1711:; each uses a fixed 16 kbps in addition to the 64 kbps core. They may be used together or singly, and each encodes the differences from the previous layer. Ratified in 2012, Layer 3 extends Layer 2 to 16kHz "superwideband," allowing another 16 kbps for the highest frequencies, while retaining layer independence. Peak bitrate becomes 96 kbps in original G.711.1, or 112 kbps with superwideband. No internal method of identifying or separating the layers is defined, leaving it to the implementation to packetize or signal them.
32:
750:
are discarded. Note that the first column of the table uses different representation of negative values than the third column. So for example, input decimal value −21 is represented in binary after bit inversion as 1000000010100, which maps to 00001010 (according to the first row of the table). When
1718:
Also ratified in 2012 was G.711.0 lossless extended to the new fidelity layers. Like G.711.0, full G.711 backward compatibility is sacrificed for efficiency, though a G.711.0 aware node may still ignore or drop layer packets it doesn't understand.
751:
decoding, this maps back to 1000000010101, which is interpreted as output value −21 in decimal. Input value +52 (0000000110100 in binary) maps to 10011010 (according to the second row), which maps back to 0000000110101 (+53 in decimal).
906:
1714:
A decoder that doesn't understand any set of fidelity layers may ignore or drop non-core packets without affecting it, enabling graceful degradation across any G.711 (or original G.711.1) telephony system with no changes.
1545:
In addition, the standard specifies that the encoded bits are inverted before the octet is transmitted. Thus, a silent μ-law encoded PCM channel has the 8 bit samples transmitted 0xFF instead of 0x00 in the octets.
1664:
464:, but A-law was specifically designed to be simpler for a computer to process. The standard also defines a sequence of repeating code values which defines the power level of 0
911:
which is a 13-bit signed integer in the range ±1 to ±(2 − 2). Note that no compressed code decodes to zero due to the addition of 0.5 (half of a quantization step).
1703:
G.711.1 allows a series of enhancement layers on top of a raw G.711 core stream (Layer 0): Layer 1 codes 16-bit audio in the same 4kHz narrowband, and Layer 2 allows 8kHz
3919:
1866:
1347:
representation as input, inverts all bits after the sign bit if the value is negative, adds 33 (binary 100001) and converts it to an 8 bit value as follows:
3497:
2267:
793:
932:
ITU-T STL defines the algorithm for decoding as follows (it puts the decoded values in the 13 most significant bits of the 16-bit output data type).
3381:
3172:
2568:
2098:
471:
The μ-law and A-law algorithms encode 14-bit and 13-bit signed linear PCM samples (respectively) to logarithmic 8-bit samples. Thus, the G.711
478:
G.711 μ-law tends to give more resolution to higher range signals while G.711 A-law provides more quantization levels at lower signal levels.
2919:
2062:
341:, which is in use in most other countries outside North America. Each companded sample is quantized as 8 bits, resulting in a 64 kbit/s
3791:
3353:
2810:
3207:
922:
process in the PCM receivers. Thus, a silent A-law encoded PCM channel has the 8 bit samples coded 0xD5 instead of 0x80 in the octets.
3385:
3168:
2572:
2102:
168:
3727:
2955:
2181:
272:
3914:
3025:
178:
78:
1848:
3030:
158:
148:
3212:
2612:
2017:
3093:
141:
225:
3853:
3818:
3796:
2995:
2970:
1741:
918:
is even) are inverted before the octet is transmitted. This is to provide plenty of 0/1 transitions to facilitate the
3593:
2644:
2055:
515:
A-law encoding thus takes a 13-bit signed linear audio sample as input and converts it to an 8 bit value as follows:
1804:
1672:
Note that 0 is transmitted as 0xFF, and −1 is transmitted as 0x7F, but when received the result is 0 in both cases.
1343:
The μ-law (sometimes referred to as ulaw, G.711Mu, or G.711μ) encoding takes a 14-bit signed linear audio sample in
3635:
3189:
3088:
2878:
2280:
172:
1862:
1549:
Adding 33 is necessary so that all values fall into a compression group and it is subtracted back when decoding.
3742:
3469:
3333:
3176:
2800:
2754:
2654:
1783:
1516:
representation of the input value, inverting all bits after the sign bit if the value is negative, and adding 33.
162:
152:
3909:
3732:
3415:
2820:
2649:
1981:
1956:
1908:
246:
220:
205:
3879:
3541:
2927:
2913:
2366:
2907:
2360:
3875:
3477:
3398:
3108:
2815:
2805:
2714:
2577:
2252:
2174:
2107:
2078:
2048:
265:
2985:
1727:
The patents for G.711, released in 1972, have expired, so it may be used without the need for a license.
3858:
3833:
3323:
2960:
2767:
2219:
1578:
411:
708:
representation of the input value, and inverting all bits after the sign bit if the value is negative.
3808:
3338:
3262:
3181:
2416:
1681:
755:
372:
121:
3769:
3722:
3556:
3510:
3372:
3308:
3045:
2446:
415:
100:
3715:
3682:
3598:
3536:
3505:
3065:
2825:
1746:
404:
258:
215:
2314:
3904:
3813:
3546:
3393:
3020:
2257:
2198:
2186:
2040:
124:
3899:
3776:
3620:
3410:
2629:
2607:
2585:
2247:
915:
3749:
3436:
2597:
2528:
2396:
737:
8:
3737:
3405:
3197:
3103:
3050:
2762:
2557:
2533:
2481:
2237:
2140:
2087:
1528:
representation. Final result is produced by decreasing the magnitude of this value by 33.
1513:
1344:
705:
1700:
is a higher-fidelity extension to G.711, ratified in 2008 and further extended in 2012.
3828:
3343:
3328:
2868:
2840:
2523:
2486:
436:
429:
184:
3786:
2687:
1338:
453:
3754:
3705:
3157:
3000:
2590:
2441:
2115:
461:
323:
1888:
3803:
3700:
3692:
3578:
3531:
3459:
3426:
2639:
2305:
2157:
2125:
2074:
1525:
717:
472:
3781:
3573:
2682:
2659:
1828:
901:{\displaystyle y=(-1)^{s}\cdot (16\cdot \min\{e,1\}+m+0.5)\cdot 2^{\max\{e,1\}},}
510:
457:
3143:
2034:
1329:
See also "ITU-T Software Tool
Library 2009 User's manual" that can be found at.
3863:
3710:
3551:
3420:
2513:
1751:
1736:
919:
315:
210:
2013:
ITU-T G.191 software tools for speech and audio coding, including G.711 C code
3893:
3759:
3566:
3060:
2858:
2624:
2508:
2152:
2028:
2022:
419:
319:
3123:
3583:
3348:
3138:
3133:
2990:
2965:
2461:
2037:- RTP Payload Format for ITU-T Recommendation G.711.1 (PCMA-WB and PCMU-WB)
2023:
RFC 3551 - RTP Profile for Audio and Video
Conferences with Minimal Control
475:
will create a 64 kbit/s bitstream for a signal sampled at 8 kHz.
398:
1935:
G.711.1 : Wideband embedded extension for G.711 pulse code modulation
1933:
391:
64 kbit/s bitrate (8 kHz sampling frequency × 8 bits per sample)
3647:
3588:
3526:
3128:
2891:
2886:
2471:
2391:
2120:
759:
292:
407:(PLC) algorithm to help hide transmission losses in a packetized network
3561:
3454:
2863:
2634:
2503:
2466:
2401:
2285:
2162:
2071:
1829:
G.191 : Software tools for speech and audio coding standardization
449:
330:
289:
2007:
1775:
110:
3630:
3232:
3035:
3015:
2835:
2830:
2493:
2451:
2012:
296:
200:
1889:"G.711.0 : Lossless compression of G.711 pulse code modulation"
3608:
3487:
3118:
3010:
2436:
2290:
1704:
766:
342:
304:
131:
1910:
Recent Audio/Speech Coding
Developments in ITU-T and future trends
914:
In addition, the standard specifies that all resulting even bits (
348:
G.711 is a required standard in many technologies, such as in the
334:
3823:
3764:
3677:
3431:
3318:
3277:
3272:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3098:
3040:
2980:
2744:
2724:
2709:
2498:
2426:
2406:
465:
86:
82:
2070:
3625:
3083:
2777:
2617:
2538:
2518:
2456:
2193:
2169:
2147:
2135:
2130:
2029:
RFC 4856 - Registration of Media Type audio/PCMA and audio/PCMU
1776:"G.711 : Pulse code modulation (PCM) of voice frequencies"
394:
Typical algorithmic delay is 0.125 ms, with no look-ahead delay
3672:
3603:
3446:
3222:
3185:
3070:
2772:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2719:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2669:
2431:
2411:
2242:
2232:
2227:
2215:
2203:
1698:"Wideband embedded extension for G.711 pulse code modulation"
926:
353:
349:
338:
300:
299:
that provides toll-quality audio at 64 kbit/s. It is an
90:
68:
1958:
Noise shaping in an ITU-T G.711-Interoperable embedded codec
1684:
to reduce the bandwidth usage by as much as 50 percent. The
3613:
3358:
3313:
3303:
3293:
3267:
3227:
3217:
3113:
3055:
2975:
2938:
2933:
2850:
2792:
2782:
2543:
2421:
2295:
2275:
1863:"ITU-T Newslog - Voice codec gets new lossless compression"
1849:
G.191 : ITU-T Software Tool
Library 2009 User's manual
1708:
1669:
which is a 14-bit signed integer in the range ±0 to ±8031.
425:
361:
337:, which is used primarily in North America and Japan, and
3652:
3640:
3482:
3298:
3202:
3005:
2602:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
357:
2018:
Code
Project C# implementation of G.711 with source code
736:
is its inverse (i.e. positive values are encoded with
422:(CNG) to reduce bandwidth usage during silence periods
31:
1581:
796:
322:
8000 Hz, with the tolerance on that rate of 50
1686:
Lossless compression of G.711 pulse code modulation
1688:standard was approved by ITU-T in September 2009.
1658:
929:), MSB (sign) is sent first and LSB is sent last.
900:
1195:/* add leading '1', if exponent > 0 */
379:increases audio quality by increasing bandwidth.
3920:Telecommunications-related introductions in 1972
3891:
1851:. Itu.int (2010-07-23). Retrieved on 2013-09-18.
875:
834:
309:Pulse code modulation (PCM) of voice frequencies
25:Pulse code modulation (PCM) of voice frequencies
367:Two enhancements to G.711 have been published:
1983:G. 711.1: a wideband extension to ITU-T G. 711
360:communication over IP networks (as defined in
2056:
765:(equivalent to a 5-bit precision), 3 bits of
439:of 4.13 for G.711 μ-law, 4.11 for G.711 A-law
432:of 4.45 for G.711 μ-law, 4.45 for G.711 A-law
266:
890:
878:
849:
837:
1926:
1901:
1680:G.711.0, also known as G.711 LLC, utilizes
2063:
2049:
273:
259:
30:
435:PSQM testing under network stress yields
329:It uses one of two different logarithmic
1979:
1954:
1552:Breaking the encoded value formatted as
1255:/* now left shift according exponent */
3892:
428:testing under ideal conditions yields
2044:
1860:
1512:This value is produced by taking the
1231:/* now mantissa left justified and */
704:This value is produced by taking the
1980:Hiwasaki; et al. (2008-08-25),
1955:Lapierre; et al. (2008-08-25),
1770:
1768:
1766:
303:standard (Recommendation) for audio
2025:- G.711 - PCMA and PCMU definition.
1839:. Itu.int. Retrieved on 2013-09-18.
493:are also used for G.711 μ-law, and
356:standards. It can also be used for
111:https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-G.711
13:
3854:Comparison of audio coding formats
1742:Comparison of audio coding formats
375:to reduce the bandwidth usage and
314:G.711 passes audio signals in the
14:
3931:
2001:
1886:
1763:
1659:{\displaystyle y=(-1)^{s}\cdot ,}
1538:is the sign bit, and bits marked
1234:/* 1/2 quantization step added */
746: = 1), and bits marked
1300:/* invert, if negative sample */
1973:
1948:
1880:
1869:from the original on 2016-03-03
1836:
1832:
1786:from the original on 2019-06-17
1539:
1535:
747:
727:
295:originally designed for use in
221:IBM floating-point architecture
3915:ITU-T G Series Recommendations
3416:ISO/IEC base media file format
1854:
1842:
1822:
1797:
1650:
1628:
1613:
1610:
1598:
1588:
1519:
1506:
864:
825:
813:
803:
783:with the decoded linear value
711:
698:
1:
1757:
388:8 kHz sampling frequency
1837:Software/stl2009/g711/g711.c
1722:
1093:/* re-toggle toggled bits */
410:G.711 Appendix II defines a
7:
1805:"Video/Voice/Speech Codecs"
1730:
1568:, the decoded linear value
925:When data is sent over E0 (
414:(DTX) algorithm which uses
403:G.711 Appendix I defines a
382:
320:samples them at the rate of
311:released for use in 1972.
10:
3936:
3859:Comparison of video codecs
2369:(GB/T 33475.2,GY/T 299.1)
2008:ITU-T Recommendation G.711
1691:
1675:
1336:
508:
412:discontinuous transmission
3872:
3846:
3691:
3665:
3519:
3496:
3468:
3445:
3380:
3371:
3286:
3167:
3156:
2948:
2900:
2877:
2849:
2791:
2753:
2668:
2567:
2556:
2384:
2353:
2304:
2266:
2214:
2097:
2086:
1682:lossless data compression
373:lossless data compression
106:
96:
74:
64:
54:
46:
38:
29:
24:
1556:into 4 bits of mantissa
1332:
934:
504:
443:
420:comfort noise generation
416:voice activity detection
318:of 300–3400 Hz and
3683:Alliance for Open Media
1747:RTP audio video profile
448:G.711 defines two main
405:packet loss concealment
216:Microsoft Binary Format
2603:MPEG-1 Layer III (MP3)
1660:
1156:/* now get mantissa */
1132:/* extract exponent */
902:
758:number with 4 bits of
754:This can be seen as a
3910:ITU-T recommendations
3621:QuickTime File Format
1661:
1560:, 3 bits of exponent
1111:/* remove sign bit */
903:
3880:Compression software
3437:MPEG media transport
2514:Sorenson Video/Spark
1861:ITU-T (2009-07-17).
1579:
1572:is given by formula
794:
397:G.711 is a waveform
16:ITU-T recommendation
3878:for techniques and
3876:Compression methods
2372:HDR Vivid(GY/T 358)
1362:Linear output value
437:mean opinion scores
430:mean opinion scores
247:Arbitrary precision
21:
1656:
1353:Linear input value
898:
530:Linear output code
231:G.711 8-bit floats
185:Extended precision
19:
3887:
3886:
3661:
3660:
3579:DivX Media Format
3367:
3366:
3152:
3151:
2552:
2551:
2442:Microsoft Video 1
2377:AVS3 P2(GY/T 368)
2363:(GB/T 20090.2/16)
1503:
1502:
787:given by formula
730:is the sign bit,
695:
694:
521:Linear input code
501:for G.711 A-law.
364:specification).
324:parts per million
283:
282:
116:
115:
101:audio compression
75:Related standards
3927:
3653:VOB, IFO and BUP
3427:Motion JPEG 2000
3378:
3377:
3165:
3164:
3124:aptX Low Latency
2901:Chinese Standard
2565:
2564:
2354:Chinese Standard
2126:Motion JPEG 2000
2095:
2094:
2065:
2058:
2051:
2042:
2041:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1915:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1858:
1852:
1846:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1772:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1643:
1642:
1606:
1605:
1555:
1541:
1537:
1529:
1526:Signed magnitude
1523:
1517:
1514:two's complement
1510:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1350:
1349:
1345:two's complement
1325:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
974:
971:
968:
965:
962:
959:
956:
953:
950:
947:
944:
941:
938:
907:
905:
904:
899:
894:
893:
821:
820:
782:
780:
749:
744:
735:
734:
729:
721:
718:Signed magnitude
715:
709:
706:two's complement
702:
691:
686:
684:
678:
671:
666:
664:
658:
651:
646:
644:
638:
631:
626:
624:
618:
611:
606:
604:
598:
591:
586:
584:
578:
571:
566:
564:
558:
551:
546:
544:
538:
518:
517:
452:algorithms, the
275:
268:
261:
118:
117:
34:
22:
18:
3935:
3934:
3930:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3924:
3890:
3889:
3888:
3883:
3868:
3842:
3687:
3657:
3515:
3492:
3464:
3441:
3363:
3282:
3180:
3159:
3148:
2944:
2916:(GB/T 33475.3)
2910:(GB/T 20090.10)
2896:
2873:
2845:
2787:
2749:
2664:
2660:MPEG-H 3D Audio
2586:MPEG-1 Layer II
2576:
2559:
2548:
2380:
2349:
2300:
2262:
2210:
2106:
2089:
2082:
2069:
2004:
1999:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1978:
1974:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1953:
1949:
1941:
1939:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1893:
1891:
1885:
1881:
1872:
1870:
1859:
1855:
1847:
1843:
1827:
1823:
1813:
1811:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1789:
1787:
1774:
1773:
1764:
1760:
1733:
1725:
1694:
1678:
1638:
1634:
1601:
1597:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1564:and 1 sign bit
1563:
1559:
1553:
1542:are discarded.
1532:
1524:
1520:
1511:
1507:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1357:Compressed code
1354:
1341:
1339:μ-law algorithm
1335:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
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942:
939:
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795:
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786:
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776:, formatted as
775:
772:and 1 sign bit
771:
764:
745:
742:
732:
731:
724:
716:
712:
703:
699:
689:
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681:
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582:
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569:
562:
561:
556:
549:
542:
541:
536:
531:
526:
525:Compressed code
522:
513:
511:A-law algorithm
507:
458:A-law algorithm
454:μ-law algorithm
446:
385:
279:
226:PMBus Linear-11
59:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3933:
3923:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3885:
3884:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3864:List of codecs
3861:
3856:
3850:
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3666:Collaborations
3663:
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3434:
3432:MPEG-21 Part 9
3429:
3424:
3421:MPEG-4 Part 14
3418:
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3408:
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3390:
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3265:
3260:
3255:
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3205:
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3194:
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3141:
3136:
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3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
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3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
3001:Monkey's Audio
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2945:
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2941:(SJ/T 11299.4)
2936:
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2647:
2642:
2637:
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2605:
2600:
2598:MPEG-1 Layer I
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2245:
2240:
2235:
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2222:
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2209:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2204:Part 2 / LCEVC
2201:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2167:
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2068:
2067:
2060:
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2020:
2015:
2010:
2003:
2002:External links
2000:
1998:
1997:
1972:
1947:
1925:
1900:
1879:
1853:
1841:
1821:
1796:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1752:Au file format
1749:
1744:
1739:
1737:List of codecs
1732:
1729:
1724:
1721:
1693:
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1677:
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1498:s1abcd10000000
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1488:s1abcdxxxxxxxx
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1481:s01abcd1000000
1478:
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1471:s01abcdxxxxxxx
1467:
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1464:s001abcd100000
1461:
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1447:s0001abcd10000
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1403:s000001abcdxxx
1399:
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1396:s0000001abcd10
1393:
1388:
1386:s0000001abcdxx
1382:
1381:
1379:s00000001abcd1
1376:
1371:
1369:s00000001abcdx
1365:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1337:Main article:
1334:
1331:
935:
920:clock recovery
909:
908:
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892:
889:
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883:
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869:
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827:
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802:
799:
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773:
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756:floating-point
741:
723:
722:
720:representation
710:
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509:Main article:
506:
503:
445:
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395:
392:
389:
384:
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316:frequency band
281:
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114:
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56:
55:Latest version
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35:
27:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3932:
3921:
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3911:
3908:
3906:
3905:Speech codecs
3903:
3901:
3898:
3897:
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3198:CCITT Group 4
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3129:aptX Adaptive
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2879:Bluetooth SIG
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2175:Part 2 / HEVC
2173:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2164:
2163:Part 33 / IVC
2161:
2159:
2158:Part 10 / AVC
2156:
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1976:
1960:
1959:
1951:
1938:, ITU-T, 2012
1937:
1936:
1929:
1916:, August 2008
1912:
1911:
1904:
1890:
1883:
1868:
1864:
1857:
1850:
1845:
1830:
1825:
1810:
1806:
1800:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1762:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1728:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1699:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1673:
1670:
1653:
1647:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1607:
1602:
1594:
1591:
1585:
1582:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1527:
1522:
1515:
1509:
1505:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1485:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1468:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1451:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1434:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1417:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1400:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1383:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1359:XOR 11111111
1356:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1340:
1330:
933:
930:
928:
923:
921:
917:
912:
895:
887:
884:
881:
871:
867:
861:
858:
855:
852:
846:
843:
840:
831:
828:
822:
817:
809:
806:
800:
797:
790:
789:
788:
768:
761:
757:
752:
740: =
739:
719:
714:
707:
701:
697:
690:s1abcd1000000
688:
680:
677:s1abcdxxxxxxx
675:
674:
670:s01abcd100000
668:
660:
657:s01abcdxxxxxx
655:
654:
650:s001abcd10000
648:
640:
637:s001abcdxxxxx
635:
634:
630:s0001abcd1000
628:
620:
617:s0001abcdxxxx
615:
614:
610:s00001abcd100
608:
600:
597:s00001abcdxxx
595:
594:
590:s000001abcd10
588:
580:
577:s000001abcdxx
575:
574:
570:s0000001abcd1
568:
560:
557:s0000001abcdx
555:
554:
550:s0000000abcd1
548:
540:
537:s0000000abcdx
535:
534:
529:
527:XOR 01010101
524:
520:
519:
516:
512:
502:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
479:
476:
474:
469:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
438:
434:
431:
427:
424:
421:
417:
413:
409:
406:
402:
400:
396:
393:
390:
387:
386:
380:
378:
374:
370:
365:
363:
359:
355:
351:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
327:
325:
321:
317:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
291:
287:
276:
271:
269:
264:
262:
257:
256:
254:
253:
248:
245:
244:
243:
242:
238:
237:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
198:
197:
196:
192:
191:
186:
183:
180:
176:
174:
171:(binary128),
170:
166:
164:
160:
156:
154:
150:
146:
143:
139:
138:
137:
136:
133:
130:
129:
126:
123:
120:
119:
112:
109:
105:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
84:
80:
77:
73:
70:
67:
63:
60:February 2000
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
28:
23:
3900:Audio codecs
2930:(GB/T 22726)
2677:
2591:Multichannel
2447:MSU Lossless
2361:AVS1 P2/AVS+
2315:TrueMotion S
2253:H.265 / HEVC
2199:Part 1 / EVC
2187:Part 3 / VVC
2153:Part 2 / ASP
1990:, retrieved
1982:
1975:
1965:, retrieved
1957:
1950:
1940:, retrieved
1934:
1928:
1918:, retrieved
1909:
1903:
1892:. Retrieved
1882:
1871:. Retrieved
1856:
1844:
1824:
1812:. Retrieved
1809:Grandstream=
1808:
1799:
1788:. Retrieved
1779:
1726:
1717:
1713:
1702:
1697:
1695:
1685:
1679:
1671:
1668:
1551:
1548:
1544:
1533:
1521:
1508:
1342:
1328:
931:
924:
913:
910:
753:
725:
713:
700:
514:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
480:
477:
470:
447:
399:speech coder
376:
368:
366:
347:
333:algorithms:
328:
313:
308:
285:
284:
239:Alternatives
230:
161:(binary64),
151:(binary32),
65:Organization
47:Year started
3648:MOD and TOD
3589:Flash Video
3527:3GP and 3G2
3208:HEIC / HEIF
3160:compression
2920:Audio Vivid
2655:MPEG-D USAC
2650:MPEG-4 CELP
2645:MPEG-4 HVXC
2560:compression
2392:Apple Video
2308:and AOMedia
2258:H.266 / VVC
2248:H.264 / AVC
2090:compression
2075:compression
1833:alaw_expand
1831:. Function
1780:www.itu.int
940:alaw_expand
462:logarithmic
460:. Both are
293:audio codec
181:(binary256)
3894:Categories
3882:for codecs
3829:Daubechies
3804:Transforms
3706:Arithmetic
3373:Containers
3078:True Audio
2922:(GY/T 363)
2640:MPEG-4 DST
2635:MPEG-4 SLS
2630:MPEG-4 ALS
2504:SheerVideo
2478:QuickTime
2306:TrueMotion
2072:Multimedia
1992:2024-06-11
1967:2024-06-11
1942:2022-12-24
1920:2010-02-28
1894:2010-02-28
1873:2010-02-28
1790:2019-11-11
1758:References
481:The terms
450:companding
418:(VAD) and
331:companding
290:narrowband
173:decimal128
144:(binary16)
3631:RealMedia
3233:JPEG 2000
3036:RealAudio
3016:OptimFROG
2494:RealVideo
2482:Animation
2452:OMS Video
2079:container
2033:RFC
1723:Licensing
1645:−
1632:⋅
1608:⋅
1592:−
868:⋅
832:⋅
823:⋅
807:−
371:utilizes
307:, titled
297:telephony
201:Minifloat
177:256-bit:
169:Quadruple
167:128-bit:
163:decimal64
153:decimal32
3750:Lossless
3716:Modified
3609:Matroska
3488:Matroska
3399:MPEG-PES
3011:Musepack
2908:AVS1 P10
2487:Graphics
2437:Lagarith
1867:Archived
1835:in file
1784:Archived
1731:See also
1705:wideband
1696:G.711.1
1554:seeemmmm
1493:s111abcd
1476:s110abcd
1459:s101abcd
1442:s100abcd
1425:s011abcd
1408:s010abcd
1391:s001abcd
1374:s000abcd
1267:<<
1210:<<
1123:>>
767:exponent
760:mantissa
383:Features
343:bit rate
305:encoding
206:bfloat16
157:64-bit:
147:32-bit:
140:16-bit:
132:IEEE 754
42:In force
3824:Wavelet
3765:DEFLATE
3711:Huffman
3701:Entropy
3693:Methods
3678:MPEG LA
3567:Smacker
3455:H.222.0
3411:MPEG-TS
3406:MPEG-PS
3394:MPEG-ES
3278:TIFF/IT
3273:TIFF/EP
3258:JPEG XT
3253:JPEG XS
3248:JPEG XR
3243:JPEG XL
3238:JPEG-LS
3119:aptX HD
3099:WavPack
3041:RTAudio
2981:Codec 2
2914:AVS2 P3
2841:GSM-EFR
2811:AMR-WB+
2745:G.729.1
2725:G.723.1
2715:G.722.2
2710:G.722.1
2509:Smacker
2499:RTVideo
2427:Huffyuv
2407:Cinepak
2367:AVS2 P2
2081:formats
1887:ITU-T.
1814:19 July
1692:G.711.1
1676:G.711.0
781:eeemmmm
685:111abcd
665:110abcd
645:101abcd
625:100abcd
605:011abcd
585:010abcd
565:001abcd
545:000abcd
473:encoder
377:G.711.1
369:G.711.0
326:(ppm).
179:Octuple
125:formats
107:Website
87:G.711.1
83:G.711.0
58:(02/00)
3626:RatDVD
3520:Others
3287:Others
3089:VMR-WB
3084:TwinVQ
2949:Others
2836:GSM-FR
2831:GSM-HR
2821:EVRC-B
2806:AMR-WB
2778:Vorbis
2618:AAC-LD
2613:HE-AAC
2519:Theora
2462:ProRes
2457:Pixlet
2385:Others
2194:MPEG-5
2182:MPEG-I
2170:MPEG-H
2148:MPEG-4
2141:Part 2
2136:MPEG-2
2131:MPEG-1
1707:using
1534:Where
1291:logbuf
1285:linbuf
1225:0x0008
1150:0x000F
1105:0x007F
1099:&=
1087:0x0055
1078:logbuf
991:logbuf
979:linbuf
958:linbuf
952:logbuf
726:Where
491:G711MU
159:Double
149:Single
97:Domain
39:Status
3847:Lists
3792:ADPCM
3787:µ-law
3782:A-law
3755:Lossy
3728:ACELP
3673:NETVC
3498:SMPTE
3460:T.802
3447:ITU-T
3423:(MP4)
3223:JBIG2
3186:ITU-T
3158:Image
3094:VSELP
3071:SVOPC
3061:Siren
3031:RCELP
3026:QCELP
2971:ATRAC
2956:ACELP
2773:Speex
2740:G.729
2735:G.728
2730:G.726
2720:G.723
2705:G.722
2700:G.719
2695:G.718
2688:µ-law
2683:A-law
2678:G.711
2670:ITU-T
2558:Audio
2432:Indeo
2412:Daala
2268:SMPTE
2243:H.263
2238:H.262
2233:H.261
2228:H.120
2216:ITU-T
2121:MJPEG
2088:Video
1987:(PDF)
1962:(PDF)
1914:(PDF)
1333:μ-law
1144:&
1000:short
985:short
973:short
927:G.703
505:A-law
499:G711A
487:G711u
444:Types
354:H.323
350:H.320
339:A-law
335:μ-law
301:ITU-T
288:is a
286:G.711
193:Other
91:G.729
79:G.191
69:ITU-T
20:G.711
3874:See
3819:MDCT
3797:DPCM
3743:WLPC
3733:CELP
3636:RIFF
3614:WebM
3604:M2TS
3594:HEIF
3562:Bink
3542:AIFF
3470:IETF
3359:WebP
3354:WBMP
3349:QTVR
3329:ICER
3324:FLIF
3314:DjVu
3304:AVIF
3294:APNG
3268:TIFF
3228:JPEG
3218:JBIG
3213:HEVC
3190:JPEG
3177:IETF
3144:LLAC
3139:LHDC
3134:LDAC
3114:aptX
3075:TTA
3056:SILK
2996:MELP
2991:Lyra
2986:iSAC
2976:CELT
2966:Asao
2961:ALAC
2939:ExAC
2934:L2HC
2864:AC-4
2859:AC-3
2851:ETSI
2816:EVRC
2793:3GPP
2783:FLAC
2768:iLBC
2763:Opus
2755:IETF
2578:MPEG
2544:YULS
2524:Thor
2472:4444
2422:FFV1
2402:Bink
2296:VC-6
2291:VC-5
2286:VC-3
2281:VC-2
2276:VC-1
2220:VCEG
2108:MPEG
2077:and
2035:5391
1816:2020
1709:MDCT
1315:mant
1306:mant
1294:>
1273:iexp
1264:mant
1258:mant
1246:>
1243:iexp
1207:mant
1198:mant
1183:mant
1177:mant
1168:>
1165:iexp
1135:mant
1114:iexp
1054:lseg
1051:<
1021:long
1015:iexp
1009:mant
967:lseg
964:long
946:lseg
937:void
497:and
495:PCMA
489:and
483:PCMU
456:and
426:PSQM
362:T.38
352:and
142:Half
50:1972
3834:DWT
3814:FFT
3809:DCT
3777:PCM
3770:LZW
3738:LSP
3723:LPC
3641:WAV
3599:IFF
3584:EVO
3574:BMP
3557:BPG
3547:AVI
3537:ASF
3532:AMV
3511:MXF
3506:GXF
3483:Ogg
3478:RTP
3386:IEC
3382:ISO
3344:QOI
3339:PGF
3334:MNG
3319:EXR
3309:BPG
3299:AV1
3263:PNG
3203:GIF
3182:W3C
3173:ISO
3169:IEC
3109:MQA
3104:WMA
3066:SMV
3051:SHN
3046:SD2
3021:OSQ
3006:MT9
2928:DRA
2892:LC3
2887:SBC
2869:DTS
2826:EVS
2801:AMR
2608:AAC
2573:IEC
2569:ISO
2539:XEB
2534:WMV
2467:422
2417:DVI
2397:AVS
2345:AV1
2340:VP9
2335:VP8
2330:VP7
2325:VP6
2320:VP3
2103:IEC
2099:ISO
1297:127
1030:for
916:LSB
876:max
862:0.5
835:min
738:MSB
358:fax
345:.
3896::
3760:LZ
3552:AU
3384:,
3188:,
3184:,
3179:,
3175:,
3171:,
2571:,
2529:Ut
2218:,
2116:DV
2105:,
2101:,
1865:.
1807:.
1782:.
1778:.
1765:^
1648:33
1617:33
1282:);
1237:if
1228:);
1189:16
1159:if
1153:);
1141:ix
1120:ix
1108:);
1096:ix
1090:);
1072:ix
1063:++
1003:ix
829:16
485:,
468:.
466:dB
89:,
85:,
81:,
2575:,
2064:e
2057:t
2050:v
1897:.
1876:.
1818:.
1793:.
1654:,
1651:]
1640:e
1636:2
1629:)
1626:m
1623:2
1620:+
1614:(
1611:[
1603:s
1599:)
1595:1
1589:(
1586:=
1583:y
1570:y
1566:s
1562:e
1558:m
1540:x
1536:s
1324:}
1321:}
1318:;
1312:-
1309::
1303:?
1288:=
1279:1
1276:-
1270:(
1261:=
1252:)
1249:1
1240:(
1222:(
1219:+
1216:)
1213:4
1204:(
1201:=
1192:;
1186:+
1180:=
1174:)
1171:0
1162:(
1147:(
1138:=
1129:;
1126:4
1117:=
1102:(
1084:(
1081:^
1075:=
1069:{
1066:)
1060:n
1057:;
1048:n
1045:;
1042:0
1039:=
1036:n
1033:(
1027:;
1024:n
1018:;
1012:,
1006:,
997:{
994:;
988:*
982:;
976:*
970:;
961:)
955:,
949:,
943:(
896:,
891:}
888:1
885:,
882:e
879:{
872:2
865:)
859:+
856:m
853:+
850:}
847:1
844:,
841:e
838:{
826:(
818:s
814:)
810:1
804:(
801:=
798:y
785:y
779:s
774:s
770:e
763:m
748:x
743:s
733:s
728:s
683:s
663:s
643:s
623:s
603:s
583:s
563:s
543:s
274:e
267:t
260:v
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