221:
20:
292:
282:
and other conventions are the same as in xiangqi, except that after a checkmate occurs, the mated general is removed from the game, and the player who delivered the checkmate appropriates the mated player's remaining pieces for his own use. The last surviving kingdom (general) is the winner.
334:
results in the same army appropriation as described for checkmate. If two players' pieces cooperate in stalemating the third player, the player making the move that completed the stalemate condition is the player who appropriates the stalemated player's
170:
Subsequent to Game of the Three
Kingdoms, similar three-player xiangqi variants emerged utilizing half-boards but with different center-connecting geometries and corresponding rules. One of these is
328:
After a checkmate, removal of the mated general and army appropriation is done in a separate turn. The piece delivering mate replaces the enemy general on its square.
224:
The diagram shows colored kingdoms for clarity (Wei/Blue, Shu/Red, and Wu/Green). This play setup is without the bannermen pieces, which are optional.
167:
intersection points each). The board displays the traditional xiangqi "river", but with three arms separating the three opponent confrontations.
272:
for Wu/Green. The use of bannermen is optional—Game of the Three
Kingdoms is also played without them. A bannerman moves like extended xiangqi
155:
O. von Möllendorff reported on the game in "Schachspiel der
Chinesen" (English: "The Game of Chess of the Chinese") in the publication
620:
1284:
159:(English: "Journal of the German Society for Natural and Cultural Science of East Asia"), Leipzig, 1876. Möllendorff depicts a
589:
1666:
1057:
567:
545:
916:
43:(吳) representing the three rival emperors. The Green player has additionally its own distinctive symbols for its
1671:
1162:
1126:
577:
555:
244:, with each general represented by the letter of its respective kingdom. In addition, each player controls two
613:
1225:
1106:
240:(吳) are represented by colors blue, red, and green, respectively. Each player controls all the standard
1563:
1051:
1011:
1676:
1558:
1260:
1036:
345:
171:
145:
1187:
350:
1197:
496:
220:
1644:
1484:
1312:
1255:
1116:
771:
606:
537:
500:
478:
325:, may cross the river in either of two directions and continue along the file of another kingdom.
474:
1101:
633:
19:
1403:
1131:
1046:
1026:
1096:
1621:
1016:
665:
655:
1230:
199:
181:
85:
8:
1538:
886:
746:
1637:
1362:
1202:
1172:
983:
866:
681:
660:
355:
67:). The bannermen pieces (if used) start on the upper corner points of the players' 3×3
1631:
1605:
1337:
1121:
952:
942:
911:
906:
585:
563:
541:
517:
513:
1265:
1167:
1157:
978:
856:
776:
755:
686:
306:
It may be necessary or desirable to add further play conventions for completeness:
175:
79:
196:; also called Sanyou Qi or Three Friends Chess) invented by Zheng Jinde (Chinese:
1568:
1463:
1357:
1292:
932:
826:
811:
766:
727:
702:
529:
470:
1347:
1327:
1317:
1302:
1297:
1031:
741:
712:
707:
296:
152:(1644–1911). The two original Chinese texts which described the game are lost.
117:
1660:
1521:
1448:
1443:
1393:
1091:
947:
937:
881:
861:
761:
735:
629:
375:
Mittheilungen der deutschen
Gesellschaft für Natur- und Völkerkunde Ostasiens
276:: two steps orthogonally, then one step diagonally outward, with no jumping.
157:
Mittheilungen der deutschen
Gesellschaft für Natur- und Völkerkunde Ostasiens
144:
The period of origination of Sanguo Qi is disputed and either belongs to the
487:
397:
310:
Shu/Red moves first. Then turns alternate counterclockwise around the board.
1548:
1458:
1192:
1152:
1111:
901:
896:
891:
876:
851:
821:
816:
717:
209:
149:
44:
1626:
1428:
1398:
1352:
1332:
1245:
1235:
1220:
1182:
1177:
1006:
871:
846:
836:
731:
314:
133:
60:
28:
598:
488:"Sanguo Qi (Three Kingdoms Chess) & Sanyou Qi (Three Friends Chess)"
377:, XI, ii, Leipzig, 1876. Published by Buchdruckerei des "Echo du Japon".
318:
241:
52:
1438:
1270:
973:
968:
841:
722:
331:
279:
273:
129:
68:
40:
1342:
1595:
1516:
1511:
1433:
1367:
1250:
1041:
1021:
988:
831:
751:
1528:
1496:
1453:
1322:
1136:
473:; Leary, Steven; Cazaux, Jean-Louis; Ren Dong, Yu (18 March 2009).
1533:
300:
160:
125:
121:
113:
36:
32:
24:
521:
1600:
1590:
1501:
1491:
1479:
1383:
1307:
188:
92:
1543:
1506:
1388:
469:
321:
that reaches a central triangle point when traveling along a
1240:
291:
132:, each vying for control of China after the fall of the
436:
424:
510:
448:
412:
495:Dong, Yu Ren; Cazaux, Jean-Louis (23 March 2009).
398:"Sanguo Qi (Three Kingdoms Chess) • History"
1658:
163:gameboard comprising three xiangqi half-boards (
614:
582:The Classified Encyclopedia of Chess Variants
197:
179:
83:
116:("Chinese chess"). The game symbolizes the
621:
607:
494:
628:
576:
554:
442:
290:
219:
112:) is a three-player variant of the game
18:
120:war (221–264) between the rival states
1659:
528:
507:
485:
454:
430:
418:
299:in 262, on the eve of the conquest of
602:
1058:5D Chess with Multiverse Time Travel
562:. Games & Puzzles Publications.
486:Cazaux, Jean-Louis (4 April 2009).
286:
31:are replaced by the kingdom names
13:
560:The Encyclopedia of Chess Variants
16:Three-player Chinese chess variant
14:
1688:
400:. Jean-Louis Cazaux. 4 April 2009
215:
23:The diagram shows all the usual
463:
390:
368:
1:
580:(2007). Beasley, John (ed.).
514:Charles E. Tuttle Company Inc
384:
475:"Game of the Three Kingdoms"
7:
1667:Games related to chaturanga
1226:Chess on a really big board
1107:Chess with different armies
649:Different starting position
497:"Game of the Three Friends"
339:
10:
1693:
1564:Game of the Seven Kingdoms
1554:Game of the Three Kingdoms
675:Different number of pieces
139:
76:Game of the Three Kingdoms
1614:
1583:
1559:Game of the Three Friends
1472:
1421:
1412:
1376:
1283:
1211:
1145:
1084:
1071:
997:
961:
925:
802:
789:
695:
674:
648:
641:
346:Game of the Three Friends
198:
180:
172:Game of the Three Friends
84:
1256:Dekle's triangular chess
1188:Maharajah and the Sepoys
490:. History.chess.free.fr.
361:
351:List of Xiangqi variants
264:for Shu/Red, and "wind"
1645:The Chess Variant Pages
1163:Capablanca random chess
772:Three-dimensional chess
538:Oxford University Press
501:The Chess Variant Pages
479:The Chess Variant Pages
303:
225:
72:
1672:Chinese ancient games
1132:Pocket mutation chess
1047:Parallel worlds chess
536:(Reissued ed.).
508:Gollon, John (1968).
294:
256:for Wei/Blue, "fire"
223:
146:Southern Song dynasty
118:Three Kingdoms period
22:
1622:Correspondence chess
666:Transcendental chess
656:Fischer random chess
228:The three kingdoms
110:Three-Handed Xiangqi
106:Three Kingdoms Chess
1117:Falcon–hunter chess
1000:an unorthodox board
998:Unorthodox rules on
887:Monochromatic chess
747:Millennium 3D chess
148:(1127–1279) or the
1638:Fairy Chess Review
1363:Three-player chess
1203:Tutti-frutti chess
1085:Standard 8×8 board
962:Elements of chance
926:Multimove variants
867:Knight relay chess
661:Displacement chess
534:A History of Chess
356:Three-player chess
304:
226:
73:
1654:
1653:
1632:Fairy chess piece
1606:Zillions of Games
1579:
1578:
1338:Four-player chess
1279:
1278:
1214:boards and pieces
1122:Grasshopper chess
1067:
1066:
953:Progressive chess
943:Marseillais chess
917:Way of the Knight
912:Three-check chess
907:Progressive chess
785:
784:
591:978-0-9555168-0-1
433:, pp. 133–34
192:
96:
1684:
1677:Xiangqi variants
1419:
1418:
1266:Wildebeest chess
1168:Chancellor chess
1158:Capablanca chess
1082:
1081:
979:Knightmare Chess
857:Extinction chess
800:
799:
777:Triangular chess
756:Los Alamos chess
696:Unorthodox board
646:
645:
623:
616:
609:
600:
599:
595:
584:. John Beasley.
578:Pritchard, D. B.
573:
556:Pritchard, D. B.
551:
530:Murray, H. J. R.
525:
504:
491:
482:
471:Bodlaender, Hans
458:
452:
446:
443:Pritchard (1994)
440:
434:
428:
422:
416:
410:
409:
407:
405:
394:
378:
372:
287:Play conventions
271:
263:
255:
203:
202:
187:
185:
184:
166:
91:
89:
88:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1610:
1575:
1468:
1464:Tamerlane chess
1414:
1408:
1372:
1358:Three-man chess
1275:
1213:
1207:
1146:Compound pieces
1141:
1127:Musketeer chess
1077:
1076:non-traditional
1075:
1073:
1063:
999:
993:
957:
933:Avalanche chess
921:
827:Checkless chess
812:Andernach chess
804:
795:
793:
791:
781:
767:Spherical chess
728:Hexagonal chess
691:
682:Dunsany's chess
670:
637:
627:
592:
570:
548:
466:
461:
453:
449:
441:
437:
429:
425:
417:
413:
403:
401:
396:
395:
391:
387:
382:
381:
373:
369:
364:
342:
289:
265:
257:
249:
248:pieces: "flag"
218:
164:
142:
27:pieces, except
17:
12:
11:
5:
1690:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1641:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1569:Other variants
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1531:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1522:Other variants
1519:
1514:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1425:
1423:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1380:
1378:
1377:Inspired games
1374:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1348:Hand and brain
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1328:Fortress chess
1325:
1320:
1318:Enochian chess
1315:
1310:
1305:
1303:Business chess
1300:
1298:Bughouse chess
1295:
1289:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1217:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1198:Seirawan chess
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1088:
1086:
1079:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1032:Diplomat chess
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1003:
1001:
995:
994:
992:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
965:
963:
959:
958:
956:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
929:
927:
923:
922:
920:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
808:
806:
797:
787:
786:
783:
782:
780:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
749:
744:
742:Infinite chess
739:
725:
720:
715:
713:Cylinder chess
710:
708:Circular chess
705:
699:
697:
693:
692:
690:
689:
684:
678:
676:
672:
671:
669:
668:
663:
658:
652:
650:
643:
642:Orthodox rules
639:
638:
630:Chess variants
626:
625:
618:
611:
603:
597:
596:
590:
574:
568:
552:
546:
526:
505:
492:
483:
465:
462:
460:
459:
447:
435:
423:
411:
388:
386:
383:
380:
379:
366:
365:
363:
360:
359:
358:
353:
348:
341:
338:
337:
336:
329:
326:
324:
311:
297:Three Kingdoms
288:
285:
242:xiangqi pieces
217:
214:
141:
138:
100:; also called
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1689:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1449:Grant Acedrex
1447:
1445:
1444:Courier chess
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1413:Chess-related
1411:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1394:Martian chess
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1231:Courier-Spiel
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1210:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1173:Embassy chess
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1070:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1002:
996:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
966:
964:
960:
954:
951:
949:
948:Monster chess
946:
944:
941:
939:
938:Kung-Fu Chess
936:
934:
931:
930:
928:
924:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
882:Madrasi chess
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
862:Hostage chess
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
809:
807:
801:
798:
788:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
762:Rhombic chess
760:
757:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
737:
736:Masonic chess
733:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
700:
698:
694:
688:
685:
683:
680:
679:
677:
673:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
653:
651:
647:
644:
640:
635:
631:
624:
619:
617:
612:
610:
605:
604:
601:
593:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
569:0-9524142-0-1
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
547:0-19-827403-3
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
506:
502:
498:
493:
489:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
467:
457:, p. 152
456:
455:Gollon (1968)
451:
445:, p. 113
444:
439:
432:
431:Murray (1913)
427:
420:
419:Murray (1913)
415:
399:
393:
389:
376:
371:
367:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
343:
333:
330:
327:
322:
320:
316:
312:
309:
308:
307:
302:
298:
293:
284:
281:
277:
275:
269:
261:
253:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
222:
216:Game overview
213:
212:(1661–1722).
211:
208:) during the
207:
201:
195:
190:
183:
177:
173:
168:
162:
158:
153:
151:
147:
137:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
94:
87:
81:
77:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
21:
1643:
1636:
1553:
1549:Manchu chess
1459:Short assize
1193:Modern chess
1153:Almost chess
1056:
902:Portal chess
897:PlunderChess
892:Patrol chess
877:Losing chess
852:Dynamo chess
822:Beirut chess
817:Atomic chess
718:Double chess
703:Balbo's game
581:
559:
533:
509:
464:Bibliography
450:
438:
426:
421:, p. 23
414:
402:. Retrieved
392:
374:
370:
305:
278:
267:
259:
251:
245:
237:
233:
229:
227:
210:Qing dynasty
205:
193:
169:
156:
154:
150:Qing dynasty
143:
109:
105:
101:
97:
75:
74:
64:
56:
48:
1627:Fairy chess
1429:Chadarangam
1399:Navia Dratp
1353:Quatrochess
1333:Four Fronts
1285:Multiplayer
1246:Omega Chess
1236:Dragonchess
1221:Chesquerque
1183:Janus Chess
1178:Grand Chess
1074:rules using
1007:Alice chess
872:Legan chess
847:Cubic chess
837:Circe chess
794:traditional
732:Cross chess
404:15 February
206:Zhèng Jìndé
134:Han dynasty
1661:Categories
1439:Chaturanga
1422:Historical
1271:Wolf chess
1212:Unorthodox
1072:Unorthodox
1052:Rollerball
1012:Apocalypse
984:Kriegspiel
974:Dice chess
969:Dark chess
842:Crazyhouse
792:rules with
790:Unorthodox
723:Grid chess
385:References
194:Sān-yǒu-qí
165:9 × 5 = 45
98:Sān-guó-qí
1596:Fairy-Max
1517:Dai shogi
1512:Chu shogi
1434:Chaturaji
1368:Tri-chess
1261:2000 A.D.
1251:Stratomic
1042:Jeson Mor
1037:Dragonfly
1022:Chessence
989:Penultima
832:Chessplus
805:8×8 board
752:Minichess
332:Stalemate
280:Checkmate
246:bannermen
236:(蜀), and
161:hexagonal
102:Sanguo Qi
45:elephants
39:(蜀), and
1584:Software
1529:Sittuyin
1497:Senterej
1485:variants
1473:Regional
1454:Shatranj
1404:The Duke
1323:Forchess
1293:Bosworth
1137:Cheskers
1097:Berolina
803:Standard
687:Handicap
558:(1994).
532:(1913).
522:06811975
340:See also
61:soldiers
29:generals
1615:Related
1534:Xiangqi
1313:Duchess
1092:Baroque
315:chariot
176:Chinese
140:History
114:xiangqi
80:Chinese
69:palaces
59:), and
53:cannons
25:xiangqi
1601:XBoard
1591:ChessV
1539:Jungle
1502:Shatar
1492:Makruk
1480:Janggi
1384:Arimaa
1308:Djambi
1102:Chakra
1078:pieces
796:pieces
588:
566:
544:
520:
319:cannon
189:Pinyin
128:, and
93:Pinyin
1544:Banqi
1507:Shogi
1415:games
1389:Jetan
1112:Duell
1027:Congo
362:Notes
335:army.
274:horse
232:(魏),
108:, or
49:xiang
35:(魏),
1343:Gala
1241:Gess
1017:Chad
634:list
586:ISBN
564:ISBN
542:ISBN
518:LCCN
406:2013
323:file
295:The
268:fēng
65:yong
317:or
301:Shu
266:(風
260:huǒ
258:(火
250:(旗
234:Shǔ
230:Wèi
200:鄭晉德
182:三友棋
126:Shu
122:Wei
86:三國棋
63:(勇
57:pao
55:(礮
51:),
47:(向
37:Shu
33:Wei
1663::
734:,
540:.
516:.
512:.
499:.
477:.
313:A
252:qí
238:Wú
204:,
186:,
178::
136:.
130:Wu
124:,
104:,
90:,
82::
41:Wu
758:)
754:(
738:)
730:(
636:)
632:(
622:e
615:t
608:v
594:.
572:.
550:.
524:.
503:.
481:.
408:.
270:)
262:)
254:)
191::
174:(
95::
78:(
71:.
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