292:
47:
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applications that were not specially written for GEM. These new capabilities are in addition to the easy–to–use GEM Desktop functions of organising and displaying the contents of your discs. All commands use drop–down menus so need no memorizing. Discs and files are represented by icons which are unambiguous and easy to select, especially with a mouse. GEM XM Desktop is delivered complete with the indispensable GEM Diary which has alarm clock, calendar, diary and card index functions constantly available.
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56:
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284:
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901:, sometime after its release in 1987. It allowed the display of only two fixed windows on the "desktop" (though other programs could do what they wished), changed the trash can icon, and removed the animations for things like opening and closing windows. It was otherwise similar to GEM/1, but also included a number of bug fixes and cosmetic improvements.
1234:
As Atari had provided most of the development of the 68000 version, they were given full rights to continued developments without needing to reverse-license it back to DRI. As a result, the Apple-DRI lawsuit did not apply to the Atari versions of GEM, and they were allowed to keep a more Mac-like UI.
1374:
One major advantage VDI provided over the
Macintosh was the way multiple devices and contexts were handled. In the Mac such information was stored in memory inside the application. This resulted in serious problems when attempting to make the Mac handle pre-emptive multitasking, as the drawing layer
842:
described as "a small explosion"; it reported that at a DRI-hosted seminar in
February 1985, more than half of the attendees agreed that GEM's incompatibility with Compaq was a serious limitation. Later that month the company removed the restriction. Applications that supported GEM included Lifetree
1238:
Over the next seven years, from 1985 to 1992, new versions of TOS were released with each new generation of the ST line. Updates included support for more colors and higher resolutions in the raster-side of the system, but remained generally similar to the original in terms of GKS support. In 1992,
1411:
on the PC, GEMDOS on the Atari), and as a result the actual display was cluttered with computer-like items, including path names and wildcards. In general, GEM was much more "geeky" than the Mac, but simply running a usable shell on DOS was a huge achievement on its own. Otherwise, GEM has its own
1204:
by DRI prior to the ST design being created. In fact, these ports were unusable and would require considerable development. Digital
Research also offered GEMDOS (originally written as GEM DOS), a DOS-like operating system aimed to port GEM to different hardware platforms. It was available for
2735:
GEM XM Desktop allows you to run several applications at once. You can switch at will between them and even pass data from application to application. No longer need you finish one job before starting another. No more errors in typing the output of one programme as input to the next. Even for DOS
1386:
provided the window system, window manager, UI style and other GUI elements (widgets). For performance reasons, many of the GUI widgets were actually drawn using character graphics. Compared to the
Macintosh, AES provided a rather spartan look and the system shipped with a single monospaced font.
1390:
AES performs its operations by calling the VDI, but in a more general sense the two parts of GEM were often completely separated in applications. Applications typically called AES commands to set up a new window, with the rest of the application using VDI calls to actually draw into that window.
1371:
environment to point to the printer was all that was needed (in theory) to print, dramatically reducing the developer workload (they formerly had to do printing "by hand" in all applications). GDOS was also responsible for loading up the drivers and any requested fonts when GEM was first loaded.
1370:
These commands were then examined by GDOS, whose task it was to send the commands to the proper driver for actual rendering. For instance, if a particular GEM VDI environment was connected to the screen, the VDI instructions were then routed to the screen driver for drawing. Simply changing the
1366:
was the core graphics system of the overall GEM engine. It was responsible for "low level" drawing in the form of "draw line from here to here". VDI included a resolution and coordinate independent set of vector drawing instructions which were called from applications through a fairly simple
1861:
Further documentation in the form of the GSX Language
Reference manual is available for 16-bit DRI languages inside the GSX-86 Programmer's Toolkit. The product contains both versions of the newest GSX version 1.3 - one for CP/M-86 (including Concurrent CP/M) and the other for PC-DOS.
299:
In late 1984, GEM started life at DRI as an outgrowth of a more general-purpose graphics library known as GSX (Graphics System
Extension), written by a team led by Don Heiskell since about 1982. Lee Jay Lorenzen (at Graphic Software Systems) who had recently left
3430:
Landemarre, Olivier; Rivière, Vincent; Méquignon, Didier; Reboux, Eric; Bercegeay, Arnaud; Béréziat, Dominique; Zorro; Donzé, Philipp; Lemaire, Jean
Francois; Sevin, Roland; Stocklausen, Jean-Marc; Boudet, Frédéric; Mandin, Patrice, eds. (2017-12-10) .
1415:
Native PC GEM applications use the file extension .APP for executables, whereas GEM desktop accessories use the file extension .ACC instead. All desktop accessories (and also a few simple applications) can be run under ViewMAX without modification.
1060:
2.1. It contained an updated look with 3D buttons, along with features such as on-the-fly font scaling. It came complete with all the standard GEM 3.1 tools. This version was produced from GEM 3.13 with only the BĂ©zier handling taken from GEM/4.
996:, released on 3 November 1988, which had speed improvements and shipped with a number of basic applications. Commercial sales of GEM ended with GEM/3; the source code was subsequently made available to a number of DRI's leading customers.
2912:
In general, I like the idea of releasing
Artline 1 and/or 2 to the public domain, given, some general things are discussed. comments on Artline, because the application all the time has been our own copyright, all code was written at
1398:
was an application program that used AES to provide a file manager and launcher, the traditional "desktop" environment that users had come to expect from the
Macintosh. Unlike the Macintosh, the GEM Desktop ran on top of DOS
1145:
Lee
Lorenzen left soon after the release of GEM/1, when it became clear that DRI had no strong interest in application development. He then joined with two other former DRI employees, Don Heiskell and John Meyer, to start
1379:) needed to have direct memory access into all programs. In GEM VDI however, such information was stored in the device itself, with GDOS creating "virtual devices" for every context – each window for instance.
3418:
in 1996, at the time noting that they may develop GEM into a platform for mobile computers and thin clients. However, these plans were dropped, and GEM was instead released into the open-source community.
1530:
Digital Research Inc.'s (DRI) new Graphics Environment Manager (GEM) system software was shipped as scheduled to original-equipment manufacturers (OEMs) February 28, the company announced March 11, 1985.
2945:
3581:
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336:) would run on, a task that otherwise would have required considerable effort to port due to the large differences in graphics hardware (and concepts) between the various systems of that era.
2014:
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1977:
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GSX consisted of two parts: a selection of routines for common drawing operations, and the device drivers that are responsible for handling the actual output. The former was known as
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bought the remaining Digital Research assets from Novell on 23 July 1996, initial plans were to revive GEM and ViewMAX technologies for a low-footprint user interface for
3354:
2815:
3303:
1095:. In this form the system could not run other GEM programs. This led to a situation where a number of applications (including ViewMAX) could exist all with their own
3348:"Caldera Announces OEM Availability of "Web-TV"-like Functionality Using OpenDOS - Caldera WebSpyder Adds Customizable Inter/Intranet Functionality to OEM Solutions"
2695:
3081:
2461:
1227:/10 development system. Atari decided in January 1985 to give up on the existing CP/M-68K code and instead port GEMDOS to the Atari ST platform, referring to it as
355:(Basic Input/Output System). GDOS was a selection of routines that handled the GKS drawing, while GIOS actually used the underlying hardware to produce the output.
2416:
252:. It was ported to other computers that previously lacked graphical interfaces, but never gained traction. The final retail version of GEM was released in 1988.
2914:
3005:
2243:
2921:'s (now it's ours) and the Artline 2 Operating System has been GEM/4. Artline 1 needs GEM 3.1, while all changes to GEM/4 have been made in cooperation with
2372:
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1627:
904:
In 1988 Stewart Alsop II said that GEM was among several GUIs that "have already been knocked out" of the market by Apple, IBM/Microsoft, and others.
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3112:
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1959:
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graphics standard proposed in the late 1970s. GSX was intended to allow DRI to write graphics programs (charting, etc.) for any of the
1542:
3543:
862:, available since January 1983). This eventually led to DRI being forced to change several basic features of the system. (See also:
1652:
3541:
2483:
1192:
Development of the production 68000 version of GEM began in September 1984, when Atari sent a team called "The Monterey Group" to
4015:
1122:
based on GEM/1, but this required use of one of the multitasking CP/M-based operating systems. DRI also produced X/GEM for their
867:
854:
sued DRI in what would turn into a long dispute over the "look and feel" of the GEM/1 system, which was an almost direct copy of
2339:
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932:
2837:
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2200:
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interface. VDI also included environment information (state, or context), current color, line thickness, output device, etc.
771:
in September 1984 where the software had been attributed to Acorn, and the system was shipped as GEM/1 on 28 February 1985.
3325:
2678:
1433:
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used both libraries in combination to provide a GUI. The 8086 version of the entire system was first officially demoed at
3168:
3017:
2999:
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736:(Virtual Device Interface), responsible for basic graphics and drawing. VDI also added the ability to work with multiple
33:
4459:
2686:
1762:
2657:
2170:
2757:
304:(the birthplace of the modern GUI) wrote much of the code. GSX was essentially a DRI-specific implementation of the
3647:
3347:
3208:
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2221:
2140:
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Throughout this time DRI had also been working on making the GEM system capable of multitasking. This started with
172:
3634:
2361:
1477:
4484:
3968:
3865:
3686:
3387:
1967:
1836:
1653:"Der GEM-Oldie von Digital Research läuft und läuft: Eine Benutzeroberfläche für diverse Rechnerarchitekturen"
923:) which allowed task-switching and the ability to run up to ten GEM and DOS programs at once, swapping out to
717:, which was an effort to build a full GUI system using the earlier GSX work as its basis. Originally known as
4454:
2106:
1635:
1099:
copy of the GEM system. This scenario was actually rare, as few native GEM programs were published. In 1991,
1029:
The system also included changes to the font management system, which made it incompatible with the likes of
928:
554:
2933:. Bill Herndon is currently checking his archive to see, if he may contribute GEM/4 VDI and driver sources.
1320:
On the Atari ST platform, the original DRI sources were ported again to be used in the free and open source
3853:
2034:
4345:
4028:
4008:
3843:
3838:
3620:
Atari Running on Any Machine: an open source emulator/virtual machine that can run Atari GEM applications
3529:
102:
4489:
4449:
3407:
3399:
1306:
1126:
967:
259:
189:
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828:
DRI originally designed GEM for DOS so that it would check for and only run on IBM computers, and not
3984:
3870:
3679:
3308:
3102:
1471:
1130:
863:
799:
592:
263:
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in mid April, following years of speculation over GEM's future. Caldera bought the GEM sources from
2439:"Digital Research tighens belt with layoffs, reorganization - Realign business units, product lines"
1328:. New implementations of the AES portions of GEM have been implemented from scratch in the form of
873:
In addition to printers the system also contained drivers for some more unusual devices such as the
836:, as the company hoped to receive license fees from compatible makers. Developers reacted with what
3624:
3494:
NWDOS7UN.TXT — Zusammenfassung der dokumentierten und undokumentierten Fähigkeiten von Novell DOS 7
3298:
3274:
3069:
1910:
229:
2892:
4390:
4037:
3463:
DRDOS6UN.TXT — Zusammenfassung der dokumentierten und undokumentierten Fähigkeiten von DR DOS 6.0
3304:"Caldera reopens 'settled' suit, buys DR DOS — Microsoft's response: lawsuit is 'ironic and sad'"
2825:
2617:
2449:
2231:
1757:
1662:
1594:"Writing portable applications with X/GEM - How does X/GEM compare with other windowing systems?"
999:
While GEM/2 for the PC still provided a GSX API in addition to the GEM API; GEM/3 no longer did.
768:
305:
46:
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4001:
3721:
1973:
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795:
598:
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17:
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889:
GEM 2.0 displaying its Desktop Info dialog. This version of GEM supports 640Ă—480 16-color VGA.
4479:
4464:
4133:
4093:
3558:
3059:
2438:
1699:
1598:
1549:
1049:
944:
221:
3264:
2816:"Digital Research stellt Artline 2 vor - Unter GEM-Oberfläche illustrieren und präsentieren"
2606:
2555:
2394:
2360:
347:(Graphics Input/Output System), a play on the division of CP/M into the machine-independent
3767:
2264:
1298:
898:
605:
8:
4186:
4118:
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2000:
1996:
1709:
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759:(Application Environment Services), provided the window management and UI elements, and
4128:
4123:
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3736:
3313:
2496:
2367:
1332:, and MyAES, both of which are fully re-entrant and support multitasking on top of the
1163:
814:
507:
156:
866:.) Apple would later go on to sue other companies for similar issues, including their
248:. GEM is used as the core for some commercial MS-DOS programs, the most notable being
4385:
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4235:
3963:
3858:
3317:
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2235:
1713:
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1019:
974:
829:
803:
700:
format. Consequently, the same driver binary may operate under both CP/M-86 and DOS.
249:
241:
2720:
713:
The 16-bit version of GSX 1.3 evolved into one part of what would later be known as
4296:
4271:
4225:
4196:
4176:
4055:
3895:
3885:
3702:
3238:
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2724:
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2301:
1992:
1797:
1514:
1508:
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1147:
874:
237:
225:
184:
177:
128:
71:
2192:
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3651:
3638:
2004:
1134:
940:
924:
838:
745:
741:
697:
683:
569:
473:
321:
267:
3664:
3265:"Caldera reopens 'settled' suit, buys DR DOS — Antitrust suit against Microsoft"
2649:
1011:
4354:
4276:
3726:
3172:
3029:
2859:
1210:
1201:
658:
405:
165:
137:
395:
4443:
4380:
4301:
4281:
4255:
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4166:
3993:
3938:
3351:
3321:
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3140:
3107:
3077:
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2820:
2625:
2574:
2457:
2443:
2412:
2399:
2239:
2226:
1717:
1704:
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517:
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to begin work on porting GEM. Originally, the plan was to run GEM on top of
4286:
4024:
3797:
3731:
3716:
3657:
2491:
2448:. Computer Industry. Vol. XX, no. 43. Monterey, California, USA:
1752:
1290:
1281:
1179:
1096:
2607:"Digital Research to Unveil Gem Option That Switches Between Applications"
2162:
4423:
4395:
4291:
4103:
4070:
3802:
2749:
963:
858:(with some elements bearing a closer resemblance to those in the earlier
822:
523:
378:
365:
333:
149:
4316:
3751:
3644:
3212:
2522:
2132:
915:
with "GEM Desktop 3.0" was an updated version of GEM/2 in 1986/1987 for
4181:
3823:
3792:
3631:
1882:
1286:
1214:
1206:
1015:
952:
859:
851:
645:
628:
540:
301:
161:
66:
3607:
3595:- history, documentation and links to various open-source GEM projects
2081:
2056:
2026:
1075:
806:
F-Series, supporting 640Ă—200 in up to 8 colors, was also available as
673:
IBMHP743 Hewlett-Packard 7470A/7475A Plotter (see DDHP7470 and DD7470)
4171:
4108:
4080:
3958:
3269:
3064:
2611:
1441:
1376:
1337:
1321:
1244:
1228:
1224:
1187:
1100:
1053:
855:
844:
412:
385:
3611:
3379:
1543:"Concurrent DOS - Powerful Multiuser Multitasking Operating Systems"
1358:
GEM Desktop (an application providing drag-and-drop file management)
4331:
4326:
4113:
3913:
3833:
3812:
3787:
3671:
3610:- a distribution of Atari OS components (consisting of for example
2563:
P.C. Letter - the Insider's Guide to the Personal Computer Industry
2003:
CMP-29/40/41/42 plotter series. Strobe 100/260 plotter series, the
1404:
1240:
1221:
1217:
936:
920:
749:
737:
677:
665:
638:
530:
463:
233:
145:
943:). Data could be copied and pasted between applications through a
4191:
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3908:
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3403:
2008:
1995:(part of the Presentation Master package from Digital Research),
1456:
1451:
1314:
1310:
1276:
1264:
1088:
1080:
1070:
948:
779:
694:
651:
DD3EPSNL IBM/Epson FX-80 lo-res Printer (see DDFXLR7 and DDFXLR8)
618:
563:
480:
476:
450:
325:
317:
245:
3429:
3228:"3 Years With the ST - An exclusive look inside Tramiel's Atari"
1305:) released the source to GEM and GEM XM under the terms of
955:). Digital Research planned to offer GEM XM as an option to GEM
897:, released on 24 March 1986, which eventually added support for
4311:
4143:
3923:
3918:
3782:
3602:
3415:
3411:
2403:. News. Vol. XIX, no. 40. Monterey, California, USA:
1446:
1408:
1400:
1325:
1123:
1107:
1092:
833:
767:
in November 1984, following a demonstration on the 80286-based
764:
622:
496:
454:
436:
429:
329:
313:
256:
141:
133:
3103:"Novell and Digital Research sign definitive merger agreement"
1087:
GEM Desktop itself was spun off in 1990 as a product known as
984:
4400:
4372:
4321:
4201:
4045:
3928:
3880:
1932:"UMC UM85C408AF 16-bit ISA Dram VGA Drivers | Device Drivers"
1329:
1302:
1159:
1155:
885:
492:
486:
443:
422:
401:
309:
55:
3617:
3592:
60:
IBM PC displaying GEM desktop in EGA on a monochrome monitor
4414:
4211:
3933:
3903:
3777:
3654:
Landon Dyer, one of original member of "The Monterey Group"
3641:
Landon Dyer, one of original member of "The Monterey Group"
3432:
2273:
1972:. Vol. 2, no. 2. Pacific Grove, California, USA:
1841:. Vol. 2, no. 3. Pacific Grove, California, USA:
1333:
1248:
352:
348:
200:
1309:
in April 1999. The development of GEM for PC continues as
748:-only GKS-based drawing commands. VDI also added multiple
4158:
4148:
2297:"GEM Write Gives IBM Owners Apple-styled Word Processing"
1174:
916:
818:
690:
576:
283:
1632:
Corporate Histories Collection - Computer History Museum
1106:
In these forms, GEM survived until DRI was purchased by
2790:/ CCP Development GmbH. November 1990 . 5161-2062-002.
2616:. Vol. 8, no. 42. Monterey, California, USA:
2332:"Office Wars 3 – How Microsoft Got Its Office Monopoly"
1954:
1952:
1622:
1620:
1259:
1091:
which was used solely as a file management shell under
351:(Basic Disk Operating System) and the machine-specific
3339:
3134:"Motorola VME/10 Microcomputer System Overview Manual"
1823:
1821:
1010:, released in 1990, included the ability to work with
3486:
3484:
3455:
3453:
2954:/ CCP Development GmbH. November 1990 . 5161-2052-002
2643:
2641:
1412:
advantages over Mac OS such as proportional sliders.
1348:
The "full" GEM system consisted of three main parts:
654:
DD3EPSNH IBM/Epson FX-80 hi-res Printer (see DDFXHR8)
343:(Graphics Device Operating System) and the latter as
3060:"Novell/DRI merger to reap better client management"
1970:- Technical information on Digital Research products
1949:
1839:- Technical information on Digital Research products
1617:
1423:
1110:
in June 1991 and all GEM development was cancelled.
1039:
947:
with filter function (a feature later also found in
3237:. START Magazine Archive. Vol. 3, no. 1.
2981:/ CCP Development GmbH. August 1990 . 5161-2042-002
2965:
2938:
2771:
1999:Cl30 Color InkJet printer, Transtar color printer,
1829:"Language bindings available on data base services"
1818:
469:
DDSHINWA Printers using Shinwa Industries mechanism
3658:GEM demo 1985 Most of the program is about the MAC
3481:
3450:
2992:
2891:Krautter, Thomas; Barnes, Chris J. (2006-06-14) .
2638:
2600:
2598:
1251:, TOS 4 allowed full multitasking support in GEM.
1018:world. This version was produced specifically for
3256:
2974:Digital Research Artline Graphics Utilities Guide
2679:"GEM XM switches programs under DOS and DOS Plus"
2080:Elliott, John C.; H., Thomas, eds. (2014-07-07).
1014:, a feature still not commonly found outside the
783:GEM 1.1 Desktop running in 640Ă—350 EGA resolution
27:Operating environment created by Digital Research
4441:
2886:
2884:
2338:. San Francisco, California, USA. Archived from
255:Digital Research later produced X/GEM for their
3373:
3371:
2947:Digital Research Artline Installation / Startup
2808:
2741:
2595:
2430:
2386:
2263:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
794:was released on 10 April 1985 with support for
693:version of GSX supports loading drivers in the
4023:
3126:
2890:
2514:
2371:(National ed.). 1985-10-01. p. D-4.
2325:
2323:
2184:
2124:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1753:"Digital Research's GSX: Graphics Portability"
1497:
1495:
1493:
1243:, along with their final computer system, the
547:
228:in 1985. GEM is known primarily as the native
4353:
4009:
3687:
3525:Apricot Portable - Technical Reference Manual
3161:
2881:
2780:Digital Research Artline User Reference Guide
2671:
2098:
1899:
1794:- Employee Newsletter of Digital Research Inc
1693:
1691:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1022:2, a drawing program from the German company
358:
3368:
3219:
2353:
2257:
2214:
2154:
2018:
1735:
1535:
3662:
3551:GSX Graphics Extension - Programmer's Guide
3200:
3021:
3004:(3 ed.). January 1991. 5161-1001-003.
2851:
2712:
2475:
2446:- The Newsweekly for the Computer Community
2320:
2222:"Concurrent DOS 4.1 in den USA angekĂĽndigt"
2073:
2048:
1869:
1490:
988:GEM 3.11 displaying its Desktop Info dialog
966:is now freely available under the terms of
4016:
4002:
3750:
3694:
3680:
3051:
2604:
2544:
2288:
1776:
1688:
1570:
1355:GEM AES (Application Environment Services)
1162:), which would go on to be a very popular
893:DRI responded with the "lawsuit-friendly"
868:copyright lawsuit against Microsoft and HP
54:
45:
3068:. Networking. Vol. 13, no. 30.
2079:
1647:
1645:
1800:. August 1984. p. 3. Archived from
1258:
1254:
1173:
1074:
1002:
983:
884:
778:
290:
282:
4243:
3377:
3225:
3095:
2647:
2160:
2054:
1880:
1213:processors and had been adapted to the
752:, a key addition for use with windows.
14:
4442:
3497:. MPDOSTIP (in German) (85 ed.).
3466:. MPDOSTIP (in German) (60 ed.).
3346:Morris, Joseph P., ed. (1997-05-23) .
3345:
3192:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2718:
2481:
2329:
2104:
2082:"The Application Environment Services"
1697:
1642:
1591:
1501:
1182:) running HomePage Penguin and Desktop
3997:
3675:
3423:
3402:released the source code for GEM and
3057:
2550:
2294:
2011:GP 300L Hi and Lo Res printers.
1083:file manager with user-defined colors
1064:
585:IBMBLCP2, IBMBLCP3 IBM CGA color mode
3701:
3490:
3459:
3380:"Caldera releases GEM under the GPL"
3364:– via www.delorie.com/opendos.
3301:
3262:
2747:
2520:
2436:
2392:
2161:Elliott, John C., ed. (2007-03-18).
2130:
2055:Elliott, John C., ed. (2014-07-07).
2024:
1881:Elliott, John C., ed. (2014-07-07).
1784:"One man's drive to standardize GSX"
1750:
1700:"Microbits: Waiting is hardest part"
1434:Free and open-source software portal
1285:, but these plans were abandoned by
1140:
614:DDANADXM Anadex DP-9501 and DP-9001A
513:DDHI7M Houston Instrument HiPlot DMP
374:DDMODE2 Amstrad CPC screen in mode 2
371:DDMODE1 Amstrad CPC screen in mode 1
108:GEM/3 3.11 / 3 November 1988
3273:. News. Vol. 18, no. 31.
3027:
2857:
2569:(2). PCW Communications Inc.: 1–4.
2190:
1976:May 1984. p. 12. NWS-106-002.
1924:
1845:July 1984. p. 4. NWS-106-003.
939:, thereby also allowing the use of
721:as a play on an IBM project called
418:DDHP26XX HP 2648 and 2627 terminals
240:desktop. It was also available for
34:Graphics Environment for Multimedia
24:
3516:
2556:"WUI: The War Over User Interface"
2330:Dilger, Daniel Eran (2007-09-10).
1502:Malloy, C. E., ed. (1985-07-02) .
1352:GEM VDI (Virtual Device Interface)
790:was released on 28 February 1985.
462:DD-DMP1 Amstrad DMP1 printer (aka
404:+ Retro-Graphics GEN.II (aka 4027/
244:and shipped with some models from
25:
4506:
3586:
3528:. Vol. Section 3: Software.
3491:Paul, Matthias R. (1997-06-07) .
3460:Paul, Matthias R. (1997-04-13) .
3378:Jemmett, Ben A. L. (April 1999).
2267:; Robinson, Phillip (June 1985).
1169:
1040:GEM/5 for GST Timeworks Publisher
813:Digital Research also positioned
744:drawing commands to the formerly
708:
591:IBMEHFP6, IBMEHMP6, IBMELFP6 IBM
522:DDESP Electric Studio Light Pen (
391:DDBBC1 BBC Micro screen in mode 1
236:series of computers, providing a
4256:File Explorer / Windows Explorer
3980:
3979:
3226:Daniels, Jeffrey (Summer 1988).
3206:
2605:Schemenaur, P. J. (1986-10-27).
2362:"Digital Research To Modify GEM"
1960:"DRI promotes graphics standard"
1628:"Digital Research Announces GEM"
1426:
1036:Artline 1 still ran on GEM 3.1.
959:users and through OEM channels.
725:, the name was later changed to
485:DD7220 Hewlett-Packard HP 7220,
3614:), aimed specifically at ARAnyM
3568:from the original on 2020-02-11
3501:from the original on 2016-11-07
3470:from the original on 2016-11-07
3439:from the original on 2019-11-02
3390:from the original on 2016-11-07
3357:from the original on 2018-08-26
3289:from the original on 2020-02-08
3245:from the original on 2019-11-02
3150:from the original on 2019-11-27
3115:from the original on 2018-08-18
3084:from the original on 2020-02-09
3040:from the original on 2019-06-10
3008:from the original on 2020-01-12
2903:from the original on 2013-03-16
2870:from the original on 2019-06-10
2797:from the original on 2019-12-04
2760:from the original on 2019-11-18
2701:from the original on 2022-10-09
2660:from the original on 2018-09-12
2584:from the original on 2019-08-23
2533:from the original on 2019-08-22
2464:from the original on 2020-02-16
2419:from the original on 2020-02-12
2375:from the original on 2018-09-30
2309:from the original on 2019-02-13
2246:from the original on 2017-01-18
2203:from the original on 2019-04-04
2173:from the original on 2019-05-21
2143:from the original on 2019-12-25
2037:from the original on 2020-01-15
1983:from the original on 2020-02-11
1883:"The Graphics System eXtension"
1852:from the original on 2020-02-11
1765:from the original on 2019-10-20
1724:from the original on 2020-01-11
1677:from the original on 2016-11-24
1559:from the original on 2019-11-26
1478:Pantone Color Computer Graphics
287:GSX and CBASIC workflow diagram
3969:List of computers running CP/M
3866:Peripheral Interchange Program
2824:(in German). Munich, Germany:
2193:"Screenshots of Apricot GEM/1"
2057:"The Virtual Device Interface"
1751:Wong, William G. (July 1984).
1708:. Vol. XXI, no. 44.
1698:Barney, Douglas (1987-11-02).
1343:
1044:Another version of GEM called
597:HERMONP2, IBMHERP3, HERMONP6,
13:
1:
4475:Formerly proprietary software
2482:Reimer, Jeremy (2005-05-05).
2395:"Apple forces rewrite of GEM"
1483:
1154:(which was later marketed by
479:and compatible pen plotters,
446:and Epson-compatible printers
4061:Graphics Environment Manager
3143:February 1984. M68KVSOM/D1.
2105:Kewney, Guy (January 1985).
1761:. p. 74. GSX13ART.TXT.
1200:, both ostensibly ported to
992:The last retail release was
817:with GEM as alternative for
802:displays. A version for the
218:Graphics Environment Manager
7:
3839:DOS Protected Mode Services
3561:September 1983. 5000-2024.
3530:ACT (International) Limited
3058:Scott, Karyl (1991-07-29).
2929:to keep compatibility with
2719:Harris, Dylan, ed. (2000).
2295:Kisor, Henry (1985-11-16).
1796:. Vol. 3, no. 4.
1592:Fitler, Bill (March 1989).
1419:
1336:multitasking extensions to
1137:under preparation as well.
548:Known 16-bit device drivers
270:under preparation as well.
10:
4511:
3408:GNU General Public License
3400:Caldera Thin Clients, Inc.
2437:Watt, Peggy (1986-10-27).
2393:Watt, Peggy (1985-10-07).
1279:in mobile applications as
1185:
1127:real-time operating system
1068:
972:
968:GNU General Public License
359:Known 8-bit device drivers
273:
260:real-time operating system
31:
4460:Digital Research software
4413:
4371:
4344:
4264:
4234:
4210:
4157:
4079:
4036:
3977:
3951:
3894:
3871:Resource construction set
3811:
3766:
3759:
3748:
3709:
3599:GEM (desktop environment)
3309:Computerworld New Zealand
3302:Leon, Mark (1996-07-29).
3263:Leon, Mark (1996-07-29).
2917:, the trademark has been
2648:Elliott, John C. (2013).
1472:Resource construction set
1239:Atari released TOS 4, or
1131:OS/2 Presentation Manager
907:
864:Apple v. Digital Research
740:and added a selection of
593:Enhanced Graphics Adapter
295:GSX advertisement in 1982
264:OS/2 Presentation Manager
195:
183:
171:
155:
127:
123:
101:
97:
79:
65:
53:
44:
3645:Creating of TOS (part 2)
3632:Creating of TOS (part 1)
3625:"GEM : THE PROJECT"
3324:. CMPWNZ. Archived from
3275:InfoWorld Publishing Co.
3070:InfoWorld Publishing Co.
3028:Elliott, John C. (ed.).
2858:Elliott, John C. (ed.).
2191:Elliott, John C. (ed.).
1113:
979:
880:
774:
230:graphical user interface
32:Not to be confused with
2826:IDG Business Media GmbH
2750:"GEM 3.11 Screen Shots"
2618:Popular Computing, Inc.
2450:CW Communications, Inc.
2336:RoughlyDrafted Magazine
2232:IDG Business Media GmbH
2111:Personal Computer World
1663:IDG Business Media GmbH
1166:program for some time.
1065:ViewMAX for DR DOS
769:Acorn Business Computer
3844:Dynamic Debugging Tool
3722:Dorothy McEwen Kildall
3209:"The Atari ST, Part 2"
3030:"Screenshots of GEM/5"
2860:"Screenshots of GEM/4"
2523:"GEM 2.0 Screen Shots"
2484:"A History of the GUI"
1974:Digital Research, Inc.
1909:. 2020. Archived from
1843:Digital Research, Inc.
1552:1988 . 1090-1411-002.
1467:Atari ST character set
1268:
1247:. In combination with
1183:
1084:
989:
935:or to disk (including
890:
784:
732:Under GEM, GSX became
703:
599:Hercules Graphics Card
296:
288:
278:
110:; 35 years ago
85:; 39 years ago
4485:Operating system APIs
3665:"Intel GEM main page"
3559:Digital Research Inc.
2265:Markoff, John Gregory
2133:"GEM 1.1 screenshots"
1550:Digital Research Inc.
1262:
1255:Continued development
1177:
1129:with adaptations for
1078:
1050:GST Software Products
1003:GEM/4 for CCP Artline
987:
888:
782:
611:DDIDSM IDS Monochrome
516:DDMX80 Epson MX-80 +
459:DDCITOH C. Itoh 8510A
294:
286:
262:with adaptations for
222:operating environment
83:28 February 1985
4455:Desktop environments
3384:Deltasoft - GEM News
3350:. Provo, Utah, USA:
3001:Artline Release Note
2650:"GEM/XM screenshots"
2614:- The PC News Weekly
2163:"Screenshots of GEM"
1299:Caldera Thin Clients
1024:CCP Development GmbH
220:) is a discontinued
3742:Edward R. McCracken
2694:: 1. January 1987.
2405:CW Publishing, Inc.
2001:Houston Instruments
1907:"New driver source"
1710:CW Publishing, Inc.
1031:Timeworks Publisher
575:IBMBLMP2, IBMBLMP3
41:
4066:Midnight Commander
3849:File Control Block
3737:Kathryn Strutynski
3650:2010-09-21 at the
3637:2011-05-12 at the
3314:IDG Communications
3235:- The ST Quarterly
2748:Lineback, Nathan.
2521:Lineback, Nathan.
2368:The New York Times
2131:Lineback, Nathan.
2027:"GSX Screen Shots"
2025:Lineback, Nathan.
2007:7473A plotter and
1599:Dr. Dobb's Journal
1269:
1184:
1164:desktop publishing
1158:and eventually by
1085:
990:
891:
815:Concurrent DOS 4.1
785:
508:Houston Instrument
501:Programmer's Guide
297:
289:
242:IBM PC compatibles
39:
4490:Windowing systems
4450:Atari ST software
4437:
4436:
4409:
4408:
4340:
4339:
3991:
3990:
3964:Star Trek project
3947:
3946:
3896:Operating systems
3859:GEM character set
3663:John C. Elliott.
3435:. Release: 0.97.
2931:ventura publisher
2552:Alsop, Stewart II
1712:pp. 37, 45.
1462:GEM character set
1152:Ventura Publisher
1150:. They developed
1141:Ventura Publisher
1097:statically linked
975:Concurrent DOS XM
804:Apricot Computers
634:DDDS180 Datasouth
536:DDMF GEM metafile
472:DDHP7470, DD7470
250:Ventura Publisher
211:
210:
16:(Redirected from
4502:
4351:
4350:
4297:Norton Commander
4272:Altap Salamander
4241:
4240:
4226:Norton Commander
4197:Volkov Commander
4177:Norton Commander
4056:Double Commander
4018:
4011:
4004:
3995:
3994:
3983:
3982:
3764:
3763:
3754:
3703:Digital Research
3696:
3689:
3682:
3673:
3672:
3668:
3628:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3567:
3556:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3488:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3457:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3396:
3395:
3375:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3239:Antic Publishing
3223:
3217:
3216:
3211:. Archived from
3204:
3198:
3197:
3191:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3171:. Archived from
3165:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3149:
3138:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3025:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3013:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2979:Digital Research
2969:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2952:Digital Research
2942:
2936:
2935:
2919:Digital Research
2909:
2908:
2888:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2836:. Archived from
2812:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2796:
2788:Digital Research
2785:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2725:Digital Research
2716:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2700:
2692:Digital Research
2683:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2645:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2602:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2583:
2560:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2518:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2501:
2495:. Archived from
2488:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2364:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2327:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2302:Orlando Sentinel
2292:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2022:
2016:
2013:
1993:Polaroid Palette
1989:
1988:
1982:
1964:
1956:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1878:
1867:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1851:
1833:
1825:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1806:
1798:Digital Research
1792:Digital Dialogue
1788:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1748:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1729:
1695:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1649:
1640:
1639:
1634:. Archived from
1624:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1602:. Archived from
1589:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1558:
1547:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1526:
1499:
1436:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1307:GNU GPL-2.0-only
1301:(later known as
1194:Digital Research
1148:Ventura Software
1048:was produced by
962:The GEM XM
875:Polaroid Palette
832:like those from
631:351, 352 and 353
394:DDGDC, DDNCRDMV
388:screen in mode 0
368:screen in mode 0
226:Digital Research
207:
204:
202:
178:Windowing system
129:Operating system
118:
116:
111:
93:
91:
86:
75:Lee Jay Lorenzen
72:Digital Research
58:
49:
42:
38:
21:
4510:
4509:
4505:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4500:
4499:
4440:
4439:
4438:
4433:
4405:
4367:
4336:
4307:Total Commander
4260:
4230:
4206:
4153:
4099:GNOME Commander
4075:
4032:
4022:
3992:
3987:
3973:
3943:
3890:
3816:
3807:
3769:
3755:
3746:
3705:
3700:
3652:Wayback Machine
3639:Wayback Machine
3623:
3589:
3571:
3569:
3565:
3554:
3548:
3535:
3533:
3522:
3519:
3517:Further reading
3514:
3513:
3504:
3502:
3489:
3482:
3473:
3471:
3458:
3451:
3442:
3440:
3428:
3424:
3414:along with the
3393:
3391:
3376:
3369:
3360:
3358:
3344:
3340:
3331:
3329:
3292:
3290:
3261:
3257:
3248:
3246:
3224:
3220:
3205:
3201:
3185:
3184:
3178:
3176:
3169:"Archived copy"
3167:
3166:
3162:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3136:
3132:
3131:
3127:
3118:
3116:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3087:
3085:
3056:
3052:
3043:
3041:
3026:
3022:
3011:
3009:
2998:
2997:
2993:
2984:
2982:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2957:
2955:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2906:
2904:
2897:GEM Development
2889:
2882:
2873:
2871:
2856:
2852:
2843:
2841:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2763:
2761:
2746:
2742:
2729:
2727:
2721:"download - XM"
2717:
2713:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2687:European Review
2681:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2663:
2661:
2646:
2639:
2630:
2628:
2603:
2596:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2558:
2549:
2545:
2536:
2534:
2519:
2515:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2486:
2480:
2476:
2467:
2465:
2435:
2431:
2422:
2420:
2391:
2387:
2378:
2376:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2345:
2343:
2328:
2321:
2312:
2310:
2293:
2289:
2280:
2278:
2269:"A GEM Seminar"
2262:
2258:
2249:
2247:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2206:
2204:
2189:
2185:
2176:
2174:
2159:
2155:
2146:
2144:
2129:
2125:
2116:
2114:
2103:
2099:
2090:
2088:
2078:
2074:
2065:
2063:
2053:
2049:
2040:
2038:
2023:
2019:
2005:Hewlett-Packard
1986:
1984:
1980:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1950:
1941:
1939:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1916:
1914:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1891:
1889:
1879:
1870:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1831:
1827:
1826:
1819:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1786:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1768:
1766:
1749:
1736:
1727:
1725:
1696:
1689:
1680:
1678:
1651:
1650:
1643:
1626:
1625:
1618:
1609:
1607:
1590:
1571:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1545:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1524:
1522:
1519:net.micro.atari
1504:"DRI Ships GEM"
1500:
1491:
1486:
1432:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1346:
1257:
1190:
1172:
1143:
1135:X Window System
1116:
1073:
1067:
1042:
1005:
982:
977:
941:extended memory
925:expanded memory
910:
895:GEM Desktop 2.0
883:
850:At this point,
808:GEM Desktop 1.2
792:GEM Desktop 1.1
788:GEM Desktop 1.0
777:
711:
706:
684:Polaroid camera
661:RC759 Piccoline
604:UM85C408AF UMC
582:monochrome mode
550:
499:source code in
474:Hewlett-Packard
361:
322:Concurrent CP/M
281:
276:
268:X Window System
199:
119:
114:
112:
109:
89:
87:
84:
80:Initial release
74:
61:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4508:
4498:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4431:
4426:
4420:
4418:
4411:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4377:
4375:
4369:
4368:
4366:
4365:
4359:
4357:
4355:Classic Mac OS
4348:
4342:
4341:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4277:Directory Opus
4274:
4268:
4266:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4258:
4253:
4247:
4245:
4238:
4232:
4231:
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4228:
4223:
4217:
4215:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4204:
4199:
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4179:
4174:
4169:
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4161:
4155:
4154:
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4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4085:
4083:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4042:
4040:
4038:Cross-platform
4034:
4033:
4021:
4020:
4013:
4006:
3998:
3989:
3988:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3955:
3953:
3949:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3900:
3898:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3862:
3861:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3820:
3818:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3774:
3772:
3761:
3757:
3756:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3727:Gordon Eubanks
3724:
3719:
3713:
3711:
3707:
3706:
3699:
3698:
3691:
3684:
3676:
3670:
3669:
3660:
3655:
3642:
3629:
3621:
3615:
3605:
3596:
3588:
3587:External links
3585:
3584:
3583:
3557:(2 ed.).
3546:
3518:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3480:
3449:
3422:
3367:
3338:
3255:
3241:. p. 22.
3218:
3215:on 2018-10-10.
3207:Dyer, Landon.
3199:
3160:
3139:(1 ed.).
3125:
3111:. 1991-07-17.
3094:
3050:
3020:
2991:
2977:(1 ed.).
2964:
2950:(2 ed.).
2937:
2880:
2850:
2828:. 1990-02-09.
2807:
2786:(2 ed.).
2770:
2754:Toastytech.com
2740:
2711:
2670:
2637:
2594:
2554:(1988-01-18).
2543:
2527:Toastytech.com
2513:
2474:
2429:
2385:
2352:
2319:
2287:
2256:
2234:. 1985-06-21.
2213:
2183:
2153:
2137:Toastytech.com
2123:
2097:
2072:
2047:
2031:Toastytech.com
2017:
1948:
1936:oemdrivers.com
1923:
1898:
1868:
1817:
1775:
1734:
1687:
1665:. 1989-08-18.
1641:
1638:on 2011-07-25.
1616:
1569:
1534:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1421:
1418:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1345:
1342:
1263:Screenshot of
1256:
1253:
1202:Motorola 68000
1186:Main article:
1171:
1170:Atari versions
1168:
1142:
1139:
1115:
1112:
1103:was released.
1079:Screenshot of
1069:Main article:
1066:
1063:
1041:
1038:
1004:
1001:
981:
978:
909:
906:
882:
879:
852:Apple Computer
830:PC compatibles
776:
773:
755:A new module,
710:
709:Intel versions
707:
705:
702:
687:
686:
680:
674:
671:
668:
662:
659:Regnecentralen
655:
652:
649:
642:
635:
632:
625:
615:
612:
609:
602:
595:
589:
586:
583:
573:
572:DecisionMate V
566:
560:
557:
549:
546:
545:
544:
537:
534:
527:
520:
514:
511:
504:
493:Retro-Graphics
489:
483:
470:
467:
460:
457:
447:
440:
435:DDFXHR8 Epson
433:
428:DDFXLR8 Epson
426:
419:
416:
409:
398:
392:
389:
382:
375:
372:
369:
360:
357:
280:
277:
275:
272:
209:
208:
197:
193:
192:
187:
181:
180:
175:
169:
168:
166:Motorola 68000
159:
153:
152:
138:Concurrent DOS
131:
125:
124:
121:
120:
107:
105:
103:Stable release
99:
98:
95:
94:
81:
77:
76:
69:
63:
62:
59:
51:
50:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4507:
4496:
4495:1985 software
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4470:File managers
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4412:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4381:Commander One
4379:
4378:
4376:
4374:
4370:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4356:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4346:Macintosh OSs
4343:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4302:STDU Explorer
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4282:DOS Navigator
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4263:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4233:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4221:DOS Navigator
4219:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4209:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4167:DOS Navigator
4165:
4164:
4162:
4160:
4156:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
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4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4082:
4078:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4039:
4035:
4030:
4026:
4025:File managers
4019:
4014:
4012:
4007:
4005:
4000:
3999:
3996:
3986:
3976:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3950:
3940:
3939:Multiuser DOS
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3897:
3893:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3814:
3810:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3765:
3762:
3758:
3753:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3697:
3692:
3690:
3685:
3683:
3678:
3677:
3674:
3666:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3653:
3649:
3646:
3643:
3640:
3636:
3633:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3619:
3616:
3613:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3600:
3597:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3582:
3580:
3578:
3564:
3560:
3553:
3552:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3531:
3527:
3526:
3521:
3520:
3500:
3496:
3495:
3487:
3485:
3469:
3465:
3464:
3456:
3454:
3438:
3434:
3426:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3374:
3372:
3356:
3353:
3352:Caldera, Inc.
3349:
3342:
3328:on 2018-08-23
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3299:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3259:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3234:
3229:
3222:
3214:
3210:
3203:
3195:
3189:
3175:on 2006-07-13
3174:
3170:
3164:
3146:
3142:
3141:Motorola Inc.
3135:
3129:
3114:
3110:
3109:
3108:Business Wire
3104:
3098:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3054:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3024:
3018:
3007:
3003:
3002:
2995:
2980:
2976:
2975:
2968:
2953:
2949:
2948:
2941:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2887:
2885:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2854:
2840:on 2020-01-12
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2822:
2821:Computerwoche
2817:
2811:
2793:
2789:
2782:
2781:
2774:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2726:
2722:
2715:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2688:
2680:
2674:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2644:
2642:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2613:
2608:
2601:
2599:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2557:
2553:
2547:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2517:
2502:on 2011-07-19
2498:
2494:
2493:
2485:
2478:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2445:
2444:Computerworld
2440:
2433:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2400:Computerworld
2396:
2389:
2374:
2370:
2369:
2363:
2356:
2342:on 2013-08-19
2341:
2337:
2333:
2326:
2324:
2308:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2291:
2277:. p. 455
2276:
2275:
2270:
2266:
2260:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2230:(in German).
2229:
2228:
2227:Computerwoche
2223:
2217:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2187:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2157:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2127:
2113:. p. 108
2112:
2108:
2101:
2087:
2083:
2076:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2021:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1969:
1961:
1955:
1953:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1913:on 2020-07-28
1912:
1908:
1902:
1888:
1884:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1866:
1863:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1838:
1830:
1824:
1822:
1807:on 2015-06-16
1803:
1799:
1795:
1793:
1785:
1779:
1764:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1706:
1705:Computerworld
1701:
1694:
1692:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1661:(in German).
1660:
1659:
1658:Computerwoche
1654:
1648:
1646:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1623:
1621:
1606:on 2014-08-11
1605:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1555:
1551:
1544:
1538:
1531:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1510:
1505:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1489:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1424:
1417:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1385:
1380:
1378:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1289:in favour of
1288:
1284:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1266:
1261:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1236:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1189:
1181:
1176:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1111:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1012:BĂ©zier curves
1009:
1000:
997:
995:
994:GEM/3 Desktop
986:
976:
971:
969:
965:
960:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
927:(XM) through
926:
922:
918:
914:
905:
902:
900:
896:
887:
878:
876:
871:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
848:
846:
841:
840:
835:
831:
826:
824:
820:
816:
811:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
781:
772:
770:
766:
762:
758:
753:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
730:
728:
724:
720:
716:
701:
699:
696:
692:
685:
681:
679:
675:
672:
669:
667:
663:
660:
656:
653:
650:
647:
643:
640:
636:
633:
630:
626:
624:
620:
616:
613:
610:
607:
603:
600:
596:
594:
590:
587:
584:
581:
578:
574:
571:
567:
565:
561:
558:
556:
552:
551:
542:
538:
535:
532:
528:
525:
521:
519:
518:Graftrax Plus
515:
512:
509:
505:
502:
498:
494:
490:
488:
484:
482:
478:
475:
471:
468:
465:
461:
458:
456:
452:
448:
445:
441:
438:
434:
431:
427:
424:
420:
417:
414:
410:
407:
403:
399:
397:
393:
390:
387:
383:
380:
376:
373:
370:
367:
363:
362:
356:
354:
350:
346:
342:
337:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
293:
285:
271:
269:
265:
261:
258:
253:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
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206:
198:
194:
191:
188:
186:
182:
179:
176:
174:
170:
167:
163:
160:
158:
154:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
132:
130:
126:
122:
106:
104:
100:
96:
82:
78:
73:
70:
68:
64:
57:
52:
48:
43:
35:
30:
19:
4480:GEM software
4465:DOS software
4251:File Manager
4060:
3798:Atari Pascal
3732:Tom Rolander
3717:Gary Kildall
3570:. Retrieved
3550:
3534:. Retrieved
3524:
3503:. Retrieved
3493:
3472:. Retrieved
3462:
3441:. Retrieved
3425:
3398:
3392:. Retrieved
3383:
3359:. Retrieved
3341:
3330:. Retrieved
3326:the original
3307:
3291:. Retrieved
3268:
3258:
3247:. Retrieved
3231:
3221:
3213:the original
3202:
3177:. Retrieved
3173:the original
3163:
3152:. Retrieved
3128:
3117:. Retrieved
3106:
3097:
3086:. Retrieved
3072:p. 33.
3063:
3053:
3042:. Retrieved
3033:
3023:
3010:. Retrieved
3000:
2994:
2983:. Retrieved
2973:
2967:
2956:. Retrieved
2946:
2940:
2927:Don Heiskell
2923:Lee Lorenzen
2911:
2905:. Retrieved
2896:
2872:. Retrieved
2863:
2853:
2842:. Retrieved
2838:the original
2819:
2810:
2799:. Retrieved
2779:
2773:
2762:. Retrieved
2753:
2743:
2734:
2728:. Retrieved
2714:
2703:. Retrieved
2685:
2673:
2662:. Retrieved
2653:
2629:. Retrieved
2610:
2586:. Retrieved
2566:
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2492:Ars Technica
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2452:p. 95.
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1938:. 2020-07-27
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1758:Microsystems
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1509:A.N.A.L.O.G.
1507:
1414:
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1383:
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1319:
1291:DR-WebSpyder
1282:Caldera View
1280:
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1233:
1191:
1180:Atari Falcon
1144:
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298:
254:
224:released by
217:
213:
212:
190:GPL-2.0-only
67:Developer(s)
29:
4424:OpenTracker
4396:Path Finder
4292:Far Manager
4104:GNOME Files
4071:MuCommander
3768:Programming
3545:(228 pages)
3277:p. 3.
3034:Seasip.info
2864:Seasip.info
2654:Seasip.info
2620:p. 5.
2407:p. 2.
2197:Seasip.info
2167:Seasip.info
2107:"Newsprint"
2086:Seasip.info
2061:Seasip.info
1968:Micro Notes
1887:Seasip.info
1837:Micro Notes
1521:. ihlpa.704
1344:Description
1093:DR DOS
964:source code
919:(including
913:GEM XM
843:Software's
761:GEM Desktop
524:Amstrad PCW
396:NEC ÎĽPD7220
379:Amstrad PCW
366:Amstrad CPC
334:NEC APC-III
4444:Categories
4287:Explorer++
4265:Unofficial
4182:PathMinder
4029:comparison
3824:BatteryMAX
3817:technology
3803:Pascal/MT+
3793:Dr. Scheme
3572:2020-01-13
3536:2020-01-13
3505:2016-11-07
3474:2016-11-07
3443:2020-01-11
3406:under the
3394:2016-11-07
3361:2018-08-26
3332:2018-02-13
3293:2020-02-08
3249:2020-01-11
3179:2018-09-12
3154:2020-01-11
3119:2017-01-24
3088:2017-01-21
3044:2016-08-01
3012:2020-01-12
2985:2020-01-12
2958:2020-01-12
2907:2020-01-12
2874:2016-08-01
2844:2020-01-12
2801:2020-01-10
2764:2016-08-01
2730:2001-09-12
2705:2018-09-12
2664:2018-09-12
2631:2018-09-12
2588:2020-01-11
2537:2016-08-01
2511:(28 pages)
2506:2012-07-23
2468:2020-02-16
2423:2020-02-12
2379:2020-01-12
2346:2013-08-15
2313:2015-01-05
2281:2013-10-27
2250:2017-01-18
2207:2016-08-01
2177:2016-08-01
2147:2016-08-01
2117:2021-03-19
2091:2020-01-13
2066:2020-01-13
2041:2020-01-15
1987:2020-02-11
1942:2020-07-27
1917:2020-07-28
1892:2020-01-13
1856:2020-02-11
1811:2022-09-19
1769:2020-01-12
1728:2020-01-11
1681:2016-11-24
1610:2016-11-24
1563:2018-10-16
1525:2020-01-11
1484:References
1287:Caldera UK
1178:TOS 4.92 (
1016:PostScript
973:See also:
953:DR DOS 6.0
646:Printronix
629:Centronics
559:DDLA50 DEC
541:PostScript
510:HiPlot DMP
316:platforms
302:Xerox PARC
203:.deltasoft
162:Intel 8088
148:, GEMDOS,
115:1988-11-03
90:1985-02-28
4172:DOS Shell
4109:Konqueror
4081:Unix-like
3959:CPMulator
3886:Zero page
3770:languages
3322:0113-1494
3283:0199-6649
3270:InfoWorld
3078:0199-6649
3065:InfoWorld
2834:0170-5121
2626:0199-6649
2612:InfoWorld
2575:8756-7822
2458:0010-4841
2413:0010-4841
2240:0170-5121
1718:0010-4841
1671:0170-5121
1515:Newsgroup
1442:Atari TOS
1377:QuickDraw
1245:Falcon030
1188:Atari TOS
1101:ViewMAX 2
1058:Publisher
1054:Timeworks
957:Draw Plus
945:clipboard
937:RAM disks
856:Macintosh
845:GEM Write
750:viewports
676:METAFIL6
657:DD75XHM1
644:DDPMVP
641:Microline
617:DDCITOLR
601:(720Ă—348)
562:DDNECAPC
533:Microline
506:DDHI3M
466:GP500M-2)
449:DDCITOLR
413:TeleVideo
386:BBC Micro
377:DDSCREEN
4391:ForkLift
4332:ZTreeWin
4327:XYplorer
4317:xplorer²
4244:Official
4187:PC Shell
4114:Krusader
3985:Category
3914:DOS Plus
3834:COM file
3829:CMD file
3813:Software
3788:Dr. Logo
3760:Products
3648:Archived
3635:Archived
3563:Archived
3499:Archived
3468:Archived
3437:Archived
3388:Archived
3355:Archived
3287:Archived
3243:Archived
3188:cite web
3145:Archived
3113:Archived
3082:Archived
3038:Archived
3006:Archived
2901:Archived
2868:Archived
2792:Archived
2758:Archived
2696:Archived
2658:Archived
2579:Archived
2531:Archived
2462:Archived
2417:Archived
2373:Archived
2307:Archived
2244:Archived
2201:Archived
2171:Archived
2141:Archived
2035:Archived
1978:Archived
1847:Archived
1763:Archived
1722:Archived
1675:Archived
1554:Archived
1420:See also
1405:DOS Plus
1334:FreeMiNT
1241:MultiTOS
1222:Motorola
1220:and the
1218:Lisa 2/5
1198:CP/M-68K
1133:and the
921:DOS Plus
682:PALETTE
678:Metafile
670:EPSMONH6
666:Metafile
639:Oki Data
637:DDOKI84
627:DDCNTXM
608:Graphics
588:IBMCHMP6
553:DDLA100
543:metafile
531:Oki Data
529:DDOKI84
495:GEN.II (
491:DDGEN2
464:Seikosha
442:DDFXLR7
421:DDQX10
411:DDTS803
400:DDVRET
364:DDMODE0
266:and the
234:Atari ST
157:Platform
146:CP/M-68K
4429:Tracker
4236:Windows
4192:ViewMAX
4139:SpaceFM
4129:PCManFM
4089:emelFM2
4051:Dolphin
3952:Related
3909:CP/M-86
3876:ViewMAX
3433:"MyAES"
3404:ViewMAX
2893:"GEM/4"
2009:Philips
1517::
1457:OpenGEM
1452:FreeGEM
1396:Desktop
1315:OpenGEM
1311:FreeGEM
1277:OpenDOS
1273:Caldera
1265:OpenGEM
1089:ViewMAX
1081:ViewMAX
1071:ViewMAX
1020:Artline
949:TaskMAX
823:TopView
757:GEM AES
734:GEM VDI
719:Crystal
695:CP/M-86
664:DDGSXM
619:C. Itoh
568:NCRPC4
564:NEC APC
481:HP-GL/2
477:HP 7470
451:C. Itoh
439:, 8-bit
432:, 8-bit
384:DDBBC0
326:CP/M-86
318:CP/M-80
274:History
246:Amstrad
232:of the
196:Website
185:License
113: (
88: (
4386:Finder
4363:Finder
4312:WinSCP
4144:Thunar
4134:ranger
4094:gentoo
3924:FlexOS
3919:DR-DOS
3783:CBASIC
3710:People
3618:Aranym
3612:EmuTOS
3603:Curlie
3532:. 1984
3416:DR-DOS
3412:Novell
3320:
3281:
3076:
2832:
2690:(20).
2624:
2573:
2456:
2411:
2238:
1997:Diablo
1716:
1669:
1511:TCS #1
1447:EmuTOS
1409:DR DOS
1401:MS-DOS
1326:EmuTOS
1324:clone
1124:FlexOS
1108:Novell
951:under
908:GEM XM
834:Compaq
765:COMDEX
746:vector
742:raster
623:lo-res
621:8510A
497:Ratfor
455:lo-res
453:8510A
437:hi-res
430:lo-res
425:screen
415:screen
381:screen
330:MS-DOS
314:16-bit
257:FlexOS
142:FlexOS
134:MS-DOS
18:GEMDOS
4401:Xfile
4373:macOS
4322:XTree
4202:XTree
4046:Dired
3929:IMDOS
3881:XLT86
3608:Afros
3566:(PDF)
3555:(PDF)
3233:STart
3148:(PDF)
3137:(PDF)
2795:(PDF)
2784:(PDF)
2699:(PDF)
2682:(PDF)
2582:(PDF)
2559:(PDF)
2500:(PDF)
2487:(PDF)
1981:(PDF)
1963:(PDF)
1850:(PDF)
1832:(PDF)
1805:(PDF)
1787:(PDF)
1557:(PDF)
1546:(PDF)
1474:(RCS)
1330:XaAES
1303:Lineo
1271:When
1215:Apple
1211:68000
1160:Corel
1156:Xerox
1120:X/GEM
1114:X/GEM
1046:GEM/5
1008:GEM/4
980:GEM/3
881:GEM/2
775:GEM/1
738:fonts
723:Glass
539:DDPS
487:HP-GL
444:Epson
423:QX-10
402:VT100
310:8-bit
216:(for
4417:etc.
4415:BeOS
4214:etc.
4212:OS/2
4119:Nemo
3934:MP/M
3904:CP/M
3778:PL/M
3318:ISSN
3279:ISSN
3194:link
3074:ISSN
2925:and
2830:ISSN
2622:ISSN
2571:ISSN
2454:ISSN
2409:ISSN
2274:BYTE
2236:ISSN
1714:ISSN
1667:ISSN
1394:GEM
1382:GEM
1362:GEM
1313:and
1295:GROW
1293:and
1249:MiNT
1209:and
1207:8086
1052:for
933:EEMS
860:Lisa
839:BYTE
798:and
689:The
406:4010
353:BIOS
349:BDOS
345:GIOS
341:GDOS
328:and
312:and
238:WIMP
205:.com
173:Type
4159:DOS
4149:Xfe
4124:nnn
3854:GEM
3601:at
3593:GEM
2915:CCP
1407:or
1384:AES
1364:VDI
1338:TOS
1322:TOS
1229:TOS
1225:VME
929:EMS
917:DOS
899:VGA
821:'s
819:IBM
800:EGA
796:CGA
727:GEM
715:GEM
704:GEM
698:CMD
691:DOS
648:MVP
606:VGA
580:CGA
577:IBM
570:NCR
555:DEC
306:GKS
279:GSX
214:GEM
201:www
150:TOS
40:GEM
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