321:
384:(DIAL), can be used to remotely measure concentration profiles of hydrocarbons in the atmosphere up to several hundred meters from a facility. DIAL has been used for refinery surveys in Europe for over 15 years. A pilot study carried out in 2005 using DIAL found that actual emissions at a refinery were fifteen times higher than those previously reported using the emission factor approach. The fugitive emissions were equivalent to 0.17% of the refinery throughput.
25:
300:. Because of the huge number of potential leak sources at large industrial facilities and the difficulties in detecting and repairing some leaks, fugitive emissions can be a significant proportion of total emissions. Though the quantities of leaked gases may be small, gases that have serious health or environmental impacts can cause a significant problem.
132:
from a pressurized containment – such as appliances, storage tanks, pipelines, wells, or other pieces of equipment – mostly from industrial activities. In addition to the economic cost of lost commodities, fugitive emissions contribute to local air pollution and may cause further environmental harm.
387:
Portable gas leak imaging cameras are also a new technology that can be used to improve leak detection and repair, leading to reduced fugitive emissions. The cameras use infrared imaging technology to produce video images in which invisible gases escaping from leak sources can be clearly identified.
156:
Most occurrences of fugitive emissions are small, of no immediate impact, and difficult to detect. Nevertheless due to rapidly expanding activity, even the most strictly regulated gases have accumulated outside of industrial workings to reach measurable levels globally. Fugitive emissions include
180:
as of year 2020. Moreover, the ongoing banking of small to large quantities of these gases within consumer appliances, industrial systems, and abandoned equipment throughout the world has all but guaranteed their future emissions for many years to come. Fugitive emissions of
914:
Cahill, Aaron G.; Steelman, Colby M.; Forde, Olenka; Kuloyo, Olukayode; Ruff, S. Emil; Mayer, Bernhard; Mayer, K. Ulrich; Strous, Marc; Ryan, M. Cathryn (27 March 2017). "Mobility and persistence of methane in groundwater in a controlled-release field experiment".
471:
are caused by imperfect seals and deteriorating cement in wellbores. Some leaks are also the result of leaks in equipment, intentional pressure release practices, or accidental releases during normal transportation, storage, and distribution activities.
517:, as its radiative force is 120, 86 and 34 times that of carbon dioxide, when considering a 1, 20 and 100 year time frame (including Climate Carbon Feedback Additionally, it leads to increases in carbon dioxide concentration through its
308:
Fenceline monitoring techniques involve the use of samplers and detectors positioned at the fenceline of a facility. Several types of devices are used to provide data on a facility's fugitive emissions, including passive samplers with
367:
Because of the technical difficulties and costs of detecting and quantifying actual fugitive emissions at a site or facility, and the variability and intermittent nature of emission flow rates, bottom-up estimates based on standard
503:. Testing wells at the time of drilling was not required in British Columbia until 2010, and since then 19% of new wells have reported leakage problems. This number may be a low estimate, as suggested by fieldwork completed by the
627:
Simmonds, P. G., Rigby, M., Manning, A. J., Park, S., Stanley, K. M., McCulloch, A., Henne, S., Graziosi, F., Maione, M., and 19 others (2020) "The increasing atmospheric burden of the greenhouse gas sulfur hexafluoride
271:
pose a long term health risk to workers and local communities. In situations where large amounts of flammable liquids and gases are contained under pressure, leaks also increase the risk of fire and explosion.
752:
A National
Inventory of Greenhouse Gas (GHG), Criteria Air Contaminant (CAC) and Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) Emissions by the Upstream Oil and Gas Industry, Volume 1, Overview of the GHG Emissions Inventory
971:
Caulton, Dana R.; Shepson, Paul B.; Santoro, Renee L.; Sparks, Jed P.; Howarth, Robert W.; Ingraffea, Anthony R.; Cambaliza, Maria O. L.; Sweeney, Colm; Karion, Anna (2014-04-29).
248:, or 12 percent of all greenhouse gases emitted by the sector, while another report put fugitive emissions at 5.2% of world greenhouse emissions in 2013. Venting of natural gas,
1483:
Climate Change 2013: The
Physical Science Basis. Working Group 1 (WG1) Contribution to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 5th Assessment Report (AR5)
380:
New technologies are under development that could revolutionize the detection and monitoring of fugitive emissions. One technology, known as differential absorption
356:
To minimize and control leaks at process facilities operators carry out regular leak detection and repair activities. Routine inspections of process equipment with
1463:
Climate Change 2013: The
Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
1205:
Bachu, Stefan (2017). "Analysis of gas leakage occurrence along wells in
Alberta, Canada, from a GHG perspective – Gas migration outside well casing".
726:
1497:
1110:
Atherton, Emmaline; Risk, David; Fougere, Chelsea; Lavoie, Martin; Marshall, Alex; Werring, John; Williams, James P.; Minions, Christina (2017).
570:
704:
1360:
1282:
513:. Costs related to reducing emissions are very location-dependent and can vary widely. Methane has a greater global warming impact than
1457:
Myhre; Shindell; Bréon; Collins; Fuglestvedt; Huang; Koch; Lamarque; Lee; Mendoza; Nakajima; Robock; Stephens; Takemura; Zhang (2013).
585:
1302:
456:. This allows gas to escape through the well itself (known as surface casing vent flow) or via lateral migration along adjacent
89:
1515:
1145:"Comparisons of Airborne Measurements and Inventory Estimates of Methane Emissions in the Alberta Upstream Oil and Gas Sector"
224:
are beginning to be developed and deployed to aid identification of the largest emitters, sometimes known as super-emitters.
61:
1328:
Pan-Canadian framework on clean growth and climate change : canada's plan to address climate change and grow the economy
1410:"Radiative forcing of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide: A significant revision of the methane radiative forcing"
68:
1280:
A. Ingraffea, R. Santoro, S. B. Shonkoff, Wellbore
Integrity: Failure Mechanisms, Historical Record, and Rate Analysis.
42:
1536:
1335:
360:
can be used to identify leaks and estimate the leak rate in order to decide on appropriate corrective action. Proper
108:
1385:
75:
852:
Wisen, Joshua; Chesnaux, Romain; Werring, John; Wendling, Gilles; Baudron, Paul; Barbecot, Florent (2017-10-01).
1112:"Mobile measurement of methane emissions from natural gas developments in Northeastern British Columbia, Canada"
1143:
Johnson, Matthew R.; Tyner, David R.; Conley, Stephen; Schwietzke, Stefan; Zavala-Araiza, Daniel (2017-11-07).
46:
57:
221:
332:
1288:
545:
510:
496:
438:
256:
158:
1041:
Lopez, M.; Sherwood, O.A.; Dlugokencky, E.J.; Kessler, R.; Giroux, L.; Worthy, D.E.J. (June 2017).
492:
442:
241:
233:
973:"Toward a better understanding and quantification of methane emissions from shale gas development"
220:
facilities may experience emission increases following equipment failures or earth disturbances.
504:
35:
200:
Similar legacy issues continue to be created at ever-increasing scale with the mining of fossil
1531:
550:
410:
403:
209:
82:
751:
293:
1421:
1245:
1156:
1054:
984:
924:
457:
212:
from coal mines, oil wells, and gas wells. Economically depleted mines and wells may be
150:
786:
658:
8:
422:
361:
146:
1461:. In Stocker; Qin; Plattner; Tignor; Allen; Boschung; Nauels; Xia; Bex; Midgley (eds.).
1425:
1249:
1160:
1058:
988:
928:
772:
1015:
972:
831:
465:
448:
Most fugitive emissions are the result of loss of well integrity through poorly sealed
237:
1306:
1491:
1439:
1341:
1331:
1263:
1182:
1174:
1020:
1002:
950:
854:"A Portrait of Oil and Gas Wellbore Leakage in Northeastern British Columbia, Canada"
853:
823:
484:
449:
292:, or related equipment. Fugitive emissions also occur at evaporative sources such as
289:
240:
activities in Canada for the year 2000 estimated that fugitive equipment leaks had a
217:
194:
173:
1258:
1233:
1082:
1429:
1253:
1232:
Boothroyd, I.M.; Almond, S.; Qassim, S.M.; Worrall, F.; Davies, R.J. (March 2016).
1214:
1164:
1123:
1067:
1062:
1042:
1010:
992:
940:
932:
835:
813:
641:
500:
193:
in the years since most production was banned in accordance with the international
162:
573:. Washington, DC: United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2021-07-21.
882:
461:
369:
252:, accidental releases and storage losses accounted for an additional 38 percent.
142:
1234:"Fugitive emissions of methane from abandoned, decommissioned oil and gas wells"
1218:
818:
801:
799:
189:
from legacy equipment and process uses have continued to hinder recovery of the
874:
869:
867:
610:
540:
514:
509:
Canada and
Alberta have plans for policies to reduce emissions, which may help
495:
keeps a database on wells releasing fugitive gas emissions in
Alberta, and the
480:
475:
Emissions can be measured using either ground-based or airborne techniques. In
268:
245:
177:
1465:. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press.
682:
1525:
1443:
1345:
1178:
1006:
954:
800:
Chambers, Allan; Tony
Wootton; Jan Moncrieff; Philip McCready (August 2008).
705:"New satellite technology reveals Ohio gas leak released 60K tons of methane"
645:
1169:
1144:
997:
864:
285:
1267:
1186:
1024:
827:
571:"Climate Change Indicators: Atmospheric Concentrations of Greenhouse Gases"
357:
310:
297:
264:
213:
201:
169:
1361:"Comparing Policies to Reduce Methane Emissions in the Natural Gas Sector"
802:"Direct Measurement of Fugitive Emissions of Hydrocarbons from a Refinery"
1481:
1434:
1409:
1128:
1111:
775:. Arlington, VA: Center for Climate and Energy Solutions. 6 January 2020.
522:
434:
430:
426:
414:
205:
190:
138:
134:
1384:
Myhre, G.; Shindell, D.; Bréon, F.-M.; Collins, W.; et al. (2013).
507:. Some studies have shown a range of 6-30% of wells suffer gas leakage.
320:
157:
many poorly understood pathways by which the most potent and long-lived
945:
727:"Meet the satellite that can pinpoint methane and carbon dioxide leaks"
1458:
1043:"Isotopic signatures of anthropogenic CH 4 sources in Alberta, Canada"
586:"Fugitive emissions: A blind spot in the fight against climate change"
936:
878:
535:
249:
1503:
1408:
Etminan, M.; Myhre, G.; Highwood, E. J.; Shine, K. P. (2016-12-28).
1283:
EPA’s Study
Hydraul. Fract. Its Potential Impact Drink. Water Resour
24:
1289:
http://www2.epa.gov/hfstudy/2013-technical-workshop-presentations-0
468:
479:, the oil and gas industry is thought to be the largest source of
1330:. Gatineau, Québec: Environment and Climate Change Canada. 2016.
754:(Report). Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers. pp. v
617:. Boulder, CO: National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration.
488:
418:
280:
Leaks from pressurized process equipment generally occur through
260:
255:
Fugitive emissions present other risks and hazards. Emissions of
1040:
615:
Global
Monitoring Laboratory/Earth System Research Laboratories
476:
453:
172:
over the past several decades contributes more than 10% of the
847:
845:
518:
487:, and approximately 40% of Canada's emissions originate from
381:
281:
186:
129:
1516:
2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories
1231:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1142:
1105:
1103:
1036:
1034:
966:
964:
909:
907:
905:
903:
851:
437:
activity. In 2016, these emissions, when converted to their
970:
182:
125:
1450:
1401:
1352:
1274:
1225:
842:
1456:
1407:
1320:
1294:
1193:
1136:
1109:
1100:
1075:
1031:
961:
913:
900:
244:
equivalent to the release of 17 million metric tonnes of
1480:
IPCC AR5 WG1 (2013), Stocker, T.F.; et al. (eds.),
1386:"Chapter 8: Anthropogenic and Natural Radiative Forcing"
1285:. 2013 Tech. Work. Present. Well Constr. Subsurf. Model.
491:. Emissions are largely self-reported by companies. The
749:
806:
Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association
609:
Butler, James H.; Montzka, Stephen A. (Spring 2021).
168:
In particular, the build-up of a variety of man-made
1359:Munnings, Clayton; Krupnick, Alan J. (2017-07-10).
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1300:
372:are generally used for annual reporting purposes.
313:, and "SPod" sensors that provide real-time data.
685:. International Energy Agency (Paris). 2019-11-01
1523:
1383:
1358:
583:
460:(known as gas migration). Approximately 1-3% of
1207:International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control
977:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
702:
364:of equipment reduces the likelihood of leaks.
1459:"Anthropogenic and Natural Radiative Forcing"
1116:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions
611:"The NOAA Annual Greenhouse Gas Index (AGGI)"
608:
1504:Climate Change 2013 Working Group 1 website.
1479:
1393:
873:
659:"China 'home foam' gas key to ozone mystery"
1496:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1433:
1257:
1168:
1127:
1066:
1014:
996:
944:
817:
128:and other irregular releases of gases or
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
275:
656:
497:British Columbia Oil and Gas Commission
351:
303:
1524:
1149:Environmental Science & Technology
724:
227:
1204:
675:
315:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
499:keeps a database of leaky wells in
441:, accounted for 5.8% of all global
439:equivalent impact of carbon dioxide
375:
13:
14:
1548:
1509:
216:or poorly sealed, while properly
141:, while less common examples are
133:Common industrial gases include
1238:Science of the Total Environment
413:are emissions of gas (typically
402:This section is an excerpt from
319:
23:
1377:
1259:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.12.096
1083:"ICF Methane Cost Curve Report"
793:
779:
765:
750:Clearstone Engineering (1994).
34:needs additional citations for
1473:
1068:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.06.021
743:
718:
696:
650:
621:
602:
577:
563:
452:due to geochemically unstable
396:
1:
703:Michelle Lewis (2019-12-18).
556:
1486:, Cambridge University Press
1414:Geophysical Research Letters
683:"Methane Tracker - Analysis"
657:McGrath, Matt (2018-07-09).
222:Satellite monitoring systems
7:
1301:Alberta Government (2015).
1219:10.1016/j.ijggc.2017.04.003
819:10.3155/1047-3289.58.8.1047
725:Fialka, John (2018-03-09).
529:
294:waste water treatment ponds
16:Unintended release of gases
10:
1553:
1087:Environmental Defense Fund
401:
257:volatile organic compounds
165:enter Earth's atmosphere.
159:ozone depleting substances
1303:"Climate Leadership Plan"
584:Thibault Laconde (2018).
546:Volatile organic compound
191:stratospheric ozone layer
1537:Greenhouse gas emissions
1365:Resources for the Future
646:10.5194/acp-20-7271-2020
493:Alberta Energy Regulator
443:greenhouse gas emissions
391:
242:global warming potential
234:greenhouse gas emissions
232:A detailed inventory of
1170:10.1021/acs.est.7b03525
1047:Atmospheric Environment
998:10.1073/pnas.1316546111
505:David Suzuki Foundation
787:"Fenceline Monitoring"
590:www.climate-chance.org
551:Fugitive gas emissions
411:Fugitive gas emissions
404:Fugitive gas emissions
210:fugitive gas emissions
1287:(2013) (available at
883:"Emissions by sector"
511:combat climate change
458:geological formations
276:Pressurized equipment
1435:10.1002/2016GL071930
1420:(24): 2016GL071930.
1129:10.5194/acp-2017-109
352:Detection and repair
304:Fenceline monitoring
176:which drives global
151:nitrogen trifluoride
43:improve this article
1426:2016GeoRL..4312614E
1397:. pp. 659–740.
1250:2016ScTEn.547..461B
1161:2017EnST...5113008J
1155:(21): 13008–13017.
1122:(20): 12405–12420.
1059:2017AtmEn.164..280L
989:2014PNAS..111.6237C
929:2017NatGe..10..289C
731:Scientific American
362:routine maintenance
228:Emissions inventory
147:sulfur hexafluoride
58:"Fugitive emission"
1518:(see Section 4.2).
789:. EPA. 2018-05-11.
773:"Global Emissions"
634:Atmos. Chem. Phys.
429:which result from
331:. You can help by
122:Fugitive emissions
1394:IPCC AR5 WG1 2013
983:(17): 6237–6242.
917:Nature Geoscience
887:Our World in Data
485:methane emissions
469:oil and gas wells
417:, which contains
349:
348:
195:Montreal Protocol
174:radiative forcing
170:halogenated gases
119:
118:
111:
93:
1544:
1501:
1495:
1487:
1467:
1466:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1437:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1390:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1314:
1305:. Archived from
1298:
1292:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1261:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1202:
1191:
1190:
1172:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1107:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1094:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1038:
1029:
1028:
1018:
1000:
968:
959:
958:
948:
937:10.1038/ngeo2919
911:
898:
897:
895:
893:
871:
862:
861:
849:
840:
839:
821:
812:(8): 1047–1056.
797:
791:
790:
783:
777:
776:
769:
763:
762:
760:
759:
747:
741:
740:
738:
737:
722:
716:
715:
713:
712:
700:
694:
693:
691:
690:
679:
673:
672:
670:
669:
654:
648:
625:
619:
618:
606:
600:
599:
597:
596:
581:
575:
574:
567:
501:British Columbia
376:New technologies
370:emission factors
344:
341:
323:
316:
290:mechanical seals
286:pipe connections
163:greenhouse gases
143:perfluorocarbons
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1522:
1521:
1512:
1489:
1488:
1476:
1471:
1470:
1455:
1451:
1406:
1402:
1388:
1382:
1378:
1369:
1367:
1357:
1353:
1338:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1312:
1310:
1299:
1295:
1279:
1275:
1230:
1226:
1203:
1194:
1141:
1137:
1108:
1101:
1092:
1090:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1039:
1032:
969:
962:
912:
901:
891:
889:
881:(11 May 2020).
875:Ritchie, Hannah
872:
865:
850:
843:
798:
794:
785:
784:
780:
771:
770:
766:
757:
755:
748:
744:
735:
733:
723:
719:
710:
708:
701:
697:
688:
686:
681:
680:
676:
667:
665:
655:
651:
631:
626:
622:
607:
603:
594:
592:
582:
578:
569:
568:
564:
559:
532:
527:
526:
462:methane leakage
407:
399:
394:
378:
354:
345:
339:
336:
329:needs expansion
306:
278:
269:chemical plants
230:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1550:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1520:
1519:
1511:
1510:External links
1508:
1507:
1506:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1449:
1400:
1376:
1351:
1336:
1319:
1293:
1273:
1224:
1192:
1135:
1099:
1074:
1030:
960:
923:(4): 289–294.
899:
863:
841:
792:
778:
764:
742:
717:
695:
674:
649:
629:
620:
601:
576:
561:
560:
558:
555:
554:
553:
548:
543:
541:Greenhouse gas
538:
531:
528:
515:carbon dioxide
481:greenhouse gas
466:unconventional
408:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
377:
374:
353:
350:
347:
346:
326:
324:
305:
302:
277:
274:
265:oil refineries
246:carbon dioxide
236:from upstream
229:
226:
218:decommissioned
178:climate change
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1549:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1532:Air pollution
1530:
1529:
1527:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1485:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1464:
1460:
1453:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1404:
1396:
1395:
1387:
1380:
1366:
1362:
1355:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1337:9780660070230
1333:
1329:
1323:
1309:on 2019-04-29
1308:
1304:
1297:
1290:
1286:
1284:
1277:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1228:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1139:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1106:
1104:
1088:
1084:
1078:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1037:
1035:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1004:
999:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
967:
965:
956:
952:
947:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
910:
908:
906:
904:
888:
884:
880:
876:
870:
868:
859:
858:GeoOttawa2017
855:
848:
846:
837:
833:
829:
825:
820:
815:
811:
807:
803:
796:
788:
782:
774:
768:
753:
746:
732:
728:
721:
706:
699:
684:
678:
664:
660:
653:
647:
643:
640:: 7271–7290.
639:
635:
624:
616:
612:
605:
591:
587:
580:
572:
566:
562:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
533:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
473:
470:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
446:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
405:
389:
385:
383:
373:
371:
365:
363:
359:
358:gas detectors
343:
340:December 2021
334:
330:
327:This section
325:
322:
318:
317:
314:
312:
311:sorbent tubes
301:
299:
298:storage tanks
295:
291:
287:
283:
273:
270:
266:
262:
258:
253:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
225:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
198:
196:
192:
188:
184:
179:
175:
171:
166:
164:
160:
154:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
131:
127:
123:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
1482:
1462:
1452:
1417:
1413:
1403:
1392:
1379:
1368:. Retrieved
1364:
1354:
1327:
1322:
1311:. Retrieved
1307:the original
1296:
1281:
1276:
1241:
1237:
1227:
1210:
1206:
1152:
1148:
1138:
1119:
1115:
1091:. Retrieved
1089:. March 2014
1086:
1077:
1050:
1046:
980:
976:
920:
916:
890:. Retrieved
886:
857:
809:
805:
795:
781:
767:
756:. Retrieved
745:
734:. Retrieved
730:
720:
709:. Retrieved
698:
687:. Retrieved
677:
666:. Retrieved
662:
652:
637:
633:
623:
614:
604:
593:. Retrieved
589:
579:
565:
474:
450:well casings
447:
409:
386:
379:
366:
355:
337:
333:adding to it
328:
307:
279:
254:
231:
204:, including
202:hydrocarbons
199:
167:
155:
135:refrigerants
121:
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1474:Works cited
1244:: 461–469.
1213:: 146–154.
1053:: 280–288.
946:1880/115891
523:water vapor
435:coal mining
431:oil and gas
427:groundwater
415:natural gas
397:Natural gas
238:oil and gas
206:gas venting
139:natural gas
1526:Categories
1370:2018-03-17
1313:2018-03-17
1093:2018-03-17
879:Roser, Max
758:2008-12-10
736:2020-02-24
711:2021-02-24
707:. Electrek
689:2021-02-24
668:2021-02-24
595:2021-02-24
557:References
423:atmosphere
69:newspapers
1444:1944-8007
1346:969538168
1179:0013-936X
1007:0027-8424
955:1752-0908
536:Gas flare
519:oxidation
464:cases in
214:abandoned
99:July 2018
1492:citation
1268:26822472
1187:29039181
1025:24733927
828:18720654
663:BBC News
530:See also
259:such as
1422:Bibcode
1246:Bibcode
1157:Bibcode
1055:Bibcode
1016:4035982
985:Bibcode
925:Bibcode
892:30 July
836:1035294
489:Alberta
419:methane
261:benzene
250:flaring
83:scholar
1442:
1344:
1334:
1266:
1185:
1177:
1023:
1013:
1005:
953:
834:
826:
477:Canada
454:cement
282:valves
149:, and
130:vapors
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1389:(PDF)
832:S2CID
421:) to
392:Types
382:lidar
263:from
187:HCFCs
126:leaks
90:JSTOR
76:books
1498:link
1440:ISSN
1342:OCLC
1332:ISBN
1264:PMID
1183:PMID
1175:ISSN
1021:PMID
1003:ISSN
951:ISSN
894:2021
824:PMID
632:)".
483:and
296:and
267:and
208:and
185:and
183:CFCs
161:and
137:and
124:are
62:news
1430:doi
1254:doi
1242:547
1215:doi
1165:doi
1124:doi
1063:doi
1051:164
1011:PMC
993:doi
981:111
941:hdl
933:doi
814:doi
642:doi
628:(SF
521:by
433:or
425:or
335:.
153:.
45:by
1528::
1502:.
1494:}}
1490:{{
1438:.
1428:.
1418:43
1416:.
1412:.
1391:.
1363:.
1340:.
1262:.
1252:.
1240:.
1236:.
1211:61
1209:.
1195:^
1181:.
1173:.
1163:.
1153:51
1151:.
1147:.
1120:17
1118:.
1114:.
1102:^
1085:.
1061:.
1049:.
1045:.
1033:^
1019:.
1009:.
1001:.
991:.
979:.
975:.
963:^
949:.
939:.
931:.
921:10
919:.
902:^
885:.
877:;
866:^
856:.
844:^
830:.
822:.
810:58
808:.
804:.
729:.
661:.
638:20
636:,
613:.
588:.
445:.
288:,
284:,
197:.
145:,
1500:)
1446:.
1432::
1424::
1373:.
1348:.
1316:.
1291:)
1270:.
1256::
1248::
1221:.
1217::
1189:.
1167::
1159::
1132:.
1126::
1096:.
1071:.
1065::
1057::
1027:.
995::
987::
957:.
943::
935::
927::
896:.
860:.
838:.
816::
761:.
739:.
714:.
692:.
671:.
644::
630:6
598:.
525:.
406:.
342:)
338:(
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
