GOES-16 - Knowledge

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occupy the GOES East position once operational, succeeding GOES-13. GOES-16's move to its operational position began at around 13:30 UTC on 30 November 2017, drifting about 1.41° per day to a final longitude of 75.2°W; during this time, the spacecraft's instruments were kept in a diagnostic mode without data collection or transmission. GOES-16 reached the GOES East position by 11 December, and following a calibration period, resumed instrument data collection and transmission three days later. On 18 December 2017, GOES-16 was declared fully operational.

59: 124: 897: 2159: 728:(ATK) and work began shortly thereafter, with the core structure becoming test-ready in January 2013. The Extreme Ultraviolet and X-ray Irradiance Sensors (EXIS) became the first installation-ready instruments for GOES-R in May 2013, while the ABI became integration-ready in February 2014; spacecraft propulsion and system modules were delivered three months later, finalizing the initial construction phase and allowing for complete spacecraft integration and testing at Lockheed Martin's facilities in 914: 880: 863: 1041:

with a spatial resolution of 0.5–2 km (0.31–1.24 mi). However, the ABI can also operate on continuous disk mode (scan mode 4), whereby full disk images are recorded every 5 minutes. Full-disk images are composed of 26 image strips, making it more efficient than the preceding GOES imager, which was made with 1,300 image strips. The instrument also images a 5,000 km × 3,000 km (3,100 mi × 1,900 mi) area centered on the

846: 6135: 5962: 2240: 611:. The spacecraft reached an initial geostationary orbit several days later, beginning a yearlong non-operational checkout and validation phase. In November 2017, GOES-16 began a drift to its operational GOES East position, and was declared as fully operational on 18 December 2017. The satellite is expected to have an operational lifespan of ten years, with five additional years as a backup for successive GOES spacecraft. 503: 2018: 5842: 5818: 679:

Baseline Sounder (ABS), which would form a part of a Hyperspectral Environmental Suite (HES) of instruments on the next generation GOES satellites. Like the ABI, the HES also marked significant improvements in resolution and spatial coverage. Initial forecasts were for the ABI to be included as part of GOES beginning with the projected launch of GOES-Q in 2008.

663:. Top priorities included continuous observation capabilities, the ability to observe weather phenomena at all spatial scales, and improved spatial and temporal resolution for both the imager and sounder. These specifications laid the conceptual foundations for the instruments that would eventually be included with GOES-16. 2134:

with the development of the GOES-R ground system, with an estimated value of contract at US$ 736 million; Harris was also awarded a US$ 130 million contract to develop the ground antenna system, including six new large-aperture transceiving antennas and upgrades to four existing antennas at

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Data Collection System (DCS) – GOES-16 also serves as a relay satellite that rebroadcasts in-situ ground environmental observations, typically from remote locations, to other ground receiving sites. The GOES-16 DCS supports 433 user-platform channels with a downlink frequency range of

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or discharge damage. The Solar and Galactic Proton Sensor (SGPS) instrument included in SEISS measures energetic protons from solar or galactic sources found in the magnetosphere. Such protons in large quantities can cause biological effects on humans at high altitudes, as well as HF blackouts in the

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sensitive to 777.4 nm light with a spatial resolution of 8 km (5.0 mi) at the nadir and 14 km (8.7 mi) near the edge of the instrument's field-of-view, resulting in a spatial resolution averaging roughly 10 km (6.2 mi). The 777.4 nm band was chosen as lightning

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The ABI takes images with three different geographic extents, with each image produced as a combination of stitched west-to-east narrow image scans made by the instrument. In the default "flex" mode (scan mode 3) of operation, the ABI produces full-disk images of the Earth every 15 minutes,

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of GOES satellites to commence with the expected launch of GOES-R in 2012, with the ABI and ABS as expected instrumentation. GOES-R and its sister satellites were to lead to substantial improvements in forecast accuracy and detail by providing new operational products for users. Four years later, the

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warmed to anomalously high temperatures. Although the exceeded pre-flight temperature limits were revised, the subsequent four burns were limited to less than 41 minutes each in duration out of an abundance of caution, bringing it to its preliminary geostationary orbit ten days after launch. In

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centered at 777.4 nm. The latitudinal coverage of the instrument is limited to between 52°N and 52°S. To limit interference of undesired light, a solar blocking filter and solar rejection filter are affixed to the front of the instrument's aperture. The GLM can take an image every 2 ms, or

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Level 1a refers to reconstructed, unprocessed instrument data at full resolution, time-referenced, and annotated with ancillary information, including radiometric and geometric calibration coefficients and georeferencing parameters. Level 1b data are Level 1A data that have been processed to sensor

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like those on GOES-16 in concert with instrument design. The AWIPS-centric program was designed to allow for evaluation and development of simulated GOES-R products and provide training for forecasters. Experimental products were based on both contemporaneous and synthetic data. The first six years

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The GOES-R Proving Ground was established in 2008 as a collaboration between the GOES-R series program office and a number of NOAA and NASA centers to prepare forecasters and other interests for new products that would be available with the GOES-R generation of weather satellites. The technological

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at a frequency of 2.5 Hz. On GOES-16, MAG consists of two sensors positioned on an 8 m (26 ft) deployable boom, separating the instruments from the main spacecraft body to reduce the influence of the satellite's own magnetic signature. The tri-axial design allows for the measurement

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phenomena over two selected 1,000 km × 1,000 km (620 mi × 620 mi) areas every 60 seconds at a resolution of 0.5–2 km (0.31–1.24 mi). The variable scanning modes make GOES-16 the first GOES satellite to be configurable while in orbit. In addition, a solar

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and the clearing of any contaminants in the spacecraft. The first science data from GOES-16 was received from the MAG instrument on 22 December 2016, while the first images from ABI were collected on 15 January 2017 and released on 23 January 2017. On 25 May 2017, NOAA announced that GOES-16 would

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in April 2013 highlighted these concerns and projected a February 2016 launch which would reduce development stress at the cost of increasing the risk for gaps in satellite coverage should the operational backup satellites fail. Difficulties with GOES-R software and communications equipment caused

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containing five solar panels that were folded at launch and unfurled after deployment. GOES-16 was designed to have a service lifetime of 15 years, including 10 years as an operational satellite and 5 additional years as a backup for successive GOES satellites. GOES-16's command and

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endorsed the continued development of the instrument with the suggested bandwidths and frequencies. As the instrument became further realized, the number of potential spectral bands increased from the initial ten, to twelve by October 1999. Alongside the ABI, development also began on the Advanced

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The ABI onboard GOES-16 represents a significant improvement over the imager onboard previous GOES satellites. The sixteen spectral bands on the ABI, as opposed to the five on the previous GOES generation, represents a two-fold increase in spectral information. In addition, the ABI features up to

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The spacecraft then initiated several burns using its own independent propulsion systems to refine its orbit to place it in the intended geostationary position, with eight days dedicated to increasing its orbital radius and four to orbital fine-tuning. During the first corrective burn, the truss

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fluxes in the magnetosphere. The suite monitors 27 differential electron energy channels and 32 differential proton energy channels, an increase over the six electron energy channels and 12 proton energy channels monitored by the previous GOES-N generation of satellites. The

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as the contractor for the fabrication of the first two satellites of the GOES-R generation, including GOES-R, for an estimated value of contract at US$ 1.09 billion. Preliminary design review was completed just over two years later, with critical design review being completed in May 2012.

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across GOES-16 components, resulting in significant and permanent hardware damage. MPS-HI measures medium- to high-energy electrons with energies of up to 4 MeV and protons with energies of up to 12 MeV. Electrons at these energies easily penetrate spacecraft and may cause internal

986:= 0.64 μm) has the highest resolution among the 16 bands at 0.5 km (0.31 mi) per pixel. The other visible light and near-infrared bands have a resolution of 1 km (0.62 mi), while the infrared bands have a resolution of 2 km (1.2 mi) per pixel. 2183:

Participants in the proving ground program were classified as developers—those developing the satellite algorithms and training materials for GOES-R products—or users—the recipients of those products. The three primary developers in the program were the

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for the satellite's instrument data. The instrument data are processed as Level 1b data for all instruments and Level 2 data for the GLM. The GRB replaces the former GOES VARiable (GVAR) service used by previous GOES spacecraft. The dual

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Bruning, Eric C.; Tillier, Clemens E.; Edgington, Samantha F.; Rudlosky, Scott D.; Zajic, Joe; Gravelle, Chad; Foster, Matt; Calhoun, Kristin M.; Campbell, P. Adrian; Stano, Geoffrey T.; Schultz, Christopher J.; Meyer, Tiffany C. (2019).

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An integrated ground system for data acquisition, processing, and dissemination was specially designed for GOES-16 and other satellites in the GOES-R generation of GOES spacecraft. The NOAA Satellite Operations Facility in

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GOES-16's design and instrumentation began in 1999 and was intended to fill key NOAA satellite requirements published that year. Following nearly a decade of instrument planning, spacecraft fabrication was contracted to

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GOES-16 features two instruments, the Magnetometer (MAG) and Space Environment In-Situ Suite (SEISS), that provide localized in-situ observations of high-energy particles and magnetic fields in geostationary orbit.

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the expected launch to be delayed to early 2016, and on 15 October 2015, the launch was pushed further to 13 October 2016. In early October 2016, GOES-R was secured in preparation for the close passage of

1714:, detect active regions beyond the Sun's east limb, and analyze the complexity of active regions on the sun. The telescope is composed of six different wavelength bands centered between 94–304 4009:

Goodman, Steven J.; Blakeslee, Richard J.; Koshak, William J.; Mach, Douglas; Bailey, Jeffrey; Buechler, Dennis; Carey, Larry; Schultz, Chris; Bateman, Monte; McCaul, Eugene; Stano, Geoffrey (May 2013).

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In addition to GRB, which can be accessed by any calibrated receiver, GOES data is also distributed through other channels. The National Weather Service receives data directly from GOES-16 through the

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and verification of a potential concern on another rocket had delayed the launch by an hour towards the end of the 19 November launch window. The Atlas V was in the 541 configuration with tail number

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diffuser new to GOES-16 allows for calibration of the ABI imaging data. On 2 April 2019, the GOES-16 ABI was reconfigured to use scan mode 6 as a default, allowing full disk scans every 10 minutes.

4715:"Audit of Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-R Series: Comprehensive Mitigation Approaches, Strong Systems Engineering, and Cost Controls Are Needed to Reduce Risks of Coverage Gaps" 2430: 2030:

In addition to its primary science payload, GOES-16 also features the Unique Payload Services (UPS) suite which provide communications relay services ancillary to the mission's primary operations:

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four times greater spatial resolution and five times greater temporal resolution over the previous GOES imager. The ABI is nearly identical to the Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI) first used on the

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imagery for ABI is created using the combination of the ABI's red and blue visible bands along with a synthesized green band; the simulated green band is created by applying algorithms based on

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Buechler, Dennis E.; Koshak, William J.; Christian, Hugh J.; Goodman, Steven J. (January 2014). "Assessing the performance of the Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) using Deep Convective Clouds".

2150:. Real-time GOES-16 data is available through the Product Distribution and Access (PDA) system, while archived data is stored on the Comprehensive Large Array-data Stewardship System (CLASS). 787:

detection and recovery. The satellite's instruments collect and transfer payload data to the spacecraft at 10–100 Mbit/s. Spacecraft stability and accuracy is maintained by several

4843: 2066:. EMWIN is also coupled with the High Rate Information Transmission (HRIT) service, which broadcasts low-resolution GOES imagery and selected products to remotely located user HRIT terminals. 763:

of 2,857 kg (6,299 lb). The spacecraft has dimensions of 6.1 m × 5.6 m × 3.9 m (20 ft × 18 ft × 13 ft). GOES-16 is powered by a

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serving as the operational weather satellites in the traditional GOES East and GOES West positions, respectively. Instruments were initially kept dormant for a 30-day period to allow for

5087: 1817:. There are two Magnetospheric Particle Sensors, Low and High (MPS-LO and MPS-HI, respectively) that measure electron and proton fluxes. MPS-LO measures low energy flux over a 30 1886:. Combined with the subsequent GOES-S, launch operations were expected to cost US$ 446 million. The launch date was chosen relatively early to maintain the operation of the GOES 1836: 696: 667: 666:

More concrete development of GOES-16 began with the initial designs of an Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI), which started in June 1999 under the direction of Tim Schmitt of the

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Schmit, Tim; Menzel, Paul; Woolf, Hal; Gunshor, Mat; Baum, Bryan; Sisko, Chris; Huang, Allen; Wade, Gary; Bachmeier, Scott; Gumley, Liam; Strabala, Kathy (February 2000).

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wavelengths. In September 2006, NOAA dropped plans to include the HES aboard GOES-R, citing a lack of sufficient testing and major cost overruns in the development of the

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and the magnetosphere present dangerous radiation hazards to spacecraft and human spaceflight. The magnetometer samples the magnetic field at a resolution of 0.016

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Energetic Heavy Ion Sensor (EHIS) specifically measures heavy ion fluxes, including those trapped in Earth's magnetosphere and particles originated from the sun or in

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The Sun-facing, or solar-pointing, components of GOES-16 include the EXIS and SUVI, which are located on a Sun Pointing Platform (SPP) on the spacecraft's solar array

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and relay them to local user terminals to aid in the coordination of rescue operations. The transponder can be accessed with a relatively low uplink power of 32

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in 2008; construction of GOES-16 began in 2012 and lasted until 2014 when the satellite entered the testing phase. After several launch delays, GOES-16 launched from

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irradiance which shape upper atmospheric variability, with an ultraviolet wavelength range of 5–127 nm. Data from EUVS can anticipate radio blackouts for

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The Wallops Command and Data Acquisition Station on Wallops Island, Virginia serves as the primary point for telemetry, tracking, and command of GOES-16.

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rail van housing the spacecraft and the discovery of a booster fault on the Atlas V rocket—the same issue that had prevented the launch of

1582:. GLM's sensitivity results in a detection rate of 70–90% of all lightning strikes in its viewing area. The camera is a 1372 × 1300 pixel 5916: 4850: 2269: 625: 544: 509: 5408: 5273: 6555: 5660:

Goodman, Steven J.; Gurka, James; DeMaria, Mark; Schmit, Timothy J.; Mostek, Anthony; Jedlovec, Gary; Siewert, Chris; Feltz, Wayne; Gerth, Jordan;

3185: 3361: 633: 552: 775:; a modified version of the SpaceWire protocol was developed specifically for GOES-16 as a cost and risk reduction measure, with the associated 6760: 5248: 5095: 4362: 2143: 3968: 7048: 6949: 5857: 5833: 4984: 4011: 1706:

range, succeeding the former GOES Solar X-ray Imager instrument onboard previous GOES satellite generations. The goals of SUVI are to locate

803:. Such calibration equipment is intended to establish the satellite's position within a 100 m (330 ft) radius with a confidence of 629: 5827: 5555: 4876: 4081: 5200: 2742: 5502: 2834: 7028: 6986: 6981: 5714: 5528: 5326: 3425: 1920:

On 18 November 2016, the mated GOES-R spacecraft and the Atlas V launch vehicle were moved to the launch pad at Space Launch Complex 41.

1891: 3483: 6943: 6852: 2910: 1567: 1638:; the SPP tracks the seasonal and daily movement of the sun relative to GOES-16, and also supports GOES-16's Unique Payload Services. 6622: 6510: 6374: 2168: 4605: 5581: 4522: 2147: 1776:

of the Earth's magnetic field. Development of the instrument was contracted by Lockheed Martin Advanced Technology Center based in

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are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).

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Schmit, Timothy J.; Griffith, Paul; Gunshor, Mathew M.; Daniels, Jaime M.; Goodman, Steven J.; Lebair, William J. (April 2017).

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channels. The individual bands are optimized for various atmospheric phenomena, including cloud formation, atmospheric motion,

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wavelengths using its Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI). GOES-16's Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) is the first operational

5666:"The GOES-R Proving Ground: Accelerating User Readiness for the Next-Generation Geostationary Environmental Satellite System" 3715: 3512: 2429:

Gurka, James J.; Schmit, Timothy J. (June 2003). Menzel, W. Paul; Zhang, Wen-Jian; Le Marshall, John; Tokuno, Masami (eds.).

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the NOAA Satellite Operations Facility. To aid in systems engineering and data distribution tools for the ground segment,

1658:, communications, and navigational systems on Earth and satellites. Variability in irradiance influences conditions in the 648: 3773: 3686: 2990: 2937: 2110:, serves as the designated Consolidated Backup to the Wallops facility. The antennas at Wallops are designed to withstand 2714: 2059: 2812: 2098:, serves as the point of command for GOES mission operations, while the Wallops Command and Data Acquisition Station at 6999:

Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).

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were considered for inclusion in the new ABI, derived from six instruments on other satellites. In September 1999, the

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Schmit, Timothy J.; Gunshor, Mathew M.; Menzel, W. Paul; Gurka, James J.; Li, Jun; Bachmeier, A. Scott (August 2005).

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from 2008 to 2014 were primarily dedicated to algorithm development, simulation design, decision aid development, and

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units. Level 2 data include derived geophysical variables at the same resolution and location as Level 1 source data.

1945: 644: 5607: 2888: 1558:. In mapping lightning, GLM data can be used to alert forecasters to nascent severe weather as developing storms or 5226: 3860: 3628: 2621: 1780:. The electronic and sensor components of MAG were built by Macintyre Electronic Design Associates, Inc. (MEDA) in 704: 583:

mapper flown in geostationary orbit. The spacecraft also includes four other scientific instruments for monitoring

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Operational Requirements Document (ORD) for the Evolution of Future NOAA Operational Geostationary Satellites

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Rumpf, Clemens; Longenbaugh, Randolph; Henze, Christopher; Chavez, Joseph; Mathias, Donovan (27 February 2019).

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at 1686.6 MHz and consists of two 15.5 Mbit/s digital streams for a total data rate of 31 Mbit/s.

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every five minutes at a resolution of 0.5–2 km (0.31–1.24 mi). Where possible, the ABI can also image

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and validate large-scale space environment modelling; charged particles associated with the interaction of the

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The Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) and Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) make up GOES-16's Earth-facing, or

783:. The GOES Reliable Data Delivery Protocol (GRDDP) complements preexisting SpaceWire capabilities and includes 5121: 4768: 3288:"Mode 6 permanently replaced Mode 3 today for GOES-16 and GOES-17 ABI's! More full disk imagery for everyone!" 5060: 716: 596: 5035: 6579: 4925: 2860: 1969: 1066:

detection while the AHI uses a 0.51 μm band optimized for reflectance around the green portion of the

3362:"A case for natural colour imagery from geostationary satellites, and an approximation for the GOES-R ABI" 2114:

of 110 mph (180 km/h) and gusts of up to 150 mph (240 km/h), conditions expected in a

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in total, increased instrument complexity, revised inflation assumptions, and program reserves led to the

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on GOES-16, providing over 65 percent of all GOES-16 data products. A multi-channel passive imaging

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GOES-16 and other satellites of the GOES-R generation are based around a derivative of Lockheed Martin's

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despite there being only a 48% confidence in meeting the October 2015 launch date; an audit by the

6860: 6484: 6467: 6274: 4641: 3400: 1925: 1674:(HF) communications in low latitudes and the expansion of the thermosphere, which can induce increased 4740: 6537: 6383: 6334: 6250: 5885: 4370: 3338: 2201: 1748: 1575: 1042: 994: 21: 5407:

Rogerson, Scott; Reeves, Letecia; Randall, Valerie; Dong, Jason; Seymour, Paul (13 September 2017).

3979: 2813:"Lockheed Martin Delivers GOES-R Weather Satellite Core Structure for Propulsion System Integration" 4421: 3360:

Miller, Steven D.; Schmidt, Christopher C.; Schmit, Timothy J.; Hillger, Donald W. (10 July 2012).

2212:. GOES-R testbed and technology demonstrations were focused on a variety of applications including 2063: 1904: 1608: 1571: 967: 132: 111: 4056: 6138: 3239: 2284: 2189: 2107: 2099: 2039: 1887: 1840: 1822: 1017:. Several other companies were involved in the development and fabrication of the ABI, including 818: 683: 5146: 4251: 2746: 6672: 6664: 6284: 6262: 5506: 3261: 2838: 2338: 2205: 2111: 1941: 1895: 1875: 1718:

specialized for different solar features. The GOES-16's ultraviolet imager is analogous to the

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The Extreme Ultraviolet and X-ray Irradiance Sensors (EXIS) are a pair of sensors that monitor

604: 297: 5532: 6751: 6279: 5274:"How to Drift a Satellite: What Happens when NOAA GOES-16 is Moved into Operational Position" 2123: 2044: 2038:

is handled by the GRB system, which serves as the primary full resolution and near-real-time

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The Space Environment In-Situ Suite (SEISS) consists of four sensors with a wide variance in

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number of proposed spectral bands on the ABI instrument increased to 16, covering a swath of

567:. GOES-16 provides high spatial and temporal resolution imagery of the Earth through 16 189: 4109:"The Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) for the GOES-R Series of Geostationary Satellites" 3312: 989:

The sensors on the ABI are made of different materials depending on the spectral band, with

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Development of the GLM was contracted by the Lockheed Martin Advanced Technology Center in

733: 374: 5739: 5443: 4616: 4164: 3900: 8: 6755: 6196: 6185: 6181: 5473: 4447: 2334: 2264: 2209: 2106:, handles GOES-16 telemetry, tracking, command, and instrument data. A second station in 1703: 1579: 1014: 997:

used for sensors operated in the near-infrared and infrared. An ABI electronics unit and

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are redundant to ensure operation longetivity. Development of the ABI was contracted to

123: 6707: 6489: 6298: 6149: 5900: 5695: 4305: 4271:"An Algorithmic Approach for Detecting Bolides with the Geostationary Lightning Mapper" 4270: 4048: 3392: 3050: 2458: 2245: 2193: 2131: 2095: 1785: 1781: 1760: 1635: 1010: 804: 560: 5300: 2963: 2545: 759:. With propellant, GOES-16 had a total mass of 5,192 kg (11,446 lb), with a 6954: 6560: 6529: 6359: 5699: 4310: 4232: 4107:

Goodman, Steven J.; Blakeslee, Richard; Koshak, William; Mach, Douglas (2 May 2012).

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roughly 3.5 hours after launch, placing GOES-R in an elliptical low-inclination

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intensification; by extension, such information can also reduce false alarm rates of

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6.1 × 5.6 × 3.9 m (20 × 18 × 13 ft)

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Emergency Managers Weather Information Network (EMWIN) – EMWIN transmits

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on 22 August 2016 to undergo additional tests and ready the spacecraft for launch.

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Artist's impression of GOES-16 in orbit around Earth with major instruments labeled

3969:"The GOES-R Series: The Nation's Next Generation Geostationary Weather Satellites" 2572:"Introduction of the Hyperspectral Environmental Suite (HES) on GOES-R and beyond" 2371: 2208:; and NASA's Short-term Prediction Research and Transition Center (NASA SPoRT) in 896: 6797: 6350: 5529:"NOAA Selects Harris Corporation to Develop GOES-R Ground Segment Antenna System" 5249:"NOAA's newest geostationary satellite will be positioned as GOES-East this fall" 5088:"GOES-R delivered by Atlas V for National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration" 4669:"New Data from NOAA GOES-16's Space Environment In-Situ Suite (SEISS) Instrument" 4553: 3388: 2323: 2077: 1679: 1655: 1030: 772: 656: 364: 199: 4395: 4333: 2158: 6906: 6901: 6895: 6612: 6388: 5851: 5531:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 16 July 2010. Archived from 4579: 4477: 3938: 3083: 2274: 2217: 2177: 2103: 1953: 1949: 1879: 1671: 854: – GLM data superimposed on ABI band 2 data on 14 February 2017 788: 748: 600: 414: 6542: 6319: 6231: 5690: 5665: 5505:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 27 May 2009. Archived from 3164:"ITT Sensor to Provide Key Weather Data for Meteorologists and Climatologists" 3148: 3123: 3019:"An Overview of the Design and Development of the GOES R-Series Space Segment" 922: – plot of electron and proton fluxes from SEISS on 19 January 2017 752: 7017: 6781: 6567: 6344: 6211: 5893: 5414:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. p. 12. Archived from 4236: 2376: 2254: 2130:. In 2009, NOAA contracted the Government Communications Systems Division of 1933: 1914: 1797: 1773: 1752: 1595: 1591: 1583: 1551: 1297: 959: 955: 721: 707:

estimating a much higher US$ 11.4 billion cost for the program in 2006.

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in subsequent stages steered the spacecraft towards the altitude needed for

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for GOES-R on 5 April 2012, with a launch date slated for October 2015 from

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EGG, TuPOD, UBAKUSAT, AOBA-VELOX, STARS, FREEDOM, ITF, Waseda-SAT, OSNSAT,

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in the Earth's upper atmosphere. In monitoring irradiance, EXIS can detect

1216: 1071: 1063: 1026: 1006: 971: 954:, ABI takes images of the Earth with 16 spectral bands, including two 913: 792: 5355: 1666:. The Extreme Ultraviolet Sensor (EUVS) monitors changes in solar extreme 1641: 1001:

complement the sensor unit to power the imager and keep the instrument at

879: 862: 6972: 6920: 6866: 6843: 6811: 6791: 6685: 6606: 6551: 6477: 6418: 6293: 6267: 4217: 4192: 3687:"GOES-R ABI Fact Sheet Band 10 ("lower-level water vapor" infrared band)" 2225: 2073: 1909: 1871: 1682:. The X-Ray Sensor (XRS) component of EXIS monitors solar flares through 1667: 1651: 1604: 1350: 1018: 979: 845: 784: 5381: 5327:"NOAA's GOES-16, now at GOES-East, ready to improve forecasts even more" 970:, land surface temperature, ocean dynamics, flow of water, fire, smoke, 871: – plot of EXIS data showing a solar flare on 21 January 2017 6926: 6877: 6828: 6728: 6718: 6643: 6422: 4523:"NOAA's GOES-R Satellite Magnetometer Ready for Spacecraft Integration" 3832:"GOES-R ABI Fact Sheet Band 15 ("dirty" longwave infrared window band)" 3774:"GOES-R ABI Fact Sheet Band 13 ("clean" longwave infrared window band)" 2491: 2431:"Recommendations on the GOES-R Series From the GOES Users' Conferences" 2005: 1814: 1764: 1659: 1600: 1098: 1090: 1059: 998: 983: 951: 837: – data from ABI's 16 spectral bands on 15 January 2017 760: 5915: 4985:"Atlas 5 launches the most advanced U.S. weather satellite in history" 4956:"Atlas V successfully launches with GOES-R advanced weather satellite" 4334:"Instruments: Extreme Ultraviolet and X-ray Irradiance Sensors (EXIS)" 4295: 4227: 3658:"GOES-R ABI Fact Sheet Band 9 ("mid-level water vapor" infrared band)" 2454: 655:, NOAA listed instrument requirements for the next generation of GOES 6739: 6713: 6481: 6472: 6427: 6271: 4745: 2865: 2719: 2118:. Together, the ground system involves 2,100 servers and 3 1965: 1623: 1555: 1550:

The GOES-16 Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) is a single-channel

1002: 795:. GOES-16 is also the first geostationary civilian spacecraft to use 769: 580: 5556:"Boeing to Provide Systems Engineering for GOES-R Ground Operations" 4877:"America's new, super-expensive weather satellite launches Saturday" 3571:"GOES-R ABI Fact Sheet Band 6 ("Cloud Particle Size" near-infrared)" 3484:"GOES-R ABI Fact Sheet Band 3 (The "vegetation" near-infrared band)" 2648:"Introducing the Next-Generation Advanced Baseline Imager on GOES-R" 2518: 1952:. The Atlas V's ascent was directed slightly south of east over the 888: – data from SUVI's six spectral bands on 29 January 2017 58: 6976: 6747: 6743: 6654: 6514: 6454: 6438: 6354: 6329: 6324: 6221: 5329:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 18 December 2017 4849:. Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorology. Archived from 3629:"GOES-R ABI Fact Sheet Band 8 ("Upper-level water vapor" infrared)" 2310: 2221: 2119: 2069:

Search and Rescue Satellite Aided Tracking (SARSAT) – A

2035: 1805: 1715: 963: 755:

with power capabilities exceeding 4 kW until the spacecraft's

729: 692: 576: 564: 6493: 5961: 5664:; Miller, Steven; Reed, Bonnie; Reynolds, Richard R. (July 2012). 5229:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 23 January 2017 3017:

Sullivan, Pam; Krimchansky, Alexander; Walsh, Tim (October 2017).

697:

National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System

6938: 6930: 6872: 6838: 6833: 6802: 6785: 6723: 6589: 6525: 6404: 6366: 6259: 6255: 6216: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6058: 6053: 6048: 5740:"GOES-R Proving Ground National Hurricane Center 2010 Experiment" 5301:"GOES-16 is on-station at 75.2ºW, ready to soon become GOES-East" 5201:"Scientists Receive Preliminary Data from GOES-16's Magnetometer" 3716:"GOES-R ABI Fact Sheet Band 11 ("cloud-top phase" infrared band)" 2741:

Cole, Steve; O'Carroll, Cynthia; Leslie, John (2 December 2008).

2715:"NOAA Tells Congress GOES R Cost Nearly Double Previous Estimate" 2171:

in 2000 for NOAA to develop teams demonstrating the scope of new

2088: 2001: 1997: 1973: 1868: 1702:

onboard GOES-16 that produces full-disk images of the sun in the

1578:

lightning during daytime and nighttime, complementing land-based

1563: 990: 975: 608: 521: 516: 273: 2200:(CIRA) and Regional and Mesoscale Meteorology Branch (RAMMB) at 1710:, detect and locate solar flares, monitor changes that indicate 6960: 6733: 6690: 6649: 6573: 6546: 6534: 6459: 6380: 6247: 6089: 6043: 6038: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5986: 5981: 5976: 4193:"Meteorological Imagery for the Geostationary Lightning Mapper" 4189: 4086:

National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service

3803:"GOES-R ABI Fact Sheet Band 14 (longwave infrared window band)" 2889:"GOES-R Weather Satellite Modules Delivered To Lockheed Martin" 2835:"First GOES-R instrument ready to be installed onto spacecraft" 2327: 2136: 2048: 1977: 1801: 1619: 1618:

Unforeseen during the instrument design, GLM is able to detect

668:

National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service

5251:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 25 May 2017 4132: 2938:"GOES-R (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-R)" 2590:

Spectral Band Selection for the Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI)

2546:

Spectral Band Selection for the Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI)

2017: 2012: 1964:. Spacecraft separation from the launch vehicle occurred over 555: (NOAA). GOES-16 serves as the operational geostationary 502: 6916: 6911: 6764: 6676: 6668: 6314: 5951: 5946: 2956: 2911:"NOAA's GOES-R Arrives at NASA Kennedy for Launch Processing" 2435:

Proceedings of the SPIE: Applications with Weather Satellites

2188:(CIMSS) and Advanced Satellite Products Branch (ASPB) at the 2127: 1683: 1429: 1075: 935: 745: 394: 384: 5582:"Preparing Users for New Satellites: GOES-R Training Ground" 4692:"NASA Awards Launch Contract For Goes-R And Goes-S Missions" 3600:"GOES-R ABI Fact Sheet Band 7 ("Shortwave window" infrared)" 3121: 1554:

detector that monitors for the short-lived light emitted by

6626: 5765:"GOES-R Proving Ground Severe Weather Forecast and Warning" 5575: 5573: 5495: 4268: 2570:

Schmit, Timothy J.; Li, Jun; Gurka, James (November 2003).

548: 104: 100: 5873: 4106: 4008: 3359: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3039: 2496:

Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies

2186:

Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies

2122:

of data storage; data processing is handled by 3,632

1903:

and did not sustain any damage. However, the tipping of a

1791: 982:, and vegetative health. ABI's "red" visible band 2 ( 751:

capable of supporting up to 2,800 kg (6,200 lb)

699:(NPOESS). Although the GOES-R series was expected to cost 5659: 5547: 5503:"NOAA Selects Contractor to Develop GOES-R Ground System" 5406: 5199:

Gaches, Lauren (4 January 2017). Hottle, Jennifer (ed.).

5011:"Milestone-setting 100th EELV rocket moves to launch pad" 4902:

Dunbar, Brian (18 November 2016). Herridge, Linda (ed.).

3542:"GOES-R ABI Fact Sheet Band 5 ("Snow/Ice" near-infrared)" 3262:"GOES-16 and GOES-17 ABI transition to mode 6 operations" 2620:(Conference Report). NASA. 22–24 May 2001. Archived from 2081: 1992:

reaching geostationary orbit, GOES-R was redesignated as

1809: 1607:

software that has also been adapted by the United States

1293: 796: 588: 263: 6179: 5630: 5628: 5570: 5468: 5466: 5464: 4904:"Atlas V with GOES-R Arrives at Space Launch Complex 41" 3186:"ITT Passes Review for GOES- R Advanced Baseline Imager" 3016: 2645: 2587: 1884:

Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 41

149: 5192: 4868: 4615:. NASA / NOAA. 21 April 2015. p. 1. Archived from 4440: 3745:"GOES-R ABI Fact Sheet Band 12 ("ozone" infrared band)" 3513:"GOES-R ABI Fact Sheet Band 4 ("Cirrus" near-infrared)" 3036: 3012: 3010: 3008: 2743:"NASA Selects NOAA Goes-R Series Spacecraft Contractor" 2740: 1913:

earlier in 2016—resulted in another delay of the

1755:

from geostationary orbit. MAG provides general data on

1642:

Extreme Ultraviolet and X-ray Irradiance Sensors (EXIS)

1562:

often exhibit an increase in lightning activity due to

1545: 6848:

CELTEE 1, Prometheus-2 × 2, AeroCube 8 × 2, U2U, RAVAN

5706: 5227:"NOAA's GOES-16 satellite sends first images of Earth" 5115: 5113: 5079: 5053: 4835: 4809: 4554:"Instruments: Space Environment In-Situ Suite (SEISS)" 4514: 4357: 4355: 2486: 2484: 1835:

polar regions. Development of SEISS was contracted by

5625: 5461: 5438: 5436: 4978: 4976: 4732: 3215:

Observing Systems Capability Analysis and Review Tool

2424: 2422: 3901:"GOES-R Series Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM)" 3005: 2235: 2198:

Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere

5110: 4949: 4947: 4945: 4943: 4683: 4667:Gutro, Rob (10 February 2017). Jenner, Lynn (ed.). 4352: 3939:"Instruments: Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM)" 2991:"NOAA GOES-R Satellite Black Wing Ready for Flight" 2903: 2853: 2481: 2399:Dunbar, Brian (3 August 2017). Lynn, Jenner (ed.). 628:(GOES) program began as a joint effort between the 7024:Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites 5917:Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites 5433: 5319: 5122:"Advanced weather satellite reaches planned orbit" 4973: 4004: 4002: 4000: 3331: 2982: 2881: 2419: 2167:proving ground addressed recommendations from the 1693: 946:The Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) is the primary 905: – plot of MAG data on 22 December 2016 545:Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites 166:Elapsed: 7 years, 10 months, 2 days 5613:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 5061:"Atlas V / GOES-R Countdown & Launch Profile" 4760: 4012:"The GOES-R Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM)" 3117: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3105: 2270:Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite 1956:. Following the rocket's first stage, additional 941: 626:Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite 7015: 6585:Chinese next-generation crew capsule scale model 5757: 5374: 5292: 4940: 4548: 4546: 4544: 4542: 4540: 3962: 3960: 3353: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2537: 1784:, while the deployable boom was built by ATK in 993:used for sensors operating in visible light and 468:Extreme Ultraviolet and X-ray Irradiance Sensors 7034:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 5670:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 5241: 5028: 4741:"Launch of GOES-R Satellite Delayed Six Months" 4642:"Baseline Products: Solar and Galactic Protons" 4328: 4326: 4324: 3997: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3853: 3824: 3795: 3766: 3737: 3708: 3679: 3426:"GOES-R ABI Fact Sheet Band 1 ("Blue" visible)" 3305: 3134:(4). American Meteorological Society: 681–698. 3128:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 3124:"A Closer Look at the ABI on the GOES-R Series" 2861:"Exelis Delivers GOES-R Instrument to Lockheed" 2706: 2652:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 2607: 2322:The digits of the 541 configuration indicate a 2309:A heavy ion is an ion with a mass greater than 2084:, allowing it to detect weak emergency beacons. 1924:was launched on 19 November 2016 at 23:42 634:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 619: 553:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 5655: 5653: 5521: 5219: 5141: 5139: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4396:"Instruments: Solar Ultraviolet Imager (SUVI)" 4100: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3925: 3650: 3621: 3592: 3563: 3534: 3505: 3476: 3455:"GOES-R ABI Fact Sheet Band 2 ("Red" visible)" 3447: 3418: 3234: 3232: 3102: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3068: 2144:Advanced Weather Interactive Processing System 2089:Integrated ground system and data distribution 2034:GOES Rebroadcast (GRB) – GOES-16's 1743:The GOES-16 Magnetometer (MAG) is a tri-axial 6165: 5901: 5858:National Aeronautics and Space Administration 5834:National Aeronautics and Space Administration 5356:"GOES-R Series Unique Payload Services (UPS)" 4537: 3957: 3156: 3084:"Instruments: Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI)" 2925: 2569: 2498:. University of Wisconsin-Madison. 5 May 2011 2139:was awarded a $ 55 million subcontract. 2062:and other information from the United States 1850: 1686:irradiance, allowing for the prediction of a 630:National Aeronautics and Space Administration 5165: 4792:"NASA Survives Brush With Hurricane Matthew" 4783: 4660: 4388: 4321: 4197:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 4126: 3886: 2581: 2544:Schmit, Tim; Menzel, Paul (September 1999). 2543: 2364: 1863:aboard an Atlas V rocket on 19 November 2016 1070:. Lacking an explicit band for green light, 768:data handling subsystem is based around the 5853:Instruments: Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) 5650: 5136: 4918: 4465: 4074: 3922: 3229: 3065: 2734: 2680: 2428: 2392: 2013:Unique Payload Services and data processing 6172: 6158: 6134: 5908: 5894: 5790:"GOES-R Proving Ground FY12 Annual Report" 5599: 4895: 2805: 2326:diameter of 5 m (16 ft), 4 2025: 1698:The Solar Ultraviolet Imager (SUVI) is an 1622:in the atmosphere and thereby facilitates 1078:and AHI onto existing ABI spectral bands. 122: 5689: 5298: 5268: 5266: 4818:"Launches of Worldview-4, GOES-R Delayed" 4706: 4598: 4492: 4448:"GOES-R Series Space Weather Instruments" 4304: 4294: 4226: 4216: 4042: 3147: 2671: 2595:(Report). University of Wisconsin-Madison 2551:(Report). University of Wisconsin-Madison 1678:and degrade instruments on satellites in 715:In December 2008, NASA and NOAA selected 5732: 5002: 4572: 4414: 3203: 2783: 2761: 2686: 2437:. Applications with Weather Satellites. 2157: 2153: 2016: 1976:of 5,038 mi (8,108 km) and an 1854: 1568:severe thunderstorm and tornado warnings 732:. The satellite was then transferred to 651:programs beginning in 1966. In the 1999 5782: 5350: 5348: 5346: 5344: 5171: 5119: 4789: 4766: 4712: 4689: 4157: 3375:(13). Taylor & Francis: 3999–4028. 3369:International Journal of Remote Sensing 3242:. Harris Corporation. 11 September 2016 2639: 2563: 1792:Space Environment In-Situ Suite (SEISS) 777:application-specific integrated circuit 543:, is the first of the GOES-R series of 7016: 5579: 5263: 5198: 5085: 4953: 4901: 4874: 4720:. United States Department of Commerce 4422:"Baseline Products: Solar EUV Imagery" 4252:"Mapping Lightning Strikes from Space" 4165:"Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM)" 2712: 2516: 2398: 1268:Cloud particle size, snow cloud phase 1005:temperatures; all electronics and the 6153: 5928:Synchronous Meteorological Satellites 5889: 5712: 5605: 5299:Bachmeier, Scott (14 December 2017). 5120:Harwood, William (29 November 2016). 4841: 4815: 4738: 4666: 4520: 3966: 2988: 2148:forecast and warning issuance systems 1738: 1720:Extreme ultraviolet Imaging Telescope 1372:Lower-level Tropospheric Water Vapor 1319:Upper-level Tropospheric Water Vapor 1243:Snow/ice discrimination, cloud phase 676:NOAA Research and Development Council 7049:Spacecraft launched by Atlas rockets 5553: 5400: 5341: 5172:Hersher, Rebecca (23 January 2017). 4954:Graham, William (19 November 2016). 4249: 3339:"Advanced Baseline Imager Solutions" 3285: 3166:. Northrop Grunman. 27 February 2009 3051:"GOES-R Series Instruments Overview" 2128:floating point operations per second 1980:of 21,926 mi (35,286 km). 1729: 1546:Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) 739: 649:Synchronous Meteorological Satellite 5587:. World Meteorological Organization 5008: 4982: 4634: 4606:"MPS ‐ HI Performance Requirements" 4363:"EXIS Key Measurement Requirements" 3861:"GOES-R ABI Fact Sheet Band 16 ("CO 3341:. Harris Corporation. 14 March 2016 3217:. World Meteorological Organization 3178: 2964:"GOES-R Series Spacecraft Overview" 2687:Iannotta, Ben (18 September 2006). 1344:Mid-level Tropospheric Water Vapor 563:, providing a view centered on the 399:35,793.1 km (22,240.8 mi) 389:35,780.2 km (22,232.8 mi) 369:42,164.8 km (26,200.0 mi) 13: 7029:Satellites in geosynchronous orbit 5086:Harris, Megan (20 November 2016). 4790:Newcomb, Alyssa (7 October 2016). 2837:. NOAA. 2 May 2013. Archived from 2771:. Lockheed Martin. 1 February 2011 2577:. University of Wisconsin-Madison. 1944:; the launch was the 100th of the 1724:Solar and Heliospheric Observatory 14: 7060: 5865: 5720:. University of Wisconsin-Madison 5580:Mostek, Anthony (17 April 2014). 5481:Satellite and Information Service 5307:. University of Wisconsin-Madison 5280:. NOAA / NESDIS. 30 November 2017 5278:Satellite and Information Service 5153:. NOAA / NESDIS. 30 November 2016 5151:Satellite and Information Service 5036:"Atlas V GOES-R Mission Overview" 4875:Berger, Eric (18 November 2016). 4690:Braukus, Michael (5 April 2012). 4478:"Instruments: Magnetometer (MAG)" 3240:"GOES-R Advanced Baseline Imager" 2815:. Lockheed Martin. 7 January 2013 2713:Singer, Jeremy (3 October 2006). 2525:. University of Wisconsin-Madison 1946:Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle 1035:Northrop Grumman Space Technology 821:released from GOES-16 instruments 645:Applications Technology Satellite 6133: 5960: 5845: This article incorporates 5840: 5821: This article incorporates 5816: 5009:Ray, Justin (18 November 2016). 4983:Ray, Justin (20 November 2016). 4842:Sisko, Chris (26 October 2016). 4816:Rhian, Jason (3 November 2016). 4767:Breslin, Sean (6 October 2016). 4713:Crawley, Allen (25 April 2013). 4169:Global Hydrology Resource Center 2344: 2238: 1837:Assurance Technology Corporation 912: 895: 878: 861: 844: 827: 705:Government Accountability Office 670:(NESDIS). At its inception, ten 636: (NOAA) in 1975 to develop 501: 57: 5881:GOES-R Satellite Proving Ground 5810: 5606:Gurka, Jim (26 February 2008). 5554:Roby, Michelle (29 June 2009). 4262: 4250:Sima, Richard (13 March 2020). 4243: 4183: 3967:Mandt, Greg (13 January 2015). 3313:"Instruments: ABI Improvements" 3279: 3254: 2827: 2523:NOAA Satellites and Information 2316: 2303: 2280:Space Weather Prediction Center 2055:1679.70–1680.10 MHz. 1694:Solar Ultraviolet Imager (SUVI) 1500:Dirty Infrared Longwave Window 1450:Clean Infrared Longwave Window 929: 710: 492:Space Environment In-Situ Suite 7039:Satellites using the A2100 bus 5795:. NASA / NOAA. 22 January 2013 5041:. United Launch Alliance. 2016 4739:Leone, Dan (19 October 2015). 4151:10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.09.008 4137:. 135–136. Elsevier: 397–403. 4035:10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.01.006 2510: 2047:signal is centered within the 1759:, which can be used to detect 999:cryocooler control electronics 942:Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) 810: 682:In 2001, NOAA planned for the 460:Geostationary Lightning Mapper 209:5,192 kg (11,446 lb) 134: 1: 5474:"GOES-R Series Ground System" 5409:"GOES Data Collection System" 4369:. NASA / NOAA. Archived from 3978:. NASA / NOAA. Archived from 2891:. Lockheed Martin. 1 May 2014 2793:. Lockheed Martin. 1 May 2012 2517:Schmit, Tim (14 March 2017). 2358: 2162:GOES-R Cooperative Institutes 1629: 1590:strikes have three prominent 1325:Various atmospheric features 717:Lockheed Martin Space Systems 643:following the success of the 614: 603:on 19 November 2016 aboard a 597:Lockheed Martin Space Systems 559:in the GOES East position at 217:2,857 kg (6,299 lb) 4500:"Images: Magnetometer (MAG)" 4021:. 125–126. Elsevier: 34–49. 3910:. NASA / NOAA. November 2017 3812:. NASA / NOAA. February 2016 3783:. NASA / NOAA. February 2016 3754:. NASA / NOAA. December 2015 3435:. NASA / NOAA. February 2015 3389:10.1080/01431161.2011.637529 2333:complementing the Atlas V's 2126:capable of 40 trillion 1970:geostationary transfer orbit 1774:orthogonal vector components 1751:at the outer extents of the 620:Instrument conceptualization 7: 7044:Spacecraft launched in 2016 5608:"The GOES-R Proving Ground" 5483:. NASA / NOAA. October 2017 5147:"GOES-R has become GOES-16" 4521:Gutro, Rob (15 July 2014). 4453:. NASA / NOAA. October 2017 3725:. NASA / NOAA. October 2015 3286:Line, Bill (2 April 2019). 2989:Gutro, Rob (24 June 2014). 2689:"NOAA Drops GOES-R Sensors" 2401:"GOES Overview and History" 2341:upper-stage of the Atlas V. 2337:, and 1 engine on the 2260:Earth observation satellite 2231: 1892:Office of Inspector General 1845:University of New Hampshire 1843:, and subcontracted to the 1056:Japan Meteorological Agency 1031:L3 Technologies SSG-Tinsley 10: 7065: 5636:"Proving Ground: Overview" 4926:"Atlas V to Launch GOES-R" 3865:" longwave infrared band)" 3696:. NASA / NOAA. August 2015 3667:. NASA / NOAA. August 2015 3638:. NASA / NOAA. August 2015 3609:. NASA / NOAA. August 2015 1851:Launch and mission profile 6997: 6887: 6821: 6774: 6700: 6636: 6598: 6503: 6447: 6397: 6335:ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter 6307: 6240: 6204: 6129: 6098: 6067: 6031: 5995: 5969: 5958: 5936: 5923: 5715:"Proving Ground Timeline" 5713:Gurka, Jim (9 May 2008). 5691:10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00175.1 3874:. NASA / NOAA. April 2016 3841:. NASA / NOAA. March 2016 3493:. NASA / NOAA. March 2015 3464:. NASA / NOAA. March 2015 3149:10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00230.1 2202:Colorado State University 2169:National Research Council 2116:Category 2 hurricane 1948:program and 138th of the 1512: 1487: 1475:Infrared Longwave Window 1462: 1437: 1409: 1384: 1359: 1331: 1306: 1274: 1249: 1224: 1197: 1172: 1147: 1122: 1117: 1114: 1111: 1108: 1103: 1095: 1089: 1086: 1043:continental United States 995:mercury cadmium telluride 547: (GOES) operated by 500: 488: 480: 472: 464: 456: 448: 441: 437: 433: 423: 413: 403: 393: 383: 373: 363: 352: 344: 334: 324: 319: 315: 311: 303: 293: 280: 269: 250: 245: 241: 237: 229: 221: 213: 205: 195: 183: 178: 174: 170: 160: 144: 131: 110: 96: 83: 79: 74:(before 29 November 2016) 68: 56: 5770:. NASA / NOAA. July 2015 5745:. NASA / NOAA. July 2015 4928:. United Launch Alliance 4584:Encyclopaedia Britannica 3580:. NASA / NOAA. June 2015 2296: 2104:Wallops Island, Virginia 2064:National Weather Service 1940:and was administered by 1609:National Weather Service 1537:Air temperature, clouds 507:GOES-R mission insignia 476:Solar Ultraviolet Imager 452:Advanced Baseline Imager 358:(after 18 December 2017) 6139:List of GOES satellites 5444:"GOES-R Ground Segment" 5180:. National Public Radio 3551:. NASA / NOAA. May 2015 3522:. NASA / NOAA. May 2015 2944:. European Space Agency 2492:"CIMSS GOES Activities" 2285:Storm Prediction Center 2190:University of Wisconsin 2108:Fairmont, West Virginia 2100:Wallops Flight Facility 2026:Unique Payload Services 1888:satellite constellation 1841:Carlisle, Massachusetts 1823:electrostatic discharge 254:19 November 2016, 23:42 5847:public domain material 5829:Data Processing Levels 5823:public domain material 4088:. NOAA. 9 October 2014 2913:. NASA. 23 August 2016 2745:. NASA. Archived from 2673:10.1175/BAMS-86-8-1079 2615:GOES Users' Conference 2405:GOES Satellite Network 2216:intensity estimation, 2163: 2076:on GOES-16 can detect 2022: 1942:United Launch Alliance 1896:Department of Commerce 1876:United Launch Services 1864: 1749:Earth's magnetic field 1712:coronal mass ejections 724:was contracted out to 605:United Launch Alliance 429:1 March 2018, 18:22:45 298:United Launch Alliance 16:NOAA weather satellite 6752:BlackSky Pathfinder-1 6660:QUESS / Mozi / Micius 4771:. The Weather Channel 2331:solid rocket boosters 2161: 2154:GOES-R Proving Ground 2020: 1917:to 19 November 2016. 1858: 1778:Palo Alto, California 1745:fluxgate magnetometer 1700:ultraviolet telescope 1613:Palo Alto, California 1378:Water vapor features 325:Reference system 179:Spacecraft properties 6984:/ Gaojing-1 01, 02, 6188:Orbital launches in 5305:CIMSS Satellite Blog 4218:10.1029/2019JD030874 4135:Atmospheric Research 4019:Atmospheric Research 3292:Twitter (@bill_line) 1962:geosynchronous orbit 1832:dielectric breakdown 1757:geomagnetic activity 1688:solar particle event 1262:Cloud Particle Size 1021:, BEI Technologies, 791:, gyrometers, and a 734:Kennedy Space Center 720:Construction of the 701:US$ 6.2 billion 535:, formerly known as 6543:Eutelsat 117 West B 5682:2012BAMS...93.1029G 4960:NASASpaceFlight.com 4822:Spaceflight Insider 4287:2019Senso..19.1008R 4209:2019JGRD..12414285B 4203:(24): 14285–14309. 4143:2014AtmRe.135..397B 4027:2013AtmRe.125...34G 3985:on 22 December 2016 3381:2012IJRS...33.3999M 3191:. GIM International 3140:2017BAMS...98..681S 2841:on 16 December 2016 2664:2005BAMS...86.1079S 2447:2003SPIE.4895...95G 2265:Geostationary orbit 2210:Huntsville, Alabama 1704:extreme ultraviolet 1580:lightning detection 1560:tornado progenitors 1083: 1082:ABI spectral bands 1023:Babcock Corporation 1015:Fort Wayne, Indiana 779:being developed by 726:Alliant Techsystems 541:geostationary orbit 53: 33: / 6434:Mikhailo Lomonosov 6320:Eutelsat 65 West A 5535:on 24 October 2017 5509:on 19 January 2017 5382:"GOES Rebroadcast" 5067:. 19 November 2016 2942:eoPortal Directory 2869:. 17 February 2014 2749:on 27 October 2020 2246:Spaceflight portal 2194:Madison, Wisconsin 2178:end-to-end testing 2164: 2132:Harris Corporation 2096:Suitland, Maryland 2045:circular polarized 2023: 1867:NASA selected the 1865: 1786:Goleta, California 1782:Sterling, Virginia 1747:that measures the 1739:Magnetometer (MAG) 1654:which can disrupt 1531:Longwave Infrared 1300:, fire, volcanism 1253:2.225–2.275 1201:1.371–1.386 1176:0.846–0.885 1081: 1011:Harris Corporation 962:channels, and ten 948:imaging instrument 641:weather satellites 320:Orbital parameters 258:2016-11-19UTC23:42 164:Planned: 15 years 51: 7009: 7008: 6990: 6969: 6934: 6861:FOC 7, 12, 13, 14 6849: 6806: 6767: 6147: 6146: 4844:"GOES-R Overview" 4296:10.3390/s19051008 3266:www.ospo.noaa.gov 3211:"Instrument: ABI" 2455:10.1117/12.466817 2290:Weather satellite 1901:Hurricane Matthew 1730:Space environment 1601:frames per second 1594:originating from 1543: 1542: 1287:Shortwave Window 1115:Primary function 781:British Aerospace 740:Spacecraft design 684:GOES-R generation 557:weather satellite 530: 529: 496: 495: 359: 91:weather satellite 75: 7056: 6985: 6964: 6924: 6847: 6801: 6759: 6576: 6570: 6564: 6430: 6370: 6363: 6339:Schiaparelli EDM 6299:ASTRO-H / Hitomi 6280:Kwangmyŏngsŏng-4 6193: 6192: 6191: 6174: 6167: 6160: 6151: 6150: 6137: 6136: 5964: 5910: 5903: 5896: 5887: 5886: 5877: 5876: 5874:Official website 5861: 5844: 5843: 5837: 5820: 5819: 5805: 5804: 5802: 5800: 5794: 5786: 5780: 5779: 5777: 5775: 5769: 5761: 5755: 5754: 5752: 5750: 5744: 5736: 5730: 5729: 5727: 5725: 5719: 5710: 5704: 5703: 5693: 5676:(7): 1029–1040. 5657: 5648: 5647: 5645: 5643: 5632: 5623: 5622: 5620: 5618: 5612: 5603: 5597: 5596: 5594: 5592: 5586: 5577: 5568: 5567: 5565: 5563: 5551: 5545: 5544: 5542: 5540: 5525: 5519: 5518: 5516: 5514: 5499: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5488: 5478: 5470: 5459: 5458: 5456: 5454: 5440: 5431: 5430: 5428: 5426: 5421:on 15 April 2018 5420: 5413: 5404: 5398: 5397: 5395: 5393: 5378: 5372: 5371: 5369: 5367: 5352: 5339: 5338: 5336: 5334: 5323: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5296: 5290: 5289: 5287: 5285: 5270: 5261: 5260: 5258: 5256: 5245: 5239: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5223: 5217: 5216: 5214: 5212: 5196: 5190: 5189: 5187: 5185: 5169: 5163: 5162: 5160: 5158: 5143: 5134: 5133: 5131: 5129: 5117: 5108: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5098:on 15 April 2018 5094:. Archived from 5092:Spaceflight News 5083: 5077: 5076: 5074: 5072: 5057: 5051: 5050: 5048: 5046: 5040: 5032: 5026: 5025: 5023: 5021: 5006: 5000: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4980: 4971: 4970: 4968: 4966: 4951: 4938: 4937: 4935: 4933: 4922: 4916: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4899: 4893: 4892: 4890: 4888: 4872: 4866: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4855: 4848: 4839: 4833: 4832: 4830: 4828: 4813: 4807: 4806: 4804: 4802: 4787: 4781: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4764: 4758: 4757: 4755: 4753: 4736: 4730: 4729: 4727: 4725: 4719: 4710: 4704: 4703: 4701: 4699: 4687: 4681: 4680: 4678: 4676: 4671:. NASA / Goddard 4664: 4658: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4638: 4632: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4621: 4610: 4602: 4596: 4595: 4593: 4591: 4576: 4570: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4550: 4535: 4534: 4532: 4530: 4518: 4512: 4511: 4509: 4507: 4496: 4490: 4489: 4487: 4485: 4474: 4463: 4462: 4460: 4458: 4452: 4444: 4438: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4418: 4412: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4392: 4386: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4376:on 29 April 2017 4375: 4359: 4350: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4330: 4319: 4318: 4308: 4298: 4266: 4260: 4259: 4247: 4241: 4240: 4230: 4220: 4187: 4181: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4161: 4155: 4154: 4130: 4124: 4123: 4121: 4119: 4113: 4104: 4098: 4097: 4095: 4093: 4078: 4072: 4071: 4069: 4067: 4062:on 20 March 2018 4061: 4055:. Archived from 4046: 4044:2060/20110015676 4016: 4006: 3995: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3984: 3973: 3964: 3955: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3935: 3920: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3905: 3897: 3884: 3883: 3881: 3879: 3869: 3857: 3851: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3836: 3828: 3822: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3807: 3799: 3793: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3778: 3770: 3764: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3749: 3741: 3735: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3720: 3712: 3706: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3691: 3683: 3677: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3662: 3654: 3648: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3633: 3625: 3619: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3604: 3596: 3590: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3575: 3567: 3561: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3546: 3538: 3532: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3517: 3509: 3503: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3488: 3480: 3474: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3459: 3451: 3445: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3430: 3422: 3416: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3405: 3399:. Archived from 3366: 3357: 3351: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3335: 3329: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3309: 3303: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3283: 3277: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3258: 3252: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3236: 3227: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3207: 3201: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3190: 3182: 3176: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3160: 3154: 3153: 3151: 3119: 3100: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3080: 3063: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3047: 3034: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3023: 3014: 3003: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2986: 2980: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2960: 2954: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2934: 2923: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2907: 2901: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2885: 2879: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2857: 2851: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2831: 2825: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2809: 2803: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2787: 2781: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2765: 2759: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2738: 2732: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2710: 2704: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2684: 2678: 2677: 2675: 2658:(8): 1079–1096. 2643: 2637: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2626: 2619: 2611: 2605: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2594: 2585: 2579: 2578: 2576: 2567: 2561: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2550: 2541: 2535: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2514: 2508: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2488: 2479: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2469:on 29 April 2017 2465:. Archived from 2426: 2417: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2396: 2390: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2372:"GOES-R - Orbit" 2368: 2352: 2348: 2342: 2320: 2314: 2307: 2248: 2243: 2242: 2241: 2214:tropical cyclone 2206:Fort Collins, CO 2078:distress signals 1928:(6:42 p.m. 1648:solar irradiance 1530: 1516:13.0–13.6 1491:11.8–12.8 1466:10.8–11.6 1441:10.1–10.6 1403:Cloud-top phase 1397:Cloud-Top Phase 1363:7.24–7.44 1335:6.75–7.15 1278:3.80–4.00 1228:1.58–1.64 1151:0.59–0.69 1126:0.45–0.49 1084: 1080: 1068:visible spectrum 1027:DRS Technologies 916: 899: 882: 865: 848: 831: 801:assess its orbit 702: 539:before reaching 505: 444: 439: 438: 385:Perigee altitude 357: 307:18 December 2017 261: 259: 246:Start of mission 161:Mission duration 156: 153: 151: 136: 127: 126: 120: 73: 61: 54: 50: 48: 47: 45: 44: 43: 38: 34: 31: 30: 29: 26: 7064: 7063: 7059: 7058: 7057: 7055: 7054: 7053: 7014: 7013: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6993: 6883: 6817: 6798:Cygnus CRS OA-5 6770: 6696: 6632: 6594: 6572: 6566: 6559: 6499: 6443: 6426: 6393: 6365: 6358: 6351:Cygnus CRS OA-6 6303: 6236: 6200: 6199: 6189: 6187: 6186: 6184: 6178: 6148: 6143: 6125: 6094: 6063: 6027: 5991: 5965: 5956: 5932: 5919: 5914: 5872: 5871: 5868: 5850: 5841: 5826: 5817: 5813: 5808: 5798: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5787: 5783: 5773: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5762: 5758: 5748: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5737: 5733: 5723: 5721: 5717: 5711: 5707: 5662:Brummer, Renate 5658: 5651: 5641: 5639: 5634: 5633: 5626: 5616: 5614: 5610: 5604: 5600: 5590: 5588: 5584: 5578: 5571: 5561: 5559: 5552: 5548: 5538: 5536: 5527: 5526: 5522: 5512: 5510: 5501: 5500: 5496: 5486: 5484: 5476: 5472: 5471: 5462: 5452: 5450: 5442: 5441: 5434: 5424: 5422: 5418: 5411: 5405: 5401: 5391: 5389: 5380: 5379: 5375: 5365: 5363: 5354: 5353: 5342: 5332: 5330: 5325: 5324: 5320: 5310: 5308: 5297: 5293: 5283: 5281: 5272: 5271: 5264: 5254: 5252: 5247: 5246: 5242: 5232: 5230: 5225: 5224: 5220: 5210: 5208: 5197: 5193: 5183: 5181: 5170: 5166: 5156: 5154: 5145: 5144: 5137: 5127: 5125: 5118: 5111: 5101: 5099: 5084: 5080: 5070: 5068: 5059: 5058: 5054: 5044: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5033: 5029: 5019: 5017: 5015:Spaceflight Now 5007: 5003: 4993: 4991: 4989:Spaceflight Now 4981: 4974: 4964: 4962: 4952: 4941: 4931: 4929: 4924: 4923: 4919: 4909: 4907: 4900: 4896: 4886: 4884: 4873: 4869: 4859: 4857: 4853: 4846: 4840: 4836: 4826: 4824: 4814: 4810: 4800: 4798: 4788: 4784: 4774: 4772: 4765: 4761: 4751: 4749: 4737: 4733: 4723: 4721: 4717: 4711: 4707: 4697: 4695: 4688: 4684: 4674: 4672: 4665: 4661: 4651: 4649: 4640: 4639: 4635: 4625: 4623: 4619: 4608: 4604: 4603: 4599: 4589: 4587: 4578: 4577: 4573: 4563: 4561: 4552: 4551: 4538: 4528: 4526: 4519: 4515: 4505: 4503: 4498: 4497: 4493: 4483: 4481: 4476: 4475: 4466: 4456: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4445: 4441: 4431: 4429: 4420: 4419: 4415: 4405: 4403: 4394: 4393: 4389: 4379: 4377: 4373: 4361: 4360: 4353: 4343: 4341: 4332: 4331: 4322: 4267: 4263: 4248: 4244: 4188: 4184: 4174: 4172: 4163: 4162: 4158: 4131: 4127: 4117: 4115: 4111: 4105: 4101: 4091: 4089: 4080: 4079: 4075: 4065: 4063: 4059: 4014: 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3082: 3081: 3066: 3056: 3054: 3049: 3048: 3037: 3027: 3025: 3021: 3015: 3006: 2996: 2994: 2987: 2983: 2973: 2971: 2962: 2961: 2957: 2947: 2945: 2936: 2935: 2926: 2916: 2914: 2909: 2908: 2904: 2894: 2892: 2887: 2886: 2882: 2872: 2870: 2859: 2858: 2854: 2844: 2842: 2833: 2832: 2828: 2818: 2816: 2811: 2810: 2806: 2796: 2794: 2789: 2788: 2784: 2774: 2772: 2767: 2766: 2762: 2752: 2750: 2739: 2735: 2725: 2723: 2711: 2707: 2697: 2695: 2685: 2681: 2644: 2640: 2630: 2628: 2624: 2617: 2613: 2612: 2608: 2598: 2596: 2592: 2586: 2582: 2574: 2568: 2564: 2554: 2552: 2548: 2542: 2538: 2528: 2526: 2515: 2511: 2501: 2499: 2490: 2489: 2482: 2472: 2470: 2427: 2420: 2410: 2408: 2397: 2393: 2383: 2381: 2370: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2356: 2355: 2349: 2345: 2324:payload fairing 2321: 2317: 2308: 2304: 2299: 2294: 2244: 2239: 2237: 2234: 2156: 2124:processor cores 2112:sustained winds 2091: 2028: 2015: 1853: 1794: 1741: 1732: 1696: 1680:low Earth orbit 1644: 1632: 1576:cloud-to-ground 1548: 1529: 1525: 1413:9.42–9.8 1310:5.77–6.6 1112:Classification 1105: 1097: 958:channels, four 944: 932: 927: 926: 925: 924: 923: 917: 908: 907: 906: 900: 891: 890: 889: 883: 874: 873: 872: 866: 857: 856: 855: 849: 840: 839: 838: 832: 823: 822: 813: 789:reaction wheels 742: 713: 700: 632:(NASA) and the 622: 617: 526: 525: 519: 512: 506: 442: 419:1,436.1 minutes 395:Apogee altitude 365:Semi-major axis 304:Entered service 257: 255: 200:Lockheed Martin 165: 148: 121: 116: 64: 41: 39: 35: 32: 27: 24: 22: 20: 19: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7062: 7052: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7007: 7006: 7002:Crewed flights 6998: 6995: 6994: 6992: 6991: 6979: 6970: 6958: 6952: 6947: 6941: 6936: 6914: 6909: 6907:Resourcesat-2A 6904: 6899: 6896:Progress MS-04 6891: 6889: 6885: 6884: 6882: 6881: 6875: 6870: 6863: 6855: 6850: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6825: 6823: 6819: 6818: 6816: 6815: 6808: 6795: 6788: 6778: 6776: 6772: 6771: 6769: 6768: 6737: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6704: 6702: 6698: 6697: 6695: 6694: 6688: 6679: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6640: 6638: 6634: 6633: 6631: 6630: 6620: 6615: 6613:Progress MS-03 6610: 6602: 6600: 6596: 6595: 6593: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6549: 6540: 6532: 6523: 6517: 6507: 6505: 6501: 6500: 6498: 6497: 6487: 6475: 6470: 6468:FOC-10, FOC-11 6462: 6457: 6451: 6449: 6445: 6444: 6442: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6416: 6407: 6401: 6399: 6395: 6394: 6392: 6391: 6389:Progress MS-02 6386: 6378: 6372: 6348: 6341: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6311: 6309: 6305: 6304: 6302: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6282: 6277: 6265: 6253: 6244: 6242: 6238: 6237: 6235: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6208: 6206: 6202: 6201: 6195: 6180: 6177: 6176: 6169: 6162: 6154: 6145: 6144: 6142: 6141: 6130: 6127: 6126: 6124: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6102: 6100: 6099:4th generation 6096: 6095: 6093: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6071: 6069: 6068:3rd generation 6065: 6064: 6062: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6035: 6033: 6032:2nd generation 6029: 6028: 6026: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 5999: 5997: 5996:1st generation 5993: 5992: 5990: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5973: 5971: 5967: 5966: 5959: 5957: 5955: 5954: 5949: 5943: 5941: 5934: 5933: 5931: 5930: 5924: 5921: 5920: 5913: 5912: 5905: 5898: 5890: 5884: 5883: 5878: 5867: 5866:External links 5864: 5863: 5862: 5838: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5806: 5781: 5756: 5731: 5705: 5649: 5624: 5598: 5569: 5546: 5520: 5494: 5460: 5448:Spaceflight101 5432: 5399: 5373: 5340: 5318: 5291: 5262: 5240: 5218: 5191: 5164: 5135: 5109: 5078: 5065:Spaceflight101 5052: 5027: 5001: 4972: 4939: 4917: 4894: 4867: 4856:on 13 May 2017 4834: 4808: 4782: 4759: 4731: 4705: 4682: 4659: 4633: 4622:on 13 May 2017 4597: 4586:. 20 July 1998 4571: 4536: 4513: 4491: 4464: 4439: 4413: 4387: 4351: 4320: 4261: 4242: 4182: 4156: 4125: 4099: 4073: 3996: 3956: 3921: 3885: 3862: 3852: 3823: 3794: 3765: 3736: 3707: 3678: 3649: 3620: 3591: 3562: 3533: 3504: 3475: 3446: 3417: 3406:on 13 May 2017 3352: 3330: 3304: 3278: 3253: 3228: 3202: 3177: 3155: 3101: 3064: 3035: 3004: 2981: 2955: 2924: 2902: 2880: 2852: 2826: 2804: 2782: 2760: 2733: 2705: 2679: 2638: 2627:on 13 May 2017 2606: 2580: 2562: 2536: 2509: 2480: 2418: 2391: 2380:. 1 March 2018 2362: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2353: 2343: 2315: 2301: 2300: 2298: 2295: 2293: 2292: 2287: 2282: 2277: 2275:Remote sensing 2272: 2267: 2262: 2257: 2251: 2250: 2249: 2233: 2230: 2155: 2152: 2090: 2087: 2086: 2085: 2067: 2056: 2052: 2027: 2024: 2014: 2011: 1954:Atlantic Ocean 1880:launch vehicle 1859:The launch of 1852: 1849: 1793: 1790: 1740: 1737: 1731: 1728: 1695: 1692: 1672:high frequency 1643: 1640: 1631: 1628: 1592:spectral lines 1572:cloud-to-cloud 1547: 1544: 1541: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1532: 1527: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1510: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1485: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1460: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1435: 1434: 1432: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1407: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1388:8.3–8.7 1386: 1382: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1357: 1356: 1354: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1333: 1329: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1304: 1303: 1301: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1272: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1265:Near-infrared 1263: 1260: 1257: 1254: 1251: 1247: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1240:Near-infrared 1238: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1226: 1222: 1221: 1219: 1214: 1213:Near-infrared 1211: 1208: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1195: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1188:Near-infrared 1186: 1183: 1180: 1177: 1174: 1170: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1145: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1136: 1133: 1130: 1127: 1124: 1120: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1102: 1094: 1088: 943: 940: 931: 928: 918: 911: 910: 909: 901: 894: 893: 892: 884: 877: 876: 875: 867: 860: 859: 858: 850: 843: 842: 841: 833: 826: 825: 824: 817: 816: 815: 814: 812: 809: 749:spacecraft bus 741: 738: 712: 709: 672:spectral bands 621: 618: 616: 613: 601:Cape Canaveral 569:spectral bands 528: 527: 520: 514: 513: 508: 498: 497: 494: 493: 490: 486: 485: 482: 478: 477: 474: 470: 469: 466: 462: 461: 458: 454: 453: 450: 446: 445: 435: 434: 431: 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6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6826: 6824: 6820: 6814: 6813: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6793: 6789: 6787: 6783: 6782:Sky Muster II 6780: 6779: 6777: 6773: 6766: 6762: 6757: 6753: 6749: 6745: 6741: 6738: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6709: 6706: 6705: 6703: 6699: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6674: 6670: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6645: 6642: 6641: 6639: 6635: 6628: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6608: 6604: 6603: 6601: 6597: 6591: 6590:Shijian 16-02 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6575: 6569: 6568:SathyabamaSat 6562: 6557: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6527: 6524: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6512: 6509: 6508: 6506: 6502: 6495: 6491: 6490:Ziyuan III-02 6488: 6486: 6483: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6452: 6450: 6446: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6429: 6424: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6402: 6400: 6396: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6379: 6376: 6373: 6368: 6361: 6356: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6346: 6345:Soyuz TMA-20M 6342: 6340: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6312: 6310: 6306: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6246: 6245: 6243: 6239: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6212:Belintersat-1 6210: 6209: 6207: 6203: 6198: 6194: 6183: 6175: 6170: 6168: 6163: 6161: 6156: 6155: 6152: 6140: 6132: 6131: 6128: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6103: 6101: 6097: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6072: 6070: 6066: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6036: 6034: 6030: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 6000: 5998: 5994: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5974: 5972: 5968: 5963: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5944: 5942: 5940:(predecessor) 5939: 5935: 5929: 5926: 5925: 5922: 5918: 5911: 5906: 5904: 5899: 5897: 5892: 5891: 5888: 5882: 5879: 5875: 5870: 5869: 5859: 5855: 5854: 5848: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5830: 5824: 5815: 5814: 5791: 5785: 5766: 5760: 5741: 5735: 5716: 5709: 5701: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5656: 5654: 5638:. NASA / NOAA 5637: 5631: 5629: 5609: 5602: 5583: 5576: 5574: 5557: 5550: 5534: 5530: 5524: 5508: 5504: 5498: 5482: 5475: 5469: 5467: 5465: 5449: 5445: 5439: 5437: 5417: 5410: 5403: 5388:. NASA / NOAA 5387: 5383: 5377: 5362:. NASA / NOAA 5361: 5357: 5351: 5349: 5347: 5345: 5328: 5322: 5306: 5302: 5295: 5279: 5275: 5269: 5267: 5250: 5244: 5228: 5222: 5206: 5202: 5195: 5179: 5175: 5168: 5152: 5148: 5142: 5140: 5123: 5116: 5114: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5082: 5066: 5062: 5056: 5037: 5031: 5016: 5012: 5005: 4990: 4986: 4979: 4977: 4961: 4957: 4950: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4927: 4921: 4905: 4898: 4882: 4878: 4871: 4852: 4845: 4838: 4823: 4819: 4812: 4797: 4793: 4786: 4770: 4763: 4748: 4747: 4742: 4735: 4716: 4709: 4693: 4686: 4670: 4663: 4648:. NASA / NOAA 4647: 4643: 4637: 4618: 4614: 4607: 4601: 4585: 4581: 4575: 4560:. NASA / NOAA 4559: 4555: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4524: 4517: 4502:. NASA / NOAA 4501: 4495: 4480:. NASA / NOAA 4479: 4473: 4471: 4469: 4449: 4443: 4428:. NASA / NOAA 4427: 4423: 4417: 4402:. NASA / NOAA 4401: 4397: 4391: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4358: 4356: 4340:. NASA / NOAA 4339: 4335: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4316: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4265: 4257: 4253: 4246: 4238: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4186: 4170: 4166: 4160: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4129: 4110: 4103: 4087: 4083: 4077: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4013: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3981: 3977: 3970: 3963: 3961: 3945:. NASA / NOAA 3944: 3940: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3909: 3902: 3896: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3873: 3866: 3856: 3840: 3833: 3827: 3811: 3804: 3798: 3782: 3775: 3769: 3753: 3746: 3740: 3724: 3717: 3711: 3695: 3688: 3682: 3666: 3659: 3653: 3637: 3630: 3624: 3608: 3601: 3595: 3579: 3572: 3566: 3550: 3543: 3537: 3521: 3514: 3508: 3492: 3485: 3479: 3463: 3456: 3450: 3434: 3427: 3421: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3363: 3356: 3340: 3334: 3319:. NASA / NOAA 3318: 3314: 3308: 3293: 3289: 3282: 3267: 3263: 3257: 3241: 3235: 3233: 3216: 3212: 3206: 3187: 3181: 3165: 3159: 3150: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3090:. NASA / NOAA 3089: 3085: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3053:. NASA / NOAA 3052: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3020: 3013: 3011: 3009: 2992: 2985: 2970:. NASA / NOAA 2969: 2965: 2959: 2943: 2939: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2912: 2906: 2890: 2884: 2868: 2867: 2862: 2856: 2840: 2836: 2830: 2814: 2808: 2792: 2786: 2770: 2764: 2748: 2744: 2737: 2722: 2721: 2716: 2709: 2694: 2690: 2683: 2674: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2642: 2623: 2616: 2610: 2591: 2584: 2573: 2566: 2547: 2540: 2524: 2520: 2513: 2497: 2493: 2487: 2485: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2425: 2423: 2406: 2402: 2395: 2379: 2378: 2377:Heavens-Above 2373: 2367: 2363: 2347: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2329: 2325: 2319: 2312: 2306: 2302: 2291: 2288: 2286: 2283: 2281: 2278: 2276: 2273: 2271: 2268: 2266: 2263: 2261: 2258: 2256: 2255:Cospas-Sarsat 2253: 2252: 2247: 2236: 2229: 2227: 2223: 2220:development, 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2181: 2179: 2174: 2170: 2160: 2151: 2149: 2145: 2140: 2138: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2072: 2068: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2050: 2046: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2032: 2031: 2019: 2010: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1990: 1987: 1981: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1950:Atlas program 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1934:Eastern Range 1931: 1927: 1923: 1918: 1916: 1915:launch window 1912: 1911: 1906: 1905:ground system 1902: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1870: 1862: 1857: 1848: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1800:that monitor 1799: 1798:field-of-view 1789: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1753:magnetosphere 1750: 1746: 1736: 1727: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1708:coronal holes 1705: 1701: 1691: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1639: 1637: 1627: 1625: 1621: 1616: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1597: 1596:atomic oxygen 1593: 1588: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1552:near-infrared 1539: 1536: 1533: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428:Total column 1427: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1408: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1321: 1318: 1315: 1312: 1309: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1295: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1227: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1212: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1175: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1159: 1156: 1153: 1150: 1146: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1134: 1131: 1128: 1125: 1121: 1106:spacing (km) 1100: 1092: 1085: 1079: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1051: 1048: 1044: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 987: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 960:near-infrared 957: 953: 949: 939: 937: 921: 915: 904: 898: 887: 881: 870: 864: 853: 847: 836: 830: 820: 808: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 771: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 747: 737: 735: 731: 727: 723: 722:satellite bus 718: 708: 706: 698: 694: 690: 685: 680: 677: 673: 669: 664: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 639: 638:geostationary 635: 631: 627: 612: 610: 606: 602: 598: 592: 590: 586: 585:space weather 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 524: → 523: 518: 515:← 511: 504: 499: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 440: 436: 432: 428: 426: 422: 418: 416: 412: 408: 406: 402: 398: 396: 392: 388: 386: 382: 378: 376: 372: 368: 366: 362: 355: 351: 347: 343: 340: 339:Geostationary 337: 333: 330: 327: 323: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 299: 296: 292: 289: 286: 283: 279: 275: 272: 268: 265: 253: 249: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 201: 198: 194: 191: 188: 186: 182: 177: 173: 169: 163: 159: 155: 147: 143: 139: 137: 130: 125: 119: 115: 113: 109: 106: 102: 99: 95: 92: 89: 88:Geostationary 86: 82: 78: 71: 67: 60: 55: 49: 46: 7011: 7001: 6894: 6865: 6810: 6790: 6682:Intelsat 33e 6618:Dragon CRS-9 6605: 6515:Geo-IK-2 №12 6410:Dragon CRS-8 6343: 6227:Intelsat 29e 5852: 5828: 5811:Attributions 5797:. 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CBS News 4228:2346/95772 2441:: 95–102. 2359:References 2006:outgassing 1765:solar wind 1660:ionosphere 1630:Sun-facing 1626:sciences. 1072:true-color 1060:Himawari 8 968:convection 952:radiometer 819:First data 647:(ATS) and 615:Background 356:GOES East 348:75.2° West 329:Geocentric 294:Contractor 222:Dimensions 37:0°N 75.2°W 6987:Bayi Kepu 6982:SuperView 6902:Göktürk-1 6740:ScatSat-1 6714:INSAT-3DR 6701:September 6691:Gaofen-10 6482:GLONASS-M 6473:Thaicom 8 6460:Yaogan 30 6428:e-st@r-II 6360:Flock-2e' 6272:GLONASS-M 5700:123061245 4746:SpaceNews 4237:2169-8996 4053:123520992 2866:SpaceNews 2720:SpaceNews 2693:Space.com 2463:129490015 1966:Indonesia 1599:500 1556:lightning 1534:Infrared 1503:Infrared 1478:Infrared 1453:Infrared 1425:Infrared 1400:Infrared 1375:Infrared 1353:features 1347:Infrared 1322:Infrared 1290:Infrared 1237:Snow/Ice 1141:Aerosols 1109:Nickname 1047:mesoscale 1003:cryogenic 770:SpaceWire 581:lightning 379:0.0001538 345:Longitude 118:2016-071A 112:COSPAR ID 6977:JCSAT-15 6888:December 6853:Yunhai-1 6822:November 6748:Alsat-2B 6744:Alsat-1B 6655:JCSAT-16 6650:Gaofen-3 6561:Flock-2p 6455:JCSAT-14 6439:IRNSS-1G 6355:Diwata-1 6325:IRNSS-1F 6241:February 6222:IRNSS-1E 5799:14 April 5774:14 April 5749:14 April 5724:14 April 5642:13 April 5617:13 April 5591:13 April 5562:14 April 5558:. 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