Complete blood count

1918:. A reticulocyte count is sometimes performed as part of a complete blood count, usually to investigate the cause of a person's anemia or evaluate their response to treatment. Anemia with a high reticulocyte count can indicate that the bone marrow is producing red blood cells at a higher rate to compensate for blood loss or hemolysis, while anemia with a low reticulocyte count may suggest that the person has a condition that reduces the body's ability to produce red blood cells. When people with nutritional anemia are given nutrient supplementation, an increase in the reticulocyte count indicates that their body is responding to the treatment by producing more red blood cells. Hematology analyzers perform reticulocyte counts by staining red blood cells with a dye that binds to RNA and measuring the number of reticulocytes through light scattering or fluorescence analysis. The test can be performed manually by staining the blood with 2497: 2605:, released in 1965. It achieved this by partitioning blood samples into two channels: one for counting red and white blood cells and one for measuring hemoglobin. However, the instrument was unreliable and difficult to maintain. In 1968, the Coulter Model S analyzer was released and gained widespread use. Similarly to the Technicon instrument, it used two different reaction chambers, one of which was used for the red cell count, and one of which was used for the white blood cell count and hemoglobin determination. The Model S also determined the mean cell volume using impedance measurements, which allowed the red blood cell indices and hematocrit to be derived. Automated platelet counts were introduced in 1970 with Technicon's Hemalog-8 instrument and were adopted by Coulter's S Plus series analyzers in 1980. 2435: 1321: 1829: 2357: 1025:, a microscope slide containing a chamber that holds a specified volume of diluted blood. The hemocytometer's chamber is etched with a calibrated grid to aid in cell counting. The cells seen in the grid are counted and divided by the volume of blood examined, which is determined from the number of squares counted on the grid, to obtain the concentration of cells in the sample. Manual cell counts are labour-intensive and inaccurate compared to automated methods, so they are rarely used except in laboratories that do not have access to automated analyzers. To count white blood cells, the sample is diluted using a fluid containing a compound that lyses red blood cells, such as 1087:. Most manufacturers provide preserved blood with defined parameters and the analyzers are adjusted if the results are outside defined thresholds. To ensure that results continue to be accurate, quality control samples, which are typically provided by the instrument manufacturer, are tested at least once per day. The samples are formulated to provide specific results, and laboratories compare their results against the known values to ensure the instrument is functioning properly. For laboratories without access to commercial quality control material, an Indian regulatory organization recommends running patient samples in duplicate and comparing the results. A 2558: 1903: 552:

results are only slightly outside the reference range, if they are consistent with previous results, or if there are no other related abnormalities shown by the CBC. When the test is performed on a relatively healthy population, the number of clinically insignificant abnormalities may exceed the number of results that represent disease. For this reason, professional organizations in the United States, United Kingdom and Canada recommend against pre-operative CBC testing for low-risk surgeries in individuals without relevant medical conditions. Repeated blood draws for hematology testing in hospitalized patients can contribute to

2332:, which is less effective at delivering oxygen to tissues than mature forms of hemoglobin, inside their red blood cells. The MCV is also increased, and the white blood cell count is elevated with a preponderance of neutrophils. The red blood cell count and related values begin to decline shortly after birth, reaching their lowest point at about two months of age and increasing thereafter. The red blood cells of older infants and children are smaller, with a lower MCH, than those of adults. In the pediatric white blood cell differential, lymphocytes often outnumber neutrophils, while in adults neutrophils predominate. 901: 1755: 658: 42: 1003: 817: 299: 2578:, attempted to improve on photoelectric cell counting techniques. His research was aided by his brother, Joseph R. Coulter, in a basement laboratory in Chicago. Their results using photoelectric methods were disappointing, and in 1948, after reading a paper relating the conductivity of blood to its red blood cell concentration, Wallace devised the Coulter principle—the theory that a cell suspended in a conductive medium generates a drop in current proportional to its size as it passes through an aperture. 994: 644: 1939: 1298:

be calculated from the hematocrit and red blood cell count. Hemoglobin, measured after the red blood cells are lysed, is usually reported in units of grams per litre (g/L) or grams per decilitre (g/dL). Assuming that the red blood cells are normal, there is a constant relationship between hemoglobin and hematocrit: the hematocrit percentage is approximately three times greater than the hemoglobin value in g/dL, plus or minus three. This relationship, called the

2617:. They were expensive, slow, and did little to reduce workload in the laboratory because they still required blood smears to be prepared and stained, so flow cytometry-based systems became more popular, and by 1990, no digital image analyzers were commercially available in the United States or western Europe. These techniques enjoyed a resurgence in the 2000s with the introduction of more advanced image analysis platforms using 1317:. Changes in these indices are visible on the blood smear: red blood cells that are abnormally large or small can be identified by comparison to the sizes of white blood cells, and cells with a low hemoglobin concentration appear pale. Another parameter is calculated from the initial measurements of red blood cells: the red blood cell distribution width or RDW, which reflects the degree of variation in the cells' size. 797:(MCV), and calculate the hematocrit by multiplying the red blood cell count by the MCV. Some measure the hematocrit by comparing the total volume of red blood cells to the volume of blood sampled, and derive the MCV from the hematocrit and red blood cell count. The hemoglobin concentration, the red blood cell count and the hematocrit are used to calculate the average amount of hemoglobin within each red blood cell, the 1454:, use of some drugs, and some bone marrow diseases. Acute blood loss, hemolytic anemia, bone marrow disorders, and various chronic diseases can result in anemia with a normocytic blood picture. The MCV serves an additional purpose in laboratory quality control. It is relatively stable over time compared to other CBC parameters, so a large change in MCV may indicate that the sample was drawn from the wrong patient. 1313:. These parameters describe the hemoglobin content of each red blood cell. The MCH and MCHC can be confusing; in essence the MCH is a measure of the average amount of hemoglobin per red blood cell. The MCHC gives the average proportion of the cell that is hemoglobin. The MCH does not take into account the size of the red blood cells whereas the MCHC does. Collectively, the MCV, MCH, and MCHC are referred to as the 1883:

production of platelets due to dysfunction of the bone marrow can result in a low MPV. The MPV is also useful for differentiating between congenital diseases that cause thrombocytopenia. The immature platelet fraction (IPF) or reticulated platelet count is reported by some analyzers and provides information about the rate of platelet production by measuring the number of immature platelets in the blood.

1856:. A low platelet count, known as thrombocytopenia, may cause bleeding if severe. It can occur in individuals who are undergoing treatments that suppress the bone marrow, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy, or taking certain drugs, such as heparin, that can induce the immune system to destroy platelets. Thrombocytopenia is a feature of many blood disorders, like acute leukemia and 2630:

Spectrophotometer, and his colleagues later created the first commercial flow cytometric white blood cell differential analyzer, the Hemalog D. Introduced in 1974, this analyzer used light scattering, absorbance and cell staining to identify the five normal white blood cell types in addition to "large unidentified cells", a classification that usually consisted of

1699:, can lead to an increased risk of acquiring infections, and occurs in treatments like chemotherapy and radiation therapy and many conditions that inhibit the production of blood cells. Sepsis is associated with both leukocytosis and leukopenia. The total white blood cell count is usually reported in cells per microlitre of blood (/μL) or 10 cells per litre (× 10/L). 2539:. In 1920, a method to convert the different forms of hemoglobin to one stable form (cyanmethemoglobin or hemiglobincyanide) was introduced, allowing hemoglobin levels to be measured automatically. The cyanmethemoglobin method remains the reference method for hemoglobin measurement and is still used in many automated hematology analyzers. 565: 1045:, can make platelets easier to identify. The manual red blood cell count is rarely performed, as it is inaccurate and other methods such as hemoglobinometry and the manual hematocrit are available for assessing red blood cells; but if it is necessary to do so, red blood cells can be counted in blood that has been diluted with saline. 382:. People who have been diagnosed with disorders that may cause abnormal CBC results or who are receiving treatments that can affect blood cell counts may have a regular CBC performed to monitor their health, and the test is often performed each day on people who are hospitalized. The results may indicate a need for a 2634:

or blast cells. The Hemalog D could count 10,000 cells in one run, a marked improvement over the manual differential. In 1981, Technicon combined the Hemalog D with the Hemalog-8 analyzer to produce the Technicon H6000, the first combined complete blood count and differential analyzer.

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through a diluted blood sample, as measured by photometry, to estimate the red blood cell count, but this proved inaccurate for samples with abnormal red blood cells. Other unsuccessful attempts, in the 1930s and 1940s, involved photoelectric detectors attached to microscopes, which would count cells

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to determine normal ranges for red blood cell parameters, and invented a method known as the Wintrobe hematocrit. Hematocrit measurements had previously been described in the literature, but Wintrobe's method differed in that it used a large tube that could be mass-produced to precise specifications,

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Other differences between populations may affect the reference ranges: for example, people living at higher altitudes have higher hemoglobin, hematocrit, and RBC results, and people of African heritage have lower white blood cell counts on average. The type of analyzer used to run the CBC affects the

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or cubic micrometres. By multiplying the mean cell volume by the red blood cell count, the hematocrit (HCT) or packed cell volume (PCV), a measurement of the percentage of blood that is made up of red blood cells, can be derived; and when the hematocrit is performed directly, the mean cell volume may

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facilities in these regions, testing may be limited to examination of red cell morphology and manual measurement of hemoglobin, while more complex techniques like manual cell counts and differentials, and sometimes automated cell counts, are performed at district laboratories. Regional and provincial

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On board the analyzer, the sample is agitated to evenly distribute the cells, then diluted and partitioned into at least two channels, one of which is used to count red blood cells and platelets, the other to count white blood cells and determine the hemoglobin concentration. Some instruments measure

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in babies. Testing is typically performed on an automated analyzer, but manual techniques such as a blood smear examination or manual hematocrit test can be used to investigate abnormal results. Cell counts and hemoglobin measurements are performed manually in laboratories lacking access to automated

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refers to any measurement of the properties of individual cells in a fluid stream, and in this respect, all hematology analyzers (except those using digital image processing) are flow cytometers. However, the term is commonly used in reference to light scattering and fluorescence methods, especially

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After basic cell counting had been automated, the white blood cell differential remained a challenge. Throughout the 1970s, researchers explored two methods for automating the differential count: digital image processing and flow cytometry. Using technology developed in the 1950s and 60s to automate

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in their plasma (referred to as an icteric sample or a lipemic sample, respectively) may show falsely high readings for hemoglobin, because these substances change the colour and opacity of the sample, which interferes with hemoglobin measurement. This effect can be mitigated by replacing the plasma

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staining to produce differential counts can measure white blood cells' expression of the enzyme, which is altered in various disorders. Some instruments can report the percentage of red blood cells that are hypochromic in addition to reporting the average MCHC value, or provide a count of fragmented

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and spleen in fetuses, red blood cells contain a cell nucleus, which is usually absent in the mature cells that circulate in the bloodstream. Nucleated red blood cells are normal in newborn babies, but when detected in children and adults, they indicate an increased demand for red blood cells, which

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An abnormally low hemoglobin, hematocrit, or red blood cell count indicates anemia. Anemia is not a diagnosis on its own, but it points to an underlying condition affecting the person's red blood cells. General causes of anemia include blood loss, production of defective red blood cells (ineffective

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To perform a manual white blood cell differential, the microscopist counts 100 cells on the blood smear and classifies them based on their appearance; sometimes 200 cells are counted. This gives the percentage of each type of white blood cell, and by multiplying these percentages by the total number

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to be quantified. One such instrument—the Rapid Cell Spectrophotometer, developed by Louis Kamentsky in 1965 to automate cervical cytology—could generate blood cell scattergrams using cytochemical staining techniques. Leonard Ornstein, who had helped to develop the staining system on the Rapid Cell

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measurement, in which the average results for patient samples are measured at set intervals, can be used as an additional quality control technique. Assuming that the characteristics of the patient population remain roughly the same over time, the average should remain constant; large shifts in the

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and the absorbance is measured at a specific wavelength, which depends on the type of reagent used. A reference standard containing a known amount of hemoglobin is used to determine the relationship between the absorbance and the hemoglobin concentration, allowing the hemoglobin level of the sample

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for the complete blood count represent the range of results found in 95% of apparently healthy people. By definition, 5% of results will always fall outside this range, so some abnormal results may reflect natural variation rather than signifying a medical issue. This is particularly likely if such

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to provide precise control over sample size, the brothers founded Coulter Electronics Inc. in 1958 to market their instruments. The Coulter counter was initially designed for counting red blood cells, but with later modifications it proved effective for counting white blood cells. Coulter counters

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that causes their platelets to form clumps when their blood is drawn into tubes containing EDTA, the anticoagulant typically used to collect CBC samples. Platelet clumps may be counted as single platelets by automated analyzers, leading to a falsely decreased platelet count. This can be avoided by

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within a given laboratory, external quality assessment verifies that results from different laboratories are consistent with each other and with the target values. The expected results for external quality assessment samples are not disclosed to the laboratory. External quality assessment programs

832:, allowing a three-part differential to be performed based on cell volume alone. More advanced analyzers use additional techniques to provide a five- to seven-part differential, such as light scattering or radiofrequency analysis, or using dyes to stain specific chemicals inside cells—for example, 1120:

The CBC measures the amounts of platelets and red and white blood cells, along with the hemoglobin and hematocrit values. Red blood cell indices—MCV, MCH and MCHC—which describe the size of red blood cells and their hemoglobin content, are reported along with the red blood cell distribution width

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The tests can be performed manually when automated equipment is not available or when the analyzer results indicate that further investigation is needed. Automated results are flagged for manual blood smear review in 10–25% of cases, which may be due to abnormal cell populations that the analyzer

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and collects information on their size and structure. The concentration of hemoglobin is measured, and the red blood cell indices are calculated from measurements of red blood cells and hemoglobin. Manual tests can be used to independently confirm abnormal results. Approximately 10–25% of samples

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Some instruments measure the average amount of hemoglobin in each reticulocyte; a parameter that has been studied as an indicator of iron deficiency in people who have conditions that interfere with standard tests. The immature reticulocyte fraction (IRF) is another measurement produced by some

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refers to tests conducted outside of the laboratory setting, such as at a person's bedside or in a clinic. This method of testing is faster and uses less blood than conventional methods, and does not require specially trained personnel, so it is useful in emergency situations and in areas with

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Most analyzers take less than a minute to run all the tests in the complete blood count. Because analyzers sample and count many individual cells, the results are very precise. However, some abnormal cells may not be identified correctly, requiring manual review of the instrument's results and

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The mean platelet volume (MPV) measures the average size of platelets in femtolitres. It can aid in determining the cause of thrombocytopenia; an elevated MPV may occur when young platelets are released into the bloodstream to compensate for increased destruction of platelets, while decreased

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back to the lungs where it is exhaled. These functions are mediated by the cells' hemoglobin. The analyzer counts red blood cells, reporting the result in units of 10 cells per microlitre of blood (× 10/μL) or 10 cells per litre (× 10/L), and measures their average size, which is called the

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hospitals and academic centres typically have access to automated analyzers. Where laboratory facilities are not available, an estimate of hemoglobin concentration can be obtained by placing a drop of blood on a standardized type of absorbent paper and comparing it to a colour scale.

2399:. This phenomenon causes red blood cells to clump together because of antibodies bound to the cell surface. Red blood cell aggregates are counted as single cells by the analyzer, leading to a markedly decreased red blood cell count and hematocrit, and markedly elevated MCV and MCHC ( 1056:. To measure hemoglobin manually, the sample is diluted using reagents that destroy red blood cells to release the hemoglobin. Other chemicals are used to convert different types of hemoglobin to one form, allowing it to be easily measured. The solution is then placed in a measuring 917:. The appearance of the red and white blood cells and platelets is assessed, and qualitative abnormalities are reported if present. Changes in the appearance of red blood cells can have considerable diagnostic significance—for example, the presence of sickle cells is indicative of 673:) the red cells in a channel separate from that used for red blood cell counts. On analyzers that perform white blood cell counts in the same channel as hemoglobin measurement, this permits white blood cells to be counted more easily. Hematology analyzers measure hemoglobin using 1926:

analyzers which quantifies the maturity of reticulocytes: cells that are less mature contain more RNA and thus produce a stronger fluorescent signal. This information can be useful in diagnosing anemias and evaluating red blood cell production following anemia treatment or

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The hematocrit can performed manually by filling a capillary tube with blood, centrifuging it, and measuring the percentage of the blood that consists of red blood cells. This is useful in some conditions that can cause automated hematocrit results to be incorrect, such as

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That October, Wallace built a counter to demonstrate the principle. Owing to financial constraints, the aperture was made by burning a hole through a piece of cellophane from a cigarette package. Wallace filed a patent for the technique in 1949, and in 1951 applied to the

1121:(RDW), which measures the amount of variation in the sizes of red blood cells. A white blood cell differential, which enumerates the different types of white blood cells, may be performed, and a count of immature red blood cells (reticulocytes) is sometimes included. 732:

pulse generated as a cell crosses the aperture correlates with the amount of fluid displaced by the cell, and thus the cell's volume, while the total number of pulses correlates with the number of cells in the sample. The distribution of cell volumes is plotted on a

2485:, simplified the microscopic counting of blood cells. Malassez's hemocytometer consisted of a microscope slide containing a flattened capillary tube. Diluted blood was introduced to the capillary chamber by means of a rubber tube attached to one end, and an 1371:

can cause a "relative" polycythemia by decreasing the amount of plasma compared to red cells. A true increase in the number of red blood cells, called absolute polycythemia, can occur when the body produces more red blood cells to compensate for chronically

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cannot properly count, internal flags generated by the analyzer that suggest the results could be inaccurate, or numerical results that fall outside set thresholds. To investigate these issues, blood is spread on a microscope slide, stained with a

1037:. Sometimes a stain is added to the diluent that highlights the nuclei of white blood cells, making them easier to identify. Manual platelet counts are performed in a similar manner, although some methods leave the red blood cells intact. Using a 568: 782:. Small red cells and cellular debris, which are similar in size to platelets, may interfere with the platelet count, and large platelets may not be counted accurately, so some analyzers use additional techniques to measure platelets, such as 2749:

to count plankton. However, Wallace never worked for the Navy, and his earliest writings on the device state that it was first used to analyze blood. The paint story was eventually retracted from documents produced by the Wallace H. Coulter

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Early flow cytometry devices shot beams of light at cells in specific wavelengths and measured the resulting absorbance, fluorescence or light scatter, collecting information about the cells' features and allowing cellular contents such as

1356:). Anemia reduces the blood's ability to carry oxygen, causing symptoms like tiredness and shortness of breath. If the hemoglobin level falls below thresholds based on the person's clinical condition, a blood transfusion may be necessary. 1957:

can be caused by bleeding, some cancers and anemia. Most analyzers can detect these cells as part of the differential cell count. High numbers of nucleated red cells can cause a falsely high white cell count, which will require adjusting.

892:, but these measurements sometimes correlate poorly with those obtained through standard methods. There are simplified versions of hematology analyzers designed for use in clinics that can provide a complete blood count and differential. 2530:

The first techniques for measuring hemoglobin were devised in the late 19th century, and involved visual comparisons of the colour of diluted blood against a known standard. Attempts to automate this process using spectrophotometry and

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readings indicating the size and position of each white blood cell cluster. These parameters (termed cell population data) have been studied as potential markers for blood disorders, bacterial infections and malaria. Analyzers that use

5295: 2328:. CBC results for children and newborn babies differ from those of adults. Newborns' hemoglobin, hematocrit, and red blood cell count are extremely high to compensate for low oxygen levels in the womb and the high proportion of 1965:

Advanced hematology analyzers generate novel measurements of blood cells which have shown diagnostic significance in research studies but have not yet found widespread clinical use. For example, some types of analyzers produce

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may be used to isolate individual cells so that more accurate results can be obtained: the diluted sample is injected into a stream of low-pressure fluid, which causes the cells in the sample to line up in single file through

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technique, it is unsuitable for testing, because the platelet count will be falsely decreased and other results may be abnormal. Samples stored at room temperature for several hours may give falsely high readings for MCV

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is credited with performing the first blood count. His technique, published in 1852, involved aspirating a carefully measured volume of blood into a capillary tube and spreading it onto a microscope slide coated with

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In the white blood cell differential, the different types of white blood cells are identified and counted. The results are reported as a percentage and as an absolute number per unit volume. Five types of white blood

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and may occur transiently after viral or bacterial infections in children. People with severe neutropenia and clinical signs of infection are treated with antibiotics to prevent potentially life-threatening disease.

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were introduced, complete blood count tests were performed manually: white and red blood cells and platelets were counted using microscopes. The first person to publish microscopic observations of blood cells was

2613:, several models of image processing analyzers were produced. These instruments would scan a stained blood smear to find cell nuclei, then take a higher resolution snapshot of the cell to analyze it through 358:

may affect the blood, so CBC results are useful for investigating a wide range of conditions. Because of the amount of information it provides, the complete blood count is one of the most commonly performed

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This analyzer was unpopular with hematology laboratories because it was labour-intensive to operate, but in the late 1980s to early 1990s similar systems were widely produced by other manufacturers such as

888:, which derives a hemoglobin reading by estimating the concentration of red blood cells from the conductivity of the blood. Hemoglobin and hematocrit can be measured on point-of-care devices designed for 257:

published the first procedure for performing a blood count, which involved spreading a known volume of blood on a microscope slide and counting every cell. The invention of the hemocytometer in 1874 by

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to produce a wide range of hues not present when either of the stains was used alone. This became the basis for Romanowsky staining, the technique still used to stain blood smears for manual review.

953:, can be detected by finding the causative organisms on the blood smear, and the platelet count can be estimated from the blood smear, which is useful if the automated platelet count is inaccurate. 1980:), which occur in some types of hemolytic anemia. Because these parameters are often specific to particular brands of analyzers, it is difficult for laboratories to interpret and compare results. 2353:), because red blood cells swell as they absorb water from the plasma; and platelet and white blood cell differential results may be inaccurate in aged specimens, as the cells degrade over time. 2878: 770:-based methods can be used in combination with impedance. These techniques work on the same principle of measuring the interruption in current as cells pass through an aperture, but since the 1465:

and anemia due to vitamin B12 or folate deficiency, while people with thalassemia may have a normal RDW. Based on the CBC results, further steps can be taken to investigate anemia, such as a

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This is not always the case. In some types of thalassemia, for example, a high red blood cell count occurs alongside a low or normal hemoglobin, as the red blood cells are very small. The

1868:, meaning a high platelet count, may occur in states of inflammation or trauma, as well as in iron deficiency, and the platelet count may reach exceptionally high levels in people with 748:

is directed at the stream of cells to collect information about their size and structure. Cells scatter light at different angles as they pass through the beam, which is detected using

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had described red blood cells some years earlier, but did not publish his findings at the time. Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, improvements in microscope technology such as

856:, where it forms clusters that correlate with each white blood cell type. Another approach to automating the differential count is the use of digital microscopy software, which uses 1922:

and counting the percentage of red blood cells containing RNA under the microscope. The reticulocyte count is expressed as an absolute number or as a percentage of red blood cells.

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may be counted in a separate channel where a reagent destroys other white cells and leaves basophils intact. The data collected from these measurements is analyzed and plotted on a

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developed techniques for staining white and red blood cells that are still used to examine blood smears. Automated methods for measuring hemoglobin were developed in the 1920s, and

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The complete blood count is interpreted by comparing the output to reference ranges, which represent the results found in 95% of apparently healthy people. Based on a statistical

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measurements to count blood cells and determine their sizes; it is a technology that remains in use in many automated analyzers. Further research in the 1970s involved the use of

484:, which is the study of the cause, prognosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases related to blood. The results of the CBC and smear examination reflect the functioning of the 567: 627:

counts and specialized measurements of platelets. The cells are suspended in a fluid stream and their properties are measured as they flow past sensors in a technique known as

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After being treated with reagents, white blood cells form three distinct peaks when their volumes are plotted on a histogram. These peaks correspond roughly to populations of

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the sample and measuring the proportion of red blood cells, and in laboratories without access to automated instruments, blood cells are counted under the microscope using a

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introduced the Wintrobe hematocrit method in 1929, which in turn allowed him to define the red blood cell indices. A landmark in the automation of blood cell counts was the

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Automated instruments group these three types of cells together under the "immature granulocyte" classification, but they are counted separately in the manual differential.

1746:) may occur in individuals who are undergoing chemotherapy or taking certain drugs, or who have diseases affecting the bone marrow. Neutropenia can also be caused by some 8179:"Spurious counts and spurious results on haematology analysers: a review. Part II: white blood cells, red blood cells, haemoglobin, red cell indices and reticulocytes" 1723:—are typically measured. Some instruments report the number of immature granulocytes, which is a classification consisting of precursors of neutrophils; specifically, 178:

The CBC is often carried out as part of a medical assessment and can be used to monitor health or diagnose diseases. The results are interpreted by comparing them to

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for diseases as part of a medical assessment. It is also called for when a healthcare provider suspects a person has a disease that affects blood cells, such as an

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developed a staining technique using a combination of an acidic and basic dye that could distinguish different types of white blood cells and allow red blood cell

2481:. After the blood dried, he counted every cell on the slide; this process could take more than three hours to complete. The hemocytometer, introduced in 1874 by 242:

to verify that the analyzer results are consistent with the appearance of the cells and to look for abnormalities. The hematocrit can be determined manually by

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The data used to construct reference ranges is usually derived from "normal" subjects, but it is possible for these individuals to have asymptomatic disease.

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to determine the hematocrit. The invention of a reproducible method for determining hematocrit values allowed Wintrobe to define the red blood cell indices.

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On average, adult females have lower hemoglobin, hematocrit, and red blood cell count values than males; the difference lessens, but is still present, after

8366: 516:, while an abnormally high count of neutrophils or lymphocytes, in combination with indicative symptoms and blood smear findings, may raise suspicion of a 2344:

Some medical conditions or problems with the blood sample may produce inaccurate results. If the sample is visibly clotted, which can be caused by poor

1419:, referring to a high MCHC, is generally not used. Elevation of the MCHC above the upper reference value is rare, mainly occurring in conditions such as 4098:, ed. (2018), sec. "Mean corpuscular volume"; "Mean corpuscular hemoglobin"; "Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration"; "Red cell distribution width". 985:(a highly elevated white blood cell count, which interferes with red blood cell measurements by causing white blood cells to be counted as red cells). 2868: 2336:

reference ranges as well. Reference ranges are therefore established by individual laboratories based on their own patient populations and equipment.

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are defined by abnormal complete blood count results. The red blood cell indices can provide information about the cause of a person's anemia such as

8378: 3568: 8234: 5867:"Utility of cell population data (VCS parameters) as a rapid screening tool for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in resource-constrained laboratories" 737:, and by setting volume thresholds based on the typical sizes of each type of cell, the different cell populations can be identified and counted. 5355: 8626: 1108:

have been widely adopted in North America and western Europe, and laboratories are often required to participate in these programs to maintain

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were limited by the fact that hemoglobin is present in the blood in many different forms, meaning that it could not be measured at a single

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invented a hemocytometer with a built-in counting grid, eliminating the need to produce specially calibrated eyepieces for each microscope.

457:). Because anemia during pregnancy can result in poorer outcomes for the mother and her baby, the complete blood count is a routine part of 3573: 2489:

with a scaled grid was attached to the microscope, permitting the microscopist to count the number of cells per volume of blood. In 1877,

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While blast and lymphoma cells can be identified in the manual differential, microscopic examination cannot reliably determine the cells'

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because so few cells are counted compared with automated analysis, but it can identify abnormal cells that analyzers cannot, such as the

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A low RDW has no clinical significance, but an elevated RDW represents increased variation in red blood cell size, a condition known as

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Sireci, AN (2015). "Hematology testing in urgent care and resource-poor settings: an overview of point of care and satellite testing".

2923: 2453: 2418:. This information is often necessary for diagnosing blood cancers. After abnormal cells are identified, additional techniques such as 7426:

Kirkham, KR; Wijeysundera, DN; Pendrith, C; Ng, R; Tu, JV; Boozary, AS; et al. (2016). "Preoperative laboratory investigations".

1112:. Logistical issues may make it difficult for laboratories in under-resourced areas to implement external quality assessment schemes. 697:, and to create a permanent colour change. The absorbance of the resulting colour, when measured at a specific wavelength—usually 540 8287: 7513:

Lewandrowski, K; Rudolf, J (2016). "Utilization Management in the Routine Hematology Laboratory". In Lewandrowski J, Sluss PM (ed.).

2400: 2164: 1310: 802: 1872:, a rare blood disease. The platelet count can be reported in units of cells per microlitre of blood (/μL), 10 cells per microlitre 2438:

An early hemoglobinometer: blood samples were compared to a colour chart of reference standards to determine the hemoglobin level.

1015:. Right: View through the microscope of the hemocytometer. The built-in grid helps to keep track of which cells have been counted. 8616: 1738:

Differential results are useful in diagnosing and monitoring many medical conditions. For example, an elevated neutrophil count (

2846: 8167: 8146: 8125: 8067: 8046: 8025: 8006: 7985: 7964: 7869: 7754: 7733: 7712: 7691: 7670: 7641: 7614: 7593: 7572: 7551: 7530: 7503: 7482: 7416: 7395: 7374: 7353: 7332: 7311: 7290: 7269: 7248: 7227: 7165: 7119: 7061: 7003: 6984: 6963: 5699: 2590:. Wallace's patent application was granted in 1953, and after improvements to the aperture and the introduction of a mercury 1395:

Evaluation of red blood cell indices is helpful in determining the cause of anemia. If the MCV is low, the anemia is termed

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samples from regulatory organizations. While the purpose of internal quality control is to ensure that analyzer results are

864:

of the blood smear. The cell images are displayed to a human operator, who can manually re-classify the cells if necessary.

774:

RF current penetrates into the cells, the amplitude of the resulting pulse relates to factors like the relative size of the

8512: 8227: 6205: 2565:

Research into automated cell counting began in the early 20th century. A method developed in 1928 used the amount of light

2496: 1844:

is damaged, platelets adhere to the exposed surface at the site of injury and plug the gap. Simultaneous activation of the

1305:

Two other measurements are calculated from the red blood cell count, the hemoglobin concentration, and the hematocrit: the

7766:"ICSH recommendations for the standardization of nomenclature and grading of peripheral blood cell morphological features" 3155: 401:

to detect anemia, ensure that platelet levels are sufficient, and screen for infection, as well as after surgery, so that

8621: 3137: 937:, high levels of protein in the blood may cause red blood cells to appear stacked together on the smear, which is termed 820:

Example of a white blood cell differential scattergram: differently coloured clusters indicate different cell populations

1352:), decreased production of red blood cells (insufficient erythropoeisis), and increased destruction of red blood cells ( 6394:

Bezrukov, AV (2017). "Romanowsky staining, the Romanowsky effect and thoughts on the question of scientific priority".

1683:. A high white blood cell count, which is called leukocytosis, often occurs in infections, inflammation, and states of 9093: 8697: 8563: 8297: 2714:, which compares the MCV to the RBC count, can be used to distinguish between iron deficiency anemia and thalassemia. 2575: 2443: 2183: 1663:

The white blood cell and platelet counts are markedly increased, and anemia is present. The differential count shows

1064:

In rural and economically disadvantaged areas, available testing is limited by access to equipment and personnel. At

957:

of white blood cells, the absolute number of each type of white cell can be obtained. Manual counting is subject to

926: 806: 8600: 2407:), and the agglutination can be reversed by heating the sample to 37 °C (99 °F). Samples from people with 685:

of light and the amount of hemoglobin present. Chemicals are used to convert different forms of hemoglobin, such as

8524: 2666:

Though commonly referred to as such, platelets are technically not cells: they are cell fragments, formed from the

2408: 1989: 1742:) is associated with bacterial infection, inflammation, and myeloproliferative disorders, while a decreased count ( 756:

of light and correlates with cellular size, while side scatter (light scattered at a 90-degree angle) is caused by

548: 179: 17: 2434: 904:

Manual determination of hematocrit. The blood has been centrifuged, separating it into red blood cells and plasma.

8659: 8220: 2023: 1264:

An example of CBC results showing a low hemoglobin, MCV, MCH and MCHC. The person was anemic. The cause could be

884:, a portable analyzer that uses spectrophotometry to measure the hemoglobin concentration of the sample, and the 590: 720:, and as they pass through a small opening (an aperture), they cause decreases in current because of their poor 623:

hemoglobin in a separate channel, and additional channels may be used for differential white blood cell counts,

57:

Complete blood cell count, full blood count (FBC), full blood cell count, full blood examination (FBE), hemogram

8426: 1431:(which causes a false decrease in the red blood cell count, elevating the MCHC) or highly elevated amounts of 1320: 346:. The complete blood count evaluates the three cellular components of blood. Some medical conditions, such as 8553: 8311: 5612:

Kaufman, RM; Djulbegovic, B; Gernsheimer, T; Kleinman, S; Tinmouth, A T.; Capocelli, KE; et al. (2015).

2516: 2500: 1802:

and polycythemia vera. The presence of some types of abnormal cells, such as blast cells or lymphocytes with

1692: 1490: 470: 290:

measurements to count and identify cells, which enabled the automation of the white blood cell differential.

267: 195: 172: 1828: 752:. Forward scatter, which refers to the amount of light scattered along the beam's axis, is mainly caused by 8978: 8690: 8548: 2490: 2396: 2360: 1783: 1428: 1359:

An increased number of red blood cells, leading to an increase in the hemoglobin and hematocrit, is called

524:. Examination of the CBC results and blood smear can help to distinguish between causes of anemia, such as 521: 6324:

Means, RT (2011). "It all started in New Orleans: Wintrobe, the hematocrit and the definition of normal".

2697:

those involving the identification of cells using labelled antibodies that bind to cell surface markers (

8470: 8436: 8282: 2741:

An apocryphal story holds that Wallace invented the Coulter counter to study particles in paints used on

2145: 1927: 1774:

and occurs in sepsis and some blood disorders, but is normal in pregnancy. An elevated lymphocyte count (

1306: 1100: 798: 517: 7764:

Palmer, L; Briggs, C; McFadden, S; Zini, G; Burthem, J; Rozenberg, G; Proytcheva, M; Machin, SJ (2015).

1092:

average value can indicate instrument problems. The MCHC values are particularly useful in this regard.

99: 8558: 8409: 3650:, ed. (2018), sec. "Cell counts", "Volume of packed red cells (hematocrit)", "Leukocyte differentials". 1470: 1078: 9015: 7879:

Pierre, RV (2002). "Peripheral blood film review: the demise of the eyecount leukocyte differential".

3204:"Reducing unnecessary postoperative complete blood count testing in the pediatric intensive care unit" 2356: 171:, which indicate the average size and hemoglobin content of red blood cells, are also reported, and a 9003: 8840: 8786: 8519: 8316: 5347: 2618: 1869: 1833: 1439: 1038: 533: 4898:"Recommendation for standardization of haematology reporting units used in the extended blood count" 2989:

Green, R; Wachsmann-Hogiu, S (2015). "Development, history, and future of automated cell counters".

880:

limited access to resources. Commonly used devices for point-of-care hematology testing include the

9040: 9035: 8798: 8396: 8038:

Linné & Ringsrud's Clinical Laboratory Science: Concepts, Procedures, and Clinical Applications

2583: 1947: 1799: 1759: 553: 62: 2732:

The RDW is highly elevated at birth and gradually decreases until approximately six months of age.

2545:

is credited with the invention of the hematocrit test. In 1929, he undertook a PhD project at the

8480: 8292: 6607:

Lewis, SM (1981). "Automated differential leucocyte counting: Present status and future trends".

2448: 2350: 2126: 1331:, displaying characteristic red blood cell morphology. The red blood cells are abnormally small ( 1053: 889: 857: 721: 501: 3563: 1790:) are associated with chronic inflammatory states; and the eosinophil count is often increased ( 8937: 8414: 8306: 8277: 2482: 2240: 1807: 1462: 1328: 1314: 1142: 259: 191: 168: 6276:

Read at a Meeting of the Section of the History of Medicine, First Australian Medical Congress

3857:"Methods and analyzers for hemoglobin measurement in clinical laboratories and field settings" 2403:). Often, these antibodies are only active at room temperature (in which case they are called 9050: 8889: 8611: 8590: 7384:

Kaushansky, K; Lichtman, MA; Prchal, J; Levi, MM; Press, OW; Burns, LJ; Caligiuri, M (2015).

2557: 2551: 2278: 2221: 1902: 1771: 1687:. It can also be caused by diseases that involve abnormal production of blood cells, such as 1680: 876: 745: 632: 4773:

Favaloro, EJ; Jennings, I; Olson, J; Van Cott, EM; Bonar, R; Gosselin, R; Meijer, P (2018).

4245:"Purpose and criteria for blood smear scan, blood smear examination, and blood smear review" 2915: 1794:) in parasitic infections and allergic conditions. An increased number of basophils, termed 1754: 453:, which in rare cases can cause a life-threatening drop in the number of white blood cells ( 9098: 8894: 8541: 8507: 8328: 4303:

Mooney, C; Byrne, M; Kapuya, P; Pentony, L; De la Salle, B; Cambridge, T; Foley, D (2019).

3868: 2546: 2512: 1823: 1424: 1407:. If anemia is present but the red blood cell indices are normal, the anemia is considered 757: 705: 678: 485: 387: 367: 283: 3701:

D'Souza, C; Briggs, C; Machin, SJ (2015). "Platelets: the few, the young and the active".

2415: 8: 9045: 8973: 8899: 8830: 8536: 8391: 8059:

Davis's Comprehensive Manual of Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests with Nursing Implications

6200: 3337:

Wiciński, M; Węclewicz, MM (2018). "Clozapine-induced agranulocytosis/granulocytopenia".

2640: 2631: 2318: 2297: 2259: 1845: 1747: 918: 793:

Most analyzers directly measure the average size of red blood cells, which is called the

787: 651: 578: 418: 394: 222: 207: 203: 8485: 6120:"Unreliable automated complete blood count results: causes, recognition, and resolution" 4775:"Towards harmonization of external quality assessment/proficiency testing in hemostasis" 4695:"Quality management and accreditation in laboratory hematology: Perspectives from India" 3872: 3050:"Interpretation of the full blood count in systemic disease – a guide for the physician" 1392:, the bone marrow produces red cells and other blood cells at an excessively high rate. 500:) can indicate that blood cell production is being affected by a marrow disorder, and a 41: 8863: 8431: 8340: 8335: 7841: 7808: 7543:

Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems, Single Volume

7459: 7324:

Handbook of Surgical Technique: A True Surgeon's Guide to Navigating the Operating Room

6935: 6902: 6640: 6566: 6533: 6427: 6296: 6271: 6144: 6119: 5901: 5866: 4812: 4277: 4244: 3991: 3889: 3856: 3370: 3236: 3203: 2873: 2811: 2776: 2571: 2070: 1919: 1907: 1861: 1688: 1404: 810: 661:

The Coulter principle—the transient current drop is proportional to the particle volume

537: 525: 406: 360: 279: 218:. Not all results falling outside of the reference range require medical intervention. 136: 7892: 7633: 7111:

Accurate Results in the Clinical Laboratory: A Guide to Error Detection and Correction

6903:"Technology and new fluorescence flow cytometry parameters in hematological analyzers" 6689: 6676:

Bentley, SA (1990). "Automated differential white cell counts: a critical appraisal".

3978: 3961: 2550:

with a built-in scale. The fraction of red blood cells in the tube was measured after

9030: 9025: 8669: 8442: 8200: 8195: 8178: 8163: 8142: 8121: 8102: 8094: 8063: 8042: 8021: 8002: 7981: 7960: 7941: 7933: 7904: 7896: 7865: 7846: 7828: 7795: 7787: 7750: 7729: 7708: 7687: 7666: 7647: 7637: 7610: 7589: 7568: 7547: 7526: 7499: 7478: 7451: 7443: 7412: 7391: 7370: 7349: 7328: 7307: 7286: 7265: 7244: 7223: 7200: 7192: 7161: 7142: 7115: 7096: 7088: 7057: 7038: 7030: 6999: 6980: 6959: 6940: 6922: 6860: 6852: 6750: 6742: 6701: 6693: 6632: 6624: 6571: 6553: 6505: 6497: 6419: 6411: 6349: 6341: 6301: 6149: 5906: 5888: 5643: 5635: 5051: 5043: 4927: 4919: 4804: 4796: 4724: 4716: 4663: 4655: 4380: 4372: 4334: 4326: 4282: 4264: 3995: 3983: 3894: 3790: 3726: 3718: 3362: 3354: 3241: 3223: 3079: 3071: 3014: 3006: 2816: 2798: 2698: 2644: 2566: 2419: 2042: 1447: 1400: 1396: 1389: 1373: 1049: 1034: 970: 966: 942: 868:

identification by other means of abnormal cells the instrument could not categorize.

713: 694: 690: 674: 466: 430: 383: 375: 354:, are defined by marked increases or decreases in blood cell counts. Changes in many 339: 275: 148: 7683:

Hematopathology: Morphology, Immunophenotype, Cytogenetics, and Molecular Approaches

7463: 7342:

Hoffman, R; Benz, EJ Jr.; Silberstein, LE; Heslop, H; Anastasi, J; Weitz, J (2013).

6644: 6431: 3374: 2395:

Another antibody-mediated condition that can affect complete blood count results is

1995:

Example of reference ranges for complete blood count with differential (CBC w DIFF)

1914:

Reticulocytes are immature red blood cells, which, unlike the mature cells, contain

8956: 8878: 8568: 8465: 8460: 8403: 8386: 8190: 8086: 7925: 7888: 7836: 7820: 7777: 7629: 7518: 7435: 7184: 7080: 7022: 6930: 6914: 6842: 6732: 6685: 6616: 6561: 6545: 6487: 6403: 6333: 6291: 6283: 6139: 6131: 5896: 5878: 5832: 5625: 5033: 4909: 4816: 4786: 4706: 4645: 4364: 4316: 4272: 4256: 3973: 3884: 3876: 3780: 3710: 3346: 3231: 3215: 3061: 2998: 2838: 2806: 2788: 2542: 2404: 2329: 1864:. If the platelet count is extremely low, a platelet transfusion may be performed. 1735:. Other cell types are reported if they are identified in the manual differential. 1684: 1486: 1474: 1353: 1290: 1269: 1042: 1026: 934: 910: 829: 794: 717: 709: 489: 442: 434: 351: 271: 235: 187: 6407: 5691: 1438:

Microcytic anemia is typically associated with iron deficiency, thalassemia, and

262:

simplified the microscopic analysis of blood cells, and in the late 19th century,

82: 8353: 8157: 8136: 8115: 8057: 8036: 7996: 7975: 7954: 7859: 7744: 7723: 7702: 7681: 7660: 7604: 7583: 7562: 7541: 7522: 7493: 7472: 7439: 7406: 7385: 7364: 7343: 7322: 7301: 7280: 7259: 7238: 7217: 7155: 7109: 7051: 6974: 6953: 6337: 3350: 3150: 3146: 2648: 2587: 2462: 1972: 1857: 1779: 1770:—young neutrophils that lack segmented nuclei—or immature granulocytes is termed 1767: 1668: 1265: 1104: 1096: 861: 837: 602: 529: 454: 335: 311: 199: 152: 111: 68: 9020: 6195: 5837: 5820: 3785: 3768: 1803: 8983: 8763: 8722: 8664: 8573: 8502: 8323: 8272: 4896:

Brereton, M; McCafferty, R; Marsden, K; Kawai, Y; Etzell, J; Ermens, A (2016).

2953:, ed. (2018), sec. "Advantages and sources of error with automated hematology". 2598:

The first analyzer able to produce multiple cell counts simultaneously was the

2574:, motivated by a need for better red blood cell counting methods following the 2524: 2458: 2385: 1865: 1451: 1385: 1349: 1285: 1130: 1088: 1002: 958: 771: 767: 628: 509: 414: 314:, which carry oxygen are predominant and give rise to the colour of blood. The 303: 298: 211: 95: 8090: 7929: 7824: 7624:

Melamed, M (2001). "Chapter 1 a brief history of flow cytometry and sorting".

7515:

Utilization Management in the Clinical Laboratory and Other Ancillary Services

7188: 7084: 7026: 6287: 6135: 4368: 3714: 3002: 704:

Sensors count and identify the cells in the sample using two main principles:

9087: 8868: 8793: 8492: 8475: 8419: 8372: 8098: 7937: 7900: 7832: 7791: 7447: 7213: 7196: 7092: 7034: 6926: 6856: 6746: 6721:"Digital morphology analyzers in hematology: ICSH review and recommendations" 6697: 6628: 6557: 6501: 6415: 6345: 5892: 5639: 5047: 4923: 4800: 4720: 4659: 4376: 4330: 4268: 3987: 3794: 3722: 3358: 3227: 3075: 3010: 2802: 2777:"How to interpret and pursue an abnormal complete blood cell count in adults" 2711: 2671: 2473: 1775: 1732: 1724: 1420: 1381: 1109: 1022: 1012: 900: 833: 686: 586: 458: 450: 319: 254: 247: 226: 106: 46:

A CBC specimen in front of a printout displaying CBC and differential results

4260: 492:

involved in the production and development of blood cells, particularly the

198:, and the results of the white blood cell differential can help to diagnose 9008: 8858: 8747: 8742: 8737: 8654: 8585: 8361: 8204: 8106: 7945: 7908: 7850: 7799: 7651: 7455: 7258:

Greer, JP; Arber, DA; Glader, BE; List, AF; Means, RM; Rodgers, GM (2018).

7204: 7100: 7042: 6944: 6754: 6575: 6509: 6423: 6353: 6305: 6153: 5910: 5647: 5342: 5055: 5038: 5021: 4931: 4808: 4791: 4774: 4728: 4667: 4384: 4338: 4286: 3898: 3730: 3366: 3245: 3083: 3066: 3049: 3018: 2910: 2820: 2746: 2614: 2508: 1897: 1841: 1791: 1739: 1458: 1408: 1377: 1360: 1340: 1332: 1065: 982: 978: 973:

can also be ascertained from microscopic examination of white blood cells.

922: 845: 775: 657: 637: 624: 497: 426: 422: 355: 331: 263: 8159:

Hematology, the Blossoming of a Science: A Story of Inspiration and Effort

7146: 7130: 6864: 6705: 6636: 816: 175:, which counts the different types of white blood cells, may be included. 8995: 8904: 8817: 8781: 8771: 8713: 8452: 8212: 6549: 6492: 6475: 3219: 2532: 2423: 1977: 1787: 1743: 1716: 1708: 1704: 1364: 1336: 1324: 1030: 930: 853: 825: 783: 753: 606: 594: 574: 541: 505: 493: 323: 231: 76: 7916:

Powell, DJ; Achebe, MO (2016). "Anemia for the primary care physician".

7809:"Flow cytometry: retrospective, fundamentals and recent instrumentation" 437:

and can produce severely low levels of white blood cells, platelets and

8965: 8932: 8914: 8812: 8649: 8529: 8267: 8262: 8246: 8243: 7782: 7765: 6918: 6737: 6720: 6620: 5883: 4914: 4897: 4711: 4694: 4650: 4633: 3880: 2610: 2536: 2345: 2098: 1967: 1795: 1696: 1672: 1664: 1443: 1435:

in the blood (which causes a false increase in the hemoglobin result).

1412: 1294: 1138: 1134: 1084: 962: 950: 914: 761: 749: 698: 682: 481: 438: 402: 315: 243: 239: 164: 160: 8682: 7175:

Dooley, EK; Ringler, RL (2012). "Prenatal care: touching the future".

4321: 4304: 2451:, who reported on the appearance of red cells in a 1674 letter to the 1938: 8822: 8807: 7540:

Lewis, SL; Dirksen, SR; Heitkempet, MM; Bucher, L; Camera, I (2015).

6847: 6830: 5630: 5613: 5611: 2793: 2667: 2599: 2591: 2478: 2411:

may exhibit red cell agglutination that does not resolve on warming.

2368: 2325: 1728: 1720: 1712: 849: 779: 734: 725: 610: 446: 371: 343: 307: 156: 140: 1679:

White blood cells defend against infections and are involved in the

9066: 8942: 8776: 7135:

Caduceus: A Humanities Journal for Medicine and the Health Sciences

7013:

Chabot-Richards, DS; George, TI (2015). "White blood cell counts".

5614:"Platelet transfusion: a clinical practice guideline from the AABB" 3136: 2486: 2466: 2380: 2202: 1853: 1819: 1466: 1427:. An elevated MCHC can also be a false result from conditions like 1368: 938: 585:

The sample is collected by drawing blood into a tube containing an

513: 215: 5022:"Three neglected numbers in the CBC: The RDW, MPV, and NRBC count" 4634:"Verification and quality control of routine hematology analyzers" 2745:

ships; other accounts claim it was originally designed during the

1942:

Blood smear from a newborn baby, showing a few nucleated red cells

643: 8595: 7153: 5821:"Nucleated RBCs – significance in the peripheral blood film" 2742: 2389: 1840:

Platelets play an essential role in clotting. When the wall of a

1057: 993: 946: 881: 813:

of the mean cell volume and reflects variation in cellular size.

729: 666: 462: 398: 52: 8177:

Zandecki, M; Genevieve, F; Gerard, J; Godon, A (February 2007).

6719:

Kratz, A; Lee, S; Zini, G; Riedl, JA; Hur, M; Machin, S (2019).

3855:

Whitehead, RD; Mei, Z; Mapango, C; Jefferds, MED (August 2019).

836:, which are found in higher concentrations in immature cells or 7606:

Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods

5176:, ed. (2018), sec. "Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration". 2636: 1849: 1432: 1277: 1021:

Red and white blood cells and platelets can be counted using a

885: 841: 647: 474: 379: 347: 287: 183: 7806: 5865:

Virk, H; Varma, N; Naseem, S; Bihana, I; Sukhachev, D (2019).

5333:, ed. (2016), sec. "White blood cell count and differential". 4895: 1910:: the cells containing dark blue structures are reticulocytes. 1388:, a hormone that stimulates production of red blood cells. In 1124: 7425: 7071:

Da Costa, L (2015). "Digital image analysis of blood cells".

4772: 4085:, ed. (2018), sec. "Volume of packed red cells (hematocrit)". 2520: 2372: 1953: 1281: 965:

seen in acute leukemia. Clinically significant features like

778:, the nucleus's structure, and the amount of granules in the 741: 670: 410: 409:, the CBC is used to investigate numerous symptoms, such as 144: 90: 8176: 7564:

Clinical Biochemistry E-Book: Metabolic and Clinical Aspects

7539: 7383: 7341: 6998:(1 ed.). Institute of Biomedical Science. p. 106. 2519:

improved on this technique in the 1890s, using a mixture of

8117:

Rosen's Emergency Medicine - Concepts and Clinical Practice

8113: 7973: 4190: 4188: 3854: 3054:

The Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh

1762:: many immature and abnormal white blood cells are visible. 598: 393:

The complete blood count has specific applications in many

7807:

Picot, J; Guerin, CL; Le Van Kim, C; Boulanger, C (2012).

4242: 2363:: clumps of red blood cells are visible on the blood smear 425:. Blood counts are closely monitored in people undergoing 7154:

DiGregorio, RV; Green-Hernandez, C; Holzemer, SP (2014).

2626: 1915: 504:

can further investigate the cause. Abnormal cells on the

435:

suppress the production of blood cells in the bone marrow

7763: 7560: 7495:

Lanzkowsky's Manual of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology

7408:

Rodak's Hematology: Clinical Principles and Applications

6476:"Wallace H. Coulter: decades of invention and discovery" 5019: 4302: 4185: 3564:"Routine Preoperative Tests for Elective Surgery (NG45)" 2367:

Samples drawn from individuals with very high levels of

1852:, which reinforces the platelet plug to create a stable 1461:. Anisocytosis is common in nutritional anemias such as 7977:

Strange and Schafermeyer's Pediatric Emergency Medicine

5605: 5020:

May, JE; Marques, MB; Reddy, VVB; Gangaraju, R (2019).

4889: 3700: 1302:, can be used to confirm that CBC results are correct. 7721: 6828: 2321:, the tested samples' ranges vary with sex and age. 601:, but when this is difficult it may be collected from 7857: 7012: 6822: 5864: 4766: 4243:

Gulati, G; Song, J; Dulau Florea, A; Gong, J (2013).

3330: 3154:. American Association of Blood Banks. Archived from 3142:"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question" 2426:

that provide additional information about the cells.

1099:

samples with known results, laboratories may receive

7658: 7561:

Marshall, WJ; Lapsley, M; Day, A; Ayling, R (2014).

7491: 7470: 7362: 7257: 7131:"The evolution of the progressive-era hemocytometer" 3966:

Journal of the Association for Laboratory Automation

2988: 2774: 1469:

test to confirm the presence of iron deficiency, or

925:) requires urgent investigation as it can suggest a 764:

and provides information about cellular complexity.

496:. For example, a low count of all three cell types ( 441:. Regular CBCs are necessary for people taking some 7974:Schafermeyer, RW; Tenenbein, M; Macias, CJ (2018). 7404: 5818: 5329:McCulloh, RJ; Opal, SM. Chapter 42 in Oropello, JM 1836:. Platelets are visible as small purple structures. 981:(a highly elevated red blood cell count) or severe 921:, and a high number of fragmented red blood cells ( 701:—corresponds with the concentration of hemoglobin. 7742: 7512: 7303:Clinical Hematology and Fundamentals of Hemostasis 7243:(12 ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 6900: 6193: 6099:Kottke-Marchant, K; Davis, B (2012) pp. 80, 86–87. 5692:"Platelet count: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia" 5015: 5013: 5011: 5009: 5007: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4298: 4296: 3962:"The Coulter principle: foundation of an industry" 3696: 3694: 2869:"Blood tests: Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL)" 1952:During their formation in bone marrow, and in the 397:. It is often performed before a person undergoes 8114:Walls, R; Hockberger, R; Gausche-Hill, M (2017). 7700: 7107: 6718: 5241:Powell, DJ; Achebe, MO. (2016). pp. 530, 537–539. 5168: 5166: 4683:Kottke-Marchant, K; Davis, B (2012). pp. 697–698. 4238: 4236: 4234: 4232: 4226:, ed. (2018), sec. "Introduction"; "Cell counts". 3569:National Institute for Health and Care Excellence 3545: 3543: 3336: 3175: 3173: 1798:, can occur in myeloproliferative disorders like 1384:, or when a person has abnormally high levels of 480:The complete blood count is an essential tool of 9085: 8055: 7746:Mosby's Diagnostic and Laboratory Test Reference 7628:. Vol. 63 part A. Elsevier. pp. 3–17. 7366:Hoffman and Abeloff's Hematology-Oncology Review 4956: 4954: 4161: 4159: 4157: 2768: 712:. Impedance-based cell counting operates on the 469:or to count the number of immature cells in the 167:(the volume percentage of red blood cells). The 8015: 7602: 7585:A History of Haematology: From Herodotus to HIV 7320: 6972: 6256: 6254: 6184:Kottke-Marchant, K; Davis, B (2012). pp. 19–20. 6117: 5779: 5777: 5775: 5773: 5428: 5426: 5004: 4620: 4293: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4069: 3691: 182:, which vary with sex and age. Conditions like 8627:aPTT-based activated protein C resistance test 8183:International Journal of Laboratory Hematology 8134: 7770:International Journal of Laboratory Hematology 7722:Oropello, JM; Kvetan, V; Pastores, SM (2016). 7282:Practical Guide to Modern Hematology Analyzers 7157:Primary Care: An Interprofessional Perspective 6831:"The Hemalog D white cell differential system" 6829:Mansberg, HP; Saunders, AM; Groner, W (1974). 6725:International Journal of Laboratory Hematology 6527: 6525: 6523: 6521: 6519: 6260:Kottke-Marchant, K; Davis, B. (2012). pp. 3–4. 6196:"Haemoglobinometer, United Kingdom, 1850–1950" 5858: 5741: 5739: 5698:. 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"Leukocyte differentials". 4154: 3955: 3953: 3951: 3949: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3601: 2961: 2959: 2595:were widely adopted by medical laboratories. 1695:. A decreased white blood cell count, termed 1442:, while macrocytic anemia is associated with 740:In light scattering techniques, light from a 716:: cells are suspended in a fluid carrying an 330:Blood is composed of a fluid portion, called 8138:Diagnosis of Blood and Bone Marrow Disorders 7915: 7858:Porwit, A; McCullough, J; Erber, WN (2011). 7492:Lanzkowsky, P; Lipton, JM; Fish, JD (2016). 6669: 6460: 6458: 6456: 6454: 6326:The American Journal of the Medical Sciences 6272:"The evolution of blood counting techniques" 6251: 5967: 5965: 5963: 5770: 5423: 4997: 4995: 4750:Kottke-Marchant, K; Davis, B (2012). p. 438. 4519: 4517: 4515: 4066: 3926: 3924: 3848: 3425: 2836: 2775:Tefferi, A; Hanson, CA; Inwards, DJ (2005). 1933: 1048:Hemoglobin can be measured manually using a 669:chemical is added to the sample to destroy ( 556:and may result in unnecessary transfusions. 8079:Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America 7743:Pagana, KD; Pagana, TJ; Pagana, TN (2014). 7160:(2 ed.). 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Davis Company. 5358:from the original on 19 August 2020 3138:American Association of Blood Banks 2926:from the original on 18 August 2020 1983: 1960: 1403:. Anemia with a low MCHC is called 860:to classify white blood cells from 326:, which prevent excessive bleeding. 221:The CBC is usually performed by an 24: 8016:Schmaier, AH; Lazarus, HM (2012). 7603:McPherson, RA; Pincus, MR (2017). 7321:Hartman, CJ; Kavoussi, LR (2017). 6208:from the original on 29 March 2020 5172:Smock, KJ. Chapter 1 in Greer, JP 4855:Blann, A; Ahmed, N (2014). p. 106. 4539:Smock, KJ. Chapter 1 in Greer, JP 4222:Smock, KJ. Chapter 1 in Greer, JP 4081:Smock, KJ. Chapter 1 in Greer, JP 3914:Smock, KJ. Chapter 1 in Greer, JP 3769:"The principles of flow cytometry" 3646:Smock, KJ. Chapter 1 in Greer, JP 3607:Smock, KJ. Chapter 1 in Greer, JP 3435:, ed. (2018), sec. "Introduction". 3431:Smock, KJ. Chapter 1 in Greer, JP 3103: 2949:Smock, KJ. Chapter 1 in Greer, JP 2861: 1095:In addition to analyzing internal 1072: 801:(MCH); and its concentration, the 147:. The CBC indicates the counts of 25: 9110: 8513:Dilute Russell's viper venom time 8298:Red blood cell distribution width 8135:Wang, SA; Hasserjian, RP (2018). 5298:from the original on 23 June 2020 4543:, ed. (2018), sec. "Cell counts". 4165:Smock, KJ. Chapter 1 in Greer JP 4094:Smock, KJ. Chapter 1 in Greer JP 3576:from the original on 28 July 2020 2849:from the original on 2 April 2019 2827: 2576:bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 1115: 1011:Left: A modified Fuchs-Rosenthal 927:microangiopathic hemolytic anemia 807:red blood cell distribution width 805:(MCHC). Another calculation, the 8525:Calibrated automated thrombogram 8196:10.1111/j.1365-2257.2006.00871.x 6880: 6871: 6809: 6788: 6779: 6770: 6761: 6678:Baillière's Clinical Haematology 6660: 6651: 6591: 6582: 6438: 6378: 6369: 6360: 6242: 6233: 6220: 6178: 6169: 6160: 6102: 6093: 6084: 6075: 6066: 6057: 6044: 6031: 6022: 6013: 6000: 5987: 5974: 5951: 5942: 5917: 5845: 5812: 5803: 5790: 5761: 5758:Turgeon, ML (2016). pp. 318–319. 5752: 5723: 5714: 5683: 5670: 5592: 5583: 5570: 5567:Turgeon, ML (2016). pp. 358–360. 5561: 5548: 5535: 5526: 5513: 5500: 5491: 5478: 5465: 5452: 5439: 5414: 5401: 5392: 5379: 5370: 5323: 5310: 5266: 5253: 5244: 5235: 5226: 5213: 5204: 5179: 5154: 5145: 5132: 5119: 5110: 5101: 5088: 5075: 5062: 4983: 4938: 4886:Turgeon, ML (2016). pp. 319–320. 4880: 4867: 4858: 4849: 4836: 4823: 4753: 4744: 4735: 4607: 4594: 4445:Turgeon, ML (2016). pp. 325–326. 2735: 2726: 2717: 2704: 2692:In its broadest sense, the term 2409:warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia 1990:Reference ranges for blood tests 1001: 992: 581:Cell-Dyn 1700 automated analyzer 8020:(1 ed.). 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The platelets are needed to 234:review, in which the blood is 13: 1: 8564:Thrombin–antithrombin complex 8312:White blood cell differential 7893:10.1016/S0272-2712(03)00075-1 7704:Morphology of Blood Disorders 7634:10.1016/S0091-679X(01)63005-X 6690:10.1016/S0950-3536(05)80138-6 6408:10.1080/10520295.2016.1250285 6124:Annals of Laboratory Medicine 6108:Bain, BJ (2015). pp. 196–197. 5957:Bain, BJ (2015). pp. 211–213. 5948:Bain, BJ (2015). pp. 211–213. 5690:Gersten, T (25 August 2020). 5250:Harmening, DM (2009). p. 380. 4249:Annals of Laboratory Medicine 3979:10.1016/S1535-5535(03)00023-6 3339:Current Opinion in Hematology 2756: 2517:Dmitri Leonidovich Romanowsky 2503:invented Romanowsky staining. 2501:Dmitri Leonidovich Romanowsky 1906:Red blood cells stained with 1806:features, is suggestive of a 1693:lymphoproliferative disorders 1491:white blood cell differential 1339:), and vary greatly in size ( 471:white blood cell differential 421:, and to assess bleeding and 268:Dmitri Leonidovich Romanowsky 223:automated hematology analyzer 173:white blood cell differential 8549:Overall hemostatic potential 7953:Rodak, BF; Carr, JH (2013). 7749:. 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Wiley. 7300:Harmening, D (2009). 6474:Robinson, JP (2013). 2877:. 18 September 2020. 2560: 2499: 2437: 2416:hematopoietic lineage 2359: 1941: 1905: 1831: 1778:) is associated with 1757: 1681:inflammatory response 1323: 1077:Further information: 903: 877:Point-of-care testing 872:Point-of-care testing 819: 746:tungsten-halogen lamp 677:and are based on the 660: 646: 633:Hydrodynamic focusing 593:—to stop its natural 573:CBC performed by the 572: 530:bone marrow disorders 405:can be monitored. In 301: 9041:Alder–Reilly anomaly 8895:Basophilic stippling 8605:-antiplasmin complex 8542:Thrombodynamics test 8508:Ecarin clotting time 8397:Kleihauer–Betke test 8329:Mean platelet volume 8273:Red blood cell count 8255:Complete blood count 8035:Turgeon, ML (2016). 7995:Shapiro, HM (2003). 7498:. Elsevier Science. 6894:General bibliography 6550:10.1002/cyto.a.22398 6493:10.1002/cyto.a.22296 5800:. (2017). pp. 42–43. 5733:. (2015). pp. 18–19. 4877:. (2017). pp. 33–34. 4591:. (2017). pp. 19–22. 4578:(2017). pp. 190–191. 4509:(2015). pp. 296–297. 3827:. (2017). pp. 32–33. 3477:. (2015). pp. 42–44. 3158:on 24 September 2014 2632:atypical lymphocytes 2547:University of Tulane 1824:mean platelet volume 1748:congenital disorders 1667:and the presence of 1425:hemoglobin C disease 706:electrical impedance 486:hematopoietic system 388:platelet transfusion 310:in human blood. The 284:electrical impedance 208:parasitic infections 121:complete blood count 35:Complete blood count 9016:Pelger–Huët anomaly 8974:Reactive lymphocyte 8900:Pappenheimer bodies 8831:Sickle cell disease 8537:Thromboelastography 7725:Lange Critical Care 7582:McCann, SR (2016). 7387:Williams Hematology 6532:Graham, MD (2013). 6201:Wellcome Collection 6041:. (2017). pp. 8–10. 5825:Laboratory Medicine 3960:Graham, MD (2003). 3873:2019NYASA1450..147W 3773:Laboratory Medicine 2843:HealthDirect.gov.au 2674:in the bone marrow. 2319:normal distribution 1996: 1862:autoimmune diseases 1846:coagulation cascade 1500: 1376:in conditions like 1327:from a person with 1152: 919:sickle cell disease 788:monoclonal antibody 679:linear relationship 652:hematology analyzer 650:XT-4000i automated 419:shortness of breath 395:medical specialties 238:and viewed under a 139:tests that provide 127:), also known as a 8864:Hypochromic anemia 8367:Total blood volume 8341:Reticulocyte index 8336:Reticulocyte count 7783:10.1111/ijlh.12327 7279:Groner, W (1995). 7237:Greer, JP (2008). 7129:Davis, JD (1995). 7050:Ciesla, B (2018). 6919:10.1002/jcla.21747 6738:10.1111/ijlh.13042 6621:10.1007/BF00319925 6230:. (2015). pp. 1–4. 5884:10.1002/jcla.22679 5855:(2007). pp. 24–25. 5348:"WBC Differential" 4915:10.1111/ijlh.12563 4846:. (2015). pp. 4–5. 4712:10.1111/ijlh.13017 4651:10.1111/ijlh.12503 3881:10.1111/nyas.14124 3767:Bakke, AC (2001). 3553:(2016). pp. 96–97. 3220:10.7812/TPP/16-051 2914:(12 August 2020). 2874:Cancer Research UK 2839:"Full blood count" 2572:Wallace H. Coulter 2563: 2505: 2440: 2365: 1994: 1944: 1920:new methylene blue 1912: 1908:new methylene blue 1892:Reticulocyte count 1860:, as well as some 1838: 1764: 1689:myeloproliferative 1685:physiologic stress 1496: 1405:hypochromic anemia 1345: 1148: 943:parasitic diseases 906: 822: 811:standard deviation 663: 655: 583: 538:sickle cell anemia 407:emergency medicine 361:medical laboratory 328: 280:Wallace H. Coulter 137:medical laboratory 9079: 9078: 9075: 9074: 9031:Toxic vacuolation 9026:Toxic granulation 8957:White blood cells 8951: 8950: 8890:Howell–Jolly body 8680: 8679: 8670:Immunophenotyping 8443:Osmotic fragility 8169:978-0-8121-0961-0 8148:978-3-319-20279-2 8127:978-0-323-39016-3 8069:978-0-8036-9448-4 8048:978-0-323-22545-8 8027:978-1-4051-9666-6 8008:978-0-471-43403-0 7987:978-1-259-86076-8 7966:978-1-4557-0830-7 7871:978-0-7020-4535-6 7756:978-0-323-22592-2 7735:978-0-07-181726-4 7714:978-1-118-44258-6 7693:978-0-08-091948-5 7672:978-1-260-12860-4 7643:978-0-12-544166-7 7616:978-0-323-41315-2 7595:978-0-19-102713-0 7574:978-0-7020-5478-5 7553:978-0-323-29033-3 7532:978-3-319-34199-6 7505:978-0-12-801674-9 7484:978-1-4443-9857-1 7418:978-0-323-23906-6 7397:978-0-07-183301-1 7376:978-0-323-44318-0 7355:978-1-4377-2928-3 7334:978-0-323-51222-0 7313:978-0-8036-1732-2 7292:978-0-471-95712-6 7271:978-1-4963-6713-6 7250:978-0-7817-6507-7 7229:978-1-4939-2528-5 7167:978-0-8261-7148-1 7121:978-0-12-415858-0 7063:978-0-8036-6825-6 7005:978-1-118-35146-8 6986:978-0-7020-6925-3 6965:978-1-118-81733-9 6952:Bain, BJ (2015). 6819:. (2012). p. 110. 6544:(12): 1057–1061. 6448:. (2015). p. 134. 6054:. (2015). p. 296. 6010:. (2015). p. 103. 5984:. (2016). p. 197. 5558:. (2015). p. 298. 5545:. (2011). p. 256. 5523:. (2017). p. 498. 5189:. (2015). p. 197. 5142:. (2017). p. 331. 5098:. (2015). p. 503. 5085:. (2015). p. 286. 5072:. (2015). p. 285. 4980:. (2015). p. 196. 4948:. (2015). p. 195. 4833:. (2017). p. 551. 4527:. (2015). p. 226. 4414:. (2015). p. 225. 4322:10.1111/bjh.16208 4182:. (2009). p. 210. 4124:. (2015). p. 209. 4054:. (2015). p. 210. 3934:. (2015). p. 208. 3598:. (2016). p. 805. 3537:. (2015). p. 245. 3418:Schafermeyer, RW 3314:. (2017). p. 162. 3275:. (2017). p. 219. 3202:Dewan, M (2016). 3140:(24 April 2014). 3100:. (2014). p. 497. 3048:Leach, M (2014). 3038:. (2015). p. 244. 2699:immunophenotyping 2655:Explanatory notes 2472:The physiologist 2463:achromatic lenses 2420:immunophenotyping 2315: 2314: 1661: 1660: 1657: 1656: 1618:Band neutrophils 1561: 1560: 1516:White cell count 1481:White blood cells 1401:macrocytic anemia 1390:polycythemia vera 1374:low oxygen levels 1293:and expressed in 1262: 1261: 1178:White cell count 1050:spectrophotometer 1035:hydrochloric acid 967:toxic granulation 890:blood gas testing 830:mononuclear cells 714:Coulter principle 695:cyanmethemoglobin 691:carboxyhemoglobin 675:spectrophotometry 577:method, using an 570: 443:psychiatric drugs 431:radiation therapy 376:bleeding disorder 340:white blood cells 316:white blood cells 276:Coulter principle 230:require a manual 149:white blood cells 117: 116: 16:(Redirected from 9106: 9046:Jordans' anomaly 8962: 8961: 8879:Inclusion bodies 8728: 8727: 8707: 8700: 8693: 8684: 8683: 8569:Fibrinopeptide A 8466:Prothrombin time 8461:Clotting factors 8404:Hemoglobinopathy 8387:Fetal hemoglobin 8237: 8230: 8223: 8214: 8213: 8208: 8198: 8173: 8152: 8131: 8110: 8073: 8052: 8031: 8012: 7991: 7970: 7949: 7912: 7875: 7854: 7844: 7803: 7785: 7760: 7739: 7718: 7697: 7676: 7655: 7620: 7599: 7578: 7557: 7536: 7509: 7488: 7467: 7422: 7401: 7380: 7359: 7338: 7317: 7296: 7275: 7254: 7233: 7208: 7171: 7150: 7125: 7104: 7067: 7046: 7009: 6990: 6969: 6948: 6938: 6887: 6884: 6878: 6875: 6869: 6868: 6850: 6848:10.1177/22.7.711 6826: 6820: 6813: 6807: 6804: 6795: 6792: 6786: 6783: 6777: 6774: 6768: 6765: 6759: 6758: 6740: 6716: 6710: 6709: 6673: 6667: 6664: 6658: 6655: 6649: 6648: 6604: 6598: 6595: 6589: 6586: 6580: 6579: 6569: 6538:Cytometry Part A 6529: 6514: 6513: 6495: 6480:Cytometry Part A 6471: 6465: 6462: 6449: 6442: 6436: 6435: 6391: 6385: 6382: 6376: 6373: 6367: 6364: 6358: 6357: 6321: 6310: 6309: 6299: 6267: 6261: 6258: 6249: 6246: 6240: 6237: 6231: 6224: 6218: 6217: 6215: 6213: 6191: 6185: 6182: 6176: 6173: 6167: 6164: 6158: 6157: 6147: 6115: 6109: 6106: 6100: 6097: 6091: 6088: 6082: 6079: 6073: 6070: 6064: 6061: 6055: 6048: 6042: 6035: 6029: 6026: 6020: 6017: 6011: 6004: 5998: 5997:. (2015). p. 99. 5991: 5985: 5978: 5972: 5969: 5958: 5955: 5949: 5946: 5940: 5933: 5924: 5921: 5915: 5914: 5904: 5886: 5862: 5856: 5849: 5843: 5842: 5840: 5816: 5810: 5807: 5801: 5794: 5788: 5787:. (2015). p. 16. 5781: 5768: 5765: 5759: 5756: 5750: 5749:. (2015). p. 14. 5743: 5734: 5727: 5721: 5718: 5712: 5711: 5709: 5707: 5687: 5681: 5680:(2017). p. 1489. 5674: 5668: 5661: 5652: 5651: 5633: 5631:10.7326/M14-1589 5609: 5603: 5596: 5590: 5587: 5581: 5580:(2015). p. 1993. 5574: 5568: 5565: 5559: 5552: 5546: 5539: 5533: 5530: 5524: 5517: 5511: 5504: 5498: 5495: 5489: 5482: 5476: 5475:(2017). p. 1483. 5469: 5463: 5456: 5450: 5443: 5437: 5436:. (2015). p. 44. 5430: 5421: 5418: 5412: 5405: 5399: 5396: 5390: 5383: 5377: 5374: 5368: 5367: 5365: 5363: 5352:Lab Tests Online 5346:(29 July 2020). 5340: 5334: 5327: 5321: 5314: 5308: 5307: 5305: 5303: 5283: 5277: 5270: 5264: 5257: 5251: 5248: 5242: 5239: 5233: 5230: 5224: 5217: 5211: 5208: 5202: 5199: 5190: 5183: 5177: 5170: 5161: 5158: 5152: 5149: 5143: 5136: 5130: 5123: 5117: 5114: 5108: 5105: 5099: 5092: 5086: 5079: 5073: 5066: 5060: 5059: 5041: 5017: 5002: 4999: 4990: 4987: 4981: 4974: 4961: 4958: 4949: 4942: 4936: 4935: 4917: 4893: 4887: 4884: 4878: 4871: 4865: 4862: 4856: 4853: 4847: 4840: 4834: 4827: 4821: 4820: 4794: 4770: 4764: 4757: 4751: 4748: 4742: 4739: 4733: 4732: 4714: 4690: 4684: 4681: 4672: 4671: 4653: 4629: 4618: 4617:. (2015). p. 46. 4611: 4605: 4598: 4592: 4585: 4579: 4572: 4566: 4563: 4557: 4556:. (2017) p. 189. 4550: 4544: 4537: 4528: 4521: 4510: 4503: 4497: 4494: 4485: 4482: 4473: 4470: 4464: 4461: 4455: 4452: 4446: 4443: 4437: 4430: 4424: 4421: 4415: 4408: 4402: 4401:. (2017). p. 43. 4395: 4389: 4388: 4352: 4343: 4342: 4324: 4300: 4291: 4290: 4280: 4240: 4227: 4220: 4211: 4210:. (2017). p. 39. 4204: 4195: 4192: 4183: 4176: 4170: 4163: 4152: 4149: 4143: 4142:. (2017). p. 37. 4136: 4125: 4118: 4112: 4105: 4099: 4092: 4086: 4079: 4064: 4061: 4055: 4048: 4042: 4035: 4029: 4028:. (2017). p. 32. 4022: 4013: 4006: 4000: 3999: 3981: 3957: 3944: 3941: 3935: 3928: 3919: 3912: 3903: 3902: 3892: 3852: 3846: 3843: 3837: 3834: 3828: 3821: 3812: 3811:. (2015). p. 12. 3805: 3799: 3798: 3788: 3764: 3758: 3755: 3749: 3746: 3735: 3734: 3698: 3689: 3686: 3680: 3677: 3671: 3664: 3651: 3644: 3638: 3631: 3625: 3624:. (2015). p. 28. 3618: 3612: 3605: 3599: 3592: 3586: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3572:. 5 April 2016. 3560: 3554: 3549:Lewandrowski, K 3547: 3538: 3531: 3525: 3522: 3516: 3515:. (2017). p. 10. 3509: 3500: 3493: 3487: 3484: 3478: 3471: 3465: 3464:. (2015). p. 43. 3458: 3452: 3451:. (2015). p. 11. 3445: 3436: 3429: 3423: 3416: 3410: 3403: 3397: 3394: 3388: 3385: 3379: 3378: 3334: 3328: 3321: 3315: 3308: 3302: 3301:(2017). p. 1464. 3295: 3289: 3282: 3276: 3269: 3263: 3256: 3250: 3249: 3239: 3199: 3193: 3190: 3184: 3179:Lewandrowski, K 3177: 3168: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3134: 3128: 3123:Lewandrowski, K 3121: 3115: 3112: 3101: 3094: 3088: 3087: 3069: 3045: 3039: 3032: 3023: 3022: 2986: 2975: 2972: 2966: 2963: 2954: 2947: 2936: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2920:Lab Tests Online 2908: 2891: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2865: 2859: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2834: 2825: 2824: 2814: 2796: 2794:10.4065/80.7.923 2772: 2751: 2747:Second World War 2739: 2733: 2730: 2724: 2721: 2715: 2708: 2702: 2690: 2684: 2681: 2675: 2664: 2604: 2543:Maxwell Wintrobe 2515:to be examined. 2405:cold agglutinins 2330:fetal hemoglobin 2011:(4–7 years old) 1997: 1993: 1984:Reference ranges 1961:Other parameters 1879: 1875: 1768:band neutrophils 1669:band neutrophils 1653: 1643: 1633: 1623: 1613: 1565: 1564: 1556: 1521: 1505: 1504: 1501: 1487:White blood cell 1475:hemoglobinopathy 1354:hemolytic anemia 1291:mean cell volume 1270:hemoglobinopathy 1244: 1231: 1218: 1194: 1153: 1147: 1061:to be measured. 1043:light microscope 1041:, rather than a 1027:ammonium oxalate 1005: 996: 935:multiple myeloma 911:Romanowsky stain 862:photomicrographs 795:mean cell volume 718:electric current 710:light scattering 571: 549:reference ranges 488:—the organs and 352:thrombocytopenia 318:are part of the 272:Maxwell Wintrobe 188:thrombocytopenia 180:reference ranges 129:full blood count 85: 71: 44: 32: 31: 21: 18:Full blood count 9114: 9113: 9109: 9108: 9107: 9105: 9104: 9103: 9084: 9083: 9080: 9071: 9055: 8990: 8947: 8921: 8873: 8847: 8752: 8723:Red blood cells 8717: 8711: 8681: 8676: 8655:Blood viscosity 8638: 8604: 8574:Fibrin monomers 8447: 8392:Apt–Downey test 8379:Red cell volume 8354:red blood cells 8352:Other tests of 8347: 8249: 8241: 8211: 8170: 8149: 8128: 8070: 8049: 8028: 8009: 7988: 7967: 7872: 7757: 7736: 7715: 7694: 7673: 7644: 7617: 7596: 7575: 7554: 7533: 7506: 7485: 7419: 7398: 7377: 7356: 7335: 7314: 7293: 7272: 7251: 7230: 7168: 7122: 7064: 7006: 6987: 6966: 6896: 6891: 6890: 6885: 6881: 6876: 6872: 6827: 6823: 6814: 6810: 6805: 6798: 6793: 6789: 6784: 6780: 6775: 6771: 6766: 6762: 6717: 6713: 6674: 6670: 6665: 6661: 6656: 6652: 6605: 6601: 6596: 6592: 6587: 6583: 6530: 6517: 6472: 6468: 6463: 6452: 6443: 6439: 6392: 6388: 6383: 6379: 6374: 6370: 6365: 6361: 6322: 6313: 6268: 6264: 6259: 6252: 6247: 6243: 6238: 6234: 6225: 6221: 6211: 6209: 6192: 6188: 6183: 6179: 6174: 6170: 6165: 6161: 6116: 6112: 6107: 6103: 6098: 6094: 6089: 6085: 6080: 6076: 6071: 6067: 6062: 6058: 6049: 6045: 6036: 6032: 6027: 6023: 6018: 6014: 6005: 6001: 5992: 5988: 5979: 5975: 5970: 5961: 5956: 5952: 5947: 5943: 5934: 5927: 5922: 5918: 5863: 5859: 5850: 5846: 5817: 5813: 5808: 5804: 5795: 5791: 5782: 5771: 5766: 5762: 5757: 5753: 5744: 5737: 5728: 5724: 5719: 5715: 5705: 5703: 5688: 5684: 5675: 5671: 5667:. (2015). p. 4. 5662: 5655: 5610: 5606: 5597: 5593: 5588: 5584: 5575: 5571: 5566: 5562: 5553: 5549: 5540: 5536: 5531: 5527: 5518: 5514: 5505: 5501: 5496: 5492: 5483: 5479: 5470: 5466: 5457: 5453: 5449:(2013). p. 644. 5444: 5440: 5431: 5424: 5419: 5415: 5411:(2015). p. 294. 5406: 5402: 5397: 5393: 5384: 5380: 5375: 5371: 5361: 5359: 5341: 5337: 5328: 5324: 5320:(2014). p. 991. 5315: 5311: 5301: 5299: 5284: 5280: 5271: 5267: 5263:(2014). p. 992. 5258: 5254: 5249: 5245: 5240: 5236: 5231: 5227: 5218: 5214: 5209: 5205: 5200: 5193: 5184: 5180: 5171: 5164: 5159: 5155: 5150: 5146: 5137: 5133: 5125:DiGregorio, RV 5124: 5120: 5115: 5111: 5106: 5102: 5093: 5089: 5080: 5076: 5067: 5063: 5018: 5005: 5000: 4993: 4988: 4984: 4975: 4964: 4959: 4952: 4943: 4939: 4894: 4890: 4885: 4881: 4872: 4868: 4863: 4859: 4854: 4850: 4841: 4837: 4828: 4824: 4771: 4767: 4758: 4754: 4749: 4745: 4740: 4736: 4705:(S1): 177–183. 4691: 4687: 4682: 4675: 4630: 4621: 4612: 4608: 4599: 4595: 4586: 4582: 4573: 4569: 4564: 4560: 4551: 4547: 4538: 4531: 4522: 4513: 4504: 4500: 4495: 4488: 4483: 4476: 4471: 4467: 4462: 4458: 4453: 4449: 4444: 4440: 4431: 4427: 4422: 4418: 4409: 4405: 4396: 4392: 4353: 4346: 4301: 4294: 4241: 4230: 4221: 4214: 4205: 4198: 4193: 4186: 4177: 4173: 4164: 4155: 4150: 4146: 4137: 4128: 4119: 4115: 4111:. (2015). p. 2. 4106: 4102: 4093: 4089: 4080: 4067: 4062: 4058: 4049: 4045: 4036: 4032: 4023: 4016: 4007: 4003: 3958: 3947: 3942: 3938: 3929: 3922: 3913: 3906: 3853: 3849: 3844: 3840: 3835: 3831: 3822: 3815: 3806: 3802: 3765: 3761: 3756: 3752: 3747: 3738: 3699: 3692: 3687: 3683: 3678: 3674: 3665: 3654: 3645: 3641: 3632: 3628: 3619: 3615: 3606: 3602: 3593: 3589: 3579: 3577: 3562: 3561: 3557: 3548: 3541: 3532: 3528: 3523: 3519: 3510: 3503: 3499:. (2017). p. 8. 3494: 3490: 3485: 3481: 3472: 3468: 3459: 3455: 3446: 3439: 3430: 3426: 3417: 3413: 3404: 3400: 3395: 3391: 3386: 3382: 3335: 3331: 3327:(2015). p. 280. 3322: 3318: 3309: 3305: 3296: 3292: 3288:(2017). p. 199. 3283: 3279: 3270: 3266: 3262:(2017). p. 130. 3257: 3253: 3200: 3196: 3191: 3187: 3178: 3171: 3161: 3159: 3151:ABIM Foundation 3147:Choosing Wisely 3135: 3131: 3122: 3118: 3113: 3104: 3095: 3091: 3046: 3042: 3033: 3026: 2987: 2978: 2973: 2969: 2964: 2957: 2948: 2939: 2929: 2927: 2909: 2894: 2884: 2882: 2867: 2866: 2862: 2852: 2850: 2835: 2828: 2773: 2769: 2764: 2759: 2754: 2740: 2736: 2731: 2727: 2722: 2718: 2709: 2705: 2691: 2687: 2682: 2678: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2649:Beckman Coulter 2609:the reading of 2602: 2588:Coulter counter 2432: 2342: 2115: 2087: 2059: 2017:(0–1 days old) 1992: 1986: 1973:myeloperoxidase 1963: 1950: 1936: 1900: 1894: 1889: 1877: 1873: 1858:aplastic anemia 1826: 1818:Main articles: 1816: 1780:viral infection 1677: 1676: 1651: 1641: 1631: 1628:Metamyelocytes 1621: 1611: 1554: 1551:Platelet count 1519: 1493: 1485:Main articles: 1483: 1274: 1273: 1266:iron deficiency 1242: 1229: 1216: 1192: 1167:Red cell count 1145: 1129:Main articles: 1127: 1118: 1097:quality control 1081: 1075: 1073:Quality control 1019: 1018: 1017: 1016: 1008: 1007: 1006: 998: 997: 933:disorders like 898: 874: 846:myeloid lineage 838:myeloperoxidase 620: 564: 562: 508:might indicate 455:agranulocytosis 336:red blood cells 312:red blood cells 296: 212:blood disorders 192:iron deficiency 153:red blood cells 135:), is a set of 81: 67: 47: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9112: 9102: 9101: 9096: 9077: 9076: 9073: 9072: 9070: 9069: 9063: 9061: 9057: 9056: 9054: 9053: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9013: 9012: 9011: 9000: 8998: 8992: 8991: 8989: 8988: 8987: 8986: 8984:Russell bodies 8976: 8970: 8968: 8959: 8953: 8952: 8949: 8948: 8946: 8945: 8940: 8935: 8929: 8927: 8923: 8922: 8920: 8919: 8918: 8917: 8909: 8908: 8907: 8902: 8897: 8892: 8886:Developmental 8883: 8881: 8875: 8874: 8872: 8871: 8866: 8861: 8855: 8853: 8849: 8848: 8846: 8845: 8844: 8843: 8835: 8834: 8833: 8825: 8820: 8815: 8810: 8805: 8804: 8803: 8802: 8801: 8791: 8790: 8789: 8779: 8774: 8766: 8764:Poikilocytosis 8760: 8758: 8754: 8753: 8751: 8750: 8745: 8740: 8734: 8732: 8725: 8719: 8718: 8710: 8709: 8702: 8695: 8687: 8678: 8677: 8675: 8674: 8673: 8672: 8665:Flow cytometry 8662: 8657: 8652: 8646: 8644: 8640: 8639: 8637: 8636: 8635: 8634: 8629: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8608: 8607: 8602: 8598: 8593: 8583: 8582: 8581: 8576: 8571: 8566: 8561: 8551: 8546: 8545: 8544: 8534: 8533: 8532: 8527: 8517: 8516: 8515: 8510: 8505: 8503:Reptilase time 8495: 8490: 8489: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8468: 8457: 8455: 8449: 8448: 8446: 8445: 8440: 8434: 8429: 8424: 8423: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8401: 8400: 8399: 8394: 8384: 8383: 8382: 8376: 8370: 8358: 8356: 8349: 8348: 8346: 8345: 8344: 8343: 8333: 8332: 8331: 8324:Platelet count 8321: 8320: 8319: 8314: 8304: 8303: 8302: 8301: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8270: 8265: 8259: 8257: 8251: 8250: 8240: 8239: 8232: 8225: 8217: 8210: 8209: 8174: 8168: 8153: 8147: 8132: 8126: 8111: 8085:(3): 613–628. 8074: 8068: 8053: 8047: 8032: 8026: 8013: 8007: 7992: 7986: 7971: 7965: 7950: 7924:(4): 527–542. 7913: 7887:(1): 279–297. 7876: 7870: 7855: 7819:(2): 109–130. 7813:Cytotechnology 7804: 7776:(3): 287–303. 7761: 7755: 7740: 7734: 7719: 7713: 7698: 7692: 7677: 7671: 7656: 7642: 7621: 7615: 7600: 7594: 7588:. OUP Oxford. 7579: 7573: 7558: 7552: 7537: 7531: 7510: 7504: 7489: 7483: 7468: 7434:(4): 804–814. 7428:Anesthesiology 7423: 7417: 7402: 7396: 7381: 7375: 7360: 7354: 7339: 7333: 7318: 7312: 7297: 7291: 7276: 7270: 7255: 7249: 7234: 7228: 7209: 7172: 7166: 7151: 7141:(3): 164–183. 7126: 7120: 7105: 7079:(1): 105–122. 7068: 7062: 7047: 7010: 7004: 6991: 6985: 6970: 6964: 6949: 6913:(3): 175–183. 6897: 6895: 6892: 6889: 6888: 6879: 6870: 6841:(7): 711–724. 6821: 6808: 6796: 6787: 6778: 6769: 6760: 6731:(4): 437–447. 6711: 6684:(4): 851–869. 6668: 6659: 6650: 6599: 6590: 6581: 6515: 6486:(5): 424–438. 6466: 6450: 6437: 6386: 6377: 6368: 6359: 6311: 6282:(2): 149–158. 6262: 6250: 6241: 6232: 6219: 6186: 6177: 6168: 6159: 6130:(5): 515–530. 6110: 6101: 6092: 6083: 6074: 6065: 6056: 6043: 6030: 6021: 6012: 6006:Kaushansky, K 5999: 5993:Kaushansky, K 5986: 5980:Lanzkowsky, P 5973: 5959: 5950: 5941: 5925: 5916: 5857: 5844: 5831:(4): 223–229. 5811: 5802: 5789: 5783:Kaushansky, K 5769: 5760: 5751: 5745:Kaushansky, K 5735: 5729:Kaushansky, K 5722: 5713: 5682: 5669: 5653: 5624:(3): 205–213. 5604: 5591: 5582: 5576:Kaushansky, K 5569: 5560: 5547: 5534: 5525: 5512: 5510:(2017). p. 85. 5499: 5490: 5477: 5464: 5451: 5438: 5432:Kaushansky, K 5422: 5413: 5400: 5391: 5378: 5369: 5335: 5322: 5309: 5278: 5265: 5252: 5243: 5234: 5225: 5212: 5203: 5191: 5178: 5162: 5153: 5144: 5131: 5118: 5109: 5100: 5094:Kaushansky, K 5087: 5074: 5061: 5032:(3): 167–172. 5003: 4991: 4982: 4962: 4950: 4937: 4908:(5): 472–482. 4888: 4879: 4866: 4857: 4848: 4835: 4822: 4785:(1): 115–126. 4765: 4752: 4743: 4734: 4685: 4673: 4619: 4606: 4593: 4580: 4567: 4558: 4545: 4529: 4511: 4498: 4486: 4474: 4465: 4456: 4447: 4438: 4425: 4416: 4403: 4390: 4363:(1): 197–207. 4344: 4315:(3): 296–306. 4292: 4228: 4212: 4196: 4184: 4171: 4153: 4144: 4126: 4113: 4100: 4087: 4065: 4056: 4043: 4030: 4014: 4001: 3945: 3936: 3920: 3904: 3867:(1): 147–171. 3847: 3838: 3829: 3813: 3807:Kaushansky, K 3800: 3779:(4): 207–211. 3759: 3750: 3736: 3709:(1): 123–131. 3690: 3681: 3672: 3652: 3639: 3626: 3613: 3600: 3587: 3555: 3539: 3526: 3517: 3501: 3488: 3479: 3473:Kaushansky, K 3466: 3460:Kaushansky, K 3453: 3447:Kaushansky, K 3437: 3424: 3411: 3398: 3389: 3380: 3329: 3316: 3303: 3290: 3277: 3264: 3251: 3194: 3185: 3183:(2016). p. 97. 3169: 3129: 3127:(2016). p. 96. 3116: 3102: 3089: 3040: 3024: 2976: 2967: 2955: 2937: 2892: 2860: 2826: 2787:(7): 923–936. 2766: 2765: 2763: 2760: 2758: 2755: 2753: 2752: 2734: 2725: 2716: 2703: 2694:flow cytometry 2685: 2676: 2672:megakaryocytes 2658: 2656: 2653: 2552:centrifugation 2525:methylene blue 2507:In the 1870s, 2491:William Gowers 2459:Jan Swammerdam 2431: 2428: 2386:sodium citrate 2341: 2338: 2313: 2312: 2309: 2306: 2303: 2300: 2294: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2281: 2275: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2265: 2262: 2256: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2246: 2243: 2237: 2236: 2233: 2230: 2227: 2224: 2218: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2208: 2205: 2199: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2186: 2180: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2170: 2167: 2161: 2160: 2157: 2154: 2151: 2148: 2142: 2141: 2138: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2123: 2122: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2113: 2110: 2106: 2104: 2101: 2095: 2094: 2091: 2088: 2086: 2085: 2082: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2067: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2057: 2054: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2039: 2038: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2026: 2020: 2019: 2013: 2007: 2004: 2001: 1985: 1982: 1962: 1959: 1946:Main article: 1935: 1932: 1896:Main article: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1866:Thrombocytosis 1832:Blood film of 1815: 1812: 1733:metamyelocytes 1662: 1659: 1658: 1655: 1654: 1649: 1645: 1644: 1639: 1635: 1634: 1629: 1625: 1624: 1619: 1615: 1614: 1609: 1605: 1604: 1601: 1597: 1596: 1593: 1589: 1588: 1585: 1581: 1580: 1577: 1573: 1572: 1569: 1562: 1559: 1558: 1552: 1548: 1547: 1544: 1540: 1539: 1536: 1532: 1531: 1528: 1524: 1523: 1517: 1513: 1512: 1509: 1494: 1482: 1479: 1473:to diagnose a 1452:B12 deficiency 1386:erythropoietin 1350:erythropoeisis 1286:carbon dioxide 1263: 1260: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1249: 1248: 1245: 1240: 1236: 1235: 1232: 1227: 1223: 1222: 1219: 1214: 1210: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1199: 1198: 1195: 1190: 1186: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1175: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1164: 1163: 1160: 1157: 1146: 1131:Red blood cell 1126: 1123: 1117: 1116:Included tests 1114: 1089:moving average 1074: 1071: 1010: 1009: 1000: 999: 991: 990: 989: 988: 987: 959:sampling error 897: 894: 873: 870: 772:high-frequency 768:Radiofrequency 629:flow cytometry 619: 616: 561: 558: 510:acute leukemia 463:newborn babies 415:abdominal pain 295: 292: 143:in a person's 115: 114: 109: 103: 102: 93: 87: 86: 79: 73: 72: 65: 59: 58: 55: 49: 48: 45: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9111: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9091: 9089: 9082: 9068: 9065: 9064: 9062: 9058: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9010: 9007: 9006: 9005: 9002: 9001: 8999: 8997: 8993: 8985: 8982: 8981: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8971: 8969: 8967: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8954: 8944: 8941: 8939: 8936: 8934: 8931: 8930: 8928: 8924: 8916: 8913: 8912: 8910: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8887: 8885: 8884: 8882: 8880: 8876: 8870: 8869:Polychromasia 8867: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8856: 8854: 8850: 8842: 8839: 8838: 8836: 8832: 8829: 8828: 8826: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8816: 8814: 8811: 8809: 8806: 8800: 8797: 8796: 8795: 8792: 8788: 8785: 8784: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8769: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8761: 8759: 8755: 8749: 8746: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8736: 8735: 8733: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8720: 8715: 8708: 8703: 8701: 8696: 8694: 8689: 8688: 8685: 8671: 8668: 8667: 8666: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8648: 8647: 8645: 8641: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8624: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8606: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8588: 8587: 8584: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8557: 8556: 8555: 8552: 8550: 8547: 8543: 8540: 8539: 8538: 8535: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8522: 8521: 8518: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8500: 8499: 8498:animal enzyme 8496: 8494: 8493:Bleeding time 8491: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8476:Thrombin time 8474: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8463: 8462: 8459: 8458: 8456: 8454: 8450: 8444: 8441: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8421: 8420:Mentzer index 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8389: 8388: 8385: 8380: 8377: 8374: 8373:Plasma volume 8371: 8368: 8365: 8364: 8363: 8360: 8359: 8357: 8355: 8350: 8342: 8339: 8338: 8337: 8334: 8330: 8327: 8326: 8325: 8322: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8309: 8308: 8305: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8280: 8279: 8276: 8275: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8260: 8258: 8256: 8252: 8248: 8245: 8238: 8233: 8231: 8226: 8224: 8219: 8218: 8215: 8206: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8188: 8184: 8180: 8175: 8171: 8165: 8161: 8160: 8154: 8150: 8144: 8140: 8139: 8133: 8129: 8123: 8119: 8118: 8112: 8108: 8104: 8100: 8096: 8092: 8088: 8084: 8080: 8075: 8071: 8065: 8061: 8060: 8054: 8050: 8044: 8040: 8039: 8033: 8029: 8023: 8019: 8014: 8010: 8004: 8000: 7999: 7993: 7989: 7983: 7979: 7978: 7972: 7968: 7962: 7958: 7957: 7951: 7947: 7943: 7939: 7935: 7931: 7927: 7923: 7919: 7914: 7910: 7906: 7902: 7898: 7894: 7890: 7886: 7882: 7877: 7873: 7867: 7863: 7862: 7856: 7852: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7834: 7830: 7826: 7822: 7818: 7814: 7810: 7805: 7801: 7797: 7793: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7775: 7771: 7767: 7762: 7758: 7752: 7748: 7747: 7741: 7737: 7731: 7727: 7726: 7720: 7716: 7710: 7706: 7705: 7699: 7695: 7689: 7685: 7684: 7678: 7674: 7668: 7664: 7663: 7657: 7653: 7649: 7645: 7639: 7635: 7631: 7627: 7622: 7618: 7612: 7608: 7607: 7601: 7597: 7591: 7587: 7586: 7580: 7576: 7570: 7566: 7565: 7559: 7555: 7549: 7545: 7544: 7538: 7534: 7528: 7524: 7520: 7516: 7511: 7507: 7501: 7497: 7496: 7490: 7486: 7480: 7476: 7475: 7469: 7465: 7461: 7457: 7453: 7449: 7445: 7441: 7437: 7433: 7429: 7424: 7420: 7414: 7410: 7409: 7403: 7399: 7393: 7389: 7388: 7382: 7378: 7372: 7368: 7367: 7361: 7357: 7351: 7347: 7346: 7340: 7336: 7330: 7326: 7325: 7319: 7315: 7309: 7305: 7304: 7298: 7294: 7288: 7284: 7283: 7277: 7273: 7267: 7263: 7262: 7256: 7252: 7246: 7242: 7241: 7235: 7231: 7225: 7221: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7206: 7202: 7198: 7194: 7190: 7186: 7182: 7178: 7173: 7169: 7163: 7159: 7158: 7152: 7148: 7144: 7140: 7136: 7132: 7127: 7123: 7117: 7113: 7112: 7106: 7102: 7098: 7094: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7078: 7074: 7069: 7065: 7059: 7055: 7054: 7048: 7044: 7040: 7036: 7032: 7028: 7024: 7020: 7016: 7011: 7007: 7001: 6997: 6996:Blood Science 6992: 6988: 6982: 6978: 6977: 6971: 6967: 6961: 6957: 6956: 6950: 6946: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6928: 6924: 6920: 6916: 6912: 6908: 6904: 6899: 6898: 6883: 6874: 6866: 6862: 6858: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6840: 6836: 6832: 6825: 6818: 6812: 6803: 6801: 6791: 6782: 6773: 6764: 6756: 6752: 6748: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6730: 6726: 6722: 6715: 6707: 6703: 6699: 6695: 6691: 6687: 6683: 6679: 6672: 6663: 6654: 6646: 6642: 6638: 6634: 6630: 6626: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6610: 6603: 6594: 6585: 6577: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6528: 6526: 6524: 6522: 6520: 6511: 6507: 6503: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6485: 6481: 6477: 6470: 6461: 6459: 6457: 6455: 6447: 6441: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6390: 6381: 6372: 6363: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6335: 6331: 6327: 6320: 6318: 6316: 6307: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6273: 6266: 6257: 6255: 6245: 6236: 6229: 6223: 6207: 6203: 6202: 6197: 6190: 6181: 6172: 6163: 6155: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6114: 6105: 6096: 6087: 6078: 6069: 6060: 6053: 6047: 6040: 6034: 6025: 6016: 6009: 6003: 5996: 5990: 5983: 5977: 5968: 5966: 5964: 5954: 5945: 5938: 5932: 5930: 5920: 5912: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5877:(2): e22679. 5876: 5872: 5868: 5861: 5854: 5848: 5839: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5815: 5806: 5799: 5793: 5786: 5780: 5778: 5776: 5774: 5764: 5755: 5748: 5742: 5740: 5732: 5726: 5717: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5686: 5679: 5673: 5666: 5660: 5658: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5608: 5601: 5595: 5586: 5579: 5573: 5564: 5557: 5551: 5544: 5538: 5529: 5522: 5516: 5509: 5503: 5494: 5487: 5481: 5474: 5468: 5461: 5455: 5448: 5442: 5435: 5429: 5427: 5417: 5410: 5404: 5395: 5388: 5382: 5373: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5339: 5332: 5326: 5319: 5313: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5282: 5275: 5269: 5262: 5256: 5247: 5238: 5229: 5222: 5216: 5207: 5198: 5196: 5188: 5182: 5175: 5169: 5167: 5157: 5148: 5141: 5135: 5128: 5122: 5113: 5104: 5097: 5091: 5084: 5078: 5071: 5065: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5016: 5014: 5012: 5010: 5008: 4998: 4996: 4986: 4979: 4973: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4957: 4955: 4947: 4941: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4892: 4883: 4876: 4870: 4861: 4852: 4845: 4839: 4832: 4826: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4769: 4762: 4756: 4747: 4738: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4689: 4680: 4678: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4616: 4610: 4603: 4597: 4590: 4584: 4577: 4571: 4562: 4555: 4549: 4542: 4536: 4534: 4526: 4520: 4518: 4516: 4508: 4502: 4493: 4491: 4481: 4479: 4469: 4460: 4451: 4442: 4435: 4429: 4420: 4413: 4407: 4400: 4394: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4351: 4349: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4299: 4297: 4288: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4225: 4219: 4217: 4209: 4203: 4201: 4191: 4189: 4181: 4175: 4168: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4148: 4141: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4123: 4117: 4110: 4104: 4097: 4091: 4084: 4078: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4070: 4060: 4053: 4047: 4040: 4034: 4027: 4021: 4019: 4011: 4005: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3956: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3940: 3933: 3927: 3925: 3917: 3911: 3909: 3900: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3851: 3842: 3833: 3826: 3820: 3818: 3810: 3804: 3796: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3763: 3754: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3697: 3695: 3685: 3676: 3669: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3649: 3643: 3637:(2017). p. 1. 3636: 3630: 3623: 3617: 3610: 3604: 3597: 3591: 3575: 3571: 3570: 3565: 3559: 3552: 3546: 3544: 3536: 3530: 3521: 3514: 3508: 3506: 3498: 3492: 3483: 3476: 3470: 3463: 3457: 3450: 3444: 3442: 3434: 3428: 3421: 3415: 3408: 3402: 3393: 3384: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3333: 3326: 3320: 3313: 3307: 3300: 3294: 3287: 3281: 3274: 3268: 3261: 3255: 3247: 3243: 3238: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3198: 3189: 3182: 3176: 3174: 3157: 3153: 3152: 3148: 3143: 3139: 3133: 3126: 3120: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3099: 3096:Marshall, WJ 3093: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3068: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3044: 3037: 3031: 3029: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2971: 2962: 2960: 2952: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2880: 2876: 2875: 2870: 2864: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2833: 2831: 2822: 2818: 2813: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2795: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2771: 2767: 2748: 2744: 2738: 2729: 2720: 2713: 2712:Mentzer index 2707: 2700: 2695: 2689: 2680: 2673: 2669: 2663: 2659: 2652: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2633: 2628: 2622: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2606: 2601: 2596: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2579: 2577: 2573: 2568: 2559: 2555: 2553: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2538: 2534: 2528: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2475: 2474:Karl Vierordt 2470: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2455: 2450: 2445: 2436: 2427: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2412: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2393: 2391: 2387: 2382: 2377: 2376:with saline. 2374: 2370: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2352: 2347: 2337: 2333: 2331: 2327: 2322: 2320: 2310: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2282: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2269: 2266: 2263: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2225: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2174: 2171: 2168: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2149: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2117: 2111: 2108: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2089: 2083: 2080: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2061: 2055: 2052: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2033: 2030: 2027: 2025: 2021: 2018: 2012: 1998: 1991: 1981: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1958: 1955: 1949: 1940: 1931: 1929: 1923: 1921: 1917: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1884: 1880: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1835: 1830: 1825: 1821: 1811: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1776:lymphocytosis 1773: 1769: 1761: 1756: 1752: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1736: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1725:promyelocytes 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1700: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1650: 1646: 1640: 1636: 1630: 1626: 1620: 1616: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1566: 1563: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1518: 1514: 1506: 1503: 1502: 1499: 1492: 1488: 1478: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1421:spherocytosis 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1393: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1382:heart disease 1379: 1375: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1303: 1301: 1300:rule of three 1296: 1292: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1271: 1267: 1257: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1169: 1165: 1162:Normal range 1154: 1151: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1122: 1113: 1111: 1110:accreditation 1106: 1102: 1098: 1093: 1090: 1086: 1080: 1070: 1067: 1062: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1046: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1023:hemocytometer 1014: 1013:hemocytometer 1004: 995: 986: 984: 980: 974: 972: 968: 964: 960: 954: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 902: 893: 891: 887: 883: 878: 869: 865: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 834:nucleic acids 831: 827: 818: 814: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 791: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 738: 736: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 702: 700: 696: 692: 688: 687:oxyhemoglobin 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 659: 653: 649: 645: 641: 639: 634: 630: 626: 615: 614:instruments. 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 587:anticoagulant 580: 576: 557: 555: 550: 545: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 478: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 459:prenatal care 456: 452: 451:carbamazepine 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 391: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 364: 362: 357: 356:organ systems 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 325: 321: 320:immune system 317: 313: 309: 305: 300: 291: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 256: 255:Karl Vierordt 251: 249: 248:hemocytometer 245: 241: 237: 233: 228: 224: 219: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 176: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 113: 110: 108: 104: 101: 97: 96:Codes for CBC 94: 92: 88: 84: 80: 78: 74: 70: 66: 64: 60: 56: 54: 50: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 9081: 9021:Döhle bodies 9009:Arneth count 8996:Granulocytes 8859:Anisochromia 8837:Stomatocyte 8748:Microcytosis 8743:Macrocytosis 8738:Anisocytosis 8586:Fibrinolysis 8497: 8362:Blood volume 8254: 8189:(1): 21–41. 8186: 8182: 8158: 8141:. Springer. 8137: 8116: 8082: 8078: 8058: 8037: 8017: 7997: 7976: 7955: 7921: 7917: 7884: 7880: 7860: 7816: 7812: 7773: 7769: 7745: 7724: 7703: 7682: 7661: 7625: 7605: 7584: 7563: 7542: 7517:. Springer. 7514: 7494: 7473: 7431: 7427: 7407: 7386: 7365: 7344: 7323: 7302: 7281: 7260: 7239: 7218: 7212:Fatemi, SH; 7183:(1): 17–37. 7180: 7176: 7156: 7138: 7134: 7114:. Elsevier. 7110: 7076: 7072: 7052: 7021:(1): 11–24. 7018: 7014: 6995: 6975: 6954: 6910: 6906: 6882: 6873: 6838: 6834: 6824: 6816: 6811: 6790: 6781: 6772: 6763: 6728: 6724: 6714: 6681: 6677: 6671: 6662: 6653: 6612: 6608: 6602: 6593: 6584: 6541: 6537: 6483: 6479: 6469: 6445: 6440: 6402:(1): 29–35. 6399: 6395: 6389: 6380: 6371: 6362: 6332:(1): 64–65. 6329: 6325: 6279: 6275: 6265: 6244: 6235: 6227: 6222: 6210:. Retrieved 6199: 6189: 6180: 6171: 6162: 6127: 6123: 6113: 6104: 6095: 6086: 6077: 6068: 6059: 6051: 6046: 6038: 6033: 6024: 6015: 6007: 6002: 5994: 5989: 5981: 5976: 5953: 5944: 5936: 5919: 5874: 5870: 5860: 5852: 5851:Zandecki, M 5847: 5828: 5824: 5814: 5805: 5797: 5792: 5784: 5763: 5754: 5746: 5730: 5725: 5716: 5704:. Retrieved 5695: 5685: 5677: 5672: 5664: 5621: 5617: 5607: 5599: 5594: 5585: 5577: 5572: 5563: 5555: 5550: 5542: 5537: 5528: 5520: 5515: 5507: 5502: 5493: 5485: 5480: 5472: 5467: 5459: 5454: 5446: 5445:Hoffman, EJ 5441: 5433: 5416: 5408: 5403: 5394: 5386: 5381: 5372: 5360:. Retrieved 5351: 5338: 5330: 5325: 5317: 5312: 5300:. Retrieved 5291: 5281: 5273: 5268: 5260: 5255: 5246: 5237: 5228: 5220: 5215: 5206: 5186: 5181: 5173: 5156: 5147: 5139: 5134: 5126: 5121: 5112: 5103: 5095: 5090: 5082: 5077: 5069: 5064: 5029: 5025: 4985: 4977: 4945: 4940: 4905: 4901: 4891: 4882: 4874: 4869: 4860: 4851: 4843: 4838: 4830: 4825: 4782: 4778: 4768: 4760: 4755: 4746: 4737: 4702: 4698: 4688: 4641: 4637: 4614: 4609: 4601: 4596: 4588: 4583: 4575: 4570: 4561: 4553: 4548: 4540: 4524: 4506: 4501: 4468: 4459: 4450: 4441: 4433: 4428: 4419: 4411: 4406: 4398: 4393: 4360: 4356: 4312: 4308: 4252: 4248: 4223: 4207: 4179: 4174: 4166: 4147: 4139: 4121: 4116: 4108: 4103: 4095: 4090: 4082: 4059: 4051: 4046: 4038: 4033: 4025: 4009: 4004: 3972:(6): 72–81. 3969: 3965: 3939: 3931: 3915: 3864: 3860: 3850: 3841: 3832: 3824: 3808: 3803: 3776: 3772: 3762: 3753: 3706: 3702: 3684: 3675: 3667: 3647: 3642: 3634: 3629: 3621: 3616: 3608: 3603: 3595: 3594:Kirkham, KR 3590: 3578:. Retrieved 3567: 3558: 3550: 3534: 3529: 3520: 3512: 3496: 3491: 3482: 3474: 3469: 3461: 3456: 3448: 3432: 3427: 3419: 3414: 3406: 3401: 3392: 3383: 3345:(1): 22–28. 3342: 3338: 3332: 3324: 3319: 3311: 3306: 3298: 3293: 3285: 3280: 3272: 3267: 3259: 3254: 3211: 3207: 3197: 3188: 3180: 3160:. Retrieved 3156:the original 3145: 3132: 3124: 3119: 3097: 3092: 3060:(1): 36–41. 3057: 3053: 3043: 3035: 2994: 2990: 2970: 2950: 2928:. Retrieved 2919: 2883:. Retrieved 2872: 2863: 2851:. Retrieved 2842: 2784: 2780: 2770: 2737: 2728: 2719: 2706: 2693: 2688: 2679: 2662: 2623: 2615:densitometry 2607: 2597: 2580: 2564: 2541: 2529: 2509:Paul Ehrlich 2506: 2471: 2452: 2441: 2413: 2394: 2378: 2366: 2343: 2334: 2323: 2316: 2112:F: 0.35–0.49 2109:M: 0.40–0.54 2056:F: 3.80–5.20 2053:M: 4.20–6.00 2016: 2010: 1978:schistocytes 1964: 1951: 1924: 1913: 1898:Reticulocyte 1881: 1842:blood vessel 1839: 1792:eosinophilia 1765: 1740:neutrophilia 1737: 1701: 1678: 1648:Blast cells 1600:Eosinophils 1584:Lymphocytes 1576:Neutrophils 1497: 1459:anisocytosis 1456: 1437: 1417:hyperchromia 1416: 1409:normochromic 1394: 1361:polycythemia 1358: 1346: 1341:anisocytosis 1333:microcytosis 1304: 1299: 1275: 1149: 1119: 1105:reproducible 1094: 1082: 1066:primary care 1063: 1047: 1020: 983:leukocytosis 979:polycythemia 975: 955: 923:schistocytes 907: 875: 866: 826:granulocytes 823: 792: 766: 739: 703: 681:between the 664: 638:laminar flow 625:reticulocyte 621: 584: 546: 498:pancytopenia 479: 427:chemotherapy 392: 365: 329: 264:Paul Ehrlich 252: 244:centrifuging 227:counts cells 220: 177: 132: 128: 124: 120: 118: 29: 9099:Blood tests 8979:Smudge cell 8966:Lymphocytes 8905:Cabot rings 8818:Schistocyte 8782:Elliptocyte 8772:Acanthocyte 8453:Coagulation 8432:Haptoglobin 8247:blood tests 7214:Clayton, PJ 6444:Keohane, E 6226:Keohane, E 5935:Keohane, E 5706:9 September 5696:MedlinePlus 5663:Keohane, E 5362:8 September 5316:Pagana, TJ 5302:8 September 5259:Pagana, TJ 5185:Keohane, E 5081:Keohane, E 5068:Keohane, E 4976:Keohane, E 4944:Keohane, E 4842:Keohane, E 4644:: 100–109. 4613:Keohane, E 4574:Keohane, E 4552:Keohane, E 4523:Keohane, E 4410:Keohane, E 4120:Keohane, E 4107:Keohane, E 4050:Keohane, E 4037:Keohane, E 4008:Keohane, E 3930:Keohane, E 3620:Keohane, E 3580:8 September 3533:Keohane, E 3405:Keohane, E 3034:Keohane, E 2997:(1): 1–10. 2930:8 September 2853:8 September 2750:Foundation. 2567:transmitted 2533:colorimetry 2340:Limitations 2279:Eosinophils 2241:Lymphocytes 2222:Neutrophils 1976:red cells ( 1887:Other tests 1788:monocytosis 1744:neutropenia 1717:eosinophils 1709:lymphocytes 1705:neutrophils 1673:blast cells 1638:Myelocytes 1535:Hematocrit 1527:Hemoglobin 1415:. The term 1365:Dehydration 1337:hypochromia 1325:Blood smear 1295:femtolitres 1202:Hematocrit 1189:Hemoglobin 1054:colorimeter 1031:acetic acid 971:vacuolation 963:blast cells 931:paraprotein 854:scattergram 784:fluorescent 754:diffraction 750:photometers 607:fingerstick 603:capillaries 589:—typically 575:fingerstick 542:thalassemia 506:blood smear 494:bone marrow 232:blood smear 77:MedlinePlus 9088:Categories 9051:Left shift 8933:Haemoconia 8915:Heinz body 8813:Echinocyte 8794:Spherocyte 8714:Blood film 8650:Blood film 8486:Fibrinogen 8268:Hematocrit 8263:Hemoglobin 8244:Hematology 6615:(1): 1–6. 6050:Palmer, L 5554:Palmer, L 5541:Porwit, A 5458:Porwit, A 5407:Palmer, L 5385:Palmer, L 5138:Isaacs, C 4505:Palmer, L 4432:Palmer, L 4255:(1): 1–7. 3323:Lewis, SL 3310:Moore, EE 3214:: 16–051. 2885:23 October 2757:References 2611:Pap smears 2537:wavelength 2513:morphology 2346:phlebotomy 2194:11.5–14.5 2191:11.5–14.5 2121:0.48–0.68 2118:0.36–0.46 2084:F: 120–150 2081:M: 135–180 2065:4.10–6.10 2062:4.00–5.20 2009:Pediatric 1988:See also: 1968:coordinate 1804:neoplastic 1796:basophilia 1772:left shift 1729:myelocytes 1697:leukopenia 1665:basophilia 1608:Basophils 1592:Monocytes 1538:0.349 L/L 1444:alcoholism 1413:normocytic 1397:microcytic 1367:or use of 1258:10.3–15.3 1208:0.35–0.53 1181:9.8 x 10/L 1170:5.5 x 10/L 1139:hematocrit 1135:hemoglobin 1085:calibrated 951:babesiosis 945:, such as 915:microscope 762:refraction 758:reflection 699:nanometres 683:absorbance 609:, or by a 482:hematology 461:; and in 445:, such as 439:hemoglobin 403:blood loss 378:, or some 324:form clots 240:microscope 165:hematocrit 163:, and the 161:hemoglobin 8823:Degmacyte 8808:Dacrocyte 8601:Plasmin-α 8099:0733-8627 7938:0095-4543 7901:0272-2712 7833:0920-9069 7792:1751-5521 7448:0003-3022 7285:. Wiley. 7197:0095-4543 7093:0272-2712 7035:0272-2712 6927:0887-8013 6857:0022-1554 6815:Picot, J 6747:1751-5521 6698:0950-3536 6629:0006-5242 6558:1552-4922 6502:1552-4922 6416:1052-0295 6346:0002-9629 6037:Bain, BJ 5893:0887-8013 5796:Bain, BJ 5676:Walls, R 5640:0003-4819 5598:Walls, R 5519:Bain, BJ 5506:Bain, BJ 5484:Walls, R 5471:Walls, R 5272:Walls, R 5219:Bain, BJ 5048:0891-1150 4924:1751-5521 4873:Bain, BJ 4829:Bain, BJ 4801:1437-4331 4759:Bain, BJ 4721:1751-5521 4660:1751-5521 4600:Bain, BJ 4587:Bain, BJ 4397:Bain, BJ 4377:0272-2712 4331:0007-1048 4269:2234-3806 4206:Bain, BJ 4178:Naeim, F 4138:Bain, BJ 4024:Bain, BJ 3996:113694419 3988:1535-5535 3823:Bain, BJ 3795:1943-7730 3723:0272-2712 3666:Bain, BJ 3633:Bain, BJ 3511:Bain, BJ 3495:Bain, BJ 3359:1065-6251 3297:Walls, R 3284:Walls, R 3271:Walls, R 3258:Walls, R 3228:1552-5767 3076:1478-2715 3011:0272-2712 2803:0025-6196 2762:Citations 2668:cytoplasm 2603:SMA 4A−7A 2600:Technicon 2592:manometer 2523:and aged 2479:egg white 2467:platelets 2369:bilirubin 2326:menopause 2298:Basophils 2260:Monocytes 2254:1.6–14.1 2251:1.5–11.1 2235:3.7–30.0 2232:1.5–11.0 2197:elevated 2037:9.0–37.0 2034:5.0–17.0 2031:3.6–10.6 1878:(× 10/L). 1874:(× 10/μL) 1814:Platelets 1721:basophils 1713:monocytes 1369:diuretics 1280:from the 1184:4.0–10.0 850:Basophils 790:tagging. 780:cytoplasm 735:histogram 726:amplitude 618:Automated 611:heelprick 560:Procedure 447:clozapine 372:infection 344:platelets 308:platelets 253:In 1852, 204:bacterial 157:platelets 9067:Auer rod 8943:Rouleaux 8777:Codocyte 8716:findings 8406:testing 8205:17224005 8107:25060253 7946:27866575 7909:11933579 7851:22271369 7800:25728865 7652:11060834 7464:35916964 7456:26825151 7216:(2016). 7205:22309579 7101:25676375 7043:25676369 6945:24797912 6755:31046197 6645:31055044 6576:24151220 6510:23596093 6432:37401579 6424:28098484 6354:21191263 6306:14139094 6212:29 March 6206:Archived 6154:35470271 5911:30267430 5700:Archived 5648:25383671 5356:Archived 5296:Archived 5056:30849034 4932:27565952 4809:29668440 4729:31069974 4668:27161194 4385:25676380 4339:31578729 4287:23301216 3899:31162693 3731:25676376 3574:Archived 3375:20375973 3367:28984748 3246:28241909 3084:24995446 3019:25676368 2924:Archived 2879:Archived 2847:Archived 2821:16212155 2487:eyepiece 2381:antibody 2311:0.0–0.7 2308:0.0–0.3 2305:0.0–0.2 2292:0.0–1.5 2289:0.0–0.7 2286:0.0–0.3 2273:0.1–4.4 2270:0.1–1.9 2267:0.1–1.3 2248:1.0–3.2 2229:1.7–7.5 2216:150–450 2213:150–450 2210:150–450 2178:300–340 2175:320–360 2172:320–360 2093:165–215 2090:102–152 2015:Neonate 1820:Platelet 1568:Analyte 1546:89.0 fL 1530:116 g/L 1508:Analyte 1467:ferritin 1309:and the 1247:330–370 1197:133–167 1173:4.5–5.7 1156:Analyte 939:rouleaux 595:clotting 514:lymphoma 467:jaundice 225:, which 216:leukemia 107:HCPCS-L2 98:, e.g., 53:Synonyms 8596:D-Dimer 7842:3279584 7147:8680947 6936:6807107 6865:4137312 6706:2271793 6637:7260399 6567:4237176 6297:1033366 6145:9057813 5902:6818587 4817:4978828 4278:3535191 3890:6709845 3869:Bibcode 3237:5283785 3162:12 July 2812:7127472 2743:US Navy 2442:Before 2430:History 2424:markers 2390:heparin 2302:× 10/L 2283:× 10/L 2264:× 10/L 2245:× 10/L 2226:× 10/L 2207:× 10/L 2140:95–125 2134:80–100 2047:× 10/L 2028:× 10/L 1571:Result 1557:x 10/L 1522:x 10/L 1511:Result 1243:293 g/L 1230:22.4 pg 1193:123 g/L 1159:Result 1058:cuvette 947:malaria 941:. 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