5741:
6266:
6246:
6217:
6175:
6139:
6110:
6081:
6045:
6003:
5967:
5938:
5909:
5873:
5851:
5815:
5786:
5757:
6298:
5310:
4469:
1199:
and found that Welsh-speakers consistently used , that
Icelandic-speakers consistently used , and that speakers of Estonian Swedish varied in their pronunciation. They conclude that there is "a range of variants within voiceless laterals, rather than a categorical split between lateral fricatives and
1081:
makes a distinction between "local friction" (as in or ) and "cavity friction" (as in voiceless vowels like and ). More recent research distinguishes between "turbulent" and "laminar" airflow in the vocal tract. It is not clear if it is possible to describe voiceless approximants categorically as
1086:
write that "the airflow for voiced approximants remains laminar (smooth), and does not become turbulent. Voiceless approximants are rare in the languages of the world, but when they do occur the airflow is usually somewhat turbulent." Audible voiceless sounds may also be produced by means of
764:
In addition to less turbulence, approximants also differ from fricatives in the precision required to produce them. When emphasized, approximants may be slightly fricated (that is, the airstream may become slightly turbulent), which is reminiscent of fricatives. For example, the
1107:
discuss the issue and conclude "In practice, it is difficult to distinguish between a voiceless approximant and a voiceless fricative at the same place of articulation ... there is no evidence that any language in the world makes such a distinction crucial."
218:. Similarly, languages often avoid configurations where a semivowel precedes its corresponding vowel. A number of phoneticians distinguish between semivowels and approximants by their location in a syllable. Although he uses the terms interchangeably,
780:
For places of articulation further back in the mouth, languages do not contrast voiced fricatives and approximants. Therefore, the IPA allows the symbols for the voiced fricatives to double for the approximants, with or without a lowering
210:
are often used for these non-syllabic vowel-like segments. The correlation between semivowels and vowels is strong enough that cross-language differences between semivowels correspond with the differences between their related vowels.
545:
Because the vowels are articulated with spread lips, spreading is implied for their approximant analogues, . However, these sounds generally have little or no lip-spreading. The fricative letters with a lowering diacritic,
693:, which lie between back/velar and front/palatal , there are few cases of a corresponding approximant . One is in the Korean diphthong or though it is more frequently analyzed as velar (as in the table above), and
956:
In lateral approximants, the center of tongue makes solid contact with the roof of the mouth. However, the defining location is the side of the tongue, which only approaches the teeth, allowing free passage of air.
1144:
puts it in his blog, "voiceless approximants are by definition inaudible ... If there's no friction and no voicing, there's nothing to hear." A similar point is made in relation to frictionless continuants by
677:
occurs, where one of two adjacent vowels becomes non-syllabic; the process includes mid vowels so that ('cause to wish') features a non-syllabic mid vowel. Spanish features a similar process and even nonsyllabic
686:('right away') is pronounced . It is not often clear, however, whether such sequences involve a semivowel (a consonant) or a diphthong (a vowel), and in many cases, it may not be a meaningful distinction.
773:('help') features a palatal approximant that is pronounced as a fricative in emphatic speech. Spanish can be analyzed as having a meaningful distinction between fricative, approximant, and intermediate
1077:
consonants are generally said to be the result of turbulent airflow at a place of articulation in the vocal tract. However, an audible voiceless sound may be made without this turbulent airflow:
2515:
2811:
1153:
argue that the increased airflow arising from voicelessness alone makes a voiceless continuant a fricative, even if lacking a greater constriction in the oral cavity than a voiced approximant.
2847:
1087:
turbulent airflow at the glottis, as in ; in such a case, it is possible to articulate an audible voiceless sound without the production of local friction at a supraglottal constriction.
2262:
Hallé, Pierre A.; Best, Catherine T.; Levitt, Andrea; Andrea (1999), "Phonetic vs. phonological influences on French listeners' perception of
American English approximants",
2026:
2821:
507:
Because of the articulatory complexities of the
American English rhotic, there is some variation in its phonetic description. A transcription with the IPA character for an
1149:: "There are no voiceless frictionless continuants because this would imply silence; the voiceless counterpart of the frictionless continuant is the voiceless fricative."
1136:
is defined as a speech sound that involves the articulators approaching each other but not narrowly enough to create turbulent airflow, then it is difficult to see how a
2831:
2816:
214:
Vowels and their corresponding semivowels alternate in many languages depending on the phonological environment, or for grammatical reasons, as is the case with
2474:
2433:
581:
In addition to alternations, glides can be inserted to the left or the right of their corresponding vowels when they occur next to a hiatus. For example, in
519::161f) makes a distinction between the vowels of American English (which he calls "rhotacized") and vowels with "retroflexion" such as those that appear in
2801:
2544:
788:
Occasionally, the glottal "fricatives" are called approximants, since typically has no more frication than voiceless approximants, but they are often
72:
2778:
2768:
674:
1062:
are not recognized by all phoneticians as a discrete phonetic category. There are problems in distinguishing voiceless approximants from voiceless
1183:, but also say that "in other cases it is difficult to decide whether a voiceless lateral should be described as an approximant or a fricative".
2763:
717:, and a third one is often described as a non-labialized voiced velar fricative; some texts note a correspondence between this approximant and
6364:
5670:
3716:
3462:
1986:
1736:
There have been repeated requests that the IPA created dedicated symbols for and – typically modifications of the base letters such as
426:
Spanish continúo ('I continue') vs. continuó ('he/she/it continued') and ('you continued') used only in the formal treatment of 'usted'.
3730:
3723:
3469:
3944:
3702:
3448:
2005:
31:
2713:
1644:
1103:
Voiceless approximants are rarely if ever distinguished phonemically from voiceless fricatives in the sound system of a language.
5459:
3737:
3434:
2363:(1985), "Relationship between semivowels and vowels: Cross-linguistic investigations of acoustic difference and coarticulation",
1611:
17:
5632:
5562:
5498:
5421:
3709:
3455:
2340:
2043:
6307:
5842:
5627:
5505:
5402:
5319:
4478:
4239:
4146:
2727:
2538:
2253:
2020:
1682:
343:
5582:
5519:
5324:
4329:
4221:
4128:
3441:
1178:
5858:
5675:
5526:
5472:
5428:
4858:
4813:
4316:
4253:
4160:
3611:
3367:
1245:
975:
415:
2656:
Zawadzki, P. A.; Kuehn, D. P. (1980), "A cineradiographic study of static and dynamic aspects of
American English /r/",
5880:
5655:
5440:
5409:
4824:
4776:
4762:
4704:
4690:
4338:
4246:
4153:
2758:
1240:
940:
777:. However, such frication is generally slight and intermittent, unlike the strong turbulence of fricative consonants.
6357:
5929:
5604:
5589:
5369:
4838:
4356:
4267:
4228:
4174:
4135:
3892:
2638:
2350:
2293:
2235:
2199:
2181:
2096:
2078:
2060:
945:
6101:
5355:
4831:
4483:
4410:
4347:
4260:
4167:
3674:
3618:
3583:
3374:
3339:
7026:
7021:
6614:
6388:
6166:
5945:
5900:
5465:
5447:
4392:
3660:
3416:
2722:
54:
6587:
6117:
6072:
5958:
5375:
5314:
5309:
4741:
4669:
4473:
4468:
4274:
4181:
3827:
3786:
3522:
3189:
6582:
6130:
5916:
5777:
5383:
5265:
5125:
5093:
4417:
3681:
3597:
3590:
3353:
3346:
3175:
1882:
1082:
having laminar airflow (or cavity friction in Pike's terms) as a way of distinguishing them from fricatives.
969:
821:
439:
6594:
6577:
6569:
6350:
6237:
6088:
5974:
5665:
5361:
5256:
5245:
5157:
4769:
4697:
4399:
3857:
3667:
3646:
3569:
3423:
3402:
3325:
2806:
2706:
1033:
1011:
961:
462:
1782:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1752:
1746:
1740:
1570:
1276:
1272:
1264:
1260:
1216:
979:
934:
924:
906:
835:
825:
808:
774:
753:
749:
745:
741:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
679:
590:
586:
547:
68:
64:
6609:
6604:
6146:
5793:
5748:
5478:
5272:
4755:
4734:
4683:
4426:
3844:
3800:
3793:
3744:
3536:
3529:
3480:
3225:
3196:
3045:
2874:
985:
878:
578:
approximant corresponds to the rhotic vowel. This can create alternations (as shown in the above table).
296:
2482:
Montreuil, Jean-Pierre (2004), "From velar codas to high nuclei: phonetic and structural change in OT",
6874:
6599:
6302:
6297:
6208:
5806:
5389:
5286:
5208:
4086:
3979:
3866:
3772:
3688:
3604:
3508:
3360:
3207:
3182:
3161:
1016:
999:
894:
421:
375:
303:
658:
Similarly, vowels can be inserted next to their corresponding glide in certain phonetic environments.
6521:
6466:
6257:
5994:
5764:
5660:
5279:
5199:
5188:
4790:
4748:
4718:
4676:
4050:
3758:
3653:
3576:
3494:
3409:
3332:
3239:
3090:
3061:
1235:
1176:
1038:
1024:
1022:
993:
918:
916:
892:
876:
854:
593:
is added to футбол ('football') to make футболіст 'football player', it is pronounced , but маоїст ('
432:
336:
2006:"A comparative study of Estonian Swedish voiceless laterals: Are voiceless approximants fricatives?"
6632:
6451:
6384:
6224:
6036:
5822:
5337:
5215:
4783:
4711:
4435:
4032:
4006:
3955:
3875:
3807:
3751:
3487:
3267:
3232:
3072:
3052:
3031:
2136:
2037:
1971:
1300:
1220:
1040:
408:
382:
6835:
6830:
6741:
6273:
6186:
6010:
5229:
4625:
4093:
3926:
3917:
3900:
3779:
3695:
3515:
3253:
3214:
3168:
3104:
2699:
1213:
1048:
815:
515:. Actual retroflexion may occur as well and both occur as variations of the same sound. However,
349:
2629:
Shadle, Christine (2000), "The
Aerodynamics of Speech", in Hardcastle, W. J.; Laver, J. (eds.),
2208:
Delattre, P.; Freeman, D. C. (1968), "A dialect study of
American R's by x-ray motion picture",
91:
approaching each other but not narrowly enough nor with enough articulatory precision to create
6852:
6662:
6461:
6436:
6380:
6052:
5222:
4986:
4924:
4616:
4605:
4550:
4072:
4057:
3937:
3765:
3501:
3246:
3132:
3097:
2988:
2973:
2957:
2131:
1577::683) postulates an additional rule that changes any occurrence of from glide insertion into .
930:
912:
512:
468:
92:
50:
6441:
6418:
6396:
5048:
4975:
4955:
4913:
4893:
4632:
4529:
4039:
4013:
3988:
3962:
3274:
3118:
3079:
3038:
2968:
2929:
2773:
2107:
Functional
Phonology: Formalizing the Interactions Between Articulatory and Perceptual Drives
849:
744:(?) ('white'). It has been noted that the expected symbols for the approximant correlates of
550:⟩, may therefore be justified for a neutral articulation between spread and rounded .
1659:
Martin Ball & Joan
Rahilly (2011) The symbolization of central approximants in the IPA.
589:
triggers the formation of an inserted that acts as a syllable onset so that when the affix
6879:
6842:
6554:
5511:
5037:
5017:
4995:
4933:
4646:
4585:
3908:
3260:
3111:
3013:
2123:
841:
804:
508:
445:
215:
2691:
8:
6950:
6820:
6797:
6546:
6499:
6471:
6312:
5575:
5179:
5066:
5057:
4966:
4904:
4653:
4639:
4557:
4079:
3139:
2993:
2950:
1252:
871:
864:
472:
163:
96:
2304:
An acoustical basis for universal constraints on sound sequences (doctoral dissertation)
2127:
1641:
200:
Some approximants resemble vowels in acoustic and articulatory properties and the terms
6815:
6648:
6456:
6413:
5598:
5028:
4594:
4543:
4522:
3281:
3125:
2983:
2963:
2917:
2681:
2618:
2590:
2441:
Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003),
2416:
2388:
2114:
Boyce, S.; Espy-Wilson, C. (1997), "Coarticulatory stability in
American English /r/",
1192:
902:
831:
663:
582:
258:'plan', appearing in the syllable onset: ) and Spanish (with a near minimal pair being
1618:
30:
This article is about the concept in linguistics. For the concept in mathematics, see
6937:
6894:
6771:
6736:
6559:
6526:
6494:
6428:
6023:
5554:
4949:
4800:
4564:
4491:
4105:
3018:
2998:
2940:
2826:
2673:
2634:
2534:
2468:
2427:
2420:
2380:
2346:
2289:
2249:
2231:
2195:
2177:
2149:
2092:
2074:
2056:
2016:
1678:
887:
555:
310:
120:
84:
2685:
2594:
2399:
Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio (2004), "Problems in the classification of approximants",
2392:
6962:
6955:
6810:
6766:
6761:
6624:
6536:
6513:
6489:
6446:
6405:
5833:
4887:
4578:
4536:
3008:
2978:
2945:
2935:
2665:
2610:
2582:
2526:
2491:
2454:
2408:
2372:
2283:
2271:
2141:
1295:
1188:
1164:
1160:
766:
575:
247:
243:
6927:
6825:
6805:
6746:
6714:
6531:
6157:
5891:
5348:
4878:
4571:
4000:
3003:
2869:
2332:
2311:
2225:
1648:
1168:
856:
670:
659:
563:
528:
520:
455:
389:
183:
171:
136:
2221:
1517:
John Esling (2010) "Phonetic
Notation", in Hardcastle, Laver & Gibbon (eds)
1282:
What are transcribed as nasal approximants may include non-syllabic elements of
246:. This means that opaque (if not minimal) contrasts can occur in languages like
6899:
6063:
2586:
1737:
1196:
1132:
is seen by some phoneticians as controversial. It has been pointed out that if
598:
2459:
2440:
2412:
1720:
Martínez-Celdrán, E. (2004) "Problems in the classification of approximants".
1598:
7015:
6985:
6945:
6922:
6889:
6862:
5722:
5239:
5081:
4495:
2530:
2360:
2336:
2160:
1172:
1141:
690:
571:
239:
179:
103:, which produce no turbulence. This class is composed of sounds like (as in
1116:
Voiceless approximants are treated as a phonetic category by (among others)
6995:
6914:
6904:
6884:
5568:
3290:
2561:
2275:
1268:
88:
2677:
2495:
2384:
2153:
7000:
6990:
6980:
6867:
6320:
5734:
5717:
5011:
2884:
2862:
1787:– but so far the IPA has deemed that there is insufficient need for them.
1283:
792:
of the glottis without any accompanying manner or place of articulation.
559:
38:
6783:
6199:
5727:
3025:
2879:
2511:
694:
567:
108:
2669:
2622:
2376:
6972:
6778:
6729:
6689:
6684:
6671:
5985:
5487:
4728:
4661:
3547:
3303:
2907:
2145:
1305:
1209:
1074:
1063:
789:
782:
202:
195:
155:
2442:
601:
for many speakers has a similar process that extends to mid vowels:
238:('tub') in that, in the latter pair, the approximants appear in the
6706:
6694:
6291:
5622:
5544:
5538:
5303:
4462:
3300:
2614:
1092:
167:
60:
2244:
Hall, T. A. (2007), "Segmental features", in de Lacy, Paul (ed.),
1569:
There is dialectal and allophonic variation in the realization of
1208:
Voiceless lateral approximants can occur after voiceless stops as
6679:
5395:
4599:
3155:
2857:
532:
6342:
641:
594:
2105:
Boersma, Paul (1997), "Sound change in functional phonology",
6719:
5698:
2852:
2013:
Proceedings: 18th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences
1599:
Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003
222::104) remarks that, for example, the final glides of English
175:
100:
2721:
2521:, in Fuchs, Susanne; Toda, Martine; Żygis, Marzena (eds.),
651:
1203:
2004:
Asu, Eva Liina; Nolan, Francis; Schötz, Susanne (2015),
800:
Approximants with a dedicated IPA symbol are in bold.
597:'), with the same affix, is pronounced with a glide.
2601:
Saporta, Sol (1956), "A Note on Spanish Semivowels",
2573:
Rubach, Jerzy (2002), "Against subsegmental glides",
2261:
1481:
4500:
Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.
1111:
59:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
2331:
1929:
1586:
1469:
1403:
1340:
1156:
1117:
2473:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
2447:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
2432:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
2401:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
1722:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
1661:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
759:
7013:
2398:
2358:
2248:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 311–334,
2113:
1708:
1493:
1457:
1407:
1375:
1363:
1351:
1336:
1212:of its voiced counterpart, especially after the
254:'foot', appearing in the nucleus: , and that of
151:were used to refer to non-lateral approximants.
73:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
2207:
1485:
1271:, the nasalized allophones of the approximants
2525:, Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, pp. 37–101,
2230:(3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag,
2003:
1941:
1184:
697:may be another, with three high vowel sounds,
669:Non-high semivowels also occur. In colloquial
99:, which do produce a turbulent airstream, and
6358:
5671:Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop
2707:
2655:
2086:
2050:
1796:
1489:
1125:
1005:
242:, whereas, in the former, they appear in the
2523:Turbulent Sounds: An Interdisciplinary Guide
2501:
2116:Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
1905:
1146:
6482:
2189:
2068:
1856:
1832:
1104:
1091:describes such sounds, but classes them as
1083:
1069:
6365:
6351:
2714:
2700:
2316:A Phonetic Study of West African Languages
2285:The Phonetics and Phonology of Retroflexes
2192:An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology
1672:
554:In articulation and often diachronically,
2769:Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA)
2510:
2481:
2458:
2322:
2310:
2135:
1917:
1433:
1379:
1324:
1226:
1167:have voiceless lateral approximants and
1150:
1054:
531:and notes that both have a lowered third
527::310), on the other hand, labels both as
219:
2301:
1969:
1883:"[h]: Fricative or approximant?"
1868:
1673:Ball, Martin J.; Müller, Nicole (2011),
1565:
1563:
1422:
843:alveolar & post-alveolar approximant
2649:A Dictionary of Phonetics and Phonology
2600:
2318:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
2220:
2171:
2159:
2104:
2051:Ashby, Michael; Maidment, John (2005),
1953:
1844:
1696:
1445:
1121:
1088:
951:
795:
516:
511:() is common, though the sound is more
95:. Therefore, approximants fall between
14:
7014:
2939:
2628:
2572:
2281:
2109:, The Hague: Holland Academic Graphics
2091:(4th ed.), S.I.L. International,
1820:
1732:
1730:
1574:
1554:
1542:
1530:
1505:
1418:
1204:Occurrence in Western American English
538:
500:
6346:
5696:
5178:
4877:
4593:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2949:
2944:
2934:
2905:
2740:
2695:
2646:
2327:, New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich
2165:A Practical Introduction to Phonetics
2087:Bickford, Anita; Floyd, Rick (2006),
1880:
1675:Phonetics for communication disorders
1560:
524:
5707:
5648:
5341:
4551:
4512:
2921:
2560:
2306:, University of California, Berkeley
2243:
2069:Ball, Martin; Rahilly, Joan (1999),
1808:
1391:
1078:
709:and three corresponding consonants,
63:. For the distinction between ,
5676:Voiceless nasal glottal approximant
4530:
4490:Symbols to the right in a cell are
2342:The Sounds of the World's Languages
2246:The Cambridge Handbook of Phonology
2227:Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk
2190:Clark, John; Yallop, Colin (1995),
1727:
1573:. For speakers who realize it as ,
1246:voiceless nasal glottal approximant
976:alveolo-palatal lateral approximant
963:voiced alveolar lateral approximant
24:
4586:
2759:International Phonetic Association
2042:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
1241:nasal labialized velar approximant
1098:
987:voiced palatal lateral approximant
941:breathy-voiced glottal approximant
540:
502:
272:Approximant-vowel correspondences
25:
7038:
6272:
6256:
6236:
6223:
6207:
6185:
6165:
6145:
6129:
6116:
6100:
6087:
6071:
6051:
6035:
6022:
6009:
5993:
5973:
5957:
5944:
5928:
5915:
5899:
5879:
5857:
5841:
5821:
5805:
5792:
5776:
5763:
5747:
5603:
5588:
5581:
5561:
5537:
5525:
5518:
5504:
5497:
5471:
5458:
5446:
5439:
5427:
5420:
5408:
5401:
5382:
5368:
5354:
5285:
5278:
5271:
5264:
5255:
5244:
5228:
5221:
5214:
5207:
5198:
5187:
5156:
5124:
5092:
5065:
5056:
5047:
5036:
5027:
5016:
4994:
4985:
4974:
4965:
4954:
4932:
4923:
4912:
4903:
4892:
4857:
4837:
4830:
4823:
4812:
4789:
4782:
4775:
4768:
4761:
4754:
4747:
4740:
4733:
4717:
4710:
4703:
4696:
4689:
4682:
4675:
4668:
4652:
4645:
4638:
4631:
4624:
4615:
4604:
4558:
4434:
4425:
4416:
4409:
4398:
4391:
4355:
4346:
4337:
4328:
4315:
4273:
4266:
4259:
4252:
4245:
4238:
4227:
4220:
4180:
4173:
4166:
4159:
4152:
4145:
4134:
4127:
4092:
4085:
4078:
4071:
4056:
4049:
4038:
4031:
4012:
4005:
3987:
3978:
3961:
3954:
3943:
3936:
3925:
3916:
3907:
3891:
3874:
3865:
3856:
3843:
3826:
3806:
3799:
3792:
3785:
3778:
3771:
3764:
3757:
3750:
3743:
3736:
3729:
3722:
3715:
3708:
3701:
3694:
3687:
3680:
3673:
3666:
3659:
3652:
3645:
3617:
3610:
3603:
3596:
3589:
3582:
3575:
3568:
3535:
3528:
3521:
3514:
3507:
3500:
3493:
3486:
3479:
3468:
3461:
3454:
3447:
3440:
3433:
3422:
3415:
3408:
3401:
3373:
3366:
3359:
3352:
3345:
3338:
3331:
3324:
3289:
3280:
3273:
3266:
3259:
3252:
3245:
3238:
3231:
3224:
3213:
3206:
3195:
3188:
3181:
3174:
3167:
3160:
3138:
3131:
3124:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3096:
3089:
3078:
3071:
3060:
3051:
3044:
3037:
3030:
3014:Pharyngeal/epiglottal
2174:Fundamental Problems in Phonetics
1519:The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences
1200:voiceless approximant laterals".
1140:approximant could be audible. As
1112:Disagreement over use of the term
978:or (usually transcribed ⟨
946:creaky-voiced glottal approximant
570:, and labialized approximants to
461:
454:
438:
431:
414:
407:
381:
374:
342:
335:
302:
295:
6372:
6296:
6264:
6244:
6215:
6173:
6137:
6108:
6079:
6043:
6001:
5965:
5936:
5907:
5871:
5849:
5813:
5784:
5755:
5739:
5308:
4544:
4523:
4467:
2812:Obsolete and nonstandard symbols
2071:Phonetics: the Science of Speech
1677:, Psychology Press, p. 70,
1341:Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996)
1157:Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996)
1118:Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996)
1012:Labialized retroflex approximant
32:Approximant (continued fraction)
6389:International Phonetic Alphabet
4565:
2723:International Phonetic Alphabet
2032:from the original on 2022-10-09
1992:from the original on 2022-10-09
1947:
1935:
1930:Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996
1923:
1911:
1899:
1874:
1862:
1850:
1838:
1826:
1814:
1802:
1790:
1714:
1702:
1690:
1666:
1653:
1634:
1604:
1592:
1587:Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996
1580:
1548:
1536:
1524:
1511:
1498:
1475:
1470:Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996
1463:
1451:
1439:
1404:Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996
1187:compared voiceless laterals in
55:International Phonetic Alphabet
5656:Nasal labial–velar approximant
4579:
4537:
2906:
2832:IPA chart for English dialects
2741:
2568:, University of Michigan Press
2176:, Edinburgh University Press,
1494:Boyce & Espy-Wilson (1997)
1427:
1412:
1408:Maddieson & Emmorey (1985)
1397:
1385:
1369:
1357:
1345:
1330:
1318:
1185:Asu, Nolan & Schötz (2015)
1018:labialized palatal approximant
923:; usually transcribed ⟨
760:Approximants versus fricatives
130:
13:
1:
4572:
2631:Handbook of Phonetic Sciences
1972:"A critique of the IPA Chart"
1963:
1942:Asu, Nolan & Schötz (2015
1881:Wells, J. C. (7 April 2009),
1486:Delattre & Freeman (1968)
1279:are nasal occlusives, and .
1175:voiceless lateral fricatives
1049:labialized uvular approximant
970:retroflex lateral approximant
933:(usually transcribed ⟨
905:(usually transcribed ⟨
834:(usually transcribed ⟨
824:(usually transcribed ⟨
807:(usually transcribed ⟨
689:Although many languages have
662:describes this behaviour for
189:
5666:Voiceless bidental fricative
2774:Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS)
2514:; Solé, Maria-Josep (2010),
2053:Introducing Phonetic Science
1034:labialized velar approximant
119:, respectively), as well as
7:
2875:Phonetic symbols in Unicode
2194:(2nd ed.), Blackwell,
1490:Zawadzki & Kuehn (1980)
1289:
1126:Bickford & Floyd (2006)
865:alveolo-palatal approximant
574:. In American English, the
558:approximants correspond to
10:
7043:
5697:
2587:10.1162/ling.2002.33.4.672
2516:"Turbulence and phonology"
1970:Akamatsu, Tsutomu (1992),
1797:Ashby & Maidment (2005
1647:February 26, 2006, at the
1612:"Ahn & Iverson (2006)"
1006:Coarticulated approximants
1000:uvular lateral approximant
250:(with the i-like sound of
193:
123:approximants like (as in
36:
29:
6971:
6936:
6913:
6851:
6796:
6757:
6705:
6670:
6661:
6641:
6623:
6568:
6545:
6512:
6427:
6404:
6395:
6378:
6198:
6156:
6062:
5984:
5890:
5832:
5733:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5705:
5692:
5661:Nasal palatal approximant
5338:Co-articulated consonants
5238:
5183:
5146:
5114:
5079:
5010:
4948:
4886:
4847:
4799:
4727:
4660:
4598:
4584:
4577:
4570:
4563:
4556:
4549:
4542:
4535:
4528:
4521:
4519:
4371:
4293:
4200:
4104:
3999:
3899:
3814:
3641:
3545:
3397:
3299:
3154:
3024:
2956:
2928:
2914:
2901:
2840:
2794:
2751:
2747:
2736:
2647:Trask, Robert L. (1996),
2460:10.1017/S0025100303001373
2413:10.1017/S0025100304001732
2323:Ladefoged, Peter (1975),
2302:Kawasaki, Haruko (1982),
2167:, Oxford University Press
2015:, University of Glasgow,
1259:and historically became
1236:nasal palatal approximant
1105:Clark & Yallop (1995)
1084:Ball & Rahilly (1999)
994:velar lateral approximant
2531:10.1515/9783110226584.37
2502:O'Connor, J. D. (1973),
1857:Clark & Yallop (1995
1833:Ball & Rahilly (1999
1311:
1301:List of phonetics topics
1221:Western American English
1070:Phonetic characteristics
822:linguolabial approximant
143:in the 1960s, the terms
37:Not to be confused with
4510:Non-pulmonic consonants
3642:Non-sibilant fricative
3398:Non-sibilant affricate
2764:History of the alphabet
2415:(inactive 2024-09-20),
2172:Catford, J. C. (1977),
1214:voiceless velar plosive
1151:Ohala & Solé (2010)
816:labiodental approximant
477:North American English
145:frictionless continuant
51:phonetic transcriptions
18:Frictionless continuant
7027:Approximant consonants
7022:Manner of articulation
6381:Articulatory phonetics
2822:Sinological extensions
2282:Hamann, Silke (2003),
2276:10.1006/jpho.1999.0097
2089:Articulatory Phonetics
1918:Ohala & Solé (2010
1709:Martínez-Celdrán (2004
1458:Martínez-Celdrán (2004
1376:Martínez-Celdrán (2004
1364:Martínez-Celdrán (2004
1352:Martínez-Celdrán (2004
1337:Martínez-Celdrán (2004
1227:Nasalized approximants
1060:Voiceless approximants
1055:Voiceless approximants
931:epiglottal approximant
913:pharyngeal approximant
48:This article contains
6555:Pharyngeal/epiglottal
2496:10.1515/prbs.2004.005
2463:(inactive 2024-09-20)
2345:, Oxford: Blackwell,
2325:A Course in Phonetics
1663:. 41 (2), pp. 231–237
1130:voiceless approximant
850:retroflex approximant
673:speech, a process of
166:that encompasses all
6880:Labio-palatalization
4294:Lateral approximant
2264:Journal of Phonetics
1128:. However, the term
952:Lateral approximants
805:bilabial approximant
796:Central approximants
752:⟩ or ⟨
721:that is parallel to
509:alveolar approximant
216:Indo-European ablaut
27:Type of speech sound
6570:Double articulation
2918:Pulmonic consonants
2651:, London: Routledge
2443:"Castilian Spanish"
2128:1997ASAJ..101.3741B
1378::201), pointing to
872:palatal approximant
273:
230:differ from French
164:distinctive feature
4848:Lateral fricative
4494:, to the left are
4201:Lateral fricative
2989:Postalveolar
2974:Linguolabial
2817:Naming conventions
2780:Journal of the IPA
2575:Linguistic Inquiry
1482:Hallé et al. (1999
1267:in some words. In
903:uvular approximant
832:dental approximant
682:can occur so that
350:Labialized palatal
271:
111:like and (as in
7009:
7008:
6895:Pharyngealization
6792:
6791:
6657:
6656:
6615:Uvular–epiglottal
6508:
6507:
6340:
6339:
6336:
6335:
6331:
6330:
6283:
6282:
5688:
5687:
5684:
5683:
5641:
5640:
5466:Uvular–epiglottal
5333:
5332:
5295:
5294:
4506:
4505:
4454:
4453:
4372:Lateral tap/flap
2969:Labiodental
2897:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2827:World Orthography
2670:10.1159/000259995
2540:978-3-11-022657-7
2377:10.1159/000261748
2255:978-0-521-84879-4
2022:978-0-85261-941-4
1684:978-0-8058-5363-6
1521:, 2nd ed., p. 699
888:velar approximant
495:
494:
323:('I extend') vs.
93:turbulent airflow
87:that involve the
16:(Redirected from
7034:
6963:Voice onset time
6668:
6667:
6588:Labial–retroflex
6480:
6479:
6402:
6401:
6367:
6360:
6353:
6344:
6343:
6324:
6300:
6277:
6276:
6268:
6267:
6261:
6260:
6248:
6247:
6241:
6240:
6228:
6227:
6219:
6218:
6212:
6211:
6190:
6189:
6177:
6176:
6170:
6169:
6150:
6149:
6141:
6140:
6134:
6133:
6121:
6120:
6112:
6111:
6105:
6104:
6092:
6091:
6083:
6082:
6076:
6075:
6056:
6055:
6047:
6046:
6040:
6039:
6027:
6026:
6014:
6013:
6005:
6004:
5998:
5997:
5978:
5977:
5969:
5968:
5962:
5961:
5949:
5948:
5940:
5939:
5933:
5932:
5920:
5919:
5911:
5910:
5904:
5903:
5884:
5883:
5875:
5874:
5862:
5861:
5853:
5852:
5846:
5845:
5826:
5825:
5817:
5816:
5810:
5809:
5797:
5796:
5788:
5787:
5781:
5780:
5768:
5767:
5759:
5758:
5752:
5751:
5743:
5742:
5712:
5711:
5708:
5694:
5693:
5646:
5645:
5607:
5592:
5585:
5565:
5541:
5529:
5522:
5508:
5501:
5475:
5462:
5450:
5443:
5434:Labial–retroflex
5431:
5424:
5412:
5405:
5386:
5376:Labial–retroflex
5372:
5358:
5342:
5312:
5289:
5282:
5275:
5268:
5259:
5248:
5232:
5225:
5218:
5211:
5202:
5191:
5162:
5130:
5098:
5069:
5062:
5053:
5042:
5033:
5022:
5000:
4991:
4980:
4971:
4960:
4938:
4929:
4918:
4909:
4898:
4884:bottom: uvular)
4861:
4841:
4834:
4827:
4816:
4793:
4786:
4779:
4772:
4765:
4758:
4751:
4744:
4737:
4721:
4714:
4707:
4700:
4693:
4686:
4679:
4672:
4656:
4649:
4642:
4635:
4628:
4619:
4608:
4588:
4581:
4574:
4567:
4560:
4553:
4546:
4539:
4532:
4525:
4517:
4516:
4513:
4501:
4471:
4438:
4429:
4420:
4413:
4402:
4395:
4359:
4350:
4341:
4332:
4319:
4277:
4270:
4263:
4256:
4249:
4242:
4231:
4224:
4184:
4177:
4170:
4163:
4156:
4149:
4138:
4131:
4096:
4089:
4082:
4075:
4060:
4053:
4042:
4035:
4016:
4009:
3991:
3982:
3965:
3958:
3947:
3940:
3929:
3920:
3911:
3895:
3878:
3869:
3860:
3847:
3830:
3810:
3803:
3796:
3789:
3782:
3775:
3768:
3761:
3754:
3747:
3740:
3733:
3726:
3719:
3712:
3705:
3698:
3691:
3684:
3677:
3670:
3663:
3656:
3649:
3621:
3614:
3607:
3600:
3593:
3586:
3579:
3572:
3539:
3532:
3525:
3518:
3511:
3504:
3497:
3490:
3483:
3472:
3465:
3458:
3451:
3444:
3437:
3426:
3419:
3412:
3405:
3377:
3370:
3363:
3356:
3349:
3342:
3335:
3328:
3293:
3284:
3277:
3270:
3263:
3256:
3249:
3242:
3235:
3228:
3217:
3210:
3199:
3192:
3185:
3178:
3171:
3164:
3142:
3135:
3128:
3121:
3114:
3107:
3100:
3093:
3082:
3075:
3064:
3055:
3048:
3041:
3034:
2926:
2925:
2922:
2903:
2902:
2749:
2748:
2738:
2737:
2731:
2716:
2709:
2702:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2652:
2643:
2625:
2597:
2569:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2549:
2543:, archived from
2520:
2507:
2498:
2478:
2472:
2464:
2462:
2437:
2431:
2423:
2395:
2359:Maddieson, Ian;
2355:
2333:Ladefoged, Peter
2328:
2319:
2312:Ladefoged, Peter
2307:
2298:
2288:, Utrecht: LOT,
2278:
2258:
2240:
2217:
2204:
2186:
2168:
2156:
2146:10.1121/1.418333
2139:
2122:(6): 3741–3753,
2110:
2101:
2083:
2065:
2047:
2041:
2033:
2031:
2010:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1991:
1976:
1957:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1921:
1915:
1909:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1887:John Wells' Blog
1878:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1836:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1778:
1776:
1770:
1765:
1764:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1748:
1742:
1734:
1725:
1718:
1712:
1706:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1670:
1664:
1657:
1651:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1623:
1617:, archived from
1616:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1567:
1558:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1522:
1515:
1509:
1502:
1496:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1425:
1416:
1410:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1296:Liquid consonant
1278:
1274:
1266:
1262:
1218:
1189:Estonian Swedish
1182:
1165:Standard Tibetan
1044:
1028:
981:
936:
926:
922:
908:
898:
882:
860:
837:
827:
810:
776:
755:
751:
747:
743:
737:. An example is
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
681:
634:→ ('male dogs')
592:
588:
566:approximants to
549:
544:
506:
465:
458:
442:
435:
422:Labialized velar
418:
411:
398:식 ('food') vs.
385:
378:
346:
339:
330:('he extended')
306:
299:
274:
270:
244:syllable nucleus
234:('through') and
139:coined the term
70:
66:
21:
7042:
7041:
7037:
7036:
7035:
7033:
7032:
7031:
7012:
7011:
7010:
7005:
6967:
6932:
6909:
6854:
6847:
6788:
6753:
6701:
6653:
6637:
6619:
6583:Labial–alveolar
6564:
6541:
6522:Alveolo-palatal
6504:
6478:
6467:Palato-alveolar
6423:
6391:
6385:Co-articulation
6374:
6371:
6341:
6332:
6322:
6321:unrounded
6317:
6279:
6278:
6271:
6269:
6265:
6262:
6255:
6250:
6249:
6245:
6242:
6235:
6230:
6229:
6222:
6220:
6216:
6213:
6206:
6192:
6191:
6184:
6179:
6178:
6174:
6171:
6164:
6152:
6151:
6144:
6142:
6138:
6135:
6128:
6123:
6122:
6115:
6113:
6109:
6106:
6099:
6094:
6093:
6086:
6084:
6080:
6077:
6070:
6058:
6057:
6050:
6048:
6044:
6041:
6034:
6029:
6028:
6021:
6016:
6015:
6008:
6006:
6002:
5999:
5992:
5980:
5979:
5972:
5970:
5966:
5963:
5956:
5951:
5950:
5943:
5941:
5937:
5934:
5927:
5922:
5921:
5914:
5912:
5908:
5905:
5898:
5886:
5885:
5878:
5876:
5872:
5864:
5863:
5856:
5854:
5850:
5847:
5840:
5828:
5827:
5820:
5818:
5814:
5811:
5804:
5799:
5798:
5791:
5789:
5785:
5782:
5775:
5770:
5769:
5762:
5760:
5756:
5753:
5746:
5740:
5701:
5680:
5644:
5643:
5642:
5637:
5614:
5613:
5612:
5611:
5610:Labial–alveolar
5608:
5601:
5596:
5593:
5586:
5578:
5573:
5572:
5566:
5558:
5552:
5551:
5542:
5534:
5533:
5530:
5523:
5515:
5514:
5509:
5502:
5494:
5484:
5483:
5482:
5481:
5476:
5468:
5463:
5455:
5454:
5451:
5444:
5436:
5435:
5432:
5425:
5417:
5416:
5415:Labial–alveolar
5413:
5406:
5398:
5393:
5392:
5387:
5379:
5378:
5373:
5365:
5364:
5362:Labial–alveolar
5359:
5351:
5334:
5329:
5159:
5127:
5115:Voiced lateral
5095:
5070:
5059:
5050:
5039:
5030:
5019:
4997:
4988:
4977:
4968:
4957:
4935:
4926:
4915:
4906:
4895:
4883:
4881:
4499:
4488:
2994:Retroflex
2910:
2889:
2848:ASCII encodings
2836:
2790:
2743:
2732:
2725:
2720:
2641:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2541:
2518:
2466:
2465:
2425:
2424:
2353:
2296:
2256:
2238:
2202:
2184:
2099:
2081:
2063:
2038:cite conference
2035:
2034:
2029:
2023:
2008:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1985:(19–20): 7–42,
1974:
1966:
1961:
1960:
1952:
1948:
1940:
1936:
1928:
1924:
1916:
1912:
1904:
1900:
1891:
1889:
1879:
1875:
1867:
1863:
1855:
1851:
1843:
1839:
1831:
1827:
1819:
1815:
1807:
1803:
1795:
1791:
1780:
1772:
1767:
1766:
1761:
1751:
1750:
1745:
1735:
1728:
1719:
1715:
1707:
1703:
1695:
1691:
1685:
1671:
1667:
1658:
1654:
1649:Wayback Machine
1639:
1635:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1597:
1593:
1585:
1581:
1568:
1561:
1553:
1549:
1541:
1537:
1529:
1525:
1516:
1512:
1503:
1499:
1480:
1476:
1468:
1464:
1456:
1452:
1444:
1440:
1434:Montreuil (2004
1432:
1428:
1423:Kawasaki (1982)
1417:
1413:
1402:
1398:
1390:
1386:
1380:Ladefoged (1964
1374:
1370:
1362:
1358:
1350:
1346:
1335:
1331:
1325:Ladefoged (1975
1323:
1319:
1314:
1292:
1286:or diphthongs.
1229:
1206:
1147:O'Connor (1973)
1114:
1101:
1099:Distinctiveness
1072:
1057:
1037:(a consonantal
1021:(a consonantal
1008:
954:
915:(a consonantal
891:(a consonantal
875:(a consonantal
853:(a consonantal
798:
762:
675:glide-formation
624:→ ('fluorine')
286:
281:
220:Montreuil (2004
198:
192:
137:Peter Ladefoged
133:
78:
77:
76:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7040:
7030:
7029:
7024:
7007:
7006:
7004:
7003:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6977:
6975:
6969:
6968:
6966:
6965:
6960:
6959:
6958:
6953:
6942:
6940:
6934:
6933:
6931:
6930:
6925:
6919:
6917:
6911:
6910:
6908:
6907:
6902:
6900:Glottalization
6897:
6892:
6887:
6882:
6877:
6875:Palatalization
6872:
6871:
6870:
6859:
6857:
6849:
6848:
6846:
6845:
6840:
6839:
6838:
6833:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6802:
6800:
6794:
6793:
6790:
6789:
6787:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6775:
6774:
6769:
6758:
6755:
6754:
6752:
6751:
6750:
6749:
6744:
6734:
6733:
6732:
6722:
6717:
6711:
6709:
6703:
6702:
6700:
6699:
6698:
6697:
6687:
6682:
6676:
6674:
6665:
6659:
6658:
6655:
6654:
6652:
6651:
6645:
6643:
6639:
6638:
6636:
6635:
6633:Velopharyngeal
6629:
6627:
6621:
6620:
6618:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6595:Labial–palatal
6592:
6591:
6590:
6585:
6578:Labial–coronal
6574:
6572:
6566:
6565:
6563:
6562:
6557:
6551:
6549:
6543:
6542:
6540:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6518:
6516:
6510:
6509:
6506:
6505:
6503:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6486:
6484:
6477:
6476:
6475:
6474:
6469:
6459:
6454:
6452:Denti-alveolar
6449:
6444:
6439:
6433:
6431:
6425:
6424:
6422:
6421:
6416:
6410:
6408:
6399:
6393:
6392:
6379:
6376:
6375:
6370:
6369:
6362:
6355:
6347:
6338:
6337:
6334:
6333:
6329:
6328:
6316:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6294:
6288:
6285:
6284:
6281:
6280:
6270:
6263:
6254:
6253:
6251:
6243:
6234:
6233:
6231:
6221:
6214:
6205:
6204:
6202:
6196:
6195:
6193:
6183:
6182:
6180:
6172:
6163:
6162:
6160:
6154:
6153:
6143:
6136:
6127:
6126:
6124:
6114:
6107:
6098:
6097:
6095:
6085:
6078:
6069:
6068:
6066:
6060:
6059:
6049:
6042:
6033:
6032:
6030:
6020:
6019:
6017:
6007:
6000:
5991:
5990:
5988:
5982:
5981:
5971:
5964:
5955:
5954:
5952:
5942:
5935:
5926:
5925:
5923:
5913:
5906:
5897:
5896:
5894:
5888:
5887:
5877:
5870:
5869:
5867:
5865:
5855:
5848:
5839:
5838:
5836:
5830:
5829:
5819:
5812:
5803:
5802:
5800:
5790:
5783:
5774:
5773:
5771:
5761:
5754:
5745:
5744:
5737:
5731:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5706:
5703:
5702:
5690:
5689:
5686:
5685:
5682:
5681:
5679:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5652:
5650:
5639:
5638:
5636:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5619:
5616:
5615:
5609:
5602:
5597:
5594:
5587:
5580:
5579:
5574:
5567:
5560:
5559:
5553:
5543:
5536:
5535:
5531:
5524:
5517:
5516:
5512:Labial–palatal
5510:
5503:
5496:
5495:
5486:
5485:
5477:
5470:
5469:
5464:
5457:
5456:
5452:
5445:
5438:
5437:
5433:
5426:
5419:
5418:
5414:
5407:
5400:
5399:
5394:
5388:
5381:
5380:
5374:
5367:
5366:
5360:
5353:
5352:
5347:
5346:
5345:
5335:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5306:
5300:
5297:
5296:
5293:
5292:
5290:
5283:
5276:
5269:
5262:
5260:
5253:
5251:
5249:
5242:
5236:
5235:
5233:
5226:
5219:
5212:
5205:
5203:
5196:
5194:
5192:
5185:
5182:
5176:
5175:
5173:
5171:
5169:
5167:
5165:
5163:
5154:
5152:
5150:
5148:
5147:Nasal lateral
5144:
5143:
5141:
5139:
5137:
5135:
5133:
5131:
5122:
5120:
5118:
5116:
5112:
5111:
5109:
5107:
5105:
5103:
5101:
5099:
5090:
5088:
5086:
5084:
5077:
5076:
5074:
5072:
5063:
5054:
5045:
5043:
5034:
5025:
5023:
5014:
5008:
5007:
5005:
5003:
5001:
4992:
4983:
4981:
4972:
4963:
4961:
4952:
4946:
4945:
4943:
4941:
4939:
4930:
4921:
4919:
4910:
4901:
4899:
4890:
4885:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4870:
4868:
4866:
4864:
4862:
4855:
4853:
4851:
4849:
4845:
4844:
4842:
4835:
4828:
4821:
4819:
4817:
4810:
4808:
4806:
4804:
4797:
4796:
4794:
4787:
4780:
4773:
4766:
4759:
4752:
4745:
4738:
4731:
4725:
4724:
4722:
4715:
4708:
4701:
4694:
4687:
4680:
4673:
4666:
4664:
4658:
4657:
4650:
4643:
4636:
4629:
4622:
4620:
4613:
4611:
4609:
4602:
4597:
4591:
4590:
4583:
4576:
4569:
4562:
4555:
4548:
4541:
4534:
4527:
4520:
4508:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4487:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4465:
4459:
4456:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4447:
4445:
4443:
4441:
4439:
4432:
4430:
4423:
4421:
4414:
4407:
4405:
4403:
4396:
4389:
4387:
4385:
4383:
4381:
4379:
4377:
4375:
4373:
4369:
4368:
4366:
4364:
4362:
4360:
4353:
4351:
4344:
4342:
4335:
4333:
4326:
4324:
4322:
4320:
4313:
4311:
4309:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4301:
4299:
4297:
4295:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4286:
4284:
4282:
4280:
4278:
4271:
4264:
4257:
4250:
4243:
4236:
4234:
4232:
4225:
4218:
4216:
4214:
4212:
4210:
4208:
4206:
4204:
4202:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4187:
4185:
4178:
4171:
4164:
4157:
4150:
4143:
4141:
4139:
4132:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4109:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4090:
4083:
4076:
4069:
4067:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4054:
4047:
4045:
4043:
4036:
4029:
4027:
4025:
4023:
4021:
4019:
4017:
4010:
4003:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3985:
3983:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3959:
3952:
3950:
3948:
3941:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3923:
3921:
3914:
3912:
3905:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3881:
3879:
3872:
3870:
3863:
3861:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3818:
3812:
3811:
3804:
3797:
3790:
3783:
3776:
3769:
3762:
3755:
3748:
3741:
3734:
3727:
3720:
3713:
3706:
3699:
3692:
3685:
3678:
3671:
3664:
3657:
3650:
3643:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3615:
3608:
3601:
3594:
3587:
3580:
3573:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3550:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3533:
3526:
3519:
3512:
3505:
3498:
3491:
3484:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3466:
3459:
3452:
3445:
3438:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3420:
3413:
3406:
3399:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3371:
3364:
3357:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3329:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3287:
3285:
3278:
3271:
3264:
3257:
3250:
3243:
3236:
3229:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3211:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3193:
3186:
3179:
3172:
3165:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3136:
3129:
3122:
3115:
3108:
3101:
3094:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3076:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3058:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3035:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2964:Bilabial
2961:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2798:
2796:
2795:Special topics
2792:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2755:
2753:
2745:
2744:
2734:
2733:
2719:
2718:
2711:
2704:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2664:(4): 253–266,
2653:
2644:
2639:
2626:
2615:10.2307/411006
2609:(2): 287–290,
2598:
2581:(4): 672–687,
2570:
2558:
2539:
2512:Ohala, John J.
2508:
2499:
2479:
2453:(2): 255–259,
2438:
2407:(2): 201–210,
2396:
2371:(4): 163–174,
2361:Emmorey, Karen
2356:
2351:
2337:Maddieson, Ian
2329:
2320:
2308:
2299:
2294:
2279:
2270:(3): 281–306,
2259:
2254:
2241:
2236:
2218:
2205:
2200:
2187:
2182:
2169:
2161:Catford, J. C.
2157:
2137:10.1.1.16.4174
2111:
2102:
2097:
2084:
2079:
2066:
2061:
2048:
2021:
2001:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1946:
1934:
1922:
1910:
1906:O'Connor (1973
1898:
1873:
1869:Akamatsu (1992
1861:
1849:
1837:
1825:
1813:
1801:
1789:
1760:
1759:
1744:
1743:
1726:
1713:
1701:
1689:
1683:
1665:
1652:
1633:
1603:
1591:
1579:
1559:
1547:
1535:
1523:
1510:
1504:Both cited in
1497:
1474:
1462:
1450:
1438:
1426:
1421::680), citing
1411:
1406::323), citing
1396:
1384:
1368:
1356:
1344:
1339::201), citing
1329:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1291:
1288:
1249:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1231:Examples are:
1228:
1225:
1205:
1202:
1122:Catford (1977)
1113:
1110:
1100:
1097:
1089:Catford (1977)
1071:
1068:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1030:
1014:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1002:
997:
990:
983:
973:
966:
953:
950:
949:
948:
943:
938:
928:
910:
900:
884:
868:
862:
846:
839:
829:
819:
812:
797:
794:
761:
758:
691:central vowels
656:
655:
645:
635:
625:
619:
609:
572:rounded vowels
552:
551:
536:
497:
496:
493:
492:
475:
466:
459:
451:
450:
448:
443:
436:
428:
427:
424:
419:
412:
404:
403:
392:
387:
379:
371:
370:
361:('sharp') vs.
352:
347:
340:
332:
331:
313:
308:
300:
292:
291:
288:
283:
278:
194:Main article:
191:
188:
132:
129:
71:⟩, see
47:
46:
45:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7039:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7019:
7017:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6978:
6976:
6974:
6970:
6964:
6961:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6948:
6947:
6944:
6943:
6941:
6939:
6935:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6920:
6918:
6916:
6912:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6890:Uvularization
6888:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6869:
6866:
6865:
6864:
6863:Labialization
6861:
6860:
6858:
6856:
6850:
6844:
6841:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6828:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6803:
6801:
6799:
6795:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6764:
6763:
6760:
6759:
6756:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6739:
6738:
6735:
6731:
6728:
6727:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6712:
6710:
6708:
6704:
6696:
6693:
6692:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6677:
6675:
6673:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6660:
6650:
6647:
6646:
6644:
6640:
6634:
6631:
6630:
6628:
6626:
6622:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6610:Coronal–velar
6608:
6606:
6605:Labial–uvular
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6580:
6579:
6576:
6575:
6573:
6571:
6567:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6552:
6550:
6548:
6544:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6519:
6517:
6515:
6511:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6487:
6485:
6481:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6464:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6434:
6432:
6430:
6426:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6411:
6409:
6407:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6394:
6390:
6386:
6382:
6377:
6368:
6363:
6361:
6356:
6354:
6349:
6348:
6345:
6327:
6326:
6325: rounded
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6299:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6289:
6287:
6286:
6275:
6259:
6252:
6239:
6232:
6226:
6210:
6203:
6201:
6197:
6194:
6188:
6181:
6168:
6161:
6159:
6155:
6148:
6132:
6125:
6119:
6103:
6096:
6090:
6074:
6067:
6065:
6061:
6054:
6038:
6031:
6025:
6018:
6012:
5996:
5989:
5987:
5983:
5976:
5960:
5953:
5947:
5931:
5924:
5918:
5902:
5895:
5893:
5889:
5882:
5868:
5866:
5860:
5844:
5837:
5835:
5831:
5824:
5808:
5801:
5795:
5779:
5772:
5766:
5750:
5738:
5736:
5732:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5713:
5710:
5709:
5704:
5700:
5695:
5691:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5653:
5651:
5647:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5620:
5618:
5617:
5606:
5600:
5591:
5584:
5577:
5570:
5564:
5556:
5549:
5547:
5540:
5528:
5521:
5513:
5507:
5500:
5493:
5489:
5480:
5479:Labial–uvular
5474:
5467:
5461:
5449:
5442:
5430:
5423:
5411:
5404:
5397:
5391:
5385:
5377:
5371:
5363:
5357:
5350:
5344:
5343:
5340:
5339:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5311:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5301:
5299:
5298:
5291:
5288:
5284:
5281:
5277:
5274:
5270:
5267:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5254:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5243:
5241:
5237:
5234:
5231:
5227:
5224:
5220:
5217:
5213:
5210:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5197:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5186:
5181:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5170:
5168:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5155:
5153:
5151:
5149:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5138:
5136:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5123:
5121:
5119:
5117:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5106:
5104:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5091:
5089:
5087:
5085:
5083:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5068:
5064:
5061:
5055:
5052:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5035:
5032:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5015:
5013:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4993:
4990:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4973:
4970:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4953:
4951:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4931:
4928:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4911:
4908:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4891:
4889:
4880:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4869:
4867:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4856:
4854:
4852:
4850:
4846:
4843:
4840:
4836:
4833:
4829:
4826:
4822:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4811:
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4807:
4805:
4802:
4798:
4795:
4792:
4788:
4785:
4781:
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4774:
4771:
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4760:
4757:
4753:
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4726:
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4720:
4716:
4713:
4709:
4706:
4702:
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4692:
4688:
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4678:
4674:
4671:
4667:
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4663:
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4655:
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4641:
4637:
4634:
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4607:
4603:
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4575:
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4526:
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4502:
4497:
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4477:
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4437:
4433:
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4412:
4408:
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4401:
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4380:
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4374:
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4343:
4340:
4336:
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4331:
4327:
4325:
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4321:
4318:
4314:
4312:
4310:
4308:
4306:
4304:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4296:
4292:
4289:
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4283:
4281:
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4276:
4272:
4269:
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4244:
4241:
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4235:
4233:
4230:
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4223:
4219:
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4213:
4211:
4209:
4207:
4205:
4203:
4199:
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4186:
4183:
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4176:
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4162:
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4144:
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4140:
4137:
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4130:
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4116:
4114:
4112:
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4098:
4095:
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4084:
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4070:
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4026:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4011:
4008:
4004:
4002:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3977:
3975:
3973:
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3880:
3877:
3873:
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3212:
3209:
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3180:
3177:
3173:
3170:
3166:
3163:
3159:
3157:
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3141:
3137:
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3023:
3020:
3015:
3010:
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3000:
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2965:
2959:
2955:
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2913:
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2839:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2807:Case variants
2805:
2803:
2802:Cursive forms
2800:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2775:
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2770:
2767:
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2750:
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2710:
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2703:
2698:
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2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2645:
2642:
2640:0-631-18848-7
2636:
2633:, Blackwell,
2632:
2627:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2599:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2562:Pike, Kenneth
2559:
2550:on 2021-06-03
2546:
2542:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2497:
2493:
2489:
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2480:
2476:
2470:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2429:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2397:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2354:
2352:0-631-19815-6
2348:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2297:
2295:90-76864-39-X
2291:
2287:
2286:
2280:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2260:
2257:
2251:
2247:
2242:
2239:
2237:87-500-3865-6
2233:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2222:Grønnum, Nina
2219:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2203:
2201:0-631-19452-5
2197:
2193:
2188:
2185:
2183:0-85224-279-4
2179:
2175:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2100:
2098:1-55671-165-4
2094:
2090:
2085:
2082:
2080:0-340-70010-6
2076:
2072:
2067:
2064:
2062:0-521-00496-9
2058:
2055:, Cambridge,
2054:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2014:
2007:
2002:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1968:
1967:
1955:
1954:Grønnum (2005
1950:
1943:
1938:
1931:
1926:
1919:
1914:
1907:
1902:
1888:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1865:
1858:
1853:
1846:
1845:Catford (1977
1841:
1834:
1829:
1822:
1817:
1810:
1805:
1798:
1793:
1739:
1733:
1731:
1723:
1717:
1710:
1705:
1698:
1697:Boersma (1997
1693:
1686:
1680:
1676:
1669:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1637:
1624:on 2011-07-20
1620:
1613:
1607:
1600:
1595:
1588:
1583:
1576:
1566:
1564:
1556:
1551:
1544:
1539:
1532:
1527:
1520:
1514:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1484::283) citing
1483:
1478:
1471:
1466:
1459:
1454:
1447:
1446:Saporta (1956
1442:
1435:
1430:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1393:
1388:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1365:
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1353:
1348:
1342:
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1307:
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1302:
1299:
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1254:
1247:
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1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1224:
1222:
1215:
1211:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1142:John C. Wells
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1109:
1106:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1050:
1047:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1001:
998:
996:
995:
991:
989:
988:
984:
977:
974:
972:
971:
967:
965:
964:
960:
959:
958:
947:
944:
942:
939:
932:
929:
920:
914:
911:
904:
901:
896:
890:
889:
885:
880:
874:
873:
869:
866:
863:
858:
852:
851:
847:
845:
844:
840:
833:
830:
823:
820:
818:
817:
813:
806:
803:
802:
801:
793:
791:
786:
784:
778:
772:
768:
757:
740:
696:
692:
687:
685:
676:
672:
667:
665:
661:
653:
649:
646:
643:
639:
636:
633:
629:
626:
623:
620:
617:
613:
610:
608:→ ('cinema')
607:
604:
603:
602:
600:
596:
584:
579:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
543:
542:
537:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
517:Catford (1988
514:
510:
505:
504:
499:
498:
491:
489:
483:
482:
476:
474:
470:
467:
464:
460:
457:
453:
452:
449:
447:
444:
441:
437:
434:
430:
429:
425:
423:
420:
417:
413:
410:
406:
405:
402:사 ('doctor')
401:
397:
393:
391:
388:
384:
380:
377:
373:
372:
368:
366:
360:
359:
353:
351:
348:
345:
341:
338:
334:
333:
329:
328:
322:
320:
314:
312:
309:
305:
301:
298:
294:
293:
289:
287:articulation
284:
280:Corresponding
279:
276:
275:
269:
268:
267:
265:
262:'abject' and
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
240:syllable coda
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
212:
209:
205:
204:
197:
187:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
152:
150:
146:
142:
138:
128:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
85:speech sounds
82:
74:
62:
58:
56:
52:
44:
40:
33:
19:
6915:Tongue shape
6905:Nasalization
6885:Velarization
6855:articulation
6724:
6625:Pathological
6600:Labial–velar
6483:Active place
6462:Postalveolar
6437:Linguolabial
6373:Articulation
6318:
5595:Labial–velar
5545:
5532:Labial–velar
5491:
5453:Labial–velar
5390:Labial–velar
5336:
4882:(top: velar;
4509:
4489:
3815:
2916:
2783:
2779:
2661:
2657:
2648:
2630:
2606:
2602:
2578:
2574:
2565:
2552:, retrieved
2545:the original
2522:
2503:
2487:
2483:
2450:
2446:
2404:
2400:
2368:
2364:
2341:
2324:
2315:
2303:
2284:
2267:
2263:
2245:
2226:
2213:
2209:
2191:
2173:
2164:
2119:
2115:
2106:
2088:
2070:
2052:
2012:
1994:, retrieved
1982:
1978:
1949:
1937:
1925:
1913:
1901:
1890:, retrieved
1886:
1876:
1864:
1852:
1840:
1828:
1821:Shadle (2000
1816:
1804:
1792:
1771:or reversed
1724:, 34, 201–10
1721:
1716:
1704:
1692:
1674:
1668:
1660:
1655:
1640:Listen to a
1636:
1626:, retrieved
1619:the original
1606:
1594:
1582:
1575:Rubach (2002
1555:Rubach (2002
1550:
1543:Rubach (2002
1538:
1531:Rubach (2002
1526:
1518:
1513:
1506:Hamann (2003
1500:
1477:
1465:
1453:
1441:
1429:
1419:Rubach (2002
1414:
1399:
1387:
1371:
1359:
1347:
1332:
1320:
1284:nasal vowels
1281:
1257:nasal glides
1256:
1250:
1230:
1207:
1155:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1115:
1102:
1073:
1059:
1058:
1032:
1017:
992:
986:
968:
962:
955:
886:
870:
848:
842:
814:
799:
787:
779:
770:
763:
748:are ⟨
738:
688:
683:
668:
660:Sievers' law
657:
647:
637:
631:
627:
621:
615:
611:
605:
580:
560:front vowels
553:
539:
513:postalveolar
501:
487:
485:
480:
478:
469:Postalveolar
399:
395:
364:
362:
357:
355:
326:
324:
318:
316:
282:approximant
263:
259:
255:
251:
235:
231:
227:
223:
213:
207:
201:
199:
174:, including
159:
153:
148:
144:
140:
134:
124:
116:
112:
104:
89:articulators
81:Approximants
80:
79:
67:and ⟨
49:
43:
6725:Approximant
6442:Interdental
6419:Labiodental
5557:approximant
5492:approximant
3816:Approximant
2885:IPA Braille
2863:Kirshenbaum
2210:Linguistics
1996:21 December
1892:23 December
1811::71, 138–9)
1159:argue that
1134:approximant
1079:Pike (1943)
618:→ ('seas')
568:back vowels
525:Trask (1996
369:('needle')
266:'opened').
160:approximant
141:approximant
131:Terminology
39:Approximate
7016:Categories
6853:Secondary
6843:Percussive
6811:Ingressive
6784:Continuant
6308:full chart
5834:Near-close
5628:full chart
5550:(variable)
5320:full chart
4803:affricate
4479:full chart
4108:affricate
2908:Consonants
2880:IPA number
2742:IPA topics
2554:2021-06-03
2490:: 91–111,
2073:, Arnold,
1964:References
1809:Pike (1943
1628:2010-12-31
1392:Hall (2007
1253:Portuguese
1064:fricatives
790:phonations
756:⟩.
695:Mapudungun
446:Pharyngeal
190:Semivowels
162:is also a
109:semivowels
97:fricatives
6973:Phonation
6951:Aspirated
6946:Voiceless
6821:Implosive
6806:Egressive
6798:Airstream
6779:Occlusive
6730:Semivowel
6690:Fricative
6685:Affricate
6672:Obstruent
6547:Laryngeal
6500:Subapical
6472:Retroflex
6158:Near-open
5892:Close-mid
5576:Implosive
5569:Velarized
5488:Fricative
5240:Voiceless
5180:Implosive
4729:Fricative
4662:Affricate
4496:voiceless
3548:fricative
3546:Sibilant
3304:affricate
2951:Laryngeal
2841:Encodings
2658:Phonetica
2566:Phonetics
2506:, Penguin
2504:Phonetics
2421:144568679
2365:Phonetica
2132:CiteSeerX
1979:Contextos
1642:recording
1601::256–257)
1589::323–324)
1557::677–678)
1545::675–676)
1306:Semivowel
1210:allophone
1193:Icelandic
1138:voiceless
1093:sonorants
1075:Fricative
982:⟩)
937:⟩)
927:⟩)
909:⟩)
838:⟩)
828:⟩)
811:⟩)
783:diacritic
585:, medial
583:Ukrainian
529:r-colored
473:retroflex
285:Place of
203:semivowel
196:Semivowel
168:sonorants
156:phonology
149:semivowel
6868:Rounding
6836:Ejective
6831:Pulmonic
6816:Ejective
6742:Tap/flap
6707:Sonorant
6695:Sibilant
6649:Bidental
6457:Alveolar
6414:Bilabial
6319:Legend:
6313:template
6292:IPA help
6064:Open-mid
5633:template
5623:IPA help
5599:Ejective
5571:alveolar
5325:template
5304:IPA help
4595:Ejective
4484:template
4463:IPA help
3901:Tap/flap
3301:Sibilant
2984:Alveolar
2686:46760239
2603:Language
2595:57566358
2564:(1943),
2469:citation
2428:citation
2393:46872676
2339:(1996),
2314:(1964),
2224:(2005),
2163:(1988),
2027:archived
1987:archived
1785:⟩
1781:⟨
1777:⟩
1773:⟨
1645:Archived
1290:See also
664:Germanic
606:bioscoop
546:⟨
315:Spanish
290:Example
65:/ /
61:Help:IPA
6986:Breathy
6772:Lateral
6737:Vibrant
6680:Plosive
6560:Glottal
6527:Palatal
6495:Laminal
6429:Coronal
6323:•
5723:Central
5555:Lateral
5396:Plosive
5184:Voiced
5082:lateral
5080:Tenuis
5071:
4801:Lateral
4106:Lateral
3156:Plosive
3019:Glottal
2999:Palatal
2941:Coronal
2858:X-SAMPA
2678:7443796
2385:3842771
2216:: 29–68
2154:9193061
2124:Bibcode
1932::198–9)
1847::122–3)
1508::25–26)
1161:Burmese
767:Spanish
684:ahorita
556:palatal
533:formant
394:Korean
354:French
311:Palatal
264:abierto
260:abyecto
248:Italian
170:except
135:Before
121:lateral
53:in the
6996:Creaky
6956:Tenuis
6923:Sulcal
6767:Rhotic
6762:Liquid
6663:Manner
6537:Uvular
6514:Dorsal
6490:Apical
6447:Dental
6406:Labial
6301:
5699:Vowels
5548:-sound
5313:
4950:Voiced
4888:Tenuis
4492:voiced
4472:
3463:t̠ɹ̠̊˔
3009:Uvular
2979:Dental
2958:Manner
2946:Dorsal
2936:Labial
2684:
2676:
2637:
2623:411006
2621:
2593:
2537:
2484:Probus
2419:
2391:
2383:
2349:
2292:
2252:
2234:
2198:
2180:
2152:
2134:
2095:
2077:
2059:
2019:
1835::50–1)
1823::37–8)
1799::56–7)
1738:turned
1681:
1492:, and
1255:, the
1195:, and
1169:Navajo
1124:, and
775:/ʝʝ˕j/
742:/ˈliɣ/
713:, and
671:Nepali
642:Rwanda
638:Rwanda
595:Maoist
591:/-ist/
576:rhotic
521:Badaga
277:Vowel
236:baille
184:trills
182:, and
176:vowels
172:nasals
107:) and
101:vowels
69:
7001:Stiff
6991:Slack
6981:Modal
6938:Voice
6928:Domed
6826:Click
6747:Trill
6720:Vowel
6715:Nasal
6642:Other
6532:Velar
6397:Place
6303:audio
5735:Close
5718:Front
5649:Other
5583:ɠ̊͜ɓ̥
5349:Nasal
5315:audio
5012:Nasal
4879:Click
4474:audio
4001:Trill
3470:d̠ɹ̠˔
3026:Nasal
3004:Velar
2930:Place
2853:SAMPA
2728:chart
2682:S2CID
2619:JSTOR
2591:S2CID
2548:(PDF)
2519:(PDF)
2417:S2CID
2389:S2CID
2030:(PDF)
2009:(PDF)
1990:(PDF)
1975:(PDF)
1956::154)
1711::204)
1622:(PDF)
1615:(PDF)
1533::672)
1472::323)
1460::202)
1448::288)
1436::104)
1394::316)
1366::201)
1354::201)
1327::277)
1312:Notes
1219:, in
1197:Welsh
1181:]
1177:[
1043:]
1039:[
1027:]
1023:[
921:]
917:[
897:]
893:[
881:]
877:[
859:]
855:[
771:ayuda
769:word
754:ɉ, w̶
750:ɉ, ɥ̶
650:→ ('
640:→ ('
622:fluor
599:Dutch
564:velar
548:ʝ˕ ɣ˕
390:Velar
256:piano
252:piede
208:glide
57:(IPA)
6200:Open
5728:Back
5605:t͡pʼ
4839:q𝼄ʼ
4832:k𝼄ʼ
4825:c𝼆ʼ
4691:t̠ʃʼ
4677:t̪θʼ
4670:p̪fʼ
4600:Stop
4051:ɽ̊r̥
3717:ɹ̠̊˔
3449:tɹ̝̊
2870:TIPA
2784:JIPA
2674:PMID
2635:ISBN
2535:ISBN
2475:link
2434:link
2381:PMID
2347:ISBN
2290:ISBN
2250:ISBN
2232:ISBN
2196:ISBN
2178:ISBN
2150:PMID
2093:ISBN
2075:ISBN
2057:ISBN
2044:link
2017:ISBN
1998:2020
1920::43)
1908::61)
1894:2020
1871::30)
1859::48)
1779:and
1755:and
1699::12)
1679:ISBN
1382::25)
1275:and
1263:and
1173:Zulu
1171:and
1163:and
729:and
652:Boaz
648:Boaz
486:wait
484:vs.
479:wait
367:ille
325:ampl
317:ampl
226:and
206:and
180:taps
147:and
125:less
117:west
115:and
105:rest
83:are
5986:Mid
5590:ɠ͡ɓ
5473:q͡p
5460:q͡ʡ
5448:ɡ͡b
5441:k͡p
5429:ɖ͡b
5422:ʈ͡p
5410:d͡b
5403:t͡p
5384:ŋ͡m
5370:ɳ͡m
5356:n͡m
5051:ɴ𝼊
5049:ŋ𝼊
4989:ɢ𝼊
4987:ɡ𝼊
4927:q𝼊
4925:k𝼊
4814:tɬʼ
4719:qχʼ
4712:kxʼ
4705:tɕʼ
4698:tʂʼ
4684:tsʼ
4411:𝼈̥
4182:ɡʟ̝
4175:k𝼄
4168:ɟʎ̝
4161:c𝼆
4154:d𝼅
3731:ɻ̊˔
3724:ɹ̠˔
3456:dɹ̝
3442:d̪ð
3435:t̪θ
3424:b̪v
3417:p̪f
3347:d̠ʒ
3340:t̠ʃ
2752:IPA
2666:doi
2611:doi
2583:doi
2527:doi
2492:doi
2455:doi
2409:doi
2373:doi
2272:doi
2142:doi
2120:101
1944::5)
1571:/ʋ/
1277:/w/
1273:/j/
1269:Edo
1265:/m/
1261:/ɲ/
1251:In
1217:/k/
867:or
739:liq
735:/u/
731:/w/
727:/i/
723:/j/
719:/ɨ/
715:/w/
711:/j/
707:/ɨ/
703:/u/
699:/i/
680:/a/
628:reu
612:zee
587:/i/
541:^**
490:ess
363:aig
356:aig
232:par
228:buy
224:par
154:In
127:).
113:yes
7018::
6387:–
6383:–
6053:o̞
6037:ɤ̞
6011:ø̞
5995:e̞
5546:Sj
5499:ɥ̊
5287:ʛ̥
5280:ɠ̊
5273:ʄ̊
5266:ᶑ̊
5257:ɗ̥
5246:ɓ̥
5160:ɴǁ
5158:ŋǁ
5128:ɢǁ
5126:ɡǁ
5096:qǁ
5094:kǁ
5060:ɴǂ
5058:ŋǂ
5040:ɴǃ
5038:ŋǃ
5031:ɴǀ
5029:ŋǀ
5020:ɴʘ
5018:ŋʘ
4998:ɢǂ
4996:ɡǂ
4978:ɢǃ
4976:ɡǃ
4969:ɢǀ
4967:ɡǀ
4958:ɢʘ
4956:ɡʘ
4936:qǂ
4934:kǂ
4916:qǃ
4914:kǃ
4907:qǀ
4905:kǀ
4896:qʘ
4894:kʘ
4859:ɬʼ
4791:χʼ
4784:xʼ
4777:ɕʼ
4770:ʂʼ
4763:ʃʼ
4756:sʼ
4749:θʼ
4742:fʼ
4735:ɸʼ
4654:ʡʼ
4647:qʼ
4640:kʼ
4633:cʼ
4626:ʈʼ
4617:tʼ
4606:pʼ
4587:EG
4559:RF
4552:PA
4531:LD
4524:BL
4498:.
4436:ʟ̆
4427:ʎ̆
4418:𝼈
4393:ɺ̥
4357:ʟ̠
4275:ʟ̝
4268:𝼄
4261:ʎ̝
4254:𝼆
4247:𝼅
4147:tꞎ
4136:dɮ
4129:tɬ
4073:ʀ̥
4058:ɽr
4033:r̥
4007:ʙ̥
3989:ʡ̆
3980:ɢ̆
3956:ɽ̊
3938:ɾ̥
3927:ɾ̼
3909:ⱱ̟
3893:ʔ̞
3738:ɻ˔
3710:ð̠
3703:θ̠
3682:ð̼
3675:θ̼
3537:ʔh
3530:ʡʢ
3523:ʡʜ
3516:ɢʁ
3509:qχ
3502:ɡɣ
3495:kx
3488:ɟʝ
3481:cç
3410:bβ
3403:pɸ
3375:dʑ
3368:tɕ
3361:dʐ
3354:tʂ
3333:dz
3326:ts
3197:d̼
3190:t̼
3183:b̪
3176:p̪
3133:ɴ̥
3119:ŋ̊
3105:ɲ̊
3091:ɳ̊
3073:n̥
3062:n̼
3046:ɱ̊
3032:m̥
2960:↓
2932:→
2680:,
2672:,
2662:37
2660:,
2617:,
2607:32
2605:,
2589:,
2579:33
2577:,
2533:,
2488:16
2486:,
2471:}}
2467:{{
2451:33
2449:,
2445:,
2430:}}
2426:{{
2405:34
2403:,
2387:,
2379:,
2369:42
2367:,
2335:;
2268:27
2266:,
2214:44
2212:,
2148:,
2140:,
2130:,
2118:,
2040:}}
2036:{{
2025:,
2011:,
1981:,
1977:,
1885:,
1729:^
1562:^
1488:,
1223:.
1191:,
1120:,
1095:.
1066:.
826:ð̼
785:.
705:,
701:,
666:.
654:')
644:')
632:en
630:+
616:en
614:+
562:,
523:;
503:^*
481:er
471:,
440:ʕ̞
386:**
327:ió
307:**
186:.
178:,
158:,
6366:e
6359:t
6352:v
6274:ɒ
6258:ɑ
6238:ä
6225:ɶ
6209:a
6187:ɐ
6167:æ
6147:ɔ
6131:ʌ
6118:ɞ
6102:ɜ
6089:œ
6073:ɛ
6024:ə
5975:o
5959:ɤ
5946:ɵ
5930:ɘ
5917:ø
5901:e
5881:ʊ
5859:ʏ
5843:ɪ
5823:u
5807:ɯ
5794:ʉ
5778:ɨ
5765:y
5749:i
5563:ɫ
5539:ɧ
5527:w
5520:ʍ
5506:ɥ
5490:/
5230:ʛ
5223:ɠ
5216:ʄ
5209:ᶑ
5200:ɗ
5189:ɓ
5067:ʞ
4580:U
4573:V
4566:P
4545:A
4538:D
4400:ɺ
4348:ʟ
4339:ʎ
4330:ɭ
4317:l
4240:ꞎ
4229:ɮ
4222:ɬ
4094:ʢ
4087:ʜ
4080:ʀ
4040:r
4014:ʙ
3963:ɽ
3945:ɾ
3918:ⱱ
3876:ɰ
3867:j
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3828:ʋ
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3801:h
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3787:ħ
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1179:ɬ
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488:r
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