191:. This organization operates as a charity with many different departments including the DNA laboratory, consortium, taxon expert groups, and the database. In the DNA laboratory, samples are contained after collection from scientists, and different research projects are conducted there. The consortium acts as a bridge to bring together different, but important, groups from zoos, aquariums, museums, and universities. The taxon expert groups monitor the major phyla and lists like the IUCN Red List. The database is the essential piece as it holds all reports and records needed to perform all of the other functions for the charity. The hope for the future is for zoos and aquariums to be able to collect samples from their threatened and/or endangered species in house to help with conservation efforts. The collection and freezing of these samples allows for the distribution of gametes among populations. Samples can be collected from living hosts and from deceased hosts as well.
214:, in particular, are stressed by temperature shock, osmotic stress, and oxidative stress with the latter being the most detrimental. When temperature shock occurs, the membrane is damaged through freezing and thawing of the sperm. Osmotic stress occurs when ice crystals form inside the nucleus during the freezing process, causing differing osmotic pressures within the cell. Oxidative stress is the result of too many reactive oxygen species (ROS), which is highly reactive and damaging to all parts of the cell. Although these stressors are present within the cell, there are solutions to each. By introducing cholesterol to the samples, temperature shock can be reduced. The use of antifreeze proteins provides one solution for osmotic stress. Oxidative stress is the most difficult to combat because of the highly reactive components of ROS, but some measures like adding certain proteins to limit freeze-thaw damage and increase the survival rate of the DNA.
527:) have increased with the increasing value of their horns to poachers. Specifically, the population has declined nearly seventy percent from 2011 to 2019. Processes like SCNT can help aid in conservation efforts towards the revival of their population. Researchers are looking towards induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC), as they hold limitless possibilities. With the lack of natural mating occurring within the species due to the limited number of them, this sub-species provides researchers the opportunity for iPSC intervention. Other methods, including artificial insemination with fresh semen (AI), have been used successfully in another sub-species, the Southern White Rhinoceros (
202:, which could be used for artificial insemination. Artificial insemination provides a remedy for animals who, due to anatomical or physiological reasons, are unable to reproduce in the natural way. Reproduction of stored genetic material also allows for the fostering of genetic improvements, and the prevention of inbreeding. Modern technology allows for genetic manipulation in animals without keeping them in captivity. However, the success of their restoration into the wild would require the application of new science and a sufficient amount of previously collected material.
450:
2295:
71:
494:
2317:
2306:
305:
91:'s 1992 paper proposing a Library of Life. Zoos such as the San Diego Zoo and research programs such as the Audubon Center for Research of Endangered Species cryopreserve genetic material in order to protect the diversity of the gene pool of endangered species, or to provide for a prospective reintroduction of such extinct species as the
453:
452:
457:
456:
451:
458:
505:
went extinct in 2000. In 2003 frozen cells from the last one (a female killed by a falling branch) were used to clone 208 embryos, of which 7 successfully implanted in goats, and one made it to term. That one ibex died of respiratory failure just after birth; quite possibly as a result of the cloning
455:
141:
The Frozen Zoo at the San Diego Zoo's
Institute for Conservation Research currently stores a collection of 8,400 samples from over 800 species and subspecies. Frozen Zoo at San Diego Zoo Conservation Research has acted as a forebear to similar projects at other zoos in the United States and Europe.
474:
that never bred in captivity were preserved in the San Diego
Wildlife Alliance Frozen Zoo. One of them was cloned to increase genetic diversity in this species in December 2020. More clones of both are planned. They will initially be bred separately from the non-cloned population.
1108:
Lermen, Dominik; BlöMeke, Brunhilde; Browne, Robert; Clarke, Ann; Dyce, Paul W.; Fixemer, Thomas; Fuhr, GĂŒNter R.; Holt, William V.; Jewgenow, Katarina; Lloyd, Rhiannon E.; LöTters, Stefan; Paulus, Martin; Reid, Gordon
Mcgregor; Rapoport, Daniel H.; Rawson, David (March 2009).
198:'s Regenerative Bioscience Center is building a frozen zoo. RBC Director Steven Stice and animal and dairy science assistant professor Franklin West created the facility with the thought of saving endangered cat species. The scientists have already extracted cells from a
506:
process, its lungs had not developed properly. There may not be enough individuals' cells preserved to create a breeding population. Despite the death of the ibex, DNA analysis revealed that the offspring was a legitimate clone from its last living descendent.
114:, dependent on the species. Some frozen zoos prefer to fertilize eggs and freeze the resulting embryo, as embryos are more resilient under the cryopreservation process. Some centers also collect skin cell samples of endangered animals or extinct species. The
62:. There are a few frozen zoos across the world that implement this technology for conservation efforts. Several different species have been introduced to this technology, including the Pyrenean ibex, Black-footed ferret, and potentially the white rhinoceros.
231:
that died of natural causes had some skin cells frozen and added to the San Diego Frozen Zoo. Eight years later, DNA from these cells was inserted into a domestic-cow egg to create an embryo (trans-species cloning), which was then implanted in a
1286:
383:. An oocyte was collected from a domestic horse, and its nucleus replaced by a nucleus collected from a cultured Przewalski's horse fibroblast. The resulting embryo was induced to begin division and was cultured until it reached the
1822:
Friedrich Ben-Nun, Inbar; Montague, Susanne C.; Houck, Marlys L.; Tran, Ha T.; Garitaonandia, Ibon; Leonardo, Trevor R.; Wang, Yu-Chieh; Charter, Suellen J.; Laurent, Louise C.; Ryder, Oliver A.; Loring, Jeanne F. (October 2011).
454:
434:
facilitates on-going efforts to clone individuals from historic cell lines stored at the San Diego Zoo
Wildlife Alliance Frozen Zoo. The program seeks to restore genetic variation lost from the living gene pool.
370:
at the San Diego Zoo's Frozen Zoo. Breeding of this individual in the 1980s had already substantially increased the genetic diversity of the captive population, after he was discovered to have more unique
172:, is maintaining a frozen zoo. In 2000 the Center implanted a frozen-thawed embryo from the highly endangered African wildcat into the uterus of a domestic house cat, resulting in a healthy male wildcat.
86:
in 1972. At the time there was no technology available to make use of the collection, but
Benirschke believed such technology would be developed in the future. The frozen zoo idea was later supported in
402:
who developed the idea of cryopreserving genetic material from species considered to be endangered. His ideas led to the creation of the Frozen Zoo as a genetic library. There is a breeding herd in the
359:) that has had its own nucleus removed, producing offspring genetically identical to the somatic cell donor. Since the oocyte used was from a domestic horse, this was an example of interspecies SCNT.
1290:
362:
The somatic cell donor was a
Przewalski's horse stallion named Kuporovic, born in the UK in 1975, and relocated three years later to the US, where he died in 1998. Due to concerns over the loss of
1032:
133:
died of a development disorder which may have been linked to the cloning, and there are not enough genetic samples in frozen zoos to re-create a breeding
Pyrenean ibex population.
1694:
1365:
50:
and live tissue) are stored at very low temperatures (â196 °C) in tanks of liquid nitrogen. Material preserved in this way can be stored indefinitely and used for
1750:
Piña-Aguilar, Raul E.; Lopez-Saucedo, Janet; Sheffield, Richard; Ruiz-Galaz, Lilia I.; de J. Barroso-Padilla, Jose; Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez, Antonio (September 2009).
929:
375:
than any other horse living at the time, including otherwise-lost genetic material from two of the original captive founders. To produce the clone, frozen skin
687:
146:
1752:"Revival of Extinct Species Using Nuclear Transfer: Hope for the Mammoth, True for the Pyrenean Ibex, But Is It Time for "Conservation Cloning"?"
296:), but the first survived and lived for seven years at the San Diego Zoo, where it died in April 2010 after it broke a leg and was euthanized.
106:
in males. Sperm can be taken from an animal following death. The production of eggs, which in females is usually low, can be increased through
1040:
366:
in the captive
Przewalski's horse population, and in anticipation of the development of new cloning techniques, tissue from the stallion was
540:
411:, so as to pass Kuporovic's genes into the larger captive Przewalski's horse population and increase the genetic variation of the species.
1388:
272:, extracted DNA from skin cells of a dead male banteng, that were preserved in San Diego 's Frozen Zoo facility, and transferred it into
883:
661:
1624:
1339:
531:). Frozen-thawed semen has been tested and has seen some successes, helping solve issues with reproduction of the species as a whole.
1702:
1373:
1179:"Strategies to Minimize Various Stress-Related FreezeâThaw Damages During Conventional Cryopreservation of Mammalian Spermatozoa"
808:
248:
within 48 hours of birth. This is not uncommon in uncloned animals, and the researchers did not think it was due to the cloning.
2196:
1881:
Hermes, R.; Göritz, F.; Saragusty, J.; Sós, E.; Molnar, V.; Reid, C. E.; Schwarzenberger, F.; Hildebrandt, T. B. (2009-02-01).
688:"Conservation Biologist and Placenta Expert Kurt Benirschke Dies; He established the San Diego Zoo's cryopreserved Frozen Zoo"
856:
391:
mare, which carried the embryo to term and delivered a foal with the
Przewalski's horse DNA of the long-deceased stallion.
1070:
933:
631:
2181:
2362:
2357:
2367:
1071:"The Frozen Ark Project: the role of zoos and aquariums in preserving the genetic material of threatened animals"
716:
2176:
1946:
1605:
2264:
908:
336:
277:
184:
119:
595:
180:
575:
129:
of endangered species, as of 2021. One attempt to clone an extinct species was made in 2003; the newborn
2161:
2149:
1110:
954:
590:
118:
has successfully made skin cells into cultures of special cells called induced pluripotent stem cells (
115:
17:
1882:
1557:
771:
520:
408:
404:
244:. Noah was initially healthy, but the next day, he came down with clostridial enteritis, and died of
169:
1797:
2191:
2166:
1287:"Press Release â First cloned endangered animal was born at 7:30 pm on Monday, 8 January 2001"
834:
605:
269:
265:
188:
2154:
2144:
979:
51:
1111:"Cryobanking of viable biomaterials: implementation of new strategies for conservation purposes"
210:
Due to the very low temperatures required, varying levels of stress are put on the DNA samples.
2186:
2128:
284:
were created and implanted in domestic banteng cows. Two were carried to term and delivered by
55:
1724:
980:"The Frozen Zoo: The University Of New Orleans And The New World Of Saving Endangered Species"
2254:
2234:
2171:
887:
420:
316:
309:
195:
665:
2352:
2123:
2118:
2108:
1122:
550:
320:
125:
Several animals whose cells were preserved in frozen zoos have been cloned to increase the
1673:
1648:
8:
1898:
471:
463:
439:
431:
424:
328:
293:
150:
1418:
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2027:
1939:
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1498:
1321:
1262:
1227:
1154:
570:
241:
1474:
1439:
812:
796:
742:
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1982:
1910:
1902:
1852:
1844:
1779:
1771:
1536:
1518:
1479:
1461:
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1249:
1208:
1200:
1158:
1146:
1138:
1134:
1090:
1086:
555:
363:
289:
285:
126:
107:
1606:"Why a cloned foal born at a USA zoo is key to the survival of his endangered breed"
1577:
1325:
288:. The first was born on 1 April 2003, and the second two days later. The second was
2372:
2342:
2103:
1977:
1894:
1864:
1836:
1763:
1526:
1510:
1469:
1451:
1313:
1257:
1239:
1190:
1130:
1082:
746:
545:
1244:
122:). It is theoretically possible to make sperm and egg cells from these IPS cells.
2249:
2229:
2002:
1987:
1959:
1883:"First successful artificial insemination with frozen-thawed semen in rhinoceros"
1497:
Lagutina, Irina; Fulka, Helena; Lazzari, Giovanna; Galli, Cesare (October 2013).
610:
560:
395:
158:
92:
88:
83:
1924:
1438:
Tian, X. Cindy; Kubota, Chikara; Enright, Brian; Yang, Xiangzhong (2003-11-13).
2299:
2219:
2062:
884:"The Frozen Zoo: Breeding Centre for Endangered Arabian Wildlife, Sharjah, UAE"
585:
199:
2347:
2336:
2310:
2214:
2022:
1932:
1906:
1848:
1824:
1775:
1522:
1465:
1253:
1204:
1142:
1094:
600:
502:
484:
443:
367:
130:
79:
43:
1749:
1177:
Kumar, Abhishek; Prasad, J.k.; Srivastava, N.; Ghosh, S.k. (December 2019).
70:
2294:
2098:
2047:
2037:
2007:
1914:
1856:
1783:
1540:
1514:
1483:
1456:
1271:
1212:
1150:
635:
446:, marked the first time a U.S. endangered species was successfully cloned.
380:
352:
348:
168:
The
Audubon Center for Research of Endangered Species, affiliated with the
102:
Gathering material for a frozen zoo is rendered simple by the abundance of
1767:
1195:
1178:
407:. Once the foal matures, he will be relocated to the breeding herd at the
34:
is a storage facility in which genetic materials taken from animals (e.g.
2072:
2067:
2057:
2017:
2012:
324:
211:
1317:
493:
2052:
2042:
1840:
1499:"Interspecies Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer: Advancements and Problems"
1440:"Cloning animals by somatic cell nuclear transfer â biological factors"
717:"The Frozen Zoo aiming to bring endangered species back from the brink"
580:
399:
384:
376:
176:
2259:
2032:
388:
245:
74:
The San Diego Zoo established the first "frozen zoo" program in 1972.
2077:
1997:
1963:
881:
750:
565:
1821:
1232:
Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology
147:
Breeding Centre for Endangered Arabian Wildlife (BCEAW) in Sharjah
142:
However, there are still less than a dozen frozen zoos worldwide.
2279:
2269:
488:
332:
261:
257:
96:
59:
47:
1992:
1825:"Induced pluripotent stem cells from highly endangered species"
372:
356:
340:
281:
264:, and the first clone to survive beyond infancy. Scientists at
233:
179:
is a frozen zoo established in 2004 and jointly managed by the
111:
1389:"The increasingly realistic prospect of 'extinct animal' zoos"
1284:
466:, being weighed on the 18th of February 2021 (at 70 days old)
304:
103:
39:
958:
1578:"Kurt Benirschke (1924-) | The Embryo Project Encyclopedia"
1547:
1419:"Przewalski's Horse (Takhi) Project | Revive & Restore"
273:
228:
1176:
2082:
1955:
1641:
1552:
1550:
1496:
1107:
519:
Over the years, concerns over population declines of the
344:
292:, apparently suffering from large offspring syndrome (an
35:
1880:
240:). On 8 January 2001, the gaur, named Noah, was born in
1625:"Elizabeth Ann Is the First Cloned Black-Footed Ferret"
1366:"Collaborative effort yields endangered species clone"
772:"Extinct animals find new futures at the 'frozen zoo'"
149:, the embryos stored include the extremely endangered
1437:
770:
Squarci, Gaia; Cornet, Laurence (February 28, 2017).
497:
Diagram of trans-species cloning of the Pyrenean ibex
260:
was the second endangered species to be successfully
1674:"Black-footed Ferret Project - Revive & Restore"
909:"Chill Out: Frozen Zoo Aiding Conservation Projects"
1340:"Banteng clone leads charge for endangered animals"
1599:
1597:
1234:. Placental Bed & Maternal - Fetal Disorders.
832:
1954:
1616:
2334:
1226:Burton, Graham J.; Jauniaux, Eric (2011-06-01).
854:
319:was born, the result of a collaboration between
1623:Magazine, Smithsonian; Fox, Alex (2021-02-22).
1594:
1033:"Endangered species gain a place on Frozen Ark"
629:
438:On December 10, 2020, the world's first cloned
1876:
1874:
1225:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1940:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1172:
1170:
1168:
930:"Scientific Meeting - The Frozen Ark Project"
769:
276:from domestic banteng cows, a process called
541:Cryoconservation of animal genetic resources
387:stage, then implanted into a domestic horse
165:) (of which there are only 50 in the wild).
78:The first frozen zoo was established at the
27:Storage facility for animal genetic material
1871:
1622:
1055:
857:"ZamroĆŒone mamuty powrĂłcÄ
do Ćwiata ĆŒywych"
740:
656:
654:
652:
394:The cloned horse was named Kurt, after Dr.
299:
1947:
1933:
1406:
1165:
1004:
877:
875:
873:
811:. Audubon Nature Institute. Archived from
710:
708:
664:. Audubon Nature Institute. Archived from
1530:
1473:
1455:
1261:
1243:
1194:
1030:
882:F.J. de Haas van Dorsser MA VetMB MRCVS.
957:. The Frozen Ark Project. Archived from
685:
649:
492:
448:
303:
69:
1285:Advanced Cell Technology, Inc. (2001).
870:
705:
686:Williams, Shawna (September 14, 2018).
509:
14:
2335:
1558:"About Cloning | Revive & Restore"
1444:Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology
1068:
714:
414:
1928:
1603:
1005:Kettlewell, Julianna (27 July 2004).
1899:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.10.008
1695:"First Extinct-Animal Clone Created"
1666:
514:
470:The cells of two 1980s wild-caught
24:
1701:. 10 February 2009. Archived from
886:. Arabian Wildlife. Archived from
634:. âWiedza i Ć»ycieâ. Archived from
25:
2384:
1031:Johnstone, Helen (27 July 2004).
1007:"'Frozen Ark' to save animal DNA"
833:Margit Kossobudzka (2002-10-14).
630:Magdalena Pecul (December 1997).
2316:
2315:
2305:
2304:
2293:
1798:"2021 State of the Rhino Report"
1135:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.04062.x
1087:10.1111/j.1748-1090.2008.00074.x
932:. ZSL London Zoo. Archived from
795:Gregory Benford, Nov, 15, 1992.
715:Harris, Paul (August 28, 2010).
478:
462:Elizabeth Ann, the first cloned
423:for two endangered species, the
343:is created by transplanting the
1815:
1790:
1743:
1717:
1687:
1570:
1490:
1431:
1380:
1358:
1332:
1297:
1278:
1219:
1101:
1024:
998:
972:
947:
922:
901:
855:Jan Sochaczewski (2007-10-12).
848:
217:
1802:International Rhino Foundation
1729:Center for Humans & Nature
1386:
1372:. 8 April 2003. Archived from
1183:Biopreservation and Biobanking
1069:Clarke, A. G. (January 2009).
826:
801:
789:
763:
734:
679:
623:
13:
1:
1725:"The Perils of De-extinction"
1649:"Black-footed Ferret Project"
1245:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2010.10.016
616:
442:was born. This ferret, named
337:somatic cell nuclear transfer
278:somatic cell nuclear transfer
185:London Natural History Museum
145:At the United Arab Emirates'
136:
797:"Saving the Library of Life"
596:National Ice Core Laboratory
205:
181:Zoological Society of London
7:
2265:Zoo emergency response team
1604:Beale, Mel (10 June 2021).
955:"Welcome to the Frozen Ark"
576:List of conservation topics
534:
525:Ceratotherium simum cottoni
355:into an immature egg cell (
65:
10:
2389:
1075:International Zoo Yearbook
835:"WyginÄ
Ć, a teraz powraca"
741:Dan Collins (2002-10-14).
591:Svalbard Global Seed Vault
482:
379:were thawed, and grown in
315:In 2020, the first cloned
251:
116:Scripps Research Institute
2288:
2207:
2182:Former zoos and aquariums
2137:
2091:
1970:
1344:The Sydney Morning Herald
809:"Species Survival Center"
529:Ceratotherium simum simum
521:northern white rhinoceros
409:San Diego Zoo Safari Park
405:San Diego Zoo Safari Park
339:(SCNT), whereby a viable
170:University of New Orleans
1370:Advanced Cell Technology
743:"San Diego's Frozen Zoo"
606:Coral reef organizations
300:Przewalski's horse clone
270:Worcester, Massachusetts
266:Advanced Cell Technology
189:University of Nottingham
155:Felis silvestris gordoni
2363:Artificial insemination
2358:Rare breed conservation
222:
58:, embryo transfer, and
52:artificial insemination
2368:In vitro fertilisation
2129:Species reintroduction
1756:Cloning and Stem Cells
1515:10.1089/cell.2013.0036
1503:Cellular Reprogramming
1457:10.1186/1477-7827-1-98
498:
467:
312:
75:
56:in vitro fertilization
2255:Wildlife conservation
2235:Behavioral enrichment
1768:10.1089/clo.2009.0026
1196:10.1089/bio.2019.0037
496:
461:
421:inbreeding depression
307:
196:University of Georgia
73:
2225:Animals in captivity
2124:In situ conservation
2119:Ex situ conservation
2109:Conservation biology
1705:on February 25, 2021
1653:Revive & Restore
1629:Smithsonian Magazine
1312:(5): 473â475. 2003.
1306:Nature Biotechnology
837:. Gazeta Wyborcza.pl
551:Ex-situ conservation
510:Potential candidates
472:black-footed ferrets
432:Revive & Restore
329:Revive & Restore
321:San Diego Zoo Global
163:Panthera pardus nimr
2322:Category: Aquariums
2177:Conservation topics
1376:on 23 October 2006.
1318:10.1038/nbt0503-473
1127:2009MolEc..18.1030L
464:black-footed ferret
440:black-footed ferret
425:Black-footed ferret
415:Black-footed ferret
335:was carried out by
294:overgrowth disorder
2300:Animals portal
2275:Zoological society
2162:Animal sanctuaries
2114:Endangered species
2028:Marine mammal park
1841:10.1038/nmeth.1706
1228:"Oxidative stress"
1043:on 18 January 2010
571:Endangered species
499:
468:
428:(Mustela nigripes)
317:Przewalski's horse
313:
310:Przewalski's horse
242:Sioux Center, Iowa
76:
2330:
2329:
2245:Immersion exhibit
1983:Animal theme park
1115:Molecular Ecology
556:Genetic pollution
459:
419:To help mitigate
364:genetic variation
286:Caesarian section
127:genetic diversity
108:hormone treatment
16:(Redirected from
2380:
2319:
2318:
2308:
2307:
2298:
2297:
2192:Zoo associations
2167:Butterfly houses
2104:Captive breeding
1978:Animal sanctuary
1949:
1942:
1935:
1926:
1925:
1919:
1918:
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1819:
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1426:
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1415:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1384:
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1377:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1289:. Archived from
1282:
1276:
1275:
1265:
1247:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1198:
1174:
1163:
1162:
1121:(6): 1030â1033.
1105:
1099:
1098:
1066:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1039:. Archived from
1028:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1002:
996:
995:
993:
991:
986:. March 12, 2001
976:
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546:Cryopreservation
515:White rhinoceros
460:
151:Gordon's wildcat
110:to obtain 10â20
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911:. San Diego Zoo
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669:
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639:
632:"ZAMROƻONE ZOO"
628:
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619:
611:Rosetta Project
561:Genetic erosion
537:
517:
512:
491:
481:
449:
417:
396:Kurt Benirschke
302:
254:
225:
220:
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159:Arabian leopard
139:
93:Tasmanian tiger
89:Gregory Benford
84:Kurt Benirschke
82:by pathologist
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2220:Animal cruelty
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2187:Nature centers
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2063:Reptile centre
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1972:
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1967:
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1893:(3): 393â399.
1887:Theriogenology
1870:
1829:Nature Methods
1814:
1789:
1762:(3): 341â346.
1742:
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1582:embryo.asu.edu
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1346:. 9 April 2003
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200:Sumatran tiger
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1971:Types of zoos
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1731:. 4 July 2017
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981:
975:
961:on 2015-12-11
960:
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890:on 2010-05-21
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859:. Dziennik.pl
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503:Pyrenean ibex
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485:De-extinction
479:Pyrenean ibex
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2197:WAZA members
2099:Biodiversity
2092:Conservation
2048:Penguinarium
2038:Night safari
2008:Dolphinarium
1890:
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1817:
1806:. Retrieved
1804:. 2021-09-21
1801:
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1728:
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1707:. Retrieved
1703:the original
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1677:. Retrieved
1668:
1657:. Retrieved
1655:. 2014-07-03
1652:
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1396:. Retrieved
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724:. Retrieved
721:The Guardian
720:
695:. Retrieved
691:
681:
670:. Retrieved
666:the original
662:"Frozen Zoo"
640:. Retrieved
636:the original
625:
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518:
500:
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427:
418:
393:
381:cell culture
361:
353:somatic cell
347:-containing
314:
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234:domestic cow
226:
218:Applications
209:
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154:
144:
140:
124:
101:
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31:
29:
2353:Cryobiology
2073:Virtual zoo
2068:Safari park
2058:Petting zoo
2018:Insectarium
2013:Herpetarium
377:fibroblasts
212:Spermatozoa
2337:Categories
2240:Frozen zoo
2053:Pheasantry
2043:Oceanarium
1808:2023-11-03
1735:24 October
1709:24 October
1679:24 October
1659:2023-05-13
1634:2023-05-13
1610:Your Horse
1587:2020-11-15
1563:2020-11-15
1424:2020-11-15
990:2 December
965:2010-04-26
940:2010-04-26
915:2010-04-26
894:2010-04-26
863:2011-02-20
841:2010-04-26
819:2010-04-28
781:2 December
756:2010-04-28
726:2 December
697:2 December
672:2010-04-28
642:2010-04-26
617:References
581:Extinction
483:See also:
400:geneticist
385:blastocyst
290:euthanized
238:Bos taurus
187:, and the
177:Frozen Ark
157:) and the
137:Facilities
32:frozen zoo
18:Frozen Zoo
2260:Zookeeper
2150:Aquariums
2033:Menagerie
1960:aquariums
1907:0093-691X
1849:1548-7105
1776:1536-2302
1523:2152-4971
1466:1477-7827
1450:(1): 98.
1254:1521-6934
1205:1947-5535
1159:205361461
1143:0962-1083
1095:0074-9664
566:Gene pool
389:surrogate
280:. Thirty
246:dysentery
206:Drawbacks
120:IPS cells
2078:Vivarium
1998:Bear pit
1988:Aquarium
1964:aviaries
1915:19007979
1857:21892153
1784:19594389
1541:24033141
1484:14614770
1326:12907904
1272:21130690
1213:31429586
1151:19207252
1011:BBC News
776:Mashable
751:CBS News
535:See also
95:and the
66:Overview
2373:Cloning
2343:Zoology
2280:Zoology
2270:Zoo key
2208:Related
2155:largest
1865:9791672
1699:Science
1532:3787369
1387:Ro, C.
1263:3101336
1123:Bibcode
1047:19 July
1016:19 July
489:Endling
373:alleles
349:nucleus
333:cloning
282:embryos
258:banteng
252:Banteng
112:oocytes
97:mammoth
60:cloning
48:embryos
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1993:Aviary
1962:, and
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357:oocyte
341:embryo
331:. The
262:cloned
183:, the
2138:Lists
1861:S2CID
1322:S2CID
1155:S2CID
351:of a
104:sperm
40:sperm
2348:Zoos
2145:Zoos
1956:Zoos
1911:PMID
1903:ISSN
1853:PMID
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1780:PMID
1772:ISSN
1737:2021
1711:2021
1681:2021
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1400:2020
1352:2020
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992:2018
783:2018
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728:2018
699:2018
501:The
487:and
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327:and
274:eggs
256:The
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1452:doi
1393:BBC
1314:doi
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1240:doi
1191:doi
1131:doi
1083:doi
345:DNA
268:in
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