for the social outcomes resulting from the interactions of agents. Philosophers who have worked in this area include Bicchieri (1989, 1993), 4775:

completely self interested, then he/she should return nothing. However that is not true as the experiment conduct. The outcome suggest that people are willing to place a trust, by risking some amount of money, in the belief that there would be reciprocity.

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in the smaller field becomes 0.995. Similarly if it is considered that information other than that of a genetic nature (e.g. epigenetics, religion, science, etc.) persisted through time the playing field becomes larger still, and the discrepancies smaller.

3285:'s studies of animal behavior during the 1930s. This work predates the name "game theory", but it shares many important features with this field. The developments in economics were later applied to biology largely by John Maynard Smith in his 1982 book 3021:

Alternative game representation forms are used for some subclasses of games or adjusted to the needs of interdisciplinary research. In addition to classical game representations, some of the alternative representations also encode time related aspects.

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Evolutionary game theory studies players who adjust their strategies over time according to rules that are not necessarily rational or farsighted. In general, the evolution of strategies over time according to such rules is modeled as a

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In 1994, John Nash was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in the Economic Sciences for his contribution to game theory. Nash's most famous contribution to game theory is the concept of the Nash equilibrium, which is a solution concept for

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Other authors have attempted to use evolutionary game theory in order to explain the emergence of human attitudes about morality and corresponding animal behaviors. These authors look at several games including the prisoner's dilemma,

4991:, Brad, an inexperienced poker player, makes an irrational betting decision without realising and causes his opponent Harlan to deviate from his Nash Equilibrium strategy, resulting in a significant loss when Harlan loses the hand. 5435:

Nevertheless, the mathematical techniques used in game theory are geared to the achievement of a single goal: maximization of the 'security level', where the security level is the least amount a player can receive from a strategy

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to the actions of the other players – provided they are in (the same) Nash equilibrium – playing a strategy that is part of a Nash equilibrium seems appropriate. This normative use of game theory has also come under criticism.

1295:, in which a participant's gains or losses are exactly balanced by the losses and gains of the other participant. In the 1950s, it was extended to the study of non zero-sum games, and was eventually applied to a wide range of 4889:, in the sense that they can lead to subgame imperfect equilibria. The movie takes this idea one step further, with the Soviet Union irrevocably committing to a catastrophic nuclear response without making the threat public. 4227:

of many species, in which a large number of prey animals attack a larger predator, seems to be an example of spontaneous emergent organization. Ants have also been shown to exhibit feed-forward behavior akin to fashion (see

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based on how they expect their competitors to respond to their pricing decisions. Overall, game theory serves as a useful tool for analyzing strategic interactions and decision making in the context of managerial economics.

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Some scholars see game theory not as a predictive tool for the behavior of human beings, but as a suggestion for how people ought to behave. Since a strategy, corresponding to a Nash equilibrium of a game constitutes one's

1810:. Aumann contributed more to the equilibrium school, introducing equilibrium coarsening and correlated equilibria, and developing an extensive formal analysis of the assumption of common knowledge and of its consequences. 7684: 3366:, people regularly do not play Nash equilibria. There is an ongoing debate regarding the importance of these experiments and whether the analysis of the experiments fully captures all aspects of the relevant situation. 5575: 4541:

present an apparent conflict between morality and self-interest, explaining why cooperation is required by self-interest is an important component of this project. This general strategy is a component of the general

4187:. In addition, the focus has been less on equilibria that correspond to a notion of rationality and more on ones that would be maintained by evolutionary forces. The best-known equilibrium in biology is known as the 3318:, represents the player's choices as metaphorical chemical reactant molecules called "knowlecules". Chemical game theory then calculates the outcomes as equilibrium solutions to a system of chemical reactions. 1647:

old theory of utility (of money) as an independent discipline. This foundational work contains the method for finding mutually consistent solutions for two-person zero-sum games. Subsequent work focused primarily on

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Every extensive-form game has an equivalent normal-form game, however, the transformation to normal form may result in an exponential blowup in the size of the representation, making it computationally impractical.

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that warn group members of a predator's approach, even when it endangers that individual's chance of survival. All of these actions increase the overall fitness of a group, but occur at a cost to the individual.

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Piraveenan summarises that two-player games are predominantly used to model project management scenarios, and based on the identity of these players, five distinct types of games are used in project management.

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In terms of types of games, both cooperative as well as non-cooperative, normal-form as well as extensive-form, and zero-sum as well as non-zero-sum are used to model various project management scenarios.

4526:. The hope was that rigorous mathematical analysis of game theory might help formalize the more imprecise philosophical discussions. However, this expectation was only materialized to a limited extent. 7757: 4381:

The emergence of the Internet has motivated the development of algorithms for finding equilibria in games, markets, computational auctions, peer-to-peer systems, and security and information markets.

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and 2007 television series, presents the main characters in each episode with a game or problem that is typically drawn from game theory, as demonstrated by the strategies applied by the characters.

2094:. It is possible to transform any constant-sum game into a (possibly asymmetric) zero-sum game by adding a dummy player (often called "the board") whose losses compensate the players' net winnings. 5866: 4600:

learning, mechanism design etc. By using game theory to model the behavior of other agents and anticipate their actions, AI/ML systems can make better decisions and operate more effectively.

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Mean field game theory is the study of strategic decision making in very large populations of small interacting agents. This class of problems was considered in the economics literature by

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with a state variable such as the current strategy profile or how the game has been played in the recent past. Such rules may feature imitation, optimization, or survival of the fittest.

2345:. There is no unified theory addressing combinatorial elements in games. There are, however, mathematical tools that can solve some particular problems and answer some general questions. 1693:, applicable to a wider variety of games than the criterion proposed by von Neumann and Morgenstern. Nash proved that every finite n-player, non-zero-sum (not just two-player zero-sum) 10181: 9501:

Chang, Sheryl L.; Piraveenan, Mahendra; Pattison, Philippa; Prokopenko, Mikhail (2020). "Game theoretic modelling of infectious disease dynamics and intervention methods: a review".

2970: 4885:. For example, nuclear deterrence depends on the threat to retaliate catastrophically if a nuclear attack is detected. A game theorist might argue that such threats can fail to be 1583:

proved a minimax theorem for two-person zero-sum matrix games only when the pay-off matrix is symmetric and provided a solution to a non-trivial infinite game (known in English as

2123:(or dynamic games) are games where players do not make decisions simultaneously, and player's earlier actions affect the outcome and decisions of other players. This need not be 8608: 11663: 7692: 4591:

rate, perceived and real risks associated with vaccination, and financial cost of vaccination), game theory has been used to model and predict vaccination uptake in a society.

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In cooperative game theory the characteristic function lists the payoff of each coalition. The origin of this formulation is in John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern's book.

2535:"). This player is not typically considered a third player in what is otherwise a two-player game, but merely serves to provide a roll of the dice where required by the game. 3005: 5333: 2650:

for each player such that, when these strategies are employed, no player can profit by unilaterally deviating from their strategy. These equilibrium strategies determine an

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Individual decision problems with stochastic outcomes are sometimes considered "one-player games". They may be modeled using similar tools within the related disciplines of

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In biology, game theory has been used as a model to understand many different phenomena. It was first used to explain the evolution (and stability) of the approximate 1:1

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General models that include all elements of stochastic outcomes, adversaries, and partial or noisy observability (of moves by other players) have also been studied. The "

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Much of game theory is concerned with finite, discrete games that have a finite number of players, moves, events, outcomes, etc. Many concepts can be extended, however.

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Khan, Faisal Shah; Solmeyer, Neal; Balu, Radhakrishnan; Humble, Travis S. (November 2018). "Quantum games: a review of the history, current state, and interpretation".

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Ultimatum game has a variant, that is the dictator game. They are mostly identical, except in dictator game the responder has no power to reject the proposer's offer.

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extremely unlikely (but costly) events, dramatically swaying the strategy in such scenarios if it is assumed that an adversary can force such an event to happen. (See

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For some problems, different approaches to modeling stochastic outcomes may lead to different solutions. For example, the difference in approach between MDPs and the

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Games in which the difficulty of finding an optimal strategy stems from the multiplicity of possible moves are called combinatorial games. Examples include chess and

4208:) suggested that the 1:1 sex ratios are a result of evolutionary forces acting on individuals who could be seen as trying to maximize their number of grandchildren. 8119: 6750: 4063:. In each of these areas, researchers have developed game-theoretic models in which the players are often voters, states, special interest groups, and politicians. 15007: 8088: 7718: 3614:

interests, and sometimes their interests are directly detrimental to other players, making project management scenarios well-suited to be modeled by game theory.

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exemplifies a zero-sum game (ignoring the possibility of the house's cut), because one wins exactly the amount one's opponents lose. Other zero-sum games include

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In addition to being used to describe, predict, and explain behavior, game theory has also been used to develop theories of ethical or normative behavior and to

11485: 6774: 3270:. The use of game theory in the social sciences has expanded, and game theory has been applied to political, sociological, and psychological behaviors as well. 2470:

of the cost function. It was shown that the modified optimization problem can be reformulated as a discounted differential game over an infinite time interval.

5574:. Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress of Mathematicians (1912) (in German). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 501–504. Archived from 2642:

for each outcome. (Eric Rasmusen refers to these four "essential elements" by the acronym "PAPI".) A game theorist typically uses these elements, along with a

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in the biological sense. Evolutionary game theory includes both biological as well as cultural evolution and also models of individual learning (for example,

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to understand a large collection of economic behaviors, including behaviors of firms, markets, and consumers. The first use of game-theoretic analysis was by

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in the 1970s, although similar developments go back at least as far as the 1930s. Game theory has been widely recognized as an important tool in many fields.

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were awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics "for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design". In 2014, the Nobel went to game theorist

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Most cooperative games are presented in the characteristic function form, while the extensive and the normal forms are used to define noncooperative games.

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has net results greater or less than zero. Informally, in non-zero-sum games, a gain by one player does not necessarily correspond with a loss by another.

1912:, which focuses on predicting which coalitions will form, the joint actions that groups take, and the resulting collective payoffs. It is different from 2699:

The game pictured consists of two players. The way this particular game is structured (i.e., with sequential decision making and perfect information),

1795:. A Nash equilibrium is a set of strategies, one for each player, such that no player can improve their payoff by unilaterally changing their strategy. 9162: 7662: 4733:

Nash equilibria. However, in the context of the "battle of the sexes" game, the assumption is usually made that the game is played in pure strategies.

3302:, scholars have applied game theory to help in the understanding of good or proper behavior. Game-theoretic approaches have also been suggested in the 1652:

theory, which analyzes optimal strategies for groups of individuals, presuming that they can enforce agreements between them about proper strategies.

5873: 8698: 8459: 8744: 3577:. CIPS and TWS Partners have conducted a series of surveys designed to explore the understanding, awareness and application of game theory among 10124: 7290: 12913: 3570: 2252:

the players do not know all moves already made by the opponent such as a simultaneous move game. Examples of perfect-information games include

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player such as their preferences and details about them. There must be a state for every set of features that some player believes may exist.

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The games studied in game theory are well-defined mathematical objects. To be fully defined, a game must specify the following elements: the

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The Cournot competition model involves players choosing quantity of a homogenous product to produce independently and simultaneously, where

4197:). Although its initial motivation did not involve any of the mental requirements of the Nash equilibrium, every ESS is a Nash equilibrium. 14584: 5848: 5818: 4817:

deviate from the equilibrium because a homogenous product with a lower price will gain all of the market share, known as a cost advantage.

9783: 5356: 14844: 10632: 9752: 4972:. At the beginning of the film she is seen in her NYU classroom playing a game of poker with her teaching assistant and wins the game by 2547:

for more discussion on this kind of modeling issue, particularly as it relates to predicting and limiting losses in investment banking.)

1345: 929: 861: 6509: 2115:

are games where both players move simultaneously, or instead the later players are unaware of the earlier players' actions (making them

10207:

Ben-David, S.; Borodin, A.; Karp, R.; Tardos, G.; Wigderson, A. (January 1994). "On the power of randomization in on-line algorithms".

8198: 8612: 14194: 14028: 11393:"Strategy-proofness and Arrow's conditions: Existence and correspondence theorems for voting procedures and social welfare functions" 10155: 4015: 2679:

The extensive form can be used to formalize games with a time sequencing of moves. Extensive form games can be visualised using game

1993:

The most commonly studied asymmetric games are games where there are not identical strategy sets for both players. For instance, the

1757: 1372: 10178:"An Analysis of the Applications of Networks in "Molly's Game" : Networks Course blog for INFO 2040/CS 2850/Econ 2040/SOC 2090" 13527: 7480: 2452: 5317: 11642: 11628: 8006: 6301: 5787: 5052: – an endgame situation where a player who is unable to win has the capacity to determine which player among others will win 1472:), which was written around 1564 but published posthumously in 1663, sketches some basic ideas on games of chance. In the 1650s, 9929: 6926:

Tomlin, C.J.; Lygeros, J.; Shankar Sastry, S. (July 2000). "A game theoretic approach to controller design for hybrid systems".

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Stochastic outcomes can also be modeled in terms of game theory by adding a randomly acting player who makes "chance moves" ("

2131:

The difference between simultaneous and sequential games is captured in the different representations discussed above. Often,

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Genesereth, Michael; Love, Nathaniel; Pell, Barney (15 June 2005). "General Game Playing: Overview of the AAAI Competition".

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with her boyfriend's disapproving mother Eleanor, losing the game to Eleanor on purpose but winning her approval as a result.

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correspond to activities like theft and gambling, but not to the fundamental economic situation in which there are potential

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between the genders. This conflict can be depicted in a game theory framework. This is an example of non-cooperative games.

14795: 13276: 12738: 8209: 5509: 4008: 3540: 3295: 11166:(1953), A Value for n-person Games, In: Contributions to the Theory of Games volume II, H. W. Kuhn and A. W. Tucker (eds.) 10060: 10008: 7388:

Velegol, Darrell; Suhey, Paul; Connolly, John; Morrissey, Natalie; Cook, Laura (17 October 2018). "Chemical Game Theory".

3585:

application of game theory to procurement activity has increased – at the time it was at 19% across all survey respondents

3373:, have turned to evolutionary game theory in order to resolve these issues. These models presume either no rationality or 14775: 14418: 8025: 6786:

Tagiew, Rustam (3 May 2011). "If more than Analytical Modeling is Needed to Predict Real Agents' Strategic Interaction".

3489: 7035: 5500:

Bellhouse, David R. (2015). "Le Her and Other Problems in Probability Discussed by Bernoulli, Montmort and Waldegrave".

5227:

For a more detailed discussion of the use of game theory in ethics, see the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy's entry

30:

This article is about the mathematical study of strategic behavior. For the mathematical study of sequential games, see

13421: 12906: 12555: 12090: 11888: 11765: 5070: 4904:, who described the band's name as alluding to "the study of calculating the most appropriate action given an adversary 2524:. Although these fields may have different motivators, the mathematics involved are substantially the same, e.g. using 1780: 1251: 10837:. Textbook suitable for undergraduates in applied fields; numerous examples, fewer formalisms in concept presentation. 6461:

A Game-Theoretical Approach to Markov Decision Processes, Stochastic Positional Games and Multicriteria Control Models

4872:, the character Carl Jenkins referred to his military intelligence assignment as being assigned to "games and theory". 4729:

having opposing views on love and relationships, and they have to overcome these differences in order to be together.

14879: 13493: 12374: 12193: 11810: 11806: 11802: 11798: 11794: 11094: 10834: 10477: 9994: 7828: 6869: 5996: 5695: 5271: 4719: 3347: 3287: 2448: 5452: 4109:. However, he concluded that this idea could not work because it would create a prisoner's dilemma for the nations. 15218: 15190: 14749: 14313: 12957: 11995: 9451:

Theory of Games as a Tool for the Moral Philosopher. An Inaugural Lecture Delivered in Cambridge on 2 December 1954

7444:

Kadane, Joseph B.; Larkey, Patrick D. (December 1983). "The Confusion of Is and Ought in Game Theoretic Contexts".

4706:(and therefore the best response to any possible opponent strategy), is to betray the other, which aligns with the 1614: 1197: 1165: 11779: 9832:

Aoki, Ryuta; Yomogida, Yukihito; Matsumoto, Kenji (January 2015). "The neural bases for valuing social equality".

4973: 2421:

is typically modeled with players' strategies being any non-negative quantities, including fractional quantities.

2243:

A game of imperfect information. The dotted line represents ignorance on the part of player 2, formally called an

2079:

Many games studied by game theorists (including the famed prisoner's dilemma) are non-zero-sum games, because the

1314:

Modern game theory began with the idea of mixed-strategy equilibria in two-person zero-sum games and its proof by

15228: 15097: 14477: 13371: 12464: 10240: 8515:"Game-theoretic model to examine the two tradeoffs in the acquisition of information for a careful balancing act" 6335: 4072: 3258:, game theory has been used to study a wide variety of human and animal behaviors. It was initially developed in 2654:

to the game—a stable state in which either one outcome occurs or a set of outcomes occur with known probability.

2378: 922: 10286:

Grim, Patrick; Kokalis, Trina; Alai-Tafti, Ali; Kilb, Nicholas; St Denis, Paul (2004), "Making meaning happen",

8368:

Fels, E. M. (1961). "Review of Strategy and Market Structure: Competition, Oligopoly, and the Theory of Games".

4500:

that define them as Nash equilibria that result from transforming a mixed-motive game into a coordination game.

2566:

These are games the play of which is the development of the rules for another game, the target or subject game.

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Ho, Edwin; Rajagopalan, Arvind; Skvortsov, Alex; Arulampalam, Sanjeev; Piraveenan, Mahendra (28 January 2022).

5214: 4189: 3899: 3627: 1772: 1410: 1138: 12173: 1806:

followed Nash, Selten, and Harsanyi as Nobel Laureates. Schelling worked on dynamic models, early examples of

14770: 14187: 12899: 12515: 11933: 11908: 11727: 11620: 7911:

Smith, Vernon L. (December 1992). "Game Theory and Experimental Economics: Beginnings and Early Influences".

5142: 4710:. However, both prisoners staying silent would yield a greater reward for both of them than mutual betrayal. 2934: 2244: 260: 17: 10846:

Differential Games: A Mathematical Theory With Applications to Warfare and Pursuit, Control and Optimization

522: 13719: 13520: 13481: 12865: 12291: 12045: 12035: 11970: 11603: 10841: 9805:

Harsanyi, John C. (June 1961). "On the rationality postulates underlying the theory of cooperative games".

9555: 5147: 4386: 4052: 2684: 1865: 43: 9632: 7013:

Kearns, Michael; Littman, Michael L.; Singh, Satinder (7 March 2011). "Graphical Models for Game Theory".

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remain rationally ignorant which allows for candidate divergence. Game theory was applied in 1962 to the

3346:. Thus while their assumptions do not always hold, they can treat game theory as a reasonable scientific 1792: 1745: 1570: 1349: 1319: 871: 91: 81: 8455: 4533:, some (most notably David Gauthier, Gregory Kavka, and Jean Hampton) authors have attempted to pursue 1681:'s investigations into game theory. RAND pursued the studies because of possible applications to global 14524: 14502: 13675: 13663: 13658: 13648: 12967: 12799: 12550: 12520: 12178: 12020: 12015: 11507:

Dolev, Shlomi; Panagopoulou, Panagiota N.; Rabie, Mikaël; Schiller, Elad M.; Spirakis, Paul G. (2011).

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English translation: "On the Theory of Games of Strategy," in A. W. Tucker and R. D. Luce, ed. (1959),

9372: 7820: 6961:

Koller, Daphne; Pfeffer, Avi (July 1997). "Representations and solutions for game-theoretic problems".

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theory. In particular, there are two types of strategies: the open-loop strategies are found using the

2365: 1460:

Discussions on the mathematics of games began long before the rise of modern mathematical game theory.

915: 865: 395: 385: 11610: 8736: 7275: 3007:. The function describes how much collective payoff a set of players can gain by forming a coalition. 1352:, which allowed mathematical statisticians and economists to treat decision-making under uncertainty. 15233: 14618: 14093: 13618: 13569: 13381: 13353: 12990: 12835: 12758: 12494: 12050: 11975: 11832: 5125: 5019: 4959:

in a scene where he asks passengers in two different ferries to bomb the other one to save their own.

4056: 3155: 2975: 2398: 2349: 1749: 275: 31: 7220:

Bhat, Navin; Leyton-Brown, Kevin (11 July 2012). "Computing Nash Equilibria of Action-Graph Games".

4211:

Additionally, biologists have used evolutionary game theory and the ESS to explain the emergence of

2570:

seek to maximize the utility value of the rule set developed. The theory of metagames is related to

15223: 14455: 14180: 13759: 13628: 13426: 12850: 12583: 12469: 12266: 12060: 11878: 11739: 11445: 11392: 11005: 10994: 10314: 8522: 6998: 6852:; von Stengel, Bernhard (1994). "Fast algorithms for finding randomized strategies in game trees". 5263: 5137: 4964: 4869: 4855: 4570:

as providing an explanation for the emergence of attitudes about morality (see, e.g., Skyrms (

4473: 4174: 4106: 3961: 3919: 3723: 3716: 3469: 3359: 3338: 3299: 3263: 2479: 2467: 2463: 1898: 1807: 1784: 1559: 1520: 1368: 844: 582: 537: 390: 159: 103: 12653: 10093: 9867:

Berg, Joyce; Dickhaut, John; McCabe, Kevin (July 1995). "Trust, Reciprocity, and Social History".

7362: 7148:

2008 International Conference on Computational Intelligence for Modelling Control & Automation

5287:

Shapley, Lloyd S.; Shubik, Martin (1 January 1971). "Chapter 1, Introduction, The Use of Models".

4097:

unwillingness to make concessions if at least one of the parties in a dispute is a non-democracy.

3591:

70% of respondents say that they have "only a basic or a below basic understanding" of game theory

3281:

made game-theoretic kinds of statements, the use of game-theoretic analysis in biology began with

597: 14661: 14628: 14408: 14161: 14058: 14053: 14003: 13876: 13754: 13513: 13311: 13301: 13271: 13205: 12940: 12855: 12454: 12424: 12080: 11868: 11513:

Proceedings of the 30th annual ACM SIGACT-SIGOPS symposium on Principles of distributed computing

10808: 10609: 10508: 10487: 10269: 10065: 8145: 7998:

Vincent P. Crawford (1997). "Theory and Experiment in the Analysis of Strategic Interaction," in

6075: 5899: 5196: 5082: 5034: 4843: 4827: 4453: 4382: 4333: 4272: 4093: 3808: 3738: 3509: 2923: 2525: 2513: 2389: 2385:, which is concerned with estimating the computational difficulty of finding optimal strategies. 1876: 1838: 1649: 1341: 1192: 547: 355: 345: 305: 295: 202: 125: 5841: 5810: 3377:

on the part of players. Despite the name, evolutionary game theory does not necessarily presume

15105: 14988: 14734: 14703: 14519: 14423: 14401: 14078: 14038: 14033: 13815: 13786: 13643: 13565: 13409: 13306: 13286: 13281: 13210: 12935: 12880: 12860: 12840: 12789: 12459: 12364: 12223: 12168: 12100: 12070: 11990: 11918: 11701: 11539: 9775: 8474:

Martin Shubik (1978). "Game Theory: Economic Applications," in W. Kruskal and J.M. Tanur, ed.,

7187:

Tagiew, Rustam (2009). "On Multi-agent Petri Net Models for Computing Extensive Finite Games".

6993: 5188: 5104: 5007: 4748: 4371: 4367: 3501: 3303: 2647: 2595: 2583: 2402: 2394: 1776: 1626: 1327: 1244: 717: 562: 300: 240: 197: 144: 10152:"Game theory in Crazy Rich Asians: explaining the Mahjong showdown between Rachel and Eleanor" 9744: 8322: 6500: 6307: 5715: 2443:. The problem of finding an optimal strategy in a differential game is closely related to the 15185: 15158: 15138: 15130: 14982: 14754: 14308: 14023: 14008: 13724: 13436: 13366: 13243: 13167: 13106: 13091: 13086: 13063: 12945: 12339: 12324: 11898: 11258: 11228: 9422:

Stalnaker, Robert (October 1996). "Knowledge, Belief and Counterfactual Reasoning in Games".

6015: 5683: 5675: 5632: 5110: 5088: 5076: 4956: 4614: 4538: 4404: 4125: 3944: 3883: 3505: 3392: 3307: 3119: 2775: 2440: 2284: 2080: 2009: 1931: 1666: 1206: 1183: 1120: 851: 532: 507: 492: 350: 290: 270: 265: 11787: 8318: 8195: 8033: 6542: 5630:(1928). "Zur Theorie der Gesellschaftsspiele" [On the Theory of Games of Strategy]. 5601: 2972:

from the set of all possible coalitions of players to a set of payments, and also satisfies

1700:

Game theory experienced a flurry of activity in the 1950s, during which the concepts of the

15213: 15021: 14355: 14217: 14073: 13993: 13925: 13840: 13734: 13670: 13416: 13296: 13291: 13215: 13116: 12673: 12658: 12545: 12540: 12444: 12429: 12394: 12359: 11958: 11903: 11825: 11772: 11557: 11285: 11186: 11125: 11052: 10416: 9520: 9022: 8945: 8883: 6728: 6502:

Robust Planning in Domains with Stochastic Outcomes, Adversaries, and Partial Observability

5523: 5383: 5192: 4835: 4811: 4707: 4567: 4547: 4375: 4212: 4082: 4060: 3949: 3553: 3315: 2894: 2651: 2280: 1880: 1694: 1659: 1640: 1215: 1030: 981: 962: 602: 424: 375: 340: 280: 245: 149: 139: 86: 10151: 9329:(1989). "Self-Refuting Theories of Strategic Interaction: A Paradox of Common Knowledge". 9091: 7259: 7242: 6083: 8: 15144: 14832: 14827: 14514: 14428: 14370: 14303: 14088: 13915: 13764: 13707: 13550: 13431: 13341: 13263: 13162: 13096: 13053: 13043: 13023: 12830: 12449: 12399: 12236: 12163: 12143: 12000: 11883: 11721: 10380: 9487: 6988:

Michael, Michael Kearns; Littman, Michael L. (2001). "Graphical Models for Game Theory".

6807: 5167: 5022: – Intentionality that occurs when two or more individuals undertake a task together 4969: 4784: 4481: 4256: 4234: 4223:

has provided insight into the evolution of communication among animals. For example, the

4163: 3878: 3777: 3754: 3658: 3595: 3493: 3374: 3267: 3255: 2680: 2666: 2605: 2509: 2418: 2338: 2234: 2208: 2136: 2124: 1705: 1129: 1075: 1062: 828: 637: 459: 400: 325: 315: 285: 212: 120: 12489: 11561: 11289: 11190: 11129: 10883:

Game theory at work: how to use game theory to outthink and outmaneuver your competition

10420: 9524: 9026: 8949: 8887: 6242: 5527: 5387: 4488:. This later suggestion has been pursued by several philosophers since Lewis. Following 2558:(POSG), but few realistic problems are computationally feasible in POSG representation. 2439:

are continuous games where the evolution of the players' state variables is governed by

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Johnson, Noel D.; Mislin, Alexandra A. (October 2011). "Trust games: A meta-analysis".

9676: 9651: 9510: 9364: 9346: 9326: 9299: 9274: 9232: 9206: 9057: 9003: 8968: 8935: 8923: 8852: 8844: 8412: 8377: 8283: 8275: 7924: 7882:. Handbook of Game Theory with Economic Applications. Vol. 2. pp. 1091–1125. 7856:. Handbook of Game Theory with Economic Applications. Vol. 2. pp. 1055–1089. 7563: 7405: 7221: 7169: 7014: 6943: 6875: 6827: 6787: 6759: 6701: 6097: 6089: 6012: 5954: 5867:"Cooperative Game Theory: Characteristic Functions, Allocations, Marginal Contribution" 5653: 5539: 5513: 5426: 5049: 5025: 5013: 4977: 4897: 4865: 4692: 4493: 4363: 4337: 4077: 3996: 3914: 3909: 3694: 2692: 2613: 2521: 2141: 1830: 1768: 1516: 1477: 1360: 1268: 1170: 1057: 999: 995: 856: 812: 617: 454: 449: 429: 380: 320: 310: 255: 250: 222: 217: 187: 55: 11646: 8438: 8344: 8055: 8003: 7887: 7861: 7634: 7523: 6974: 6854:

Proceedings of the twenty-sixth annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing – STOC '94

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professionals. Some of the main findings in their third annual survey (2019) include:

1889:

if the players are able to form binding commitments externally enforced (e.g. through

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Consistent treatment of game types usually claimed by different applied fields, e.g.

10598: 10580: 10562: 10544: 10495: 10473: 10467: 10452: 10389: 10366: 10348: 10326: 10273: 10047:... is that the whole point of the doomsday machine is lost, if you keep it a secret! 10040: 9990: 9921: 9849: 9724: 9720: 9681: 9611: 9536: 9454: 9403: 9376: 9350: 9307: 9280: 9158: 9126: 9038: 9034: 8973: 8899: 8895: 8659:"Applications of Game Theory in Project Management: A Structured Review and Analysis" 8588: 8493: 8348: 8314: 8310: 8255: 8231: 8059: 7979: 7954: 7950: 7891: 7865: 7834: 7824: 7658: 7638: 7591: 7571: 7559: 7527: 7409: 7200: 7159: 7132: 7113: 6911: 6894: 6865: 6831: 6676: 6651: 6615: 6587: 6548: 6464: 6365: 6341: 6311: 6278: 6270: 6250: 6177: 6152: 6119: 6055: 5992: 5958: 5925: 5756: 5723: 5691: 5657: 5607: 5323: 5267: 5058: 4925: 4882: 4860: 4703: 4523: 4477: 4469: 4184: 4044: 4036: 3904: 3868: 3842: 3772: 3704: 3513: 3457: 3378: 3163: 3106: 2578: 2544: 2430: 2112: 2103: 1725: 1636: 1618: 1424: 1403: 1337: 1237: 1143: 990: 986: 946: 747: 722: 632: 512: 469: 405: 370: 360: 192: 154: 110: 11708: 11305: 10783:

Game theory evolving: a problem-centered introduction to modeling strategic behavior

10532: 10228: 9236: 8856: 7191:. Studies in Computational Intelligence. Vol. 244. Springer. pp. 243–254. 7173: 5543: 5357:"Book report: Theory of Games and Economic Behavior (von Neumann & Morgenstern)" 3604:

90% of respondents said that they do not have the software they need for their work.

3552:

Game theory also has an extensive use in a specific branch or stream of economics –

2147:

In short, the differences between sequential and simultaneous games are as follows:

672: 15081: 15073: 15001: 14698: 14638: 14391: 14277: 14267: 14252: 14222: 14083: 14063: 13970: 13920: 13891: 13749: 13714: 13611: 13589: 13386: 13361: 13233: 13081: 13018: 12875: 12870: 12804: 12768: 12748: 12708: 12678: 12633: 12588: 12573: 12530: 12384: 12025: 11962: 11948: 11913: 11575: 11565: 11516: 11496: 11464: 11407: 11293: 11265: 11237: 11204: 11194: 11143: 11133: 11113: 10997:(1838), "Recherches sur les principles mathematiques de la théorie des richesses", 10520: 10444: 10436: 10424: 10307: 10295: 10216: 9960: 9903: 9876: 9841: 9814: 9716: 9671: 9663: 9586: 9528: 9483: 9431: 9338: 9222: 9187: 9030: 8963: 8953: 8891: 8836: 8809: 8670: 8580: 8434: 8404: 8340: 8287: 8267: 8175: 8157: 8141: 8107: 8051: 7946: 7920: 7883: 7857: 7791: 7714: 7680: 7630: 7519: 7453: 7397: 7343: 7310: 7254: 7192: 7151: 7128: 7071: 6970: 6947: 6935: 6906: 6879: 6857: 6819: 6643: 6579: 6427: 6417: 6144: 6047: 5950: 5748: 5671: 5645: 5627: 5531: 5418: 5391: 5255: 4946:

explores the relationship between extraterrestrial life, humanity, and game theory.

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solution to a two-person version of the card game, and the problem is now known as

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What is Mathematical Game Theory ?( #5) – Finale, summing up, and my own view

9951:

Spulber, Daniel F. (1995). "Bertrand Competition when Rivals' Costs are Unknown".

9532: 8335:

Bagwell, Kyle; Wolinsky, Asher (2002). "Game theory and industrial organization".

5464: 3460:. Applications include a wide array of economic phenomena and approaches, such as 1355:

Game theory was developed extensively in the 1950s, and was explicitly applied to

677: 15124: 14946: 14936: 14912: 14849: 14715: 14671: 14572: 14272: 14257: 14151: 13623: 13560: 13326: 13253: 13182: 12975: 12773: 12733: 12688: 12603: 12598: 12319: 12271: 12158: 11923: 11893: 11863: 11769: 11746: 11731: 11715: 11695: 11684: 11009: 10665: 10404: 10299: 10251: 9845: 9095: 9061: 8641: 8584: 8553: 8463: 8213: 8202: 8191: 8184: 8095: 8029: 8010: 7938: 7430: 7320: 7196: 6148: 5711: 5288: 5228: 5093: 4988: 4951: 4938: 4877: 4543: 4485: 4216: 3956: 3863: 3847: 3787: 3382: 3370: 3274: 3047: 2609: 2601: 2555: 2505: 2444: 2436: 2417:

allow players to choose a strategy from a continuous strategy set. For instance,

2414: 2382: 2353: 2276: 2265: 2120: 2107: 2069: 1983: 1917: 1916:

which focuses on predicting individual players' actions and payoffs by analyzing

1902: 1737: 1709: 1689:

developed a criterion for mutual consistency of players' strategies known as the

1308: 1284: 1134: 1098: 1044: 1035: 1004: 891: 802: 767: 732: 667: 592: 577: 464: 439: 434: 410: 182: 177: 12638: 11315:(1913), "Über eine Anwendung der Mengenlehre auf die Theorie des Schachspiels", 8429:

Martin Shubik (1981). "Game Theory Models and Methods in Political Economy," in

8206: 6583: 6385:

Petrosjan, L. A.; Murzov, N. V. (1966). "Game-theoretic problems of mechanics".

4271:. Altruists discriminate between the individuals they help and favor relatives. 3573:(CIPS) promotes knowledge and use of game theory within the context of business 2671: 1609:

Game theory emerged as a unique field when John von Neumann published the paper

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

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Dynamics of Rational Negotiation: Game Theory, Language Games and Forms of Life

10713: 10261: 10070: 9907: 9818: 9667: 9007: 8813: 8251: 7627:

Agent-Based Computational Economics: A Constructive Approach to Economic Theory

7043:. Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings. Schloss Dagstuhl-Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik 6849: 6638:

Aumann, Robert J.; Heifetz, Aviad (2002). "Chapter 43 Incomplete information".

6571: 5917: 5451:. Sarton Lecture, School of Architecture and Engineering, University of Ghent. 5422: 5001: 4742: 4394: 4329: 4242: 3929: 3485: 3453: 3355: 3331: 3278: 2532: 2288: 1994: 1976: 1814: 1674: 1512: 1481: 1429: 1397: 1364: 1296: 1272: 1210: 1201: 1116: 1071: 1048: 1026: 822: 807: 772: 757: 737: 707: 527: 444: 134: 130: 10905: 10678: 9591: 9574: 9435: 9227: 9210: 8840: 8022: 7347: 6810:(December 1973). "A class of games possessing pure-strategy Nash equilibria". 6297: 5395: 4503:

Game theory has also challenged philosophers to think in terms of interactive

3601:

50% of respondents said that new or improved software solutions were desirable

3452:

Game theory is a major method used in mathematical economics and business for

1825:

were awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics "for having laid the foundations of

1580: 557: 15207: 15119: 15086: 14884: 14864: 14815: 14492: 14472: 14413: 14330: 14227: 14048: 13948: 13939: 13910: 13896: 13886: 13830: 13594: 13584: 13574: 13192: 13124: 13076: 12753: 12743: 12698: 12683: 12663: 12434: 12409: 12281: 12251: 12241: 12228: 12133: 12075: 12010: 11943: 11373: 11334: 11312: 11170: 11163: 11044: 10982: 10978: 10643: 10628: 10344: 10236: 9776:"Battle of the Sexes – Nash equilibrium in mixed strategies for coordination" 9211:"Introduction to the Special Issue on Learning and Computational Game Theory" 7511: 7507: 7471: 7401: 7075: 6845: 6039: 5752: 5557: 5175: 4848: 4790: 4752: 4534: 4268: 4260: 4067: 4048: 4040: 3981: 3971: 3782: 3497: 3473: 3438: 3363: 3282: 3016: 2688: 2551: 2357: 2309: 2300: 2217: 2171: 2166: 2054: 1998: 1849: 1845: 1822: 1803: 1753: 1717: 1713: 1545: 1473: 1443:

Not knowing the other and not knowing oneself, In every battle certain defeat

1300: 1292: 1188: 1174: 1161: 787: 777: 752: 692: 687: 682: 662: 652: 622: 612: 517: 420: 11780:

Spieltheorie-Software.de: An application for Game Theory implemented in JAVA

11762: 11570: 11520: 11199: 9191: 7457: 4968:, the female lead Rachel Chu is a professor of economics and game theory at 4275:

explains the evolutionary rationale behind this selection with the equation

3354:. However, empirical work has shown that in some classic games, such as the 1720:

were developed. The 1950s also saw the first applications of game theory to

71: 15091: 15067: 15034: 15015: 14996: 14951: 14924: 14917: 14899: 14837: 14613: 14567: 14562: 14465: 14450: 14293: 14018: 13850: 13845: 13579: 13134: 13129: 13033: 12728: 12723: 12578: 12153: 11677: 11589: 11500: 11437: 11350: 11218: 11157: 9880: 9853: 9685: 9540: 9395: 8977: 8903: 8871: 8732: 8546:"Options Games: Balancing the trade-off between flexibility and commitment" 7795: 7575: 7547: 4930: 4831: 4508: 4504: 4497: 4229: 4066:

Early examples of game theory applied to political science are provided by

3976: 3827: 3684: 2486: 2459: 2287:

can be reduced, however, to games of imperfect information by introducing "

1890: 1599: 1376: 1219: 1089: 903: 817: 762: 657: 647: 642: 567: 115: 35: 12891: 11752:

McKelvey, Richard D., McLennan, Andrew M., and Turocy, Theodore L. (2007)

9042: 8321:, and "Non-Cooperative Game Theory: A User's Guide Manual,' " ch. 11, pp. 7155: 6861: 3588:

65% of participants predict that use of game theory applications will grow

15059: 14859: 14744: 14633: 14608: 14596: 14577: 14460: 14350: 14247: 13955: 13835: 13687: 13601: 13000: 12923: 12845: 12648: 12643: 12623: 12419: 12404: 12213: 12183: 12118: 12108: 11938: 11873: 11138: 10886: 8301: 8271: 8161: 8046:

Shubik, Martin (2002). "Chapter 62 Game theory and experimental gaming".

5775: 3991: 3986: 3817: 3797: 3733: 3699: 3674: 3665: 3578: 3574: 2517: 2369: 2253: 2239: 1853: 1818: 1655: 1588: 1584: 1437:

Knowing the other and knowing oneself, In one hundred battles no danger,

1125: 792: 782: 572: 11817: 11740:

evidence on the accuracy of forecasts from game theory and other methods

10907:

Multiagent Systems: Algorithmic, Game-Theoretic, and Logical Foundations

9123:

Multiagent Systems: Algorithmic, Game-Theoretic, and Logical Foundations

8675: 8658: 8381: 8279: 6432: 4537:' project of deriving morality from self-interest. Since games like the 4492:

game-theoretic account of conventions, Edna Ullmann-Margalit (1977) and

3519:

This research usually focuses on particular sets of strategies known as

2316: 15152: 15039: 14656: 14237: 13803: 13555: 13321: 13200: 12995: 12474: 12128: 11704:— Introduction, worked examples, play online two-person zero-sum games. 11241: 10932: 10524: 10220: 9972: 9745:"Battle of the Sexes | History, Participants, & Facts | Britannica" 9342: 9139: 8848: 8827:

Fearon, James D. (1 January 1995). "Rationalist Explanations for War".

8416: 7812: 7782:

Nisan, Noam; Ronen, Amir (April 2001). "Algorithmic Mechanism Design".

7567: 7091:"Modeling shortest path games with Petri nets: a Lyapunov based theory" 6823: 5649: 4449: 4220: 4112: 3465: 2342: 1748:, which further refined the Nash equilibrium. Later he would introduce 1721: 1622: 1587:). Borel conjectured the non-existence of mixed-strategy equilibria in 1497: 1323: 1093: 1080: 1039: 702: 502: 11777:

Benjamin Moritz, Bernhard Könsgen, Danny Bures, Ronni Wiersch, (2007)

9474:

Kuhn, Steven T. (July 2004). "Reflections on Ethics and Game Theory".

9254: 8958: 7629:. Handbook of Computational Economics. Vol. 2. pp. 831–880. 5535: 5430: 5043: – negotiations between members of a household to reach decisions 4933:

explores elements of game theory in regard to cold war army exercises.

1534:

Recherches sur les principes mathématiques de la théorie des richesses

15053: 14854: 14805: 14788: 14726: 14708: 14482: 14396: 14114: 13881: 13798: 13793: 13606: 12379: 12299: 12123: 11718:— Syllabuses and lecture notes for game theory and political science. 11297: 10690: 10428: 9608:

Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning: Foundations and Modern Approaches

8226:

Camerer, Colin F.; Loewenstein, George; Rabin, Matthew, eds. (2011).

8084: 7593:

Psychological Pricing in Mergers & Acquisitions using Game Theory

6939: 6753: 6422: 6405: 6331: 5991:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 14–17. 5472:

Journal Électronique d'Histoire des Probabilités et de la Statistique

5037: – List of definitions of terms and concepts used in game theory 4943: 4912: 4893: 4747:

The ultimatum game is a game that has become a popular instrument of

4563: 4201: 3924: 3837: 3832: 3822: 3711: 3481: 3351: 3259: 3218: 3182: 2499: 2493: 2462:. In such games, the terminal time is a random variable with a given 2334: 1987: 1669:

appeared, and an experiment was undertaken by notable mathematicians

1440:

Not knowing the other and knowing oneself, One victory for one loss,

1356: 1276: 552: 483: 63: 10954:

Game Theory: A Nontechnical Introduction to the Analysis of Strategy

9964: 9606:

Albrecht, Stefano V.; Christianos, Filippos; Schäfer, Lukas (2024).

8408: 7600: 5563:Über eine Anwendung der Mengenlehre auf die Theorie des Schachspiels 5174:

in the late 1960s, it was not widely considered by economists until

3310:. Game-theoretic arguments of this type can be found as far back as 2458:

A particular case of differential games are the games with a random

1551:Über eine Anwendung der Mengenlehre auf die Theorie des Schachspiels 14941: 14874: 14810: 14623: 14601: 14497: 14445: 14203: 13906: 13901: 13776: 13225: 13144: 13071: 12814: 12314: 11659:— Comprehensive list of links to game theory information on the Web 11537: 10042:

Dr. Strangelove Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb

9515: 8940: 7334:

Bruin, Boudewijn de (September 2005). "Game Theory in Philosophy".

6101: 5518: 5061: – Application of economic theory to analysis of legal systems 3763: 3728: 2567: 2257: 1569:

proved that the mathematical model had a winning strategy by using

1539:

Researches into the Mathematical Principles of the Theory of Wealth

977: 954: 10341:

Paradoxes of Rationality: Games, Metagames, and Political Behavior

8544:

Chevalier-Roignant, Benoît; Trigeorgis, Lenos (15 February 2012).

8395:

Reid, Gavin C. (1982). "Review of Market Structure and Behavior".

7943:

International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences

7838: 7815:; Roughgarden, Tim; Tardos, Eva; Vazirani, Vijay V., eds. (2007). 7510:(1981). "Game Theory Models and Methods in Political Economy". In 7226: 7019: 6792: 6093: 5568:

On an Application of Set Theory to the Theory of the Game of Chess

3369:

Some game theorists, following the work of John Maynard Smith and

2765: 1556:

On an Application of Set Theory to the Theory of the Game of Chess

14894: 14688: 14681: 14546: 14342: 13960: 13859: 13771: 13505: 13010: 12535: 12525: 12203: 11754: 11673:— Lecture notes, interactive illustrations and other information. 11317:

Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress of Mathematicians

11226:

von Neumann, John (1928), "Zur Theorie der Gesellschaftsspiele",

10822:. Presents game theory in formal way suitable for graduate level. 10288:

Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence

9500: 8921: 7095:

International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science

5449:

Pascal’s and Huygens’s game-theoretic foundations for probability

5409:

Martin, Brian (1978). "The Selective Usefulness of Game Theory".

5166:

Although common knowledge was first discussed by the philosopher

4981: 4868:

mentioned "games theory" and "theory of games". In the 1997 film

4336:. Also, game theory provides a theoretical basis to the field of 4267:

Evolutionary game theory explains this altruism with the idea of

4180: 3679: 3527: 3477: 3461: 3343: 3326: 2637: 2539: 1897:

if players cannot form alliances or if all agreements need to be

1764: 1697:

has what is now known as a Nash equilibrium in mixed strategies.

1524: 1509: 1448: 1420: 1304: 1271:

of strategic interactions. It has applications in many fields of

1066: 10125:"Poker and Game Theory Featured in Hit Film 'Crazy Rich Asians'" 9178:

Shoham, Yoav (August 2008). "Computer science and game theory".

8984: 8797: 6708: 6190: 5073: – Overview of and topical guide to artificial intelligence 3534:

and business professors suggest two primary uses (noted above):

2893:

The normal (or strategic form) game is usually represented by a

2228: 1629:. Von Neumann's work in game theory culminated in his 1944 book 14869: 14821: 14590: 14146: 13935: 10577:

Unto others: the evolution and psychology of unselfish behavior

9304:

The Grammar of Society: the Nature and Dynamics of Social Norms

8644:, CIPS in conjunction with TWS Partners, accessed 11 April 2021 8609:"CIPS and TWS Partners promote game theory on the global stage" 8518: 8000:

Advances in Economics and Econometrics: Theory and Applications

7090: 4839: 4594: 4530: 4519: 4320:

Game theory has come to play an increasingly important role in

1505: 886: 39: 11506: 7811: 7114:"Games with Imperfectly Observable Actions in Continuous Time" 6508:(PhD dissertation). Carnegie Mellon University. pp. 3–4. 4287:

to the recipient multiplied by the coefficient of relatedness

1908:

Cooperative games are often analyzed through the framework of

1496:

In 1713, a letter attributed to Charles Waldegrave, an active

14958: 14554: 13820: 13702: 13682: 12304: 11807:

What is Mathematical Game Theory (#4)-Many person game theory

11670: 9692: 7604: 7387: 6477: 6275:

Lessons in Play: In Introduction to Combinatorial Game Theory

5716:"What Were von Neumann and Morgenstern Trying to Accomplish?" 5107: – Self-interests causing depletion of a shared resource 4917: 4321: 3526:

The payoffs of the game are generally taken to represent the

3311: 2341:

may also have a strong combinatorial character, for instance

2272: 2261: 2073: 2061: 1280: 10652:

Behavioral Game Theory: Experiments in Strategic Interaction

8543: 7426:

Behavioral Game Theory: Experiments in Strategic Interaction

7316:

Behavioral Game Theory: Experiments in Strategic Interaction

5945:

Chang, Kuang-Hua (2015). "Decisions in Engineering Design".

4332:. In addition, computer scientists have used games to model 2271:

Many card games are games of imperfect information, such as

14172: 13977: 11063: 9008:"The theory of games and the evolution of animal conflicts" 8337:

Handbook of Game Theory with Economic Applications Volume 3

8048:

Handbook of Game Theory with Economic Applications Volume 3

7146:

Tagiew, Rustam (December 2008). "Multi-Agent Petri-Games".

6925: 6640:

Handbook of Game Theory with Economic Applications Volume 3

6088:

Perfect information defined at 0:25, with academic sources

3608: 2880:

Normal form or payoff matrix of a 2-player, 2-strategy game

1223: 1179: 10206: 9605: 9145: 4480:. In addition, he first suggested that one can understand 14931: 10948:. A leading textbook at the advanced undergraduate level. 10285: 9260: 5745:

Von Neumann, Morgenstern, and the Creation of Game Theory

3792: 3689: 3626:

Government-sector–private-sector games (games that model

3500:; and across such broad areas as experimental economics, 2906:. Then Player 1 gets a payoff of 4, and Player 2 gets 3. 2636:

available to each player at each decision point, and the

2405:, which make games more tractable in computing practice. 15008:

The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State

9652:"Applications of game theory in deep learning: a survey" 6844: 5476:

Electronic Journal of Probability History and Statistics

4695:

described the game in his 1993 book Prisoner's Dilemma:

34:. For the study of playing games for entertainment, see 11636:

Game Theory. Papers, Lecture Notes and much more stuff.

11635: 10865:

Maschler, Michael; Solan, Eilon; Zamir, Shmuel (2013),

10798: 9114: 8798:"It Takes Two: An Explanation for the Democratic Peace" 8225: 7601:

19th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation

7189:

New Challenges in Computational Collective Intelligence

7033: 5096: – Identification, evaluation and control of risks 4468:

used game theory to develop a philosophical account of

1829:

theory". Myerson's contributions include the notion of

11509:"Rationality authority for provable rational behavior" 11370:

Game Theory for Business: A Primer in Strategic Gaming

11337:, "Manipulation of voting schemes: a general result", 11264: 10934:

Strategy: An Introduction to Game Theory (3rd edition)

8691:"What game theory tells us about politics and society" 7590:

Agarwal, N.; Zeephongsekul, P. (11–12 December 2011).

7276:"On economic applications of evolutionary game theory" 5373: 5316:

Neumann, John von; Morgenstern, Oskar (8 April 2007).

3547: 2060:

player benefits only at the equal expense of others).

11473: 11066:

Games and decisions: introduction and critical survey

11049:

Games and decisions: introduction and critical survey

9831: 6762: 6731: 6397: 6269: 6247:

Luck, logic, and white lies: the mathematics of games

5187:

Experimental work in game theory goes by many names,

5004: – Practical application of moral considerations 3388: 2978: 2937: 1763:

In the 1970s, game theory was extensively applied in

1591:, a conjecture that was proved false by von Neumann. 10730: 7589: 5115:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

5054:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

5045:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

5030:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

4908:... to give yourself the minimum amount of failure". 4834:, the life story of game theorist and mathematician 4179:

Unlike those in economics, the payoffs for games in

4113:

Use of game theory in defence science and technology

1625:, which became a standard method in game theory and 1326:, which became a standard method in game theory and 11666:— Lecture notes on Game Theory and Computer Science 10704:. Suitable for undergraduate and business students. 10621: 10559:

The stag hunt and the evolution of social structure

10313: 8990: 8652: 8650: 8256:"Advancing Beyond Advances in Behavioral Economics" 6364:. Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 106–118. 5722:. Durham: Duke University Press. pp. 113–147. 5462: 3010: 1837:. Hurwicz introduced and formalized the concept of 1558:), which proved that the optimal chess strategy is 1344:of several players. The second edition provided an 11479: 10903: 10399: 9866: 9120: 8713: 8490:Handbook of Game Theory with Economic Applications 7974:Plott, Charles R.; Smith, Vernon L., eds. (2008). 7550:(Spring 1989). "The Theory of Business Strategy". 7061: 7012: 6768: 6744: 6714: 6612:Handbook of Game Theory with Economic Applications 6519: 6237: 6235: 6196: 6139:Mirman, Leonard J. (1989). "Perfect Information". 6044:Handbook of Game Theory with Economic Applications 6021:. UCLA Department of Mathematics. pp. 56–57. 5315: 4194: 3447: 3337:The primary use of game theory is to describe and 3204:subset of 2-person games of imperfect information 2999: 2964: 2931:Formally, a characteristic function is a function 2646:of their choosing, to deduce a set of equilibrium 2500:Stochastic outcomes (and relation to other fields) 2352:, which has developed novel representations, e.g. 2348:Games of perfect information have been studied in 1665:In 1950, the first mathematical discussion of the 11546:(June 2014), "Algorithms, games, and evolution", 10595:Game theory: decisions, interaction and evolution 10442: 7777: 7775: 7657: 6483: 5924:. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing. p. 11. 4472:. In so doing, he provided the first analysis of 4245:to analyze fighting behavior and territoriality. 3564: 3187:deterministic n-person games, simultaneous moves 3168:deterministic n-person games, simultaneous moves 2451:while the closed-loop strategies are found using 1760:for their contributions to economic game theory. 1371:in 1999, and fifteen game theorists have won the 15205: 11116:(1950), "Equilibrium points in n-person games", 10707: 10061:"Star on hold: Faithful following, meager sales" 9575:"GAMES, game theory and artificial intelligence" 9272: 8767:"How game theory explains 'irrational' behavior" 8695:MIT News | Massachusetts Institute of Technology 8647: 7219: 7034:Leyton-Brown, Kevin; Tennenholtz, Moshe (2005). 6440: 6241: 6176:. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 194–195. 6118:. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing. p. 4. 5768: 4121: 3314:. An alternative version of game theory, called 2408: 1870: 1562:. This paved the way for more general theorems. 11722:Websites on game theory and social interactions 11179:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 10971: 10472:(1st Anchor Books ed.). New York: Anchor. 9711:Rapoport, Anatol (1987). "Prisoner's Dilemma". 8924:"Game Theory in Defence Applications: A Review" 8334: 7390:Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 6670: 6384: 6273:; Nowakowski, Richard J.; Wolfe, David (2007), 6232: 4603: 3571:Chartered Institute of Procurement & Supply 2917: 2135:is used to represent simultaneous games, while 1594: 10731:Gaffal, Margit; Padilla Gálvez, Jesús (2014). 10462:. A modern introduction at the graduate level. 9204: 8452:A Game-Theoretic Approach to Political Economy 7772: 7305: 7303: 6987: 5682:. Vol. 4. Translated by Bargmann, Sonya. 5560:(1913). Hobson, E. W.; Love, A. E. H. (eds.). 4283:to the altruist must be less than the benefit 4248:According to Maynard Smith, in the preface to 2466:function. Therefore, the players maximize the 1639:. The second edition of this book provided an 1291:. Initially, game theory addressed two-person 14188: 13521: 12907: 11833: 11643:"Game Theory and Experimental Economics page" 11390: 11344: 11089: 10977: 9893: 9650:Hazra, Tanmoy; Anjaria, Kushal (March 2022). 9556:"'The Pandemic Is a Prisoner's Dilemma Game'" 9002: 7516:Handbook of Mathematical Economics, v. 1 7313:(2003). "1.1 What Is Game Theory Good For?". 6960: 6637: 6458: 5286: 4949:Joker, the prime antagonist in the 2008 film 4343:Separately, game theory has played a role in 4315: 4016: 3147:subset of n-person games, simultaneous moves 3058:subset of n-person games, simultaneous moves 2279:. Perfect information is often confused with 2229:Perfect information and imperfect information 1731: 1245: 923: 27:Mathematical models of strategic interactions 10999:Libraire des Sciences Politiques et Sociales 10575:Sober, Elliott; Wilson, David Sloan (1998), 9649: 9161:(2008). "Computer science and game theory". 8802:Journal of the European Economic Association 7807: 7805: 7443: 6330: 6228:. Oxford University Press. pp. 271–277. 6213:. Oxford University Press. pp. 271–272. 5778:(4 September 1997). Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). 5113: – non-zero-sum game thought experiment 4801:Equilibrium for Cournot quantity competition 4751:. An early description is by Nobel laureate 4595:Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning 4448:Game theory has been put to several uses in 4354:, which has in the past been referred to as 2097: 1574: 1549: 1532: 12921: 11487:-person games in partition function form", 11463: 11225: 11018: 10634:The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics 10574: 9448: 8087:. "behavioural economics and game theory." 8013:. Cambridge. Reprinted in Colin F. Camerer 7300: 6893:Alur, Rajeev; Dill, David L. (April 1994). 6362:Artificial Intelligence: A Systems Approach 5670: 5626: 4579: 4328:. Several logical theories have a basis in 3321: 3249: 2554:" is considered to be partially observable 2473: 1859: 1613:in 1928. Von Neumann's original proof used 1565:In 1938, the Danish mathematical economist 14195: 14181: 13528: 13514: 12914: 12900: 11840: 11826: 11367: 11341:, Vol. 41, No. 4 (1973), pp. 587–601. 11039: 10904:Shoham, Yoav; Leyton-Brown, Kevin (2009), 10727:. Suitable for upper-level undergraduates. 10654:, Russell Sage Foundation, pp. 1–25, 10465: 10052: 9773: 9698: 9579:Journal of Defense Analytics and Logistics 9121:Shoham, Yoav; Leyton-Brown, Kevin (2008). 9085: 9083: 8876:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 8737:"Game theory and the Cuban missile crisis" 8656: 8537: 8506: 8487: 7976:Handbook of Experimental Economics Results 7973: 7781: 7624: 7423:Camerer, Colin F. (2003). "Introduction". 6609: 6494: 6492: 6042:(1992). "Games with Perfect Information". 5839: 5603:Game theory applications in network design 4955:presents game theory concepts—notably the 4620:Standard prisoner's dilemma payoff matrix 4366:is a game-theoretic technique for proving 4183:are often interpreted as corresponding to 4085:during the presidency of John F. Kennedy. 4023: 4009: 2619: 2435:Differential games such as the continuous 2005: 1252: 1238: 930: 916: 11847: 11579: 11569: 11418: 11284:(3981), Princeton University Press: 172, 11208: 11198: 11147: 11137: 11004: 10687:Strategies and games: theory and practice 10253:The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection 9675: 9590: 9514: 9421: 9363: 9325: 9298: 9226: 9055: 9049: 8967: 8957: 8939: 8795: 8674: 8574: 8250: 7802: 7583: 7258: 7225: 7018: 6997: 6910: 6806: 6791: 6431: 6421: 6406:"Evolutionary Game Theory: A Renaissance" 6353: 6038: 5864: 5517: 5499: 5250: 5248: 2958: 2589: 2377:. A related field of study, drawing from 2068:and most classical board games including 1927: 1391: 11391:Satterthwaite, Mark Allen (April 1975). 10910:, New York: Cambridge University Press, 10755:. Suitable for advanced undergraduates. 10407:(1973), "The logic of animal conflict", 10260: 10094:"Liar Game (manga) – Anime News Network" 10025: 9804: 9713:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics 9710: 9630: 9164:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics 8796:Levy, Gilat; Razin, Ronny (March 2004). 8512: 8476:International Encyclopedia of Statistics 8116:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics 8080:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics 7754:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics 7747: 7723:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics 7689:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics 7667:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics 7481:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics 7273: 7111: 7088: 6892: 6695: 6540: 5747:, New York: Cambridge University Press, 5710: 5678:. In Tucker, A. W.; Luce, R. D. (eds.). 5010: – Type of resource allocation game 4796: 4551: 3609:Use of game theory in project management 3325: 3223:n-person games of imperfect information 3111:n-person games of imperfect information 3075:2-person games of imperfect information 2711:(fair or unfair). Next in the sequence, 2670: 2315: 2238: 1654: 1598: 1402:For broader coverage of this topic, see 1318:. Von Neumann's original proof used the 11311: 11274:"Theory of games and economic behavior" 11169: 10993: 10759: 10739: 10708:Fernandez, L F.; Bierman, H S. (1998), 10642: 10597:, Undergraduate mathematics, Springer, 10122: 9950: 9553: 9157: 9080: 9056:Alexander, J. McKenzie (19 July 2009). 8575:Wilkinson, Nick (2005). "Game theory". 8174: 8140: 8106: 7713: 7679: 7546: 7422: 7309: 6498: 6489: 6306:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 6303:Combinatorial Games: Tic-Tac-Toe Theory 6223: 6208: 5986: 5947:Design Theory and Methods Using CAD/CAE 5742: 5556: 5456: 5254: 4805: 4039:is focused in the overlapping areas of 2965:{\displaystyle v:2^{N}\to \mathbb {R} } 2764:drawn around them. (See example in the 1455: 14: 15206: 11755:Gambit: Software Tools for Game Theory 11694:Bruno Verbeek and Christopher Morris: 11436: 11064:R. Duncan Luce; Howard Raiffa (1989), 10951: 10930: 10880: 10840: 10827:Games, strategies, and decision making 10780: 10710:Game theory with economic applications 10627: 10556: 10538: 10492:Philosophica Essays for A.N. Whitehead 10338: 10249: 10058: 9572: 9394: 9249: 9177: 9089: 8917: 8915: 8913: 8826: 8488:Aumann, R. J.; Hart, S., eds. (1992). 8300: 8045: 7877: 7506: 7470: 7296:from the original on 11 February 2014. 7243:"Networks of Conflict and Cooperation" 7240: 7234: 7186: 7145: 6785: 6671:Fudenberg, Drew; Tirole, Jean (1991). 6633: 6631: 6610:Aumann, R. J.; Hart, S., eds. (1992). 6605: 6603: 6566: 6564: 6536: 6534: 6525: 6403: 6171: 6138: 5408: 5245: 4778: 4713: 4575: 4571: 4205: 3935:Forum (alternative dispute resolution) 2492:In biology, such models can represent 2328: 14176: 13509: 12895: 11821: 11803:What is Mathematical Game Theory (#3) 11799:What is Mathematical Game Theory (#2) 11442:The Dynamics of Rational Deliberation 11347:Strategy in Poker, Business & War 11026:, Blackwell (Yale U.P. in the U.S.), 10684: 10507: 10486: 10379: 10360: 10235: 10104:from the original on 25 November 2022 10006: 9554:Roberts, Siobhan (20 December 2020). 9400:The Dynamics of Rational Deliberation 8731: 8719: 8306:The Theory of Industrial Organization 7937: 7910: 7851: 7333: 7260:10.1146/annurev-polisci-041719-102523 6570: 6359: 5982: 5980: 5978: 5976: 5974: 5944: 5354: 5319:Theory of Games and Economic Behavior 5170:in his dissertation (and later book) 5067: – Doctrine of military strategy 4881:satirizes game theoretic ideas about 4820: 4608: 4578:) and Sober and Wilson ( 4555: 4489: 4476:and employed it in analyzing play in 4465: 4461: 4457: 2424: 1767:, largely as a result of the work of 1632:Theory of Games and Economic Behavior 1527:and presented a solution that is the 1333:Theory of Games and Economic Behavior 13476: 11734: (archived 11 April 2011) — See 11255:Contributions to the Theory of Games 11112: 10592: 10511:(1960), "Carnap and Logical Truth", 10363:Hobbesian Moral and Political Theory 10158:from the original on 5 November 2022 10149: 10131:from the original on 5 November 2022 9573:Hanley, John T. (14 December 2021). 9473: 8869: 8394: 8367: 8146:"Progress in Behavioral Game Theory" 7518:. 1. Vol. 1. pp. 285–330. 7360: 6812:International Journal of Game Theory 6446: 6378: 6296: 6249:. A K Peters, Ltd. pp. ix–xii. 6113: 6011: 5916: 5897: 5790:from the original on 18 January 2012 5774: 5680:Contributions to the Theory of Games 5676:"On the Theory of Games of Strategy" 5510:Institute of Mathematical Statistics 3650: 2691:. To solve any extensive form game, 1375:as of 2020, including most recently 1322:on continuous mappings into compact 13488: 11689:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 10045:. 29 January 1964. 51 minutes in. 9953:The Journal of Industrial Economics 9631:Parashar, Nilesh (15 August 2022). 9449:Braithwaite, Richard Bevan (1955). 9100:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 9066:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 8910: 8339:. Vol. 3. pp. 1851–1895. 8050:. Vol. 3. pp. 2327–2351. 7367:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 7241:Larson, Jennifer M. (11 May 2021). 6642:. Vol. 3. pp. 1665–1686. 6628: 6600: 6561: 6531: 5854:from the original on 18 April 2016. 5784:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 5599: 5489:from the original on 20 August 2008 5122: – Argument in economic theory 3594:20% of participants had undertaken 3548:Application in managerial economics 3521:"solution concepts" or "equilibria" 3490:agent-based computational economics 3456:competing behaviors of interacting 3240:n-person games, simultaneous moves 3130:n-person games, simultaneous moves 2608:, in the engineering literature by 1311:in humans, animals, and computers. 24: 14084:Microfoundations of macroeconomics 13535: 11889:First-player and second-player win 11763:Open Course on Game Theory at Yale 11489:Naval Research Logistics Quarterly 10900:. Suitable for a general audience. 10742:Game theory for applied economists 10616: 10250:Fisher, Sir Ronald Aylmer (1930). 9786:from the original on 23 April 2023 9755:from the original on 23 April 2023 9488:10.1023/B:SYNT.0000035846.91195.cb 8870:Wood, Peter John (February 2011). 8777:from the original on 23 April 2023 8747:from the original on 24 April 2015 8701:from the original on 23 April 2023 8611:. 27 November 2020. Archived from 8431:Handbook of Mathematical Economics 7941:(2001). "Experimental Economics". 7925:10.1215/00182702-24-Supplement-241 7663:"computer science and game theory" 7247:Annual Review of Political Science 7112:Sannikov, Yuliy (September 2007). 6576:Game Theory and Economic Modelling 6515:from the original on 1 April 2011. 6028:from the original on 30 July 2004. 5989:Game Theory for Applied Economists 5971: 5955:10.1016/b978-0-12-398512-5.00002-5 5336:from the original on 28 March 2023 5297:from the original on 23 April 2023 5071:Outline of artificial intelligence 4518:The synthesis of game theory with 4496:(2006) have developed theories of 4035:The application of game theory to 3389:Prescriptive or normative analysis 2985: 2722:s move, can choose to play either 1986:, the prisoner's dilemma, and the 1833:, and an important graduate text: 1752:as well. In 1994 Nash, Selten and 1611:On the Theory of Games of Strategy 25: 15245: 11596: 11328: 11096:Evolution and the theory of games 10937:, New York: W.W. Norton and Co., 10385:Convention: A Philosophical Study 10184:from the original on 8 April 2023 9656:Multimedia Tools and Applications 8991:Harper & Maynard Smith (2003) 7283:Journal of Evolutionary Economics 6698:Security Studies: an Introduction 5847:. University of Texas at Dallas. 5821:from the original on 1 April 2014 5260:Game Theory: Analysis of Conflict 4980:of the film, she plays a game of 4900:was founded by singer/songwriter 4736: 4720:Battle of the sexes (game theory) 4250:Evolution and the Theory of Games 4092:A game-theoretic explanation for 3639:Subcontractor–subcontractor games 3288:Evolution and the Theory of Games 3266:in 1838 with his solution of the 2703:"moves" first by choosing either 2660: 1835:Game Theory, Analysis of Conflict 15175: 15174: 14157: 14156: 14145: 13487: 13475: 13464: 13463: 13451: 11996:Coalition-proof Nash equilibrium 11795:What is Mathematical Game Theory 11664:Game Theory and Computer Science 10764:, London: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 10622:Textbooks and general literature 10541:Evolution of the social contract 10494:, Russel and Russel Publishers, 10170: 10150:Bean, Travis (8 February 2019). 10143: 10123:Chaffin, Sean (20 August 2018). 10116: 10086: 10033: 10019: 10000: 9979: 9944: 9932:from the original on 23 May 2021 9914: 9887: 9860: 9825: 9798: 9767: 9737: 9721:10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_1850-1 9704: 9643: 9624: 9599: 9566: 9547: 9494: 9467: 9442: 9415: 9388: 9357: 9319: 9292: 9266: 9243: 9198: 9171: 9151: 8996: 8896:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05891.x 8872:"Climate change and game theory" 8863: 8820: 8789: 8759: 8725: 8683: 8627: 8601: 8568: 8513:Christen, Markus (1 July 1998). 8481: 8468: 8444: 8423: 8388: 8361: 8328: 8294: 8244: 8228:Advances in Behavioral Economics 8219: 8150:Journal of Economic Perspectives 8019:Advances in Behavioral Economics 7729:from the original on 16 May 2013 7514:; Intriligator, Michael (eds.). 7133:10.1111/j.1468-0262.2007.00795.x 6715:Shoham & Leyton-Brown (2008) 6277:, A K Peters Ltd, pp. 3–4, 6197:Shoham & Leyton-Brown (2008) 5808: 5221: 5085: – Risk management strategy 4378:, especially online algorithms. 4255:One such phenomenon is known as 3011:Alternative game representations 2294: 1589:finite two-person zero-sum games 961: 897: 885: 70: 13372:Computational complexity theory 11604:Introductory Game Theory Videos 10803:; Whinston, Michael D. (1995), 10490:(1967), "Truth by Convention", 10242:An Economic theory of Democracy 8313:and chapter-preview links, pp. 8168: 8134: 8100: 8072: 8039: 8021:, Princeton. 1986–2003 papers. 7992: 7967: 7931: 7904: 7845: 7750:"computing in mechanism design" 7741: 7707: 7673: 7651: 7618: 7540: 7500: 7464: 7437: 7429:. pp. 1–25. Archived from 7416: 7381: 7354: 7327: 7267: 7213: 7180: 7139: 7105: 7082: 7055: 7027: 7006: 6981: 6954: 6919: 6886: 6838: 6800: 6779: 6720: 6689: 6664: 6484:Osborne & Rubinstein (1994) 6452: 6337:Games, Puzzles, and Computation 6324: 6290: 6263: 6217: 6202: 6165: 6132: 6107: 6068: 6046:. Vol. 1. pp. 41–70. 6032: 6005: 5938: 5910: 5891: 5858: 5833: 5802: 5736: 5720:Toward a History of Game Theory 5704: 5664: 5620: 5593: 5550: 5202: 5181: 5160: 4585: 4073:An Economic Theory of Democracy 3448:Use of game theory in economics 3273:Although pre-twentieth-century 3037: 3000:{\displaystyle v(\emptyset )=0} 2379:computational complexity theory 1775:. In addition, the concepts of 1576:Applications aux Jeux de Hasard 1491:On Reasoning in Games of Chance 1415:Game-theoretic strategy within 172:Concepts, theory and techniques 14740:Right of way (property access) 12006:Evolutionarily stable strategy 11678:Graduate Course in Game Theory 11538:Chastain, Erick; Livnat, Adi; 11099:, Cambridge University Press, 10869:, Cambridge University Press, 10785:, Princeton University Press, 10744:, Princeton University Press, 10637:, vol. 2, pp. 460–82 10561:, Cambridge University Press, 10543:, Cambridge University Press, 10365:. Princeton University Press. 10059:Guzman, Rafer (6 March 1996). 9896:Journal of Economic Psychology 9807:Journal of Conflict Resolution 9503:Journal of Biological Dynamics 9306:, Cambridge University Press, 9125:. Cambridge University Press. 9015:Journal of Theoretical Biology 8317:, "General Organization," pp. 8260:Journal of Economic Literature 8230:. Princeton University Press. 7951:10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/02232-4 7484:(2nd ed.). Archived from 7319:. pp. 5–7. Archived from 6499:McMahan, Hugh Brendan (2006). 6459:Lozovanu, D; Pickl, S (2015). 6226:An Introduction to Game Theory 6211:An Introduction to Game Theory 6082:. 2 March 2017. Archived from 5718:. In Weintraub, E. Roy (ed.). 5493: 5441: 5402: 5376:Quantum Information Processing 5367: 5348: 5322:. Princeton University Press. 5309: 5280: 5215:Journal of Economic Literature 5079: – Paradox in game theory 4452:. Responding to two papers by 4195:Maynard Smith & Price 1973 4190:evolutionarily stable strategy 3900:Alternative dispute resolution 3636:Contractor–subcontractor games 3565:Use of game theory in business 2988: 2982: 2954: 2771: 2683:(as pictured here). Here each 1787:were introduced and analyzed. 1773:evolutionarily stable strategy 1500:and uncle to British diplomat 1411:International relations theory 38:. For the YouTube series, see 13: 1: 11934:Simultaneous action selection 11467:; Lucas, William F. (1963), " 10007:Singh, Simon (14 June 1998). 9774:Athenarium (12 August 2020). 9533:10.1080/17513758.2020.1720322 9273:Ullmann-Margalit, E. (1977), 9090:Okasha, Samir (3 June 2003). 8657:Piraveenan, Mahendra (2019). 8550:The European Financial Review 8478:, v. 2, pp. 372–78. 8439:10.1016/S1573-4382(81)01011-4 8345:10.1016/S1574-0005(02)03012-6 8056:10.1016/S1574-0005(02)03025-4 7888:10.1016/S1574-0005(05)80063-3 7862:10.1016/S1574-0005(05)80062-1 7635:10.1016/S1574-0021(05)02016-2 7552:The RAND Journal of Economics 7524:10.1016/S1573-4382(81)01011-4 7365:. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). 6975:10.1016/S0004-3702(97)00023-4 6648:10.1016/S1574-0005(02)03006-0 6052:10.1016/S1574-0005(05)80006-2 5447:Shafer, G. (2018, December). 5238: 5143:List of emerging technologies 4765: 4400: 4122:Use of game theory in biology 4078:Hotelling firm location model 3642:Games involving other players 2766:imperfect information section 2453:Bellman's Dynamic Programming 2409:Discrete and continuous games 1871:Cooperative / non-cooperative 1615:Brouwer's fixed-point theorem 1571:Brouwer's fixed point theorem 1275:, and is used extensively in 14202: 12866:List of games in game theory 12046:Quantal response equilibrium 12036:Perfect Bayesian equilibrium 11971:Bayes correlated equilibrium 11412:10.1016/0022-0531(75)90050-2 11345:McDonald, John (1950–1996), 10989:, Princeton University Press 10972:Historically important texts 10825:Joseph E. Harrington (2008) 10579:, Harvard University Press, 10466:Poundstone, William (1993). 10300:10.1080/09528130412331294715 10026:Heinlein, Robert A. (1959), 10009:"Between Genius and Madness" 9922:"Cournot (Nash) Equilibrium" 9846:10.1016/j.neures.2014.10.020 9633:"What is Game Theory in AI?" 9402:, Harvard University Press, 9369:Rationality and Coordination 9035:10.1016/0022-5193(74)90110-6 8585:10.1017/CBO9780511810534.015 7913:History of Political Economy 7854:Chapter 30 Voting procedures 7197:10.1007/978-3-642-03958-4_21 6912:10.1016/0304-3975(94)90010-8 6899:Theoretical Computer Science 6895:"A theory of timed automata" 6704:: Routledge. pp. 55–56. 6149:10.1007/978-1-349-20181-5_22 5463:Bellhouse, David R. (2007), 5148:List of games in game theory 4604:Well known examples of games 4387:algorithmic mechanism design 4193:(ESS), first introduced in ( 2918:Characteristic function form 2561: 2449:Pontryagin maximum principle 1866:List of games in game theory 1595:Birth and early developments 1330:. His paper was followed by 44:Game theory (disambiguation) 7: 15046:Two Treatises of Government 14029:Civil engineering economics 14014:Statistical decision theory 13654:Income elasticity of demand 12335:Optional prisoner's dilemma 12066:Self-confirming equilibrium 11788:Stochastic Two-Player Games 11629:History of Game Theory Page 11616:Encyclopedia of Mathematics 11261:Princeton University Press. 10740:Gibbons, Robert D. (1992), 10325:, Oxford University Press, 9869:Games and Economic Behavior 9279:, Oxford University Press, 8370:Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv 7784:Games and Economic Behavior 7361:Ross, Don (10 March 2006). 6584:10.1093/0198283814.001.0001 6578:. Oxford University Press. 6334:; Demaine, Erik D. (2009), 6209:Osborne, Martin J. (2000). 5840:Chandrasekaran, Ramaswamy. 5600:Kim, Sungwook, ed. (2014). 5465:"The Problem of Waldegrave" 5120:Wilson doctrine (economics) 5100:Self-confirming equilibrium 5028: – term in game theory 5016: – Game theory paradox 4995: 3633:Contractor–contractor games 3628:public–private partnerships 3350:akin to the models used by 1914:non-cooperative game theory 1641:axiomatic theory of utility 1487:De ratiociniis in ludo aleæ 1320:Brouwer fixed-point theorem 10: 15250: 13664:Price elasticity of supply 13659:Price elasticity of demand 13649:Cross elasticity of demand 13422:Films about mathematicians 12800:Principal variation search 12516:Aumann's agreement theorem 12179:Strategy-stealing argument 12091:Trembling hand equilibrium 12021:Markov perfect equilibrium 12016:Mertens-stable equilibrium 11400:Journal of Economic Theory 11364:. A layman's introduction. 10987:Values of Non-Atomic Games 10361:Kavka, Gregory S. (1986). 10200: 9908:10.1016/j.joep.2011.05.007 9819:10.1177/002200276100500205 9668:10.1007/s11042-022-12153-2 9373:Cambridge University Press 9058:"Evolutionary Game Theory" 8829:International Organization 8814:10.1162/154247604323015463 7821:Cambridge University Press 7625:Tesfatsion, Leigh (2006). 6696:Williams, Paul D. (2013). 6224:Osborne, Martin J (2020). 6116:Game Theory: Third Edition 5922:Game Theory: Third Edition 5688:Princeton University Press 5423:10.1177/030631277800800103 5065:Mutual assured destruction 5041:Intra-household bargaining 4809: 4782: 4740: 4717: 4612: 4316:Computer science and logic 4172: 3967:Peace and conflict studies 3874:Mutual assured destruction 3014: 2921: 2886: 2664: 2593: 2477: 2428: 2399:artificial neural networks 2366:sometimes non-constructive 2320:Example of a Bayesian game 2298: 2232: 2101: 2052: 1974: 1874: 1863: 1746:subgame perfect equilibria 1732:Prize-winning achievements 1504:, analyzed a game called " 1408: 1401: 1395: 1386: 29: 15170: 14967: 14769: 14649: 14542: 14535: 14384: 14341: 14286: 14210: 14140: 14107: 13986: 13543: 13445: 13395: 13352: 13262: 13224: 13191: 13143: 13115: 13062: 13009: 12991:Philosophy of mathematics 12966: 12931: 12836:Combinatorial game theory 12823: 12782: 12564: 12508: 12495:Princess and monster game 12290: 12192: 12099: 12051:Quasi-perfect equilibrium 11976:Bayesian Nash equilibrium 11957: 11856: 11745:15 September 2019 at the 11368:Papayoanou, Paul (2010), 10952:McCain, Roger A. (2010). 10881:Miller, James H. (2003), 10877:. Undergraduate textbook. 10685:Dutta, Prajit K. (1999), 10610:Markov decision processes 9592:10.1108/JDAL-10-2021-0011 9436:10.1017/S0266267100004132 9228:10.1007/s10994-007-0770-1 9180:Communications of the ACM 8841:10.1017/s0020818300033324 8433:, v. 1, pp. 285–330 7852:Brams, Steven J. (1994). 7748:Sandholm, Tuomas (2008). 7348:10.1007/s11245-005-5055-3 7274:Friedman, Daniel (1998). 6675:. MIT Press. p. 67. 6404:Newton, Jonathan (2018). 5842:"Cooperative Game Theory" 5606:. IGI Global. p. 3. 5411:Social Studies of Science 5396:10.1007/s11128-018-2082-8 5126:Compositional game theory 5020:Collective intentionality 4838:was turned into the 2001 4439: 4241:Biologists have used the 4221:other communication games 4160: 4057:positive political theory 3427: 2878: 2730:(accept or reject). Once 2526:Markov decision processes 2350:combinatorial game theory 2098:Simultaneous / sequential 2044: 1990:are all symmetric games. 1966: 1781:trembling hand perfection 1758:Economics Nobel Laureates 1750:trembling hand perfection 1685:. Around this same time, 1508:". Waldegrave provided a 1480:developed the concept of 32:Combinatorial game theory 15098:The Great Transformation 14456:Labor theory of property 13720:Income–consumption curve 13427:Recreational mathematics 12851:Evolutionary game theory 12584:Antoine Augustin Cournot 12470:Guess 2/3 of the average 12267:Strictly determined game 12061:Satisfaction equilibrium 11879:Escalation of commitment 11709:Game Theory and Politics 11446:Harvard University Press 10781:Gintis, Herbert (2000), 10760:Gibbons, Robert (2001), 10098:www.animenewsnetwork.com 9989:, Simon & Schuster. 9424:Economics and Philosophy 8112:"behavioral game theory" 7880:Chapter 31 Social choice 7402:10.1021/acs.iecr.8b03835 7089:Clempner, Julio (2006). 7076:10.1609/aimag.v26i2.1813 6172:Mirman, Leonard (1989). 6114:Owen, Guillermo (1995). 5987:Gibbons, Robert (1992). 5753:10.1017/CBO9780511778278 5743:Leonard, Robert (2010), 5290:Game Theory in Economics 5264:Harvard University Press 5153: 5138:List of cognitive biases 4856:military science fiction 4372:computational complexity 4334:interactive computations 4175:Evolutionary game theory 4107:greenhouse gas emissions 4105:other nations to reduce 3962:Non-aggression principle 3920:Conflict style inventory 3724:Nonviolent Communication 3496:, mechanism design, and 3470:mergers and acquisitions 3360:guess 2/3 of the average 3322:Description and modeling 3300:economics and philosophy 3264:Antoine Augustin Cournot 3250:General and applied uses 2902:and that Player 2 plays 2760:gets a payoff of "two". 2612:, and by mathematicians 2480:Evolutionary game theory 2474:Evolutionary game theory 2468:mathematical expectation 2464:probability distribution 2437:pursuit and evasion game 1860:Different types of games 1808:evolutionary game theory 1798:In 2005, game theorists 1521:Antoine Augustin Cournot 1373:Nobel Prize in economics 1369:evolutionary game theory 1336:(1944), co-written with 160:JEL classification codes 15219:Artificial intelligence 14667:Forest-dwelling (India) 14629:restraint on alienation 14409:Common good (economics) 14054:Industrial organization 13312:Mathematical statistics 13302:Mathematical psychology 13272:Engineering mathematics 13206:Algebraic number theory 12856:Glossary of game theory 12455:Stackelberg competition 12081:Strong Nash equilibrium 11714:20 October 2006 at the 11571:10.1073/pnas.1406556111 11540:Papadimitriou, Christos 11521:10.1145/1993806.1993858 11419:Siegfried, Tom (2006), 11200:10.1073/pnas.39.10.1095 10809:Oxford University Press 10762:A Primer in Game Theory 10758:Published in Europe as 10631:(1987), "game theory", 10593:Webb, James N. (2007), 10449:A course in game theory 10270:Oxford University Press 9192:10.1145/1378704.1378721 9146:Ben-David et al. (1994) 8028:18 January 2012 at the 7919:(Supplement): 241–282. 7817:Algorithmic Game Theory 7458:10.1287/mnsc.29.12.1365 6963:Artificial Intelligence 6928:Proceedings of the IEEE 6547:(4th ed.). Wiley. 6541:Rasmusen, Eric (2007). 5786:. Stanford University. 5197:behavioural game theory 5083:Precautionary principle 5035:Glossary of game theory 4383:Algorithmic game theory 4356:games with moving costs 3809:International relations 3739:Speaking truth to power 3530:of individual players. 3510:industrial organization 2924:Cooperative game theory 2715:, who has now observed 2620:Representation of games 2616:and Jean-Michel Lasry. 2520:(with uncertainty) and 2514:artificial intelligence 2390:artificial intelligence 2006:Zero-sum / non-zero-sum 1910:cooperative game theory 1877:Cooperative game theory 1839:incentive compatibility 1470:Book on Games of Chance 1419:dates back at least to 1367:for his application of 346:Industrial organization 203:Computational economics 15229:Mathematical economics 15106:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon 14880:Primitive accumulation 14735:Right of way (transit) 14520:Tragedy of the commons 14402:fictitious commodities 13458:Mathematics portal 13307:Mathematical sociology 13287:Mathematical economics 13282:Mathematical chemistry 13211:Analytic number theory 13092:Differential equations 12881:Tragedy of the commons 12861:List of game theorists 12841:Confrontation analysis 12551:Sprague–Grundy theorem 12071:Sequential equilibrium 11991:Correlated equilibrium 11696:Game Theory and Ethics 11501:10.1002/nav.3800100126 11481: 11423:, Joseph Henry Press, 10557:Skyrms, Brian (2004), 10539:Skyrms, Brian (1996), 10339:Howard, Nigel (1971), 9881:10.1006/game.1995.1027 9276:The Emergence of Norms 8450:Martin Shubik (1987). 8180:Behavioral Game Theory 7945:. pp. 5100–5108. 7878:Moulin, Hervé (1994). 7796:10.1006/game.1999.0790 7719:"revelation principle" 6770: 6746: 6360:Jones, M. Tim (2008). 5811:"Non-Cooperative Game" 5229:game theory and ethics 5189:experimental economics 5105:Tragedy of the commons 5008:Bandwidth-sharing game 4802: 4397:with economic theory. 4389:combine computational 3429:The prisoner's dilemma 3334: 3304:philosophy of language 3001: 2966: 2676: 2675:An extensive form game 2596:Mean field game theory 2590:Mean field game theory 2584:confrontation analysis 2441:differential equations 2403:reinforcement learning 2321: 2285:incomplete information 2248: 1928:Symmetric / asymmetric 1777:correlated equilibrium 1662: 1627:mathematical economics 1606: 1575: 1550: 1533: 1453: 1392:Game-theoretic thought 1328:mathematical economics 198:Experimental economics 42:. For other uses, see 15159:The Wealth of Nations 15139:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 15131:The Ethics of Liberty 14024:Engineering economics 13619:Cost–benefit analysis 13437:Mathematics education 13367:Theory of computation 13087:Hypercomplex analysis 12654:Jean-François Mertens 11768:3 August 2010 at the 11685:Review Of Game Theory 11602:James Miller (2015): 11482: 11229:Mathematische Annalen 11011:Mathematical Psychics 11006:Edgeworth, Francis Y. 10931:Watson, Joel (2013), 9985:Nasar, Sylvia (1998) 9834:Neuroscience Research 9102:. Stanford University 9092:"Biological Altruism" 9068:. Stanford University 8640:11 April 2021 at the 8201:26 March 2023 at the 8094:7 August 2017 at the 7369:. Stanford University 7156:10.1109/CIMCA.2008.15 6862:10.1145/195058.195451 6771: 6747: 6745:{\displaystyle 2^{N}} 6544:Games and Information 5865:Brandenburger, Adam. 5684:Princeton, New Jersey 5633:Mathematische Annalen 5218:classification codes. 5178:'s work in the 1970s. 5089:Quantum refereed game 4800: 4376:randomized algorithms 4347:; in particular, the 3884:Nuclear proliferation 3506:information economics 3329: 3308:philosophy of science 3002: 2967: 2674: 2339:imperfect information 2337:. Games that involve 2319: 2242: 1793:non-cooperative games 1658: 1643:, which reincarnated 1602: 1435: 1207:Business Model Canvas 1184:Managerial grid model 1121:Competitive advantage 15022:Progress and Poverty 14356:Common-pool resource 13841:Price discrimination 13735:Intertemporal choice 13417:Informal mathematics 13297:Mathematical physics 13292:Mathematical finance 13277:Mathematical biology 13216:Diophantine geometry 12783:Search optimizations 12659:Jennifer Tour Chayes 12546:Revelation principle 12541:Purification theorem 12480:Nash bargaining game 12445:Bertrand competition 12430:El Farol Bar problem 12395:Electronic mail game 12360:Lewis signaling game 11904:Hierarchy of beliefs 11773:videos of the course 11728:Conflict Forecasting 11515:. pp. 289–290. 11471: 11139:10.1073/pnas.36.1.48 11014:, London: Kegan Paul 10995:Cournot, A. Augustin 10956:. World Scientific. 10805:Microeconomic theory 10443:Osborne, Martin J.; 9453:. University Press. 8579:. pp. 331–381. 8577:Managerial Economics 8462:29 June 2011 at the 8397:The Economic Journal 8272:10.1257/jel.44.3.694 8162:10.1257/jep.11.4.167 8009:1 April 2012 at the 7150:. pp. 130–135. 6856:. pp. 750–759. 6808:Rosenthal, Robert W. 6760: 6729: 6340:, A K Peters, Ltd., 6143:. pp. 194–198. 5780:"Prisoner's Dilemma" 5193:behavioral economics 4812:Bertrand competition 4806:Bertrand Competition 4749:economic experiments 4708:sure-thing principle 4568:Nash bargaining game 4548:political philosophy 4360:request-answer games 4213:animal communication 4083:Cuban Missile Crisis 4061:social choice theory 3950:Paradox of tolerance 3554:Managerial Economics 3502:behavioral economics 3316:chemical game theory 2976: 2935: 2281:complete information 1881:Non-cooperative game 1695:non-cooperative game 1456:Mathematical origins 1297:behavioral relations 1216:Strategic Grid Model 1156:Frameworks and tools 1031:Rita Gunther McGrath 982:Strategic management 425:Social choice theory 15145:The Social Contract 14833:population transfer 14750:prior-appropriation 14429:homestead principle 14152:Business portal 14089:Operations research 13916:Substitution effect 13432:Mathematics and art 13342:Operations research 13097:Functional analysis 12831:Bounded rationality 12450:Cournot competition 12400:Rock paper scissors 12375:Battle of the sexes 12365:Volunteer's dilemma 12237:Perfect information 12164:Dominant strategies 12001:Epsilon-equilibrium 11884:Extensive-form game 11707:Marek M. Kaminski: 11562:2014PNAS..11110620C 11556:(29): 10620–10623, 11290:1946Natur.157..172R 11191:1953PNAS...39.1095S 11130:1950PNAS...36...48N 11091:Maynard Smith, John 11062:reprinted edition: 10421:1973Natur.246...15S 10401:Maynard Smith, John 10319:Maynard Smith, John 10266:Morals by agreement 9525:2020JBioD..14...57C 9365:Bicchieri, Cristina 9327:Bicchieri, Cristina 9300:Bicchieri, Cristina 9207:Littman, Michael L. 9027:1974JThBi..47..209M 9004:Maynard Smith, John 8950:2022Senso..22.1032H 8888:2011NYASA1219..153W 8697:. 4 December 2018. 8676:10.3390/math7090858 8615:on 27 November 2020 8212:4 July 2013 at the 8190:14 May 2011 at the 8122:on 23 November 2011 8036:, Princeton, ch. 12 7760:on 23 November 2011 7695:on 23 November 2011 7396:(41): 13593–13607. 6700:(second ed.). 6174:Perfect Information 6086:on 28 October 2021. 6080:PBS Infinite Series 6013:Ferguson, Thomas S. 5949:. pp. 39–101. 5898:Shor, Mike (2006). 5640:] (in German). 5638:Mathematical Annals 5528:2015arXiv150401950B 5502:Statistical Science 5388:2018QuIP...17..309K 4970:New York University 4785:Cournot competition 4779:Cournot Competition 4714:Battle of the sexes 4621: 4550:(for examples, see 4338:multi-agent systems 4257:biological altruism 4235:Butterfly Economics 4070:. In his 1957 book 3879:Nuclear disarmament 3778:Conflict escalation 3755:Conflict management 3659:Conflict resolution 3596:on-the-job training 3494:general equilibrium 3375:bounded rationality 3256:applied mathematics 3231:Action graph games 3138:Local effect games 2667:Extensive form game 2606:Robert W. Rosenthal 2510:operations research 2419:Cournot competition 2368:) proof methods to 2329:Combinatorial games 2235:Perfect information 2209:Extensive-form game 2181:of opponent's move? 2163:Normally denoted by 2125:perfect information 1706:extensive form game 1635:, co-authored with 1579:and earlier notes, 1573:. In his 1938 book 1560:strictly determined 1531:of the game in his 1466:Liber de ludo aleae 1340:, which considered 1269:mathematical models 1193:Growth–share matrix 1137: • 1130:Performance effects 1128: • 1119: • 1092: • 1083: • 1076:Alfred Thayer Mahan 1074: • 1065: • 1063:Carl von Clausewitz 1056: • 1047: • 1038: • 1029: • 1007: • 998: • 989: • 980: • 892:Business portal 213:Operations research 193:National accounting 15125:Murray N. Rothbard 14436:Free-rider problem 13730:Indifference curve 13698:Goods and services 13639:Economies of scope 13634:Economies of scale 13377:Numerical analysis 12986:Mathematical logic 12981:Information theory 12810:Paranoid algorithm 12790:Alpha–beta pruning 12669:John Maynard Smith 12500:Rendezvous problem 12340:Traveler's dilemma 12330:Gift-exchange game 12325:Prisoner's dilemma 12242:Large Poisson game 12209:Bargaining problem 12114:Backward induction 12086:Subgame perfection 12041:Proper equilibrium 11611:"Games, theory of" 11477: 11270:Morgenstern, Oskar 11242:10.1007/bf01448847 11175:"Stochastic Games" 11070:Dover Publications 11020:Farquharson, Robin 10850:Dover Publications 10801:Mas-Colell, Andreu 10525:10.1007/BF00485423 10469:Prisoner's Dilemma 10256:. Clarendon Press. 10245:, New York: Harper 10221:10.1007/BF01294260 10073:on 6 November 2013 10013:The New York Times 9749:www.britannica.com 9701:, pp. 8, 117. 9560:The New York Times 9343:10.1007/BF00184816 9261:Grim et al. (2004) 9159:Halpern, Joseph Y. 8735:(1 January 2001). 7685:"mechanism design" 7446:Management Science 7037:Local-Effect Games 6824:10.1007/BF01737559 6766: 6742: 6463:. Springer, Cham. 6271:Albert, Michael H. 5690:. pp. 13–42. 5650:10.1007/BF01448847 5111:Traveler's dilemma 5077:Parrondo's paradox 5050:Kingmaker scenario 5026:Core (game theory) 5014:Chainstore paradox 4957:prisoner's dilemma 4916:, a 2005 Japanese 4866:Robert A. Heinlein 4821:In popular culture 4803: 4693:William Poundstone 4619: 4615:Prisoner's dilemma 4609:Prisoner's dilemma 4539:prisoner's dilemma 4522:was championed by 4478:coordination games 4215:. The analysis of 3997:Track II diplomacy 3945:Prisoner's dilemma 3915:Conflict continuum 3910:Conflict avoidance 3695:Dispute resolution 3335: 3298:such behavior. In 3237:graphs, functions 3127:graphs, functions 2997: 2962: 2693:backward induction 2677: 2614:Pierre-Louis Lions 2522:multi-agent system 2425:Differential games 2395:alpha–beta pruning 2322: 2249: 2142:subgame perfection 2113:Simultaneous games 2088:constant-sum games 1997:and similarly the 1968:An asymmetric game 1831:proper equilibrium 1769:John Maynard Smith 1667:prisoner's dilemma 1663: 1645:Daniel Bernoulli's 1607: 1517:Waldegrave problem 1361:John Maynard Smith 1222: • 1218: • 1209: • 1200: • 1191: • 1182: • 1173: • 1171:Balanced scorecard 1164: • 1139:Generic strategies 1000:Strategic thinking 996:Strategic planning 223:Industrial complex 218:Middle income trap 15201: 15200: 15112:What Is Property? 14905:human trafficking 14890:Regulatory taking 14765: 14764: 14510:Right to property 14170: 14169: 14132:Political economy 13931:Supply and demand 13811:Pareto efficiency 13503: 13502: 13102:Harmonic analysis 12889: 12888: 12795:Aspiration window 12764:Suzanne Scotchmer 12719:Oskar Morgenstern 12614:Donald B. Gillies 12556:Zermelo's theorem 12485:Induction puzzles 12440:Fair cake-cutting 12415:Public goods game 12345:Coordination game 12219:Intransitive game 12149:Forward induction 12031:Pareto efficiency 12011:Gibbs equilibrium 11981:Berge equilibrium 11929:Simultaneous game 11649:on 15 August 2000 11530:978-1-4503-0719-2 11480:{\displaystyle n} 11465:Thrall, Robert M. 11455:978-0-674-21885-7 11430:978-0-309-10192-9 11383:978-0-9647938-7-3 11360:978-0-393-31457-1 11266:von Neumann, John 11185:(10): 1095–1100. 11106:978-0-521-28884-2 11079:978-0-486-65943-5 11033:978-0-631-12460-3 10963:978-981-4289-65-8 10944:978-0-393-91838-0 10917:978-0-521-89943-7 10896:978-0-07-140020-6 10875:978-1-108-49345-1 10859:978-0-486-40682-4 10818:978-0-19-507340-9 10799:Green, Jerry R.; 10792:978-0-691-00943-8 10771:978-0-7450-1159-2 10751:978-0-691-00395-5 10723:978-0-201-84758-1 10700:978-0-262-04169-0 10661:978-0-691-09039-9 10604:978-1-84628-423-6 10586:978-0-674-93047-6 10568:978-0-521-53392-8 10550:978-0-521-55583-8 10501:978-0-8462-0970-6 10458:978-0-262-65040-3 10445:Rubinstein, Ariel 10394:978-0-631-23257-5 10372:978-0-691-02765-4 10354:978-0-262-58237-7 10347:: The MIT Press, 10332:978-0-19-852685-8 10279:978-0-19-824992-4 10127:. PokerNews.com. 10028:Starship Troopers 9928:. 18 April 2013. 9730:978-1-349-95121-5 9617:978-0-262-04937-5 9460:978-0-521-11351-9 9409:978-0-674-21885-7 9382:978-0-521-57444-0 9313:978-0-521-57372-6 9286:978-0-19-824411-0 9132:978-1-139-47524-2 8959:10.3390/s22031032 8594:978-0-521-81993-0 8499:978-0-444-89427-4 8354:978-0-444-89428-1 8237:978-1-4008-2911-8 8176:Camerer, Colin F. 8142:Camerer, Colin F. 8108:Camerer, Colin F. 8065:978-0-444-89428-1 7985:978-0-08-088796-8 7960:978-0-08-043076-8 7897:978-0-444-89427-4 7871:978-0-444-89427-4 7715:Myerson, Roger B. 7681:Myerson, Roger B. 7659:Joseph Y. Halpern 7644:978-0-444-51253-6 7533:978-0-444-86126-9 7472:Aumann, Robert J. 7452:(12): 1365–1379. 7311:Camerer, Colin F. 7206:978-3-642-03957-7 7165:978-0-7695-3514-2 6769:{\displaystyle N} 6682:978-0-262-06141-4 6657:978-0-444-89428-1 6621:978-0-444-89427-4 6593:978-0-19-828381-2 6554:978-1-4051-3666-2 6470:978-3-319-11832-1 6387:Litovsk. Mat. Sb. 6371:978-0-7637-7337-3 6347:978-1-56881-322-6 6317:978-0-521-46100-9 6284:978-1-56881-277-9 6256:978-1-56881-210-6 6183:978-1-349-20181-5 6158:978-0-333-49537-7 6125:978-0-12-531151-9 6061:978-0-4448-8098-7 5964:978-0-12-398512-5 5931:978-0-12-531151-9 5879:on 29 August 2017 5762:978-0-521-56266-9 5729:978-0-8223-1253-6 5672:von Neumann, John 5628:von Neumann, John 5613:978-1-4666-6051-9 5536:10.1214/14-STS469 5329:978-0-691-13061-3 5256:Myerson, Roger B. 5059:Law and economics 4987:In the 2017 film 4965:Crazy Rich Asians 4962:In the 2018 film 4883:deterrence theory 4861:Starship Troopers 4704:dominant strategy 4690: 4689: 4524:R. B. Braithwaite 4446: 4445: 4345:online algorithms 4279:, where the cost 4277:c < b × r 4171: 4170: 4076:, he applies the 4045:political economy 4037:political science 4033: 4032: 3905:Anti-war movement 3869:Nuclear blackmail 3773:Communal violence 3651:Political science 3514:political economy 3434: 3433: 3379:natural selection 3247: 3246: 3195:Continuous games 2885: 2884: 2628:of the game, the 2579:metagame analysis 2545:Black swan theory 2431:Differential game 2226: 2225: 2104:Simultaneous game 2051: 2050: 1973: 1972: 1726:political science 1677:, as part of the 1637:Oskar Morgenstern 1425:military strategy 1404:Military strategy 1342:cooperative games 1338:Oskar Morgenstern 1262: 1261: 1144:Mission statement 991:Strategic studies 987:Military strategy 940: 939: 16:(Redirected from 15241: 15234:John von Neumann 15178: 15177: 15082:John Stuart Mill 15002:Friedrich Engels 14983:Frédéric Bastiat 14976: 14828:Forced migration 14796:Collectivization 14540: 14539: 14419:First possession 14392:Bundle of rights 14197: 14190: 14183: 14174: 14173: 14160: 14159: 14150: 14149: 13892:Returns to scale 13750:Market structure 13530: 13523: 13516: 13507: 13506: 13491: 13490: 13479: 13478: 13467: 13466: 13456: 13455: 13387:Computer algebra 13362:Computer science 13082:Complex analysis 12916: 12909: 12902: 12893: 12892: 12876:Topological game 12871:No-win situation 12769:Thomas Schelling 12749:Robert B. Wilson 12709:Merrill M. Flood 12679:John von Neumann 12589:Ariel Rubinstein 12574:Albert W. Tucker 12425:War of attrition 12385:Matching pennies 12026:Nash equilibrium 11949:Mechanism design 11914:Normal-form game 11869:Cooperative game 11842: 11835: 11828: 11819: 11818: 11786:Antonin Kucera: 11761:Benjamin Polak: 11700:Elmer G. Wiens: 11680:(lecture notes). 11658: 11656: 11654: 11645:. Archived from 11624: 11592: 11583: 11573: 11534: 11503: 11486: 11484: 11483: 11478: 11458: 11433: 11421:A Beautiful Math 11415: 11397: 11386: 11363: 11324: 11308: 11298:10.1038/157172a0 11257:, v. 4, p. 11252: 11222: 11212: 11202: 11173:(October 1953). 11160: 11151: 11141: 11109: 11082: 11055: 11036: 11024:Theory of Voting 11015: 11001: 10990: 10967: 10947: 10927: 10926: 10924: 10899: 10862: 10821: 10795: 10774: 10754: 10736: 10726: 10703: 10676: 10675: 10673: 10664:, archived from 10638: 10629:Aumann, Robert J 10607: 10589: 10571: 10553: 10535: 10504: 10483: 10461: 10439: 10429:10.1038/246015a0 10405:Price, George R. 10387: 10376: 10357: 10335: 10310: 10282: 10257: 10246: 10232: 10194: 10193: 10191: 10189: 10174: 10168: 10167: 10165: 10163: 10147: 10141: 10140: 10138: 10136: 10120: 10114: 10113: 10111: 10109: 10090: 10084: 10082: 10080: 10078: 10069:. Archived from 10056: 10050: 10049: 10037: 10031: 10030: 10023: 10017: 10016: 10004: 9998: 9987:A Beautiful Mind 9983: 9977: 9976: 9948: 9942: 9941: 9939: 9937: 9918: 9912: 9911: 9891: 9885: 9884: 9864: 9858: 9857: 9829: 9823: 9822: 9802: 9796: 9795: 9793: 9791: 9771: 9765: 9764: 9762: 9760: 9741: 9735: 9734: 9715:. pp. 1–5. 9708: 9702: 9696: 9690: 9689: 9679: 9662:(6): 8963–8994. 9647: 9641: 9640: 9628: 9622: 9621: 9603: 9597: 9596: 9594: 9570: 9564: 9563: 9551: 9545: 9544: 9518: 9498: 9492: 9491: 9471: 9465: 9464: 9446: 9440: 9439: 9419: 9413: 9412: 9392: 9386: 9385: 9361: 9355: 9354: 9323: 9317: 9316: 9296: 9290: 9289: 9270: 9264: 9258: 9252: 9247: 9241: 9240: 9230: 9215:Machine Learning 9202: 9196: 9195: 9175: 9169: 9168: 9155: 9149: 9143: 9137: 9136: 9118: 9112: 9111: 9109: 9107: 9096:Zalta, Edward N. 9087: 9078: 9077: 9075: 9073: 9062:Zalta, Edward N. 9053: 9047: 9046: 9012: 9000: 8994: 8988: 8982: 8981: 8971: 8961: 8943: 8919: 8908: 8907: 8867: 8861: 8860: 8824: 8818: 8817: 8793: 8787: 8786: 8784: 8782: 8763: 8757: 8756: 8754: 8752: 8733:Brams, Steven J. 8729: 8723: 8717: 8711: 8710: 8708: 8706: 8687: 8681: 8680: 8678: 8654: 8645: 8631: 8625: 8624: 8622: 8620: 8605: 8599: 8598: 8572: 8566: 8565: 8563: 8561: 8552:. Archived from 8541: 8535: 8534: 8532: 8530: 8521:. Archived from 8510: 8504: 8503: 8485: 8479: 8472: 8466: 8448: 8442: 8427: 8421: 8420: 8403:(365): 200–202. 8392: 8386: 8385: 8365: 8359: 8358: 8332: 8326: 8309: 8298: 8292: 8291: 8248: 8242: 8241: 8223: 8217: 8183: 8172: 8166: 8165: 8138: 8132: 8131: 8129: 8127: 8118:. Archived from 8104: 8098: 8083: 8076: 8070: 8069: 8043: 8037: 7996: 7990: 7989: 7971: 7965: 7964: 7939:Smith, Vernon L. 7935: 7929: 7928: 7908: 7902: 7901: 7875: 7849: 7843: 7842: 7809: 7800: 7799: 7790:(1–2): 166–196. 7779: 7770: 7769: 7767: 7765: 7756:. Archived from 7745: 7739: 7738: 7736: 7734: 7711: 7705: 7704: 7702: 7700: 7691:. Archived from 7677: 7671: 7670: 7655: 7649: 7648: 7622: 7616: 7615: 7613: 7611: 7598: 7587: 7581: 7579: 7544: 7538: 7537: 7504: 7498: 7497: 7495: 7493: 7468: 7462: 7461: 7441: 7435: 7434: 7420: 7414: 7413: 7385: 7379: 7378: 7376: 7374: 7358: 7352: 7351: 7331: 7325: 7324: 7307: 7298: 7297: 7295: 7280: 7271: 7265: 7264: 7262: 7238: 7232: 7231: 7229: 7217: 7211: 7210: 7184: 7178: 7177: 7143: 7137: 7136: 7127:(5): 1285–1329. 7118: 7109: 7103: 7102: 7086: 7080: 7079: 7059: 7053: 7052: 7050: 7048: 7042: 7031: 7025: 7024: 7022: 7010: 7004: 7003: 7001: 6985: 6979: 6978: 6969:(1–2): 167–215. 6958: 6952: 6951: 6940:10.1109/5.871303 6923: 6917: 6916: 6914: 6890: 6884: 6883: 6842: 6836: 6835: 6804: 6798: 6797: 6795: 6783: 6777: 6775: 6773: 6772: 6767: 6751: 6749: 6748: 6743: 6741: 6740: 6724: 6718: 6712: 6706: 6705: 6693: 6687: 6686: 6668: 6662: 6661: 6635: 6626: 6625: 6607: 6598: 6597: 6568: 6559: 6558: 6538: 6529: 6523: 6517: 6516: 6514: 6507: 6496: 6487: 6481: 6475: 6474: 6456: 6450: 6444: 6438: 6437: 6435: 6425: 6423:10.3390/g9020031 6401: 6395: 6394: 6382: 6376: 6375: 6357: 6351: 6350: 6332:Hearn, Robert A. 6328: 6322: 6321: 6294: 6288: 6287: 6267: 6261: 6260: 6243:Jörg Bewersdorff 6239: 6230: 6229: 6221: 6215: 6214: 6206: 6200: 6194: 6188: 6187: 6169: 6163: 6162: 6136: 6130: 6129: 6111: 6105: 6087: 6076:"Infinite Chess" 6072: 6066: 6065: 6036: 6030: 6029: 6027: 6020: 6009: 6003: 6002: 5984: 5969: 5968: 5942: 5936: 5935: 5914: 5908: 5907: 5900:"Symmetric Game" 5895: 5889: 5888: 5886: 5884: 5878: 5872:. Archived from 5871: 5862: 5856: 5855: 5853: 5846: 5837: 5831: 5830: 5828: 5826: 5806: 5800: 5799: 5797: 5795: 5772: 5766: 5765: 5740: 5734: 5733: 5712:Mirowski, Philip 5708: 5702: 5701: 5668: 5662: 5661: 5624: 5618: 5617: 5597: 5591: 5590: 5588: 5586: 5580: 5573: 5554: 5548: 5547: 5521: 5497: 5491: 5490: 5488: 5469: 5460: 5454: 5445: 5439: 5438: 5406: 5400: 5399: 5371: 5365: 5364: 5352: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5341: 5313: 5307: 5306: 5304: 5302: 5284: 5278: 5277: 5252: 5232: 5225: 5219: 5206: 5200: 5185: 5179: 5164: 5116: 5055: 5046: 5031: 4907: 4870:of the same name 4844:A Beautiful Mind 4622: 4618: 4474:common knowledge 4454:W.V.O. Quine 4405: 4393:and analysis of 4391:algorithm design 4326:computer science 4310: 4309: 4305: 4300: 4299: 4295: 4278: 4225:mobbing behavior 4126: 4094:democratic peace 4025: 4018: 4011: 3655: 3654: 3558:pricing strategy 3393: 3176:Game Petri-nets 3066:Sequential form 3025: 3024: 3006: 3004: 3003: 2998: 2971: 2969: 2968: 2963: 2961: 2953: 2952: 2889:Normal-form game 2874: 2868: 2861: 2855: 2848: 2836: 2830: 2823: 2817: 2810: 2798: 2788: 2776: 2721: 2644:solution concept 2572:mechanism design 2540:minimax solution 2415:Continuous games 2150: 2149: 2121:Sequential games 2092:gains from trade 2066:matching pennies 2010: 1932: 1903:credible threats 1850:Lloyd S. Shapley 1827:mechanism design 1800:Thomas Schelling 1785:common knowledge 1742:solution concept 1691:Nash equilibrium 1683:nuclear strategy 1679:RAND Corporation 1671:Merrill M. Flood 1650:cooperative game 1604:John von Neumann 1578: 1567:Frederik Zeuthen 1553: 1536: 1529:Nash equilibrium 1502:James Waldegrave 1451: 1417:recorded history 1381:Robert B. Wilson 1363:was awarded the 1350:expected utility 1346:axiomatic theory 1316:John von Neumann 1289:computer science 1267:is the study of 1254: 1247: 1240: 1085:Adrian Slywotzky 972:Analysis methods 965: 942: 941: 932: 925: 918: 904:Money portal 902: 901: 900: 890: 889: 386:Natural resource 178:Economic systems 74: 51: 50: 21: 15249: 15248: 15244: 15243: 15242: 15240: 15239: 15238: 15224:Formal sciences 15204: 15203: 15202: 15197: 15166: 14970: 14969: 14963: 14913:husband-selling 14850:Illegal logging 14845:Illegal fishing 14774: 14761: 14672:Freedom to roam 14645: 14558:(agrarian land) 14531: 14488:Property rights 14380: 14337: 14299:Estate (landed) 14282: 14206: 14201: 14171: 14166: 14144: 14136: 14103: 13982: 13624:Deadweight loss 13561:Consumer choice 13539: 13534: 13504: 13499: 13450: 13441: 13391: 13348: 13327:Systems science 13258: 13254:Homotopy theory 13220: 13187: 13139: 13111: 13058: 13005: 12976:Category theory 12962: 12927: 12920: 12890: 12885: 12819: 12805:max^n algorithm 12778: 12774:William Vickrey 12734:Reinhard Selten 12689:Kenneth Binmore 12604:David K. Levine 12599:Daniel Kahneman 12566: 12560: 12536:Negamax theorem 12526:Minimax theorem 12504: 12465:Diner's dilemma 12320:All-pay auction 12286: 12272:Stochastic game 12224:Mean-field game 12195: 12188: 12159:Markov strategy 12095: 11961: 11953: 11924:Sequential game 11909:Information set 11894:Game complexity 11864:Congestion game 11852: 11846: 11770:Wayback Machine 11747:Wayback Machine 11732:Wayback Machine 11726:Kesten Green's 11716:Wayback Machine 11652: 11650: 11641: 11609: 11599: 11544:Vazirani, Umesh 11531: 11472: 11469: 11468: 11456: 11431: 11395: 11384: 11361: 11331: 11107: 11080: 11041:Luce, R. Duncan 11034: 10974: 10964: 10945: 10922: 10920: 10918: 10897: 10860: 10819: 10793: 10772: 10752: 10724: 10701: 10671: 10669: 10662: 10624: 10619: 10617:Further reading 10605: 10587: 10569: 10551: 10502: 10480: 10459: 10415:(5427): 15–18, 10373: 10355: 10333: 10280: 10262:Gauthier, David 10203: 10198: 10197: 10187: 10185: 10176: 10175: 10171: 10161: 10159: 10148: 10144: 10134: 10132: 10121: 10117: 10107: 10105: 10092: 10091: 10087: 10076: 10074: 10057: 10053: 10039: 10038: 10034: 10024: 10020: 10005: 10001: 9984: 9980: 9965:10.2307/2950422 9949: 9945: 9935: 9933: 9920: 9919: 9915: 9892: 9888: 9865: 9861: 9830: 9826: 9803: 9799: 9789: 9787: 9772: 9768: 9758: 9756: 9743: 9742: 9738: 9731: 9709: 9705: 9699:Poundstone 1993 9697: 9693: 9648: 9644: 9629: 9625: 9618: 9604: 9600: 9571: 9567: 9552: 9548: 9499: 9495: 9472: 9468: 9461: 9447: 9443: 9420: 9416: 9410: 9393: 9389: 9383: 9362: 9358: 9324: 9320: 9314: 9297: 9293: 9287: 9271: 9267: 9259: 9255: 9248: 9244: 9203: 9199: 9176: 9172: 9167:(2nd ed.). 9156: 9152: 9144: 9140: 9133: 9119: 9115: 9105: 9103: 9088: 9081: 9071: 9069: 9054: 9050: 9010: 9001: 8997: 8989: 8985: 8920: 8911: 8868: 8864: 8825: 8821: 8794: 8790: 8780: 8778: 8765: 8764: 8760: 8750: 8748: 8730: 8726: 8718: 8714: 8704: 8702: 8689: 8688: 8684: 8655: 8648: 8642:Wayback Machine 8632: 8628: 8618: 8616: 8607: 8606: 8602: 8595: 8573: 8569: 8559: 8557: 8556:on 20 June 2013 8542: 8538: 8528: 8526: 8511: 8507: 8500: 8486: 8482: 8473: 8469: 8464:Wayback Machine 8449: 8445: 8428: 8424: 8409:10.2307/2232276 8393: 8389: 8366: 8362: 8355: 8333: 8329: 8299: 8295: 8252:Fudenberg, Drew 8249: 8245: 8238: 8224: 8220: 8214:Wayback Machine 8205:(+), and ch. 1 8203:Wayback Machine 8192:Wayback Machine 8173: 8169: 8139: 8135: 8125: 8123: 8105: 8101: 8096:Wayback Machine 8078: 8077: 8073: 8066: 8044: 8040: 8030:Wayback Machine 8017:., ed. (2003). 8011:Wayback Machine 7997: 7993: 7986: 7972: 7968: 7961: 7936: 7932: 7909: 7905: 7898: 7872: 7850: 7846: 7831: 7810: 7803: 7780: 7773: 7763: 7761: 7746: 7742: 7732: 7730: 7712: 7708: 7698: 7696: 7678: 7674: 7656: 7652: 7645: 7623: 7619: 7609: 7607: 7596: 7588: 7584: 7545: 7541: 7534: 7505: 7501: 7491: 7489: 7469: 7465: 7442: 7438: 7433:on 14 May 2011. 7421: 7417: 7386: 7382: 7372: 7370: 7359: 7355: 7332: 7328: 7323:on 14 May 2011. 7308: 7301: 7293: 7278: 7272: 7268: 7239: 7235: 7218: 7214: 7207: 7185: 7181: 7166: 7144: 7140: 7116: 7110: 7106: 7087: 7083: 7060: 7056: 7046: 7044: 7040: 7032: 7028: 7011: 7007: 6986: 6982: 6959: 6955: 6924: 6920: 6891: 6887: 6872: 6850:Megiddo, Nimrod 6843: 6839: 6805: 6801: 6784: 6780: 6761: 6758: 6757: 6736: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6726: 6725: 6721: 6713: 6709: 6694: 6690: 6683: 6669: 6665: 6658: 6636: 6629: 6622: 6608: 6601: 6594: 6572:Kreps, David M. 6569: 6562: 6555: 6539: 6532: 6524: 6520: 6512: 6505: 6497: 6490: 6482: 6478: 6471: 6457: 6453: 6445: 6441: 6402: 6398: 6383: 6379: 6372: 6358: 6354: 6348: 6329: 6325: 6318: 6295: 6291: 6285: 6268: 6264: 6257: 6240: 6233: 6222: 6218: 6207: 6203: 6195: 6191: 6184: 6170: 6166: 6159: 6137: 6133: 6126: 6112: 6108: 6074: 6073: 6069: 6062: 6037: 6033: 6025: 6018: 6010: 6006: 5999: 5985: 5972: 5965: 5943: 5939: 5932: 5918:Owen, Guillermo 5915: 5911: 5904:Game Theory.net 5896: 5892: 5882: 5880: 5876: 5869: 5863: 5859: 5851: 5844: 5838: 5834: 5824: 5822: 5807: 5803: 5793: 5791: 5773: 5769: 5763: 5741: 5737: 5730: 5709: 5705: 5698: 5669: 5665: 5625: 5621: 5614: 5598: 5594: 5584: 5582: 5581:on 31 July 2020 5578: 5571: 5555: 5551: 5498: 5494: 5486: 5467: 5461: 5457: 5446: 5442: 5407: 5403: 5372: 5368: 5353: 5349: 5339: 5337: 5330: 5314: 5310: 5300: 5298: 5285: 5281: 5274: 5253: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5235: 5226: 5222: 5207: 5203: 5186: 5182: 5165: 5161: 5156: 5114: 5094:Risk management 5053: 5044: 5029: 4998: 4952:The Dark Knight 4939:The Dark Forest 4936:The 2008 novel 4923:The 1974 novel 4905: 4878:Dr. Strangelove 4823: 4814: 4808: 4787: 4781: 4768: 4745: 4739: 4722: 4716: 4686: 4683: 4678: 4675: 4669: 4663: 4660: 4655: 4652: 4646: 4639: 4634: 4630: 4627: 4617: 4611: 4606: 4597: 4588: 4552:Gauthier (1986) 4544:social contract 4486:signaling games 4403: 4395:complex systems 4364:Yao's principle 4352:-server problem 4351: 4318: 4307: 4303: 4302: 4297: 4293: 4292: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4276: 4273:Hamilton's rule 4243:game of chicken 4217:signaling games 4177: 4124: 4115: 4029: 3957:Liaison officer 3864:Nuclear warfare 3848:Multilateralism 3788:Just war theory 3653: 3611: 3567: 3550: 3450: 3391: 3383:fictitious play 3371:George R. Price 3324: 3268:Cournot duopoly 3254:As a method of 3252: 3120:Graphical games 3092:2-person games 3048:Congestion game 3019: 3013: 2977: 2974: 2973: 2957: 2948: 2944: 2936: 2933: 2932: 2926: 2920: 2891: 2870: 2864: 2857: 2851: 2843: 2841: 2832: 2826: 2819: 2813: 2805: 2803: 2793: 2791: 2783: 2781: 2774: 2750: 2742: 2729: 2725: 2719: 2710: 2706: 2669: 2663: 2622: 2610:Peter E. Caines 2602:Boyan Jovanovic 2598: 2592: 2564: 2556:stochastic game 2533:moves by nature 2516:, particularly 2512:, and areas of 2506:decision theory 2502: 2482: 2476: 2445:optimal control 2433: 2427: 2411: 2383:game complexity 2354:surreal numbers 2331: 2303: 2297: 2289:moves by nature 2245:information set 2237: 2231: 2222: 2220: 2213: 2211: 2182: 2180: 2179:Prior knowledge 2172:Payoff matrices 2119:simultaneous). 2110: 2108:Sequential game 2102:Main articles: 2100: 2057: 2046:A zero-sum game 2008: 1979: 1930: 1918:Nash equilibria 1895:non-cooperative 1883: 1875:Main articles: 1873: 1868: 1862: 1740:introduced his 1738:Reinhard Selten 1734: 1710:fictitious play 1597: 1458: 1452: 1447: 1413: 1407: 1400: 1394: 1389: 1309:decision making 1299:. It is now an 1285:systems science 1258: 1229: 1228: 1157: 1149: 1148: 1135:Core competency 1112: 1104: 1103: 1099:Henry Mintzberg 1045:Candace A. Yano 1036:Bruce Henderson 1022: 1014: 1013: 1005:Decision theory 973: 936: 898: 896: 884: 877: 876: 847: 837: 836: 835: 834: 598:von Böhm-Bawerk 486: 475: 474: 236: 228: 227: 183:Economic growth 173: 165: 164: 106: 104:classifications 47: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 15247: 15237: 15236: 15231: 15226: 15221: 15216: 15199: 15198: 15196: 15195: 15194: 15193: 15183: 15171: 15168: 15167: 15165: 15164: 15163: 15162: 15150: 15149: 15148: 15136: 15135: 15134: 15122: 15117: 15116: 15115: 15103: 15102: 15101: 15089: 15084: 15079: 15078: 15077: 15065: 15064: 15063: 15051: 15050: 15049: 15037: 15032: 15030:Garrett Hardin 15027: 15026: 15025: 15013: 15012: 15011: 14999: 14994: 14993: 14992: 14979: 14977: 14965: 14964: 14962: 14961: 14956: 14955: 14954: 14949: 14944: 14939: 14929: 14928: 14927: 14922: 14921: 14920: 14915: 14907: 14902: 14892: 14887: 14882: 14877: 14872: 14867: 14862: 14857: 14852: 14847: 14842: 14841: 14840: 14835: 14825: 14818: 14813: 14808: 14803: 14801:Eminent domain 14798: 14793: 14792: 14791: 14784:Bioprospecting 14780: 14778: 14776:redistribution 14767: 14766: 14763: 14762: 14760: 14759: 14758: 14757: 14752: 14742: 14737: 14732: 14731: 14730: 14718: 14713: 14712: 14711: 14706: 14701: 14691: 14686: 14685: 14684: 14674: 14669: 14664: 14659: 14653: 14651: 14647: 14646: 14644: 14643: 14642: 14641: 14636: 14631: 14626: 14621: 14611: 14606: 14605: 14604: 14594: 14587: 14582: 14581: 14580: 14575: 14570: 14560: 14552: 14543: 14537: 14533: 14532: 14530: 14529: 14528: 14527: 14517: 14512: 14507: 14506: 14505: 14500: 14495: 14485: 14480: 14478:Natural rights 14475: 14470: 14469: 14468: 14458: 14453: 14448: 14443: 14438: 14433: 14432: 14431: 14426: 14416: 14411: 14406: 14405: 14404: 14394: 14388: 14386: 14382: 14381: 14379: 14378: 14373: 14368: 14363: 14358: 14353: 14347: 14345: 14339: 14338: 14336: 14335: 14334: 14333: 14323: 14318: 14317: 14316: 14306: 14301: 14296: 14290: 14288: 14284: 14283: 14281: 14280: 14275: 14270: 14265: 14260: 14255: 14250: 14245: 14240: 14235: 14230: 14225: 14220: 14214: 14212: 14208: 14207: 14200: 14199: 14192: 14185: 14177: 14168: 14167: 14165: 14164: 14154: 14141: 14138: 14137: 14135: 14134: 14129: 14127:Macroeconomics 14124: 14123: 14122: 14111: 14109: 14105: 14104: 14102: 14101: 14096: 14091: 14086: 14081: 14076: 14071: 14066: 14061: 14056: 14051: 14046: 14041: 14036: 14031: 14026: 14021: 14016: 14011: 14006: 14001: 13996: 13990: 13988: 13984: 13983: 13981: 13980: 13975: 13974: 13973: 13968: 13958: 13953: 13952: 13951: 13942: 13928: 13923: 13918: 13913: 13904: 13899: 13894: 13889: 13884: 13879: 13874: 13869: 13864: 13863: 13862: 13857: 13848: 13843: 13838: 13833: 13828: 13826:Price controls 13818: 13813: 13808: 13807: 13806: 13801: 13796: 13791: 13790: 13789: 13784: 13774: 13769: 13768: 13767: 13762: 13747: 13745:Market failure 13742: 13737: 13732: 13727: 13722: 13717: 13712: 13711: 13710: 13705: 13695: 13690: 13685: 13680: 13679: 13678: 13668: 13667: 13666: 13661: 13656: 13651: 13641: 13636: 13631: 13626: 13621: 13616: 13615: 13614: 13609: 13604: 13599: 13598: 13597: 13587: 13582: 13572: 13563: 13558: 13553: 13547: 13545: 13541: 13540: 13537:Microeconomics 13533: 13532: 13525: 13518: 13510: 13501: 13500: 13498: 13497: 13485: 13473: 13461: 13446: 13443: 13442: 13440: 13439: 13434: 13429: 13424: 13419: 13414: 13413: 13412: 13405:Mathematicians 13401: 13399: 13397:Related topics 13393: 13392: 13390: 13389: 13384: 13379: 13374: 13369: 13364: 13358: 13356: 13350: 13349: 13347: 13346: 13345: 13344: 13339: 13334: 13332:Control theory 13324: 13319: 13314: 13309: 13304: 13299: 13294: 13289: 13284: 13279: 13274: 13268: 13266: 13260: 13259: 13257: 13256: 13251: 13246: 13241: 13236: 13230: 13228: 13222: 13221: 13219: 13218: 13213: 13208: 13203: 13197: 13195: 13189: 13188: 13186: 13185: 13180: 13175: 13170: 13165: 13160: 13155: 13149: 13147: 13141: 13140: 13138: 13137: 13132: 13127: 13121: 13119: 13113: 13112: 13110: 13109: 13107:Measure theory 13104: 13099: 13094: 13089: 13084: 13079: 13074: 13068: 13066: 13060: 13059: 13057: 13056: 13051: 13046: 13041: 13036: 13031: 13026: 13021: 13015: 13013: 13007: 13006: 13004: 13003: 12998: 12993: 12988: 12983: 12978: 12972: 12970: 12964: 12963: 12961: 12960: 12955: 12950: 12949: 12948: 12943: 12932: 12929: 12928: 12919: 12918: 12911: 12904: 12896: 12887: 12886: 12884: 12883: 12878: 12873: 12868: 12863: 12858: 12853: 12848: 12843: 12838: 12833: 12827: 12825: 12821: 12820: 12818: 12817: 12812: 12807: 12802: 12797: 12792: 12786: 12784: 12780: 12779: 12777: 12776: 12771: 12766: 12761: 12756: 12751: 12746: 12741: 12739:Robert Axelrod 12736: 12731: 12726: 12721: 12716: 12714:Olga Bondareva 12711: 12706: 12704:Melvin Dresher 12701: 12696: 12694:Leonid Hurwicz 12691: 12686: 12681: 12676: 12671: 12666: 12661: 12656: 12651: 12646: 12641: 12636: 12631: 12629:Harold W. Kuhn 12626: 12621: 12619:Drew Fudenberg 12616: 12611: 12609:David M. Kreps 12606: 12601: 12596: 12594:Claude Shannon 12591: 12586: 12581: 12576: 12570: 12568: 12562: 12561: 12559: 12558: 12553: 12548: 12543: 12538: 12533: 12531:Nash's theorem 12528: 12523: 12518: 12512: 12510: 12506: 12505: 12503: 12502: 12497: 12492: 12487: 12482: 12477: 12472: 12467: 12462: 12457: 12452: 12447: 12442: 12437: 12432: 12427: 12422: 12417: 12412: 12407: 12402: 12397: 12392: 12390:Ultimatum game 12387: 12382: 12377: 12372: 12370:Dollar auction 12367: 12362: 12357: 12355:Centipede game 12352: 12347: 12342: 12337: 12332: 12327: 12322: 12317: 12312: 12310:Infinite chess 12307: 12302: 12296: 12294: 12288: 12287: 12285: 12284: 12279: 12277:Symmetric game 12274: 12269: 12264: 12262:Signaling game 12259: 12257:Screening game 12254: 12249: 12247:Potential game 12244: 12239: 12234: 12226: 12221: 12216: 12211: 12206: 12200: 12198: 12190: 12189: 12187: 12186: 12181: 12176: 12174:Mixed strategy 12171: 12166: 12161: 12156: 12151: 12146: 12141: 12136: 12131: 12126: 12121: 12116: 12111: 12105: 12103: 12097: 12096: 12094: 12093: 12088: 12083: 12078: 12073: 12068: 12063: 12058: 12056:Risk dominance 12053: 12048: 12043: 12038: 12033: 12028: 12023: 12018: 12013: 12008: 12003: 11998: 11993: 11988: 11983: 11978: 11973: 11967: 11965: 11955: 11954: 11952: 11951: 11946: 11941: 11936: 11931: 11926: 11921: 11916: 11911: 11906: 11901: 11899:Graphical game 11896: 11891: 11886: 11881: 11876: 11871: 11866: 11860: 11858: 11854: 11853: 11845: 11844: 11837: 11830: 11822: 11814: 11813: 11791: 11784: 11775: 11759: 11750: 11724: 11719: 11705: 11698: 11692: 11681: 11676:Jim Ratliff's 11674: 11671:GameTheory.net 11667: 11660: 11638: 11634:David Levine: 11632: 11625: 11607: 11598: 11597:External links 11595: 11594: 11593: 11535: 11529: 11504: 11495:(4): 281–298, 11476: 11460: 11459: 11454: 11434: 11429: 11416: 11406:(2): 187–217. 11388: 11382: 11365: 11359: 11342: 11330: 11329:Other material 11327: 11326: 11325: 11313:Zermelo, Ernst 11309: 11262: 11236:(1): 295–320, 11223: 11171:Shapley, L. S. 11167: 11161: 11110: 11105: 11086: 11085: 11084: 11083: 11078: 11057: 11056: 11045:Raiffa, Howard 11037: 11032: 11016: 11002: 10991: 10983:Shapley, L. S. 10973: 10970: 10969: 10968: 10962: 10949: 10943: 10928: 10916: 10901: 10895: 10878: 10863: 10858: 10838: 10823: 10817: 10796: 10791: 10778: 10777: 10776: 10770: 10750: 10737: 10728: 10722: 10714:Addison-Wesley 10705: 10699: 10682: 10668:on 14 May 2011 10660: 10648:"Introduction" 10644:Camerer, Colin 10640: 10623: 10620: 10618: 10615: 10614: 10613: 10603: 10590: 10585: 10572: 10567: 10554: 10549: 10536: 10519:(4): 350–374, 10505: 10500: 10484: 10478: 10463: 10457: 10440: 10397: 10396:(2002 edition) 10377: 10371: 10358: 10353: 10336: 10331: 10323:Animal signals 10311: 10294:(4): 209–243, 10283: 10278: 10258: 10247: 10237:Downs, Anthony 10233: 10202: 10199: 10196: 10195: 10169: 10142: 10115: 10085: 10051: 10032: 10018: 9999: 9978: 9943: 9913: 9902:(5): 865–889. 9886: 9875:(1): 122–142. 9859: 9824: 9813:(2): 179–196. 9797: 9766: 9736: 9729: 9703: 9691: 9642: 9623: 9616: 9598: 9585:(2): 114–130. 9565: 9546: 9493: 9466: 9459: 9441: 9430:(2): 133–163. 9414: 9408: 9387: 9381: 9356: 9337:(1–2): 69–85. 9318: 9312: 9291: 9285: 9265: 9253: 9242: 9205:Littman, Amy; 9197: 9170: 9150: 9138: 9131: 9113: 9079: 9048: 9021:(1): 209–221. 8995: 8983: 8909: 8882:(1): 153–170. 8862: 8835:(3): 379–414. 8819: 8788: 8758: 8724: 8712: 8682: 8646: 8626: 8600: 8593: 8567: 8536: 8525:on 24 May 2013 8505: 8498: 8480: 8467: 8443: 8422: 8387: 8360: 8353: 8327: 8293: 8266:(3): 694–711. 8243: 8236: 8218: 8167: 8133: 8099: 8071: 8064: 8038: 7991: 7984: 7966: 7959: 7930: 7903: 7896: 7870: 7844: 7829: 7801: 7771: 7740: 7706: 7672: 7650: 7643: 7617: 7582: 7539: 7532: 7512:Arrow, Kenneth 7508:Shubik, Martin 7499: 7488:on 15 May 2011 7463: 7436: 7415: 7380: 7353: 7342:(2): 197–208. 7326: 7299: 7266: 7233: 7212: 7205: 7179: 7164: 7138: 7104: 7081: 7054: 7026: 7005: 6999:10.1.1.22.5705 6980: 6953: 6934:(7): 949–970. 6918: 6905:(2): 183–235. 6885: 6870: 6846:Koller, Daphne 6837: 6799: 6778: 6765: 6739: 6735: 6719: 6707: 6688: 6681: 6663: 6656: 6627: 6620: 6599: 6592: 6560: 6553: 6530: 6518: 6488: 6476: 6469: 6451: 6439: 6396: 6389:(in Russian). 6377: 6370: 6352: 6346: 6323: 6316: 6289: 6283: 6262: 6255: 6245:(2005). "31". 6231: 6216: 6201: 6189: 6182: 6164: 6157: 6131: 6124: 6106: 6067: 6060: 6040:Mycielski, Jan 6031: 6004: 5997: 5970: 5963: 5937: 5930: 5909: 5890: 5857: 5832: 5815:GameTheory.net 5801: 5767: 5761: 5735: 5728: 5703: 5696: 5663: 5644:(1): 295–320. 5619: 5612: 5592: 5558:Zermelo, Ernst 5549: 5492: 5455: 5440: 5401: 5366: 5355:Nisan (2020). 5347: 5328: 5308: 5279: 5272: 5243: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5234: 5233: 5220: 5201: 5180: 5158: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5151: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5129: 5128: 5123: 5117: 5108: 5102: 5097: 5091: 5086: 5080: 5074: 5068: 5062: 5056: 5047: 5038: 5032: 5023: 5017: 5011: 5005: 5002:Applied ethics 4997: 4994: 4993: 4992: 4985: 4976:; then in the 4960: 4947: 4934: 4921: 4909: 4890: 4875:The 1964 film 4873: 4852: 4822: 4819: 4810:Main article: 4807: 4804: 4783:Main article: 4780: 4777: 4767: 4764: 4743:Ultimatum game 4741:Main article: 4738: 4737:Ultimatum game 4735: 4718:Main article: 4715: 4712: 4688: 4687: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4665: 4664: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4642: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4628: 4625: 4613:Main article: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4596: 4593: 4587: 4584: 4444: 4443: 4437: 4436: 4433: 4430: 4426: 4425: 4422: 4419: 4415: 4414: 4411: 4408: 4402: 4399: 4385:and within it 4349: 4330:game semantics 4317: 4314: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4261:vervet monkeys 4173:Main article: 4169: 4168: 4158: 4157: 4154: 4151: 4147: 4146: 4143: 4140: 4136: 4135: 4132: 4129: 4123: 4120: 4114: 4111: 4053:war bargaining 4031: 4030: 4028: 4027: 4020: 4013: 4005: 4002: 4001: 4000: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3953: 3952: 3947: 3937: 3932: 3930:Family therapy 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3894: 3893: 3889: 3888: 3887: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3858: 3857: 3853: 3852: 3851: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3812: 3811: 3805: 3804: 3803: 3802: 3801: 3800: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3767: 3766: 3760: 3759: 3758: 3757: 3749: 3748: 3744: 3743: 3742: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3720: 3719: 3717:Party-directed 3709: 3708: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3669: 3668: 3662: 3661: 3652: 3649: 3644: 3643: 3640: 3637: 3634: 3631: 3610: 3607: 3606: 3605: 3602: 3599: 3598:in game theory 3592: 3589: 3586: 3566: 3563: 3549: 3546: 3498:voting systems 3486:social network 3449: 3446: 3432: 3431: 3425: 3424: 3421: 3418: 3414: 3413: 3410: 3407: 3403: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3390: 3387: 3362:game, and the 3356:centipede game 3332:centipede game 3323: 3320: 3279:Charles Darwin 3251: 3248: 3245: 3244: 3241: 3238: 3235: 3232: 3228: 3227: 3224: 3221: 3216: 3213: 3209: 3208: 3205: 3202: 3199: 3196: 3192: 3191: 3188: 3185: 3180: 3177: 3173: 3172: 3169: 3166: 3161: 3158: 3152: 3151: 3148: 3145: 3142: 3139: 3135: 3134: 3131: 3128: 3125: 3122: 3116: 3115: 3112: 3109: 3104: 3101: 3097: 3096: 3093: 3090: 3087: 3084: 3080: 3079: 3076: 3073: 3070: 3067: 3063: 3062: 3059: 3056: 3053: 3050: 3044: 3043: 3040: 3035: 3032: 3029: 3012: 3009: 2996: 2993: 2990: 2987: 2984: 2981: 2960: 2956: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2940: 2922:Main article: 2919: 2916: 2887:Main article: 2883: 2882: 2876: 2875: 2862: 2849: 2838: 2837: 2824: 2811: 2800: 2799: 2789: 2779: 2773: 2770: 2748: 2740: 2727: 2723: 2708: 2704: 2665:Main article: 2662: 2661:Extensive form 2659: 2621: 2618: 2594:Main article: 2591: 2588: 2563: 2560: 2501: 2498: 2478:Main article: 2475: 2472: 2429:Main article: 2426: 2423: 2410: 2407: 2330: 2327: 2299:Main article: 2296: 2293: 2233:Main article: 2230: 2227: 2224: 2223: 2221:Strategic game 2216: 2214: 2212:Extensive game 2207: 2205: 2201: 2200: 2197: 2194: 2190: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2178: 2175: 2174: 2169: 2167:Decision trees 2164: 2160: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2137:extensive form 2099: 2096: 2053:Main article: 2049: 2048: 2042: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2031: 2030: 2027: 2024: 2020: 2019: 2016: 2013: 2007: 2004: 1995:ultimatum game 1977:Symmetric game 1975:Main article: 1971: 1970: 1964: 1963: 1960: 1957: 1953: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1942: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1929: 1926: 1901:(e.g. through 1899:self-enforcing 1872: 1869: 1861: 1858: 1815:Leonid Hurwicz 1733: 1730: 1714:repeated games 1675:Melvin Dresher 1617:on continuous 1596: 1593: 1513:mixed strategy 1457: 1454: 1445: 1430:The Art of War 1398:The Art of War 1396:Main article: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1365:Crafoord Prize 1293:zero-sum games 1273:social science 1260: 1259: 1257: 1256: 1249: 1242: 1234: 1231: 1230: 1227: 1226: 1213: 1211:Kraljic matrix 1204: 1202:MECE principle 1195: 1186: 1177: 1168: 1158: 1155: 1154: 1151: 1150: 1147: 1146: 1141: 1132: 1123: 1117:Business model 1113: 1110: 1109: 1106: 1105: 1102: 1101: 1096: 1087: 1078: 1072:Julian Corbett 1069: 1060: 1051: 1049:C. K. Prahalad 1042: 1033: 1027:Michael Porter 1023: 1021:Major thinkers 1020: 1019: 1016: 1015: 1012: 1011: 1002: 993: 984: 974: 971: 970: 967: 966: 958: 957: 951: 950: 938: 937: 935: 934: 927: 920: 912: 909: 908: 907: 906: 894: 879: 878: 875: 874: 869: 859: 854: 848: 843: 842: 839: 838: 833: 832: 825: 820: 815: 810: 805: 800: 795: 790: 785: 780: 775: 770: 765: 760: 755: 750: 745: 740: 735: 730: 725: 720: 715: 710: 705: 700: 695: 690: 685: 680: 675: 670: 665: 660: 655: 650: 645: 640: 635: 630: 625: 620: 615: 610: 605: 600: 595: 590: 585: 580: 575: 570: 565: 560: 555: 550: 545: 540: 535: 530: 525: 520: 515: 510: 505: 500: 495: 489: 488: 487: 481: 480: 477: 476: 473: 472: 467: 462: 457: 452: 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 418: 413: 408: 403: 398: 393: 391:Organizational 388: 383: 378: 373: 368: 363: 358: 353: 348: 343: 338: 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 288: 283: 278: 273: 268: 263: 258: 253: 248: 243: 237: 235:By application 234: 233: 230: 229: 226: 225: 220: 215: 210: 205: 200: 195: 190: 185: 180: 174: 171: 170: 167: 166: 163: 162: 157: 152: 147: 142: 137: 128: 123: 118: 113: 107: 101: 100: 97: 96: 95: 94: 89: 84: 76: 75: 67: 66: 60: 59: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15246: 15235: 15232: 15230: 15227: 15225: 15222: 15220: 15217: 15215: 15212: 15211: 15209: 15192: 15189: 15188: 15187: 15184: 15182: 15179:Categories: 15173: 15172: 15169: 15161: 15160: 15156: 15155: 15154: 15151: 15147: 15146: 15142: 15141: 15140: 15137: 15133: 15132: 15128: 15127: 15126: 15123: 15121: 15120:David Ricardo 15118: 15114: 15113: 15109: 15108: 15107: 15104: 15100: 15099: 15095: 15094: 15093: 15090: 15088: 15087:Elinor Ostrom 15085: 15083: 15080: 15076: 15075: 15071: 15070: 15069: 15066: 15062: 15061: 15057: 15056: 15055: 15052: 15048: 15047: 15043: 15042: 15041: 15038: 15036: 15033: 15031: 15028: 15024: 15023: 15019: 15018: 15017: 15014: 15010: 15009: 15005: 15004: 15003: 15000: 14998: 14995: 14991: 14990: 14986: 14985: 14984: 14981: 14980: 14978: 14974: 14966: 14960: 14957: 14953: 14950: 14948: 14945: 14943: 14940: 14938: 14935: 14934: 14933: 14930: 14926: 14923: 14919: 14916: 14914: 14911: 14910: 14908: 14906: 14903: 14901: 14898: 14897: 14896: 14893: 14891: 14888: 14886: 14885:Privatization 14883: 14881: 14878: 14876: 14873: 14871: 14868: 14866: 14865:Legal plunder 14863: 14861: 14858: 14856: 14853: 14851: 14848: 14846: 14843: 14839: 14836: 14834: 14831: 14830: 14829: 14826: 14824: 14823: 14819: 14817: 14816:Expropriation 14814: 14812: 14809: 14807: 14804: 14802: 14799: 14797: 14794: 14790: 14787: 14786: 14785: 14782: 14781: 14779: 14777: 14772: 14768: 14756: 14753: 14751: 14748: 14747: 14746: 14743: 14741: 14738: 14736: 14733: 14729: 14728: 14724: 14723: 14722: 14719: 14717: 14714: 14710: 14707: 14705: 14702: 14700: 14697: 14696: 14695: 14692: 14690: 14687: 14683: 14680: 14679: 14678: 14675: 14673: 14670: 14668: 14665: 14663: 14660: 14658: 14655: 14654: 14652: 14648: 14640: 14637: 14635: 14632: 14630: 14627: 14625: 14622: 14620: 14617: 14616: 14615: 14612: 14610: 14607: 14603: 14600: 14599: 14598: 14595: 14593: 14592: 14588: 14586: 14583: 14579: 14576: 14574: 14571: 14569: 14566: 14565: 14564: 14561: 14559: 14557: 14553: 14551: 14550:(watercourse) 14549: 14545: 14544: 14541: 14538: 14534: 14526: 14523: 14522: 14521: 14518: 14516: 14513: 14511: 14508: 14504: 14501: 14499: 14496: 14494: 14493:primogeniture 14491: 14490: 14489: 14486: 14484: 14481: 14479: 14476: 14474: 14473:Legal plunder 14471: 14467: 14464: 14463: 14462: 14459: 14457: 14454: 14452: 14449: 14447: 14444: 14442: 14439: 14437: 14434: 14430: 14427: 14425: 14424:appropriation 14422: 14421: 14420: 14417: 14415: 14414:Excludability 14412: 14410: 14407: 14403: 14400: 14399: 14398: 14395: 14393: 14390: 14389: 14387: 14383: 14377: 14374: 14372: 14369: 14367: 14364: 14362: 14359: 14357: 14354: 14352: 14349: 14348: 14346: 14344: 14340: 14332: 14329: 14328: 14327: 14324: 14322: 14319: 14315: 14312: 14311: 14310: 14307: 14305: 14302: 14300: 14297: 14295: 14292: 14291: 14289: 14285: 14279: 14276: 14274: 14271: 14269: 14266: 14264: 14261: 14259: 14256: 14254: 14251: 14249: 14246: 14244: 14241: 14239: 14236: 14234: 14231: 14229: 14226: 14224: 14221: 14219: 14216: 14215: 14213: 14209: 14205: 14198: 14193: 14191: 14186: 14184: 14179: 14178: 14175: 14163: 14155: 14153: 14148: 14143: 14142: 14139: 14133: 14130: 14128: 14125: 14121: 14118: 14117: 14116: 14113: 14112: 14110: 14106: 14100: 14097: 14095: 14092: 14090: 14087: 14085: 14082: 14080: 14077: 14075: 14072: 14070: 14067: 14065: 14062: 14060: 14059:Institutional 14057: 14055: 14052: 14050: 14047: 14045: 14042: 14040: 14037: 14035: 14032: 14030: 14027: 14025: 14022: 14020: 14017: 14015: 14012: 14010: 14007: 14005: 14004:Computational 14002: 14000: 13997: 13995: 13992: 13991: 13989: 13985: 13979: 13976: 13972: 13969: 13967: 13964: 13963: 13962: 13959: 13957: 13954: 13950: 13949:Law of supply 13946: 13943: 13941: 13940:Law of demand 13937: 13934: 13933: 13932: 13929: 13927: 13926:Social choice 13924: 13922: 13919: 13917: 13914: 13912: 13911:Excess supply 13908: 13905: 13903: 13900: 13898: 13897:Risk aversion 13895: 13893: 13890: 13888: 13885: 13883: 13880: 13878: 13875: 13873: 13870: 13868: 13865: 13861: 13858: 13856: 13852: 13849: 13847: 13844: 13842: 13839: 13837: 13834: 13832: 13831:Price ceiling 13829: 13827: 13824: 13823: 13822: 13819: 13817: 13814: 13812: 13809: 13805: 13802: 13800: 13797: 13795: 13792: 13788: 13787:Complementary 13785: 13783: 13780: 13779: 13778: 13775: 13773: 13770: 13766: 13763: 13761: 13758: 13757: 13756: 13753: 13752: 13751: 13748: 13746: 13743: 13741: 13738: 13736: 13733: 13731: 13728: 13726: 13723: 13721: 13718: 13716: 13713: 13709: 13706: 13704: 13701: 13700: 13699: 13696: 13694: 13691: 13689: 13686: 13684: 13681: 13677: 13674: 13673: 13672: 13669: 13665: 13662: 13660: 13657: 13655: 13652: 13650: 13647: 13646: 13645: 13642: 13640: 13637: 13635: 13632: 13630: 13627: 13625: 13622: 13620: 13617: 13613: 13610: 13608: 13605: 13603: 13600: 13596: 13593: 13592: 13591: 13588: 13586: 13583: 13581: 13578: 13577: 13576: 13573: 13571: 13570:non-convexity 13567: 13564: 13562: 13559: 13557: 13554: 13552: 13549: 13548: 13546: 13542: 13538: 13531: 13526: 13524: 13519: 13517: 13512: 13511: 13508: 13496: 13495: 13486: 13484: 13483: 13474: 13472: 13471: 13462: 13460: 13459: 13454: 13448: 13447: 13444: 13438: 13435: 13433: 13430: 13428: 13425: 13423: 13420: 13418: 13415: 13411: 13408: 13407: 13406: 13403: 13402: 13400: 13398: 13394: 13388: 13385: 13383: 13380: 13378: 13375: 13373: 13370: 13368: 13365: 13363: 13360: 13359: 13357: 13355: 13354:Computational 13351: 13343: 13340: 13338: 13335: 13333: 13330: 13329: 13328: 13325: 13323: 13320: 13318: 13315: 13313: 13310: 13308: 13305: 13303: 13300: 13298: 13295: 13293: 13290: 13288: 13285: 13283: 13280: 13278: 13275: 13273: 13270: 13269: 13267: 13265: 13261: 13255: 13252: 13250: 13247: 13245: 13242: 13240: 13237: 13235: 13232: 13231: 13229: 13227: 13223: 13217: 13214: 13212: 13209: 13207: 13204: 13202: 13199: 13198: 13196: 13194: 13193:Number theory 13190: 13184: 13181: 13179: 13176: 13174: 13171: 13169: 13166: 13164: 13161: 13159: 13156: 13154: 13151: 13150: 13148: 13146: 13142: 13136: 13133: 13131: 13128: 13126: 13125:Combinatorics 13123: 13122: 13120: 13118: 13114: 13108: 13105: 13103: 13100: 13098: 13095: 13093: 13090: 13088: 13085: 13083: 13080: 13078: 13077:Real analysis 13075: 13073: 13070: 13069: 13067: 13065: 13061: 13055: 13052: 13050: 13047: 13045: 13042: 13040: 13037: 13035: 13032: 13030: 13027: 13025: 13022: 13020: 13017: 13016: 13014: 13012: 13008: 13002: 12999: 12997: 12994: 12992: 12989: 12987: 12984: 12982: 12979: 12977: 12974: 12973: 12971: 12969: 12965: 12959: 12956: 12954: 12951: 12947: 12944: 12942: 12939: 12938: 12937: 12934: 12933: 12930: 12925: 12917: 12912: 12910: 12905: 12903: 12898: 12897: 12894: 12882: 12879: 12877: 12874: 12872: 12869: 12867: 12864: 12862: 12859: 12857: 12854: 12852: 12849: 12847: 12844: 12842: 12839: 12837: 12834: 12832: 12829: 12828: 12826: 12824:Miscellaneous 12822: 12816: 12813: 12811: 12808: 12806: 12803: 12801: 12798: 12796: 12793: 12791: 12788: 12787: 12785: 12781: 12775: 12772: 12770: 12767: 12765: 12762: 12760: 12759:Samuel Bowles 12757: 12755: 12754:Roger Myerson 12752: 12750: 12747: 12745: 12744:Robert Aumann 12742: 12740: 12737: 12735: 12732: 12730: 12727: 12725: 12722: 12720: 12717: 12715: 12712: 12710: 12707: 12705: 12702: 12700: 12699:Lloyd Shapley 12697: 12695: 12692: 12690: 12687: 12685: 12684:Kenneth Arrow 12682: 12680: 12677: 12675: 12672: 12670: 12667: 12665: 12664:John Harsanyi 12662: 12660: 12657: 12655: 12652: 12650: 12647: 12645: 12642: 12640: 12637: 12635: 12634:Herbert Simon 12632: 12630: 12627: 12625: 12622: 12620: 12617: 12615: 12612: 12610: 12607: 12605: 12602: 12600: 12597: 12595: 12592: 12590: 12587: 12585: 12582: 12580: 12577: 12575: 12572: 12571: 12569: 12563: 12557: 12554: 12552: 12549: 12547: 12544: 12542: 12539: 12537: 12534: 12532: 12529: 12527: 12524: 12522: 12519: 12517: 12514: 12513: 12511: 12507: 12501: 12498: 12496: 12493: 12491: 12488: 12486: 12483: 12481: 12478: 12476: 12473: 12471: 12468: 12466: 12463: 12461: 12458: 12456: 12453: 12451: 12448: 12446: 12443: 12441: 12438: 12436: 12435:Fair division 12433: 12431: 12428: 12426: 12423: 12421: 12418: 12416: 12413: 12411: 12410:Dictator game 12408: 12406: 12403: 12401: 12398: 12396: 12393: 12391: 12388: 12386: 12383: 12381: 12378: 12376: 12373: 12371: 12368: 12366: 12363: 12361: 12358: 12356: 12353: 12351: 12348: 12346: 12343: 12341: 12338: 12336: 12333: 12331: 12328: 12326: 12323: 12321: 12318: 12316: 12313: 12311: 12308: 12306: 12303: 12301: 12298: 12297: 12295: 12293: 12289: 12283: 12282:Zero-sum game 12280: 12278: 12275: 12273: 12270: 12268: 12265: 12263: 12260: 12258: 12255: 12253: 12252:Repeated game 12250: 12248: 12245: 12243: 12240: 12238: 12235: 12233: 12231: 12227: 12225: 12222: 12220: 12217: 12215: 12212: 12210: 12207: 12205: 12202: 12201: 12199: 12197: 12191: 12185: 12182: 12180: 12177: 12175: 12172: 12170: 12169:Pure strategy 12167: 12165: 12162: 12160: 12157: 12155: 12152: 12150: 12147: 12145: 12142: 12140: 12137: 12135: 12134:De-escalation 12132: 12130: 12127: 12125: 12122: 12120: 12117: 12115: 12112: 12110: 12107: 12106: 12104: 12102: 12098: 12092: 12089: 12087: 12084: 12082: 12079: 12077: 12076:Shapley value 12074: 12072: 12069: 12067: 12064: 12062: 12059: 12057: 12054: 12052: 12049: 12047: 12044: 12042: 12039: 12037: 12034: 12032: 12029: 12027: 12024: 12022: 12019: 12017: 12014: 12012: 12009: 12007: 12004: 12002: 11999: 11997: 11994: 11992: 11989: 11987: 11984: 11982: 11979: 11977: 11974: 11972: 11969: 11968: 11966: 11964: 11960: 11956: 11950: 11947: 11945: 11944:Succinct game 11942: 11940: 11937: 11935: 11932: 11930: 11927: 11925: 11922: 11920: 11917: 11915: 11912: 11910: 11907: 11905: 11902: 11900: 11897: 11895: 11892: 11890: 11887: 11885: 11882: 11880: 11877: 11875: 11872: 11870: 11867: 11865: 11862: 11861: 11859: 11855: 11851: 11843: 11838: 11836: 11831: 11829: 11824: 11823: 11820: 11816: 11812: 11808: 11804: 11800: 11796: 11792: 11789: 11785: 11782: 11781: 11776: 11774: 11771: 11767: 11764: 11760: 11757: 11756: 11751: 11748: 11744: 11741: 11737: 11733: 11729: 11725: 11723: 11720: 11717: 11713: 11710: 11706: 11703: 11699: 11697: 11693: 11690: 11686: 11682: 11679: 11675: 11672: 11668: 11665: 11661: 11648: 11644: 11639: 11637: 11633: 11630: 11627:Paul Walker: 11626: 11622: 11618: 11617: 11612: 11608: 11605: 11601: 11600: 11591: 11587: 11582: 11577: 11572: 11567: 11563: 11559: 11555: 11551: 11550: 11545: 11541: 11536: 11532: 11526: 11522: 11518: 11514: 11510: 11505: 11502: 11498: 11494: 11490: 11474: 11466: 11462: 11461: 11457: 11451: 11447: 11443: 11439: 11438:Skyrms, Brian 11435: 11432: 11426: 11422: 11417: 11413: 11409: 11405: 11401: 11394: 11389: 11385: 11379: 11375: 11374:Probabilistic 11371: 11366: 11362: 11356: 11352: 11348: 11343: 11340: 11336: 11335:Allan Gibbard 11333: 11332: 11322: 11318: 11314: 11310: 11307: 11303: 11299: 11295: 11291: 11287: 11283: 11279: 11275: 11271: 11267: 11263: 11260: 11256: 11251: 11247: 11243: 11239: 11235: 11231: 11230: 11224: 11220: 11216: 11211: 11206: 11201: 11196: 11192: 11188: 11184: 11180: 11176: 11172: 11168: 11165: 11164:Shapley, L.S. 11162: 11159: 11155: 11150: 11145: 11140: 11135: 11131: 11127: 11123: 11119: 11115: 11111: 11108: 11102: 11098: 11097: 11092: 11088: 11087: 11081: 11075: 11071: 11067: 11061: 11060: 11059: 11058: 11054: 11050: 11046: 11042: 11038: 11035: 11029: 11025: 11021: 11017: 11013: 11012: 11007: 11003: 11000: 10996: 10992: 10988: 10984: 10980: 10979:Aumann, R. J. 10976: 10975: 10965: 10959: 10955: 10950: 10946: 10940: 10936: 10935: 10929: 10919: 10913: 10909: 10908: 10902: 10898: 10892: 10888: 10884: 10879: 10876: 10872: 10868: 10864: 10861: 10855: 10851: 10847: 10843: 10842:Isaacs, Rufus 10839: 10836: 10835:0-7167-6630-2 10832: 10828: 10824: 10820: 10814: 10810: 10806: 10802: 10797: 10794: 10788: 10784: 10779: 10773: 10767: 10763: 10757: 10756: 10753: 10747: 10743: 10738: 10734: 10729: 10725: 10719: 10715: 10711: 10706: 10702: 10696: 10692: 10688: 10683: 10680: 10667: 10663: 10657: 10653: 10649: 10645: 10641: 10636: 10635: 10630: 10626: 10625: 10611: 10606: 10600: 10596: 10591: 10588: 10582: 10578: 10573: 10570: 10564: 10560: 10555: 10552: 10546: 10542: 10537: 10534: 10530: 10526: 10522: 10518: 10514: 10510: 10506: 10503: 10497: 10493: 10489: 10485: 10481: 10479:0-385-41580-X 10475: 10471: 10470: 10464: 10460: 10454: 10451:, MIT Press, 10450: 10446: 10441: 10438: 10434: 10430: 10426: 10422: 10418: 10414: 10410: 10406: 10402: 10398: 10395: 10391: 10386: 10382: 10378: 10374: 10368: 10364: 10359: 10356: 10350: 10346: 10343:, Cambridge, 10342: 10337: 10334: 10328: 10324: 10320: 10316: 10315:Harper, David 10312: 10309: 10305: 10301: 10297: 10293: 10289: 10284: 10281: 10275: 10271: 10267: 10263: 10259: 10255: 10254: 10248: 10244: 10243: 10238: 10234: 10230: 10226: 10222: 10218: 10214: 10210: 10205: 10204: 10183: 10179: 10173: 10157: 10153: 10146: 10130: 10126: 10119: 10103: 10099: 10095: 10089: 10072: 10068: 10067: 10062: 10055: 10048: 10044: 10043: 10036: 10029: 10022: 10014: 10010: 10003: 9996: 9995:0-684-81906-6 9992: 9988: 9982: 9974: 9970: 9966: 9962: 9958: 9954: 9947: 9931: 9927: 9923: 9917: 9909: 9905: 9901: 9897: 9890: 9882: 9878: 9874: 9870: 9863: 9855: 9851: 9847: 9843: 9839: 9835: 9828: 9820: 9816: 9812: 9808: 9801: 9785: 9781: 9777: 9770: 9754: 9750: 9746: 9740: 9732: 9726: 9722: 9718: 9714: 9707: 9700: 9695: 9687: 9683: 9678: 9673: 9669: 9665: 9661: 9657: 9653: 9646: 9638: 9634: 9627: 9619: 9613: 9610:. MIT Press. 9609: 9602: 9593: 9588: 9584: 9580: 9576: 9569: 9561: 9557: 9550: 9542: 9538: 9534: 9530: 9526: 9522: 9517: 9512: 9508: 9504: 9497: 9489: 9485: 9481: 9477: 9470: 9462: 9456: 9452: 9445: 9437: 9433: 9429: 9425: 9418: 9411: 9405: 9401: 9397: 9396:Skyrms, Brian 9391: 9384: 9378: 9374: 9370: 9366: 9360: 9352: 9348: 9344: 9340: 9336: 9332: 9328: 9322: 9315: 9309: 9305: 9301: 9295: 9288: 9282: 9278: 9277: 9269: 9262: 9257: 9251: 9250:Skyrms (1996) 9246: 9238: 9234: 9229: 9224: 9220: 9216: 9212: 9208: 9201: 9193: 9189: 9185: 9181: 9174: 9166: 9165: 9160: 9154: 9147: 9142: 9134: 9128: 9124: 9117: 9101: 9097: 9093: 9086: 9084: 9067: 9063: 9059: 9052: 9044: 9040: 9036: 9032: 9028: 9024: 9020: 9016: 9009: 9005: 8999: 8992: 8987: 8979: 8975: 8970: 8965: 8960: 8955: 8951: 8947: 8942: 8937: 8933: 8929: 8925: 8918: 8916: 8914: 8905: 8901: 8897: 8893: 8889: 8885: 8881: 8877: 8873: 8866: 8858: 8854: 8850: 8846: 8842: 8838: 8834: 8830: 8823: 8815: 8811: 8807: 8803: 8799: 8792: 8776: 8772: 8768: 8762: 8746: 8742: 8741:Plus Magazine 8738: 8734: 8728: 8721: 8716: 8700: 8696: 8692: 8686: 8677: 8672: 8668: 8664: 8660: 8653: 8651: 8643: 8639: 8636: 8633:CIPS (2021), 8630: 8614: 8610: 8604: 8596: 8590: 8586: 8582: 8578: 8571: 8555: 8551: 8547: 8540: 8524: 8520: 8516: 8509: 8501: 8495: 8491: 8484: 8477: 8471: 8465: 8461: 8457: 8454:. MIT Press. 8453: 8447: 8440: 8436: 8432: 8426: 8418: 8414: 8410: 8406: 8402: 8398: 8391: 8383: 8379: 8375: 8371: 8364: 8356: 8350: 8346: 8342: 8338: 8331: 8324: 8320: 8316: 8312: 8307: 8303: 8297: 8289: 8285: 8281: 8277: 8273: 8269: 8265: 8261: 8257: 8253: 8247: 8239: 8233: 8229: 8222: 8215: 8211: 8208: 8204: 8200: 8197: 8193: 8189: 8186: 8181: 8177: 8171: 8163: 8159: 8155: 8151: 8147: 8143: 8137: 8121: 8117: 8113: 8109: 8103: 8097: 8093: 8090: 8086: 8081: 8075: 8067: 8061: 8057: 8053: 8049: 8042: 8035: 8031: 8027: 8024: 8020: 8016: 8012: 8008: 8005: 8001: 7995: 7987: 7981: 7977: 7970: 7962: 7956: 7952: 7948: 7944: 7940: 7934: 7926: 7922: 7918: 7914: 7907: 7899: 7893: 7889: 7885: 7881: 7873: 7867: 7863: 7859: 7855: 7848: 7840: 7836: 7832: 7830:9780521872829 7826: 7822: 7818: 7814: 7808: 7806: 7797: 7793: 7789: 7785: 7778: 7776: 7759: 7755: 7751: 7744: 7728: 7724: 7720: 7716: 7710: 7694: 7690: 7686: 7682: 7676: 7668: 7664: 7660: 7654: 7646: 7640: 7636: 7632: 7628: 7621: 7606: 7602: 7595: 7594: 7586: 7577: 7573: 7569: 7565: 7561: 7557: 7553: 7549: 7548:Shapiro, Carl 7543: 7535: 7529: 7525: 7521: 7517: 7513: 7509: 7503: 7487: 7483: 7482: 7477: 7476:"game theory" 7473: 7467: 7459: 7455: 7451: 7447: 7440: 7432: 7428: 7427: 7419: 7411: 7407: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7391: 7384: 7368: 7364: 7363:"Game Theory" 7357: 7349: 7345: 7341: 7337: 7330: 7322: 7318: 7317: 7312: 7306: 7304: 7292: 7288: 7284: 7277: 7270: 7261: 7256: 7253:(1): 89–107. 7252: 7248: 7244: 7237: 7228: 7223: 7216: 7208: 7202: 7198: 7194: 7190: 7183: 7175: 7171: 7167: 7161: 7157: 7153: 7149: 7142: 7134: 7130: 7126: 7122: 7115: 7108: 7101:(3): 387–397. 7100: 7096: 7092: 7085: 7077: 7073: 7069: 7065: 7058: 7039: 7038: 7030: 7021: 7016: 7009: 7000: 6995: 6991: 6984: 6976: 6972: 6968: 6964: 6957: 6949: 6945: 6941: 6937: 6933: 6929: 6922: 6913: 6908: 6904: 6900: 6896: 6889: 6881: 6877: 6873: 6871:0-89791-663-8 6867: 6863: 6859: 6855: 6851: 6847: 6841: 6833: 6829: 6825: 6821: 6817: 6813: 6809: 6803: 6794: 6789: 6782: 6763: 6755: 6737: 6733: 6723: 6717:, p. 35. 6716: 6711: 6703: 6699: 6692: 6684: 6678: 6674: 6667: 6659: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6634: 6632: 6623: 6617: 6613: 6606: 6604: 6595: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6577: 6573: 6567: 6565: 6556: 6550: 6546: 6545: 6537: 6535: 6527: 6526:Howard (1971) 6522: 6511: 6504: 6503: 6495: 6493: 6485: 6480: 6472: 6466: 6462: 6455: 6448: 6443: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6415: 6411: 6407: 6400: 6392: 6388: 6381: 6373: 6367: 6363: 6356: 6349: 6343: 6339: 6338: 6333: 6327: 6319: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6304: 6299: 6293: 6286: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6266: 6258: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6238: 6236: 6227: 6220: 6212: 6205: 6199:, p. 60. 6198: 6193: 6185: 6179: 6175: 6168: 6160: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6135: 6127: 6121: 6117: 6110: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6071: 6063: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6035: 6024: 6017: 6016:"Game Theory" 6014: 6008: 6000: 5998:0-691-04308-6 5994: 5990: 5983: 5981: 5979: 5977: 5975: 5966: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5941: 5933: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5913: 5905: 5901: 5894: 5875: 5868: 5861: 5850: 5843: 5836: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5805: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5771: 5764: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5739: 5731: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5707: 5699: 5697:0-691-07937-4 5693: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5667: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5634: 5629: 5623: 5615: 5609: 5605: 5604: 5596: 5577: 5569: 5565: 5564: 5559: 5553: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5496: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5466: 5459: 5453: 5450: 5444: 5437: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5417:(1): 85–110. 5416: 5412: 5405: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5370: 5362: 5361:lesswrong.com 5358: 5351: 5335: 5331: 5325: 5321: 5320: 5312: 5296: 5292: 5291: 5283: 5275: 5273:9780674341166 5269: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5251: 5249: 5244: 5230: 5224: 5217: 5216: 5211: 5205: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5184: 5177: 5176:Robert Aumann 5173: 5169: 5163: 5159: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5135: 5134: 5133: 5127: 5124: 5121: 5118: 5112: 5109: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5084: 5081: 5078: 5075: 5072: 5069: 5066: 5063: 5060: 5057: 5051: 5048: 5042: 5039: 5036: 5033: 5027: 5024: 5021: 5018: 5015: 5012: 5009: 5006: 5003: 5000: 4999: 4990: 4986: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4966: 4961: 4958: 4954: 4953: 4948: 4945: 4941: 4940: 4935: 4932: 4928: 4927: 4922: 4919: 4915: 4914: 4910: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4879: 4874: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4862: 4857: 4853: 4850: 4849:Russell Crowe 4846: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4828:the 1998 book 4825: 4824: 4818: 4813: 4799: 4795: 4792: 4791:marginal cost 4786: 4776: 4772: 4763: 4760: 4756: 4754: 4753:John Harsanyi 4750: 4744: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4721: 4711: 4709: 4705: 4700: 4696: 4694: 4680: 4672: 4667: 4666: 4657: 4649: 4644: 4643: 4637: 4632: 4624: 4623: 4616: 4601: 4592: 4583: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4559: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4540: 4536: 4535:Thomas Hobbes 4532: 4527: 4525: 4521: 4516: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4501: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4431: 4428: 4427: 4423: 4420: 4417: 4416: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4406: 4398: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4379: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4346: 4341: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4313: 4274: 4270: 4269:kin selection 4265: 4262: 4258: 4253: 4251: 4246: 4244: 4239: 4237: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4209: 4207: 4203: 4198: 4196: 4192: 4191: 4186: 4182: 4176: 4167: 4165: 4159: 4155: 4152: 4149: 4148: 4144: 4141: 4138: 4137: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4127: 4119: 4110: 4108: 4102: 4098: 4095: 4090: 4086: 4084: 4079: 4075: 4074: 4069: 4068:Anthony Downs 4064: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4049:public choice 4046: 4042: 4041:fair division 4038: 4026: 4021: 4019: 4014: 4012: 4007: 4006: 4004: 4003: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3982:Peacebuilding 3980: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3972:Peace process 3970: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3942: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3897: 3896: 3895: 3891: 3890: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3861: 3860: 3859: 3855: 3854: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3815: 3814: 3813: 3810: 3807: 3806: 3799: 3796: 3795: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3783:De-escalation 3781: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3770: 3769: 3768: 3765: 3762: 3761: 3756: 3753: 3752: 3751: 3750: 3746: 3745: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3722: 3718: 3715: 3714: 3713: 3710: 3706: 3705:Collaborative 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3692: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3672: 3671: 3670: 3667: 3664: 3663: 3660: 3657: 3656: 3648: 3641: 3638: 3635: 3632: 3629: 3625: 3624: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3603: 3600: 3597: 3593: 3590: 3587: 3584: 3583: 3582: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3562: 3559: 3555: 3545: 3543: 3542: 3537: 3531: 3529: 3524: 3522: 3517: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3474:fair division 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3439:best response 3430: 3426: 3422: 3419: 3416: 3415: 3411: 3408: 3405: 3404: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3394: 3386: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3367: 3365: 3364:dictator game 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3340: 3333: 3330:A four-stage 3328: 3319: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3292: 3290: 3289: 3284: 3283:Ronald Fisher 3280: 3276: 3271: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3242: 3239: 3236: 3233: 3230: 3229: 3225: 3222: 3220: 3217: 3214: 3211: 3210: 3206: 3203: 3200: 3197: 3194: 3193: 3189: 3186: 3184: 3181: 3178: 3175: 3174: 3170: 3167: 3165: 3162: 3159: 3157: 3154: 3153: 3149: 3146: 3143: 3140: 3137: 3136: 3132: 3129: 3126: 3123: 3121: 3118: 3117: 3113: 3110: 3108: 3105: 3102: 3099: 3098: 3094: 3091: 3088: 3085: 3082: 3081: 3077: 3074: 3071: 3068: 3065: 3064: 3060: 3057: 3054: 3051: 3049: 3046: 3045: 3041: 3039: 3038:Type of games 3036: 3033: 3030: 3027: 3026: 3023: 3018: 3017:Succinct game 3008: 2994: 2991: 2979: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2938: 2929: 2925: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2905: 2901: 2896: 2890: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2867: 2863: 2860: 2854: 2850: 2847: 2844:chooses 2840: 2839: 2835: 2829: 2825: 2822: 2816: 2812: 2809: 2802: 2801: 2797: 2790: 2787: 2780: 2778: 2777: 2769: 2767: 2761: 2759: 2754: 2746: 2738: 2733: 2718: 2714: 2702: 2697: 2694: 2690: 2689:decision tree 2686: 2682: 2673: 2668: 2658: 2655: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2640: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2617: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2597: 2587: 2585: 2580: 2575: 2573: 2569: 2559: 2557: 2553: 2552:gold standard 2548: 2546: 2541: 2536: 2534: 2529: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2497: 2495: 2490: 2488: 2481: 2471: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2456: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2432: 2422: 2420: 2416: 2406: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2391: 2386: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2358:combinatorial 2356:, as well as 2355: 2351: 2346: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2326: 2318: 2314: 2311: 2310:Bayesian game 2307: 2302: 2301:Bayesian game 2295:Bayesian game 2292: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2269: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2246: 2241: 2236: 2219: 2218:Strategy game 2215: 2210: 2206: 2204:Also known as 2203: 2202: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2191: 2187: 2184: 2177: 2176: 2173: 2170: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2161: 2158:Simultaneous 2157: 2154: 2152: 2151: 2148: 2145: 2143: 2138: 2134: 2129: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2109: 2105: 2095: 2093: 2089: 2086:Furthermore, 2084: 2082: 2077: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2056: 2055:Zero-sum game 2047: 2043: 2039: 2036: 2033: 2032: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2021: 2017: 2014: 2012: 2011: 2003: 2000: 1999:dictator game 1996: 1991: 1989: 1985: 1978: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1958: 1955: 1954: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1943: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1933: 1925: 1921: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1906: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1893:). A game is 1892: 1888: 1882: 1878: 1867: 1857: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1846:Alvin E. Roth 1842: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1823:Roger Myerson 1820: 1816: 1811: 1809: 1805: 1804:Robert Aumann 1801: 1796: 1794: 1788: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1761: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1729: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1718:Shapley value 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1698: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1651: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1633: 1628: 1624: 1621:into compact 1620: 1616: 1612: 1605: 1601: 1592: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1568: 1563: 1561: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1546:Ernst Zermelo 1542: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1526: 1523:considered a 1522: 1518: 1514: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1450: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1434: 1432: 1431: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1412: 1405: 1399: 1384: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1353: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1334: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1312: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1301:umbrella term 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1255: 1250: 1248: 1243: 1241: 1236: 1235: 1233: 1232: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1190: 1189:PEST analysis 1187: 1185: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1175:Ansoff matrix 1172: 1169: 1167: 1163: 1160: 1159: 1153: 1152: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1118: 1115: 1114: 1108: 1107: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1028: 1025: 1024: 1018: 1017: 1010: 1006: 1003: 1001: 997: 994: 992: 988: 985: 983: 979: 976: 975: 969: 968: 964: 960: 959: 956: 953: 952: 948: 944: 943: 933: 928: 926: 921: 919: 914: 913: 911: 910: 905: 895: 893: 888: 883: 882: 881: 880: 873: 870: 867: 863: 860: 858: 855: 853: 850: 849: 846: 841: 840: 831: 830: 826: 824: 821: 819: 816: 814: 811: 809: 806: 804: 801: 799: 796: 794: 791: 789: 786: 784: 781: 779: 776: 774: 771: 769: 766: 764: 761: 759: 756: 754: 751: 749: 746: 744: 741: 739: 736: 734: 731: 729: 726: 724: 721: 719: 716: 714: 711: 709: 706: 704: 701: 699: 696: 694: 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 674: 671: 669: 666: 664: 661: 659: 656: 654: 651: 649: 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 626: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 544: 541: 539: 536: 534: 531: 529: 526: 524: 521: 519: 516: 514: 511: 509: 506: 504: 501: 499: 496: 494: 493:de Mandeville 491: 490: 485: 479: 478: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 422: 421:Public choice 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 399: 397: 396:Participation 394: 392: 389: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 369: 367: 364: 362: 359: 357: 356:Institutional 354: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 306:Expeditionary 304: 302: 299: 297: 296:Environmental 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 282: 279: 277: 274: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 238: 232: 231: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 189: 186: 184: 181: 179: 176: 175: 169: 168: 161: 158: 156: 153: 151: 148: 146: 143: 141: 138: 136: 132: 129: 127: 126:International 124: 122: 119: 117: 114: 112: 109: 108: 105: 102:Branches and 99: 98: 93: 90: 88: 85: 83: 80: 79: 78: 77: 73: 69: 68: 65: 62: 61: 57: 53: 52: 49: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 18:Game theorist 15186:Property law 15157: 15143: 15129: 15110: 15096: 15092:Karl Polanyi 15072: 15068:Marcel Mauss 15058: 15044: 15035:David Harvey 15020: 15016:Henry George 15006: 14997:Ronald Coase 14987: 14972: 14918:wife selling 14900:bride buying 14838:repatriation 14820: 14771:Disposession 14725: 14614:Property law 14589: 14585:Forest types 14555: 14547: 14536:Applications 14466:rent-seeking 14451:Gift economy 14440: 14309:Intellectual 14094:Optimization 14079:Mathematical 14043: 14039:Experimental 14034:Evolutionary 14019:Econometrics 13877:Public goods 13851:Price system 13846:Price signal 13760:Monopolistic 13629:Distribution 13544:Major topics 13492: 13480: 13468: 13449: 13382:Optimization 13336: 13244:Differential 13168:Differential 13135:Order theory 13130:Graph theory 13034:Group theory 12729:Peyton Young 12724:Paul Milgrom 12639:Hervé Moulin 12579:Amos Tversky 12521:Folk theorem 12232:-player game 12229: 12154:Grim trigger 11849: 11815: 11778: 11753: 11688: 11662:Adam Kalai: 11653:13 September 11651:. Retrieved 11647:the original 11614: 11553: 11547: 11512: 11492: 11488: 11441: 11420: 11403: 11399: 11369: 11351:W. W. Norton 11346: 11339:Econometrica 11338: 11320: 11316: 11281: 11277: 11254: 11233: 11227: 11182: 11178: 11124:(1): 48–49, 11121: 11117: 11095: 11068:, New York: 11065: 11051:, New York: 11048: 11023: 11010: 10998: 10986: 10953: 10933: 10921:, retrieved 10906: 10885:, New York: 10882: 10866: 10848:, New York: 10845: 10826: 10804: 10782: 10761: 10741: 10732: 10709: 10686: 10670:, retrieved 10666:the original 10651: 10633: 10594: 10576: 10558: 10540: 10516: 10512: 10509:Quine, W.v.O 10491: 10488:Quine, W.v.O 10468: 10448: 10412: 10408: 10384: 10381:Lewis, David 10362: 10340: 10322: 10291: 10287: 10265: 10252: 10241: 10212: 10209:Algorithmica 10208: 10186:. Retrieved 10172: 10160:. Retrieved 10154:. Colossus. 10145: 10133:. Retrieved 10118: 10106:. Retrieved 10097: 10088: 10075:. 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Retrieved 8554:the original 8549: 8539: 8527:. Retrieved 8523:the original 8508: 8492:. Elsevier. 8489: 8483: 8475: 8470: 8451: 8446: 8430: 8425: 8400: 8396: 8390: 8373: 8369: 8363: 8336: 8330: 8308:. MIT Press. 8305: 8302:Tirole, Jean 8296: 8263: 8259: 8246: 8227: 8221: 8182:. Princeton. 8179: 8170: 8153: 8149: 8136: 8124:. Retrieved 8120:the original 8115: 8102: 8079: 8074: 8047: 8041: 8018: 8014: 7999: 7994: 7978:. Elsevier. 7975: 7969: 7942: 7933: 7916: 7912: 7906: 7879: 7853: 7847: 7816: 7787: 7783: 7762:. Retrieved 7758:the original 7753: 7743: 7731:. Retrieved 7722: 7709: 7697:. Retrieved 7693:the original 7688: 7675: 7666: 7653: 7626: 7620: 7608:. Retrieved 7592: 7585: 7555: 7551: 7542: 7515: 7502: 7490:. Retrieved 7486:the original 7479: 7466: 7449: 7445: 7439: 7431:the original 7425: 7418: 7393: 7389: 7383: 7371:. Retrieved 7366: 7356: 7339: 7335: 7329: 7321:the original 7315: 7286: 7282: 7269: 7250: 7246: 7236: 7215: 7188: 7182: 7147: 7141: 7124: 7121:Econometrica 7120: 7107: 7098: 7094: 7084: 7067: 7063: 7057: 7045:. Retrieved 7036: 7029: 7008: 6989: 6983: 6966: 6962: 6956: 6931: 6927: 6921: 6902: 6898: 6888: 6853: 6840: 6818:(1): 65–67. 6815: 6811: 6802: 6781: 6752:denotes the 6722: 6710: 6697: 6691: 6672: 6666: 6639: 6614:. Elsevier. 6611: 6575: 6543: 6521: 6501: 6479: 6460: 6454: 6442: 6433:10419/179191 6413: 6409: 6399: 6390: 6386: 6380: 6361: 6355: 6336: 6326: 6302: 6298:Beck, József 6292: 6274: 6265: 6246: 6225: 6219: 6210: 6204: 6192: 6173: 6167: 6140: 6134: 6115: 6109: 6084:the original 6079: 6070: 6043: 6034: 6007: 5988: 5946: 5940: 5921: 5912: 5903: 5893: 5881:. Retrieved 5874:the original 5860: 5835: 5825:15 September 5823:. Retrieved 5814: 5809:Shor, Mike. 5804: 5792:. Retrieved 5783: 5776:Kuhn, Steven 5770: 5744: 5738: 5719: 5706: 5679: 5666: 5641: 5637: 5631: 5622: 5602: 5595: 5583:. Retrieved 5576:the original 5567: 5562: 5552: 5505: 5501: 5495: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5458: 5448: 5443: 5434: 5414: 5410: 5404: 5379: 5375: 5369: 5360: 5350: 5338:. Retrieved 5318: 5311: 5299:. Retrieved 5289: 5282: 5259: 5223: 5213: 5204: 5199:are several. 5183: 5171: 5162: 5131: 5130: 4989:Molly's Game 4963: 4950: 4937: 4931:Len Deighton 4924: 4911: 4902:Scott Miller 4886: 4876: 4859: 4842: 4832:Sylvia Nasar 4815: 4788: 4773: 4769: 4761: 4757: 4746: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4701: 4697: 4691: 4598: 4589: 4586:Epidemiology 4560: 4556:Kavka (1986) 4528: 4517: 4511:(1990), and 4505:epistemology 4502: 4498:social norms 4490:Lewis (1969) 4484:in terms of 4466:Lewis (1969) 4447: 4440: 4380: 4368:lower bounds 4359: 4355: 4342: 4319: 4266: 4254: 4249: 4247: 4240: 4233: 4230:Paul Ormerod 4210: 4199: 4188: 4178: 4161: 4116: 4103: 4099: 4091: 4087: 4071: 4065: 4034: 3977:Peace treaty 3939: 3828:Brinkmanship 3685:Conciliation 3645: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3568: 3551: 3541:prescriptive 3539: 3535: 3532: 3525: 3518: 3451: 3444: 3435: 3428: 3368: 3336: 3293: 3286: 3272: 3253: 3083:Timed games 3020: 2930: 2927: 2912: 2908: 2903: 2899: 2892: 2879: 2871: 2865: 2858: 2852: 2845: 2833: 2827: 2820: 2814: 2807: 2795: 2785: 2762: 2757: 2752: 2744: 2736: 2731: 2716: 2712: 2700: 2698: 2678: 2656: 2638: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2623: 2599: 2576: 2565: 2549: 2537: 2530: 2503: 2491: 2487:Markov chain 2483: 2460:time horizon 2457: 2434: 2412: 2388:Research in 2387: 2347: 2332: 2323: 2308: 2304: 2270: 2250: 2146: 2130: 2116: 2111: 2087: 2085: 2078: 2058: 2045: 1992: 1980: 1967: 1922: 1913: 1909: 1907: 1894: 1891:contract law 1886: 1884: 1843: 1834: 1812: 1797: 1789: 1762: 1735: 1699: 1664: 1630: 1610: 1608: 1564: 1555: 1543: 1538: 1495: 1490: 1486: 1469: 1465: 1459: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1428: 1423:'s guide on 1414: 1377:Paul Milgrom 1354: 1331: 1313: 1307:of rational 1264: 1263: 1220:Strategy map 1090:Sharon Oster 1058:Liddell Hart 1008: 862:Publications 827: 450:Sociological 423: / 321:Geographical 301:Evolutionary 276:Digitization 241:Agricultural 207: 145:Mathematical 116:Econometrics 48: 36:Game studies 15214:Game theory 15060:Das Kapital 14947:progressive 14937:inheritance 14860:Land reform 14634:real estate 14609:Land tenure 14597:Inheritance 14525:anticommons 14461:Law of rent 14441:Game theory 14371:Information 14351:Common land 14248:Cooperative 14044:Game theory 14009:Development 13956:Uncertainty 13836:Price floor 13816:Preferences 13755:Competition 13725:Information 13688:Externality 13671:Equilibrium 13612:Transaction 13590:Opportunity 13551:Aggregation 13494:WikiProject 13337:Game theory 13317:Probability 13054:Homological 13044:Multilinear 13024:Commutative 13001:Type theory 12968:Foundations 12924:mathematics 12846:Coopetition 12649:Jean Tirole 12644:John Conway 12624:Eric Maskin 12420:Blotto game 12405:Pirate game 12214:Global game 12184:Tit for tat 12119:Bid shading 12109:Appeasement 11959:Equilibrium 11939:Solved game 11874:Determinacy 11857:Definitions 11850:game theory 11793:Yu-Chi Ho: 11702:Game Theory 11669:Mike Shor: 11640:Alvin Roth: 10887:McGraw-Hill 10867:Game Theory 10735:. Springer. 10679:Description 10215:(1): 2–14. 10108:25 November 10066:Pacific Sun 9959:(1): 1–11. 9482:(1): 1–44. 8934:(3): 1032. 8808:(1): 1–29. 8663:Mathematics 8635:Game Theory 8456:Description 8311:Description 8185:Description 8023:Description 7813:Nisan, Noam 7562:: 125–137. 7064:AI Magazine 6992:: 253–260. 6673:Game Theory 6447:Webb (2007) 6141:Game Theory 5382:(11): 309. 5168:David Lewis 4898:Game Theory 4847:, starring 4206:Fisher 1930 3992:Rule of man 3987:Peacemaking 3940:Game theory 3818:Appeasement 3734:Negotiation 3700:Rule of law 3675:Arbitration 3666:Nonviolence 3579:procurement 3575:procurement 3536:descriptive 3488:formation, 3482:oligopolies 3385:dynamics). 3275:naturalists 2772:Normal form 2652:equilibrium 2630:information 2518:AI planning 2401:trained by 2370:solve games 2254:tic-tac-toe 2133:normal form 2117:effectively 1887:cooperative 1854:Jean Tirole 1819:Eric Maskin 1623:convex sets 1585:Blotto game 1581:Émile Borel 1519:. In 1838, 1493:) in 1657. 1482:expectation 1433:, he wrote 1324:convex sets 1265:Game theory 1166:Five forces 1126:Value chain 1054:Jim Collins 1009:Game theory 698:von Neumann 351:Information 291:Engineering 271:Development 266:Demographic 208:Game theory 150:Methodology 15208:Categories 15191:by country 15153:Adam Smith 15040:John Locke 14704:indigenous 14699:aboriginal 14619:alienation 14314:indigenous 14304:Intangible 14218:Collective 14074:Managerial 13994:Behavioral 13867:Production 13804:Oligopsony 13644:Elasticity 13556:Budget set 13322:Statistics 13201:Arithmetic 13163:Arithmetic 13029:Elementary 12996:Set theory 12490:Trust game 12475:Kuhn poker 12144:Escalation 12139:Deterrence 12129:Cheap talk 12101:Strategies 11919:Preference 11848:Topics of 11683:Don Ross: 11114:Nash, John 10672:9 February 10162:5 November 10135:5 November 9780:Athenarium 9516:1901.04143 9331:Erkenntnis 8941:2111.01876 8751:31 January 8669:(9): 858. 8156:(4): 172. 7839:2007014231 7764:5 December 7610:3 February 7047:3 February 6393:: 423–433. 6102:1510.08155 5519:1504.01950 5239:References 5172:Convention 4892:The 1980s 4766:Trust game 4566:, and the 4470:convention 4450:philosophy 4401:Philosophy 4202:sex ratios 3843:Deterrence 3466:bargaining 3406:Cooperate 3398:Cooperate 3352:physicists 3201:functions 3144:functions 3089:functions 3055:functions 3015:See also: 2648:strategies 2397:or use of 2343:backgammon 2193:Time axis? 2155:Sequential 1885:A game is 1864:See also: 1722:philosophy 1716:, and the 1548:published 1409:See also: 1094:Chris Zook 1081:J.C. Wylie 1040:Gary Hamel 857:Economists 728:Schumacher 633:Schumpeter 603:von Wieser 523:von Thünen 484:economists 460:Statistics 455:Solidarity 376:Managerial 341:Humanistic 336:Historical 281:Ecological 246:Behavioral 140:Mainstream 15054:Karl Marx 14855:Land Back 14806:Enclosure 14789:biopiracy 14727:Bergregal 14709:squatting 14483:Ownership 14397:Commodity 14376:Knowledge 14287:By nature 14243:Customary 14233:Community 14115:Economics 13987:Subfields 13882:Rationing 13799:Oligopoly 13794:Monopsony 13782:Bilateral 13715:Household 13566:Convexity 13249:Geometric 13239:Algebraic 13178:Euclidean 13153:Algebraic 13049:Universal 12674:John Nash 12380:Stag hunt 12124:Collusion 11621:EMS Press 11250:122961988 10829:, Worth, 10691:MIT Press 9840:: 33–40. 9351:120848181 9106:3 January 9072:3 January 8771:MIT Sloan 8560:3 January 8376:: 12–14. 8089:Abstract. 8085:Faruk Gul 7492:22 August 7410:105204747 7373:21 August 7289:: 14–53. 7227:1207.4128 7070:(2): 62. 7020:1301.2281 6994:CiteSeerX 6832:121904640 6793:1105.0558 6754:power set 6416:(2): 31. 6094:1302.4377 5794:3 January 5658:122961988 5585:29 August 5512:: 26–39. 4944:Liu Cixin 4926:Spy Story 4913:Liar Game 4894:power pop 4854:The 1959 4836:John Nash 4826:Based on 4771:in 1995. 4755:in 1961. 4564:stag hunt 4513:Stalnaker 4494:Bicchieri 4441:Stag hunt 4164:hawk-dove 3925:Democracy 3838:Diplomacy 3833:Ceasefire 3823:Armistice 3747:Workplace 3712:Mediation 3478:duopolies 3472:pricing, 3296:prescribe 3260:economics 3219:Petri net 3183:Petri net 3072:matrices 2986:∅ 2955:→ 2743:and then 2577:The term 2568:Metagames 2562:Metagames 2494:evolution 2362:algebraic 1988:stag hunt 1844:In 2012, 1813:In 2007, 1736:In 1965, 1687:John Nash 1660:John Nash 1544:In 1913, 1357:evolution 1277:economics 773:Greenspan 738:Samuelson 718:Galbraith 688:Tinbergen 628:von Mises 623:Heckscher 583:Edgeworth 401:Personnel 361:Knowledge 326:Happiness 316:Financial 286:Education 261:Democracy 155:Political 121:Heterodox 64:Economics 15181:Property 15074:The Gift 14973:key work 14968:Scholars 14952:property 14909:spousal 14875:Poaching 14811:Eviction 14755:riparian 14716:Littoral 14624:easement 14602:executor 14573:literary 14498:usufruct 14446:Georgism 14326:Tangible 14321:Personal 14228:Communal 14211:By owner 14204:Property 14162:Category 14108:See also 13999:Business 13971:Marginal 13966:Expected 13907:Shortage 13902:Scarcity 13777:Monopoly 13683:Exchange 13595:Implicit 13585:Marginal 13470:Category 13226:Topology 13173:Discrete 13158:Analytic 13145:Geometry 13117:Discrete 13072:Calculus 13064:Analysis 13019:Abstract 12958:Glossary 12941:Timeline 12815:Lazy SMP 12509:Theorems 12460:Deadlock 12315:Checkers 12196:of games 11963:concepts 11766:Archived 11743:Archived 11712:Archived 11590:24979793 11440:(1990), 11306:29754824 11272:(1944), 11219:16589380 11158:16588946 11093:(1982), 11047:(1957), 11022:(1969), 11008:(1881), 10985:(1974), 10844:(1999), 10646:(2003), 10533:46979744 10513:Synthese 10447:(1994), 10383:(1969), 10321:(2003), 10264:(1986), 10239:(1957), 10229:26771869 10182:Archived 10156:Archived 10129:Archived 10102:Archived 9936:20 April 9930:Archived 9854:25452125 9790:23 April 9784:Archived 9759:23 April 9753:Archived 9686:35496996 9541:31996099 9476:Synthese 9398:(1990), 9367:(1993), 9302:(2006), 9237:22635389 9209:(2007). 9006:(1974). 8978:35161778 8904:21332497 8857:38573183 8781:23 April 8775:Archived 8745:Archived 8705:23 April 8699:Archived 8638:Archived 8619:20 April 8460:Archived 8382:40434883 8304:(1988). 8280:30032349 8254:(2006). 8210:Archived 8199:Archived 8188:Archived 8178:(2003). 8144:(1997). 8126:4 August 8110:(2008). 8092:Archived 8026:Archived 8007:Archived 7733:4 August 7727:Archived 7717:(2008). 7699:4 August 7683:(2008). 7661:(2008). 7576:10296625 7474:(2008). 7291:Archived 7174:16679934 6702:Abingdon 6574:(1990). 6510:Archived 6300:(2008). 6023:Archived 5920:(1995). 5883:14 April 5849:Archived 5819:Archived 5788:Archived 5714:(1992). 5674:(1959). 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