31:
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168:. The principal, Richard Lynch, "denied the request, fearing that student reaction could lead to a disruption at the dance and possibly to physical harm to Guilbert." The Cumberland School Department denied a public hearing to Paul Guilbert because his father opposed his plan to attend with a male date. Guilbert and Miskevich did not attend the prom.
277:
On May 31, 1980, the press reports said that "Amid heavy security, homosexual student Aaron Fricke showed up at the senior prom with a male companion. Both wore tuxedos." Lynch addressed the senior class earlier in the day and promised to respond to any harassment of the couple with "very stern
260:
arguments, the court noted that "the school afforded disparate treatment to a certain class of students" by setting up different policies for those who wished to bring same-sex partners to the dance and those who wanted to bring different-sex partners. Such a policy, the Court said, could be
178:
Lynch also wrote that "the adverse effect among classmates, other students, the School and the Town of
Cumberland, which is certain to follow approval of such a request for overt homosexual interaction (male or female) at a class function" was sufficient ground for rejecting the request.
175:, who was also a gay student at Cumberland High School, again asked Lynch for permission to bring a same-sex date to a school dance. Lynch denied the request in a letter to Fricke citing the "real and present threat of physical harm to , male escort and to others."
206:
claim, decided that "even a legitimate interest in school discipline does not outweigh a student's right to peacefully express his views in an appropriate time, place, and manner." The Court wrote that threats of physical violence against Fricke and his date gave
2523:
240:
because the school could have taken "appropriate security measures to control the risk of harm" and the principal had not made "any effort to determine the need for and logistics of additional security." The judge ruled that "the
305:
threatened to sue the high school on behalf of its gay and lesbian students. The high school reversed its policy and allowed 17-year-old lesbian
Heather Johnston to dance with her girlfriend at the prom.
2731:
317:
canceled its prom after pupil
Constance McMillen asked to attend with her girlfriend and wear a tuxedo. She reported hostility from other students over the cancellation, and sued the school.
424:
140:
protected gay and lesbian students' rights to attend their proms with same-sex dates of their choice. The case was "one of the first successful victories in the courtroom for an
2566:
187:
125:
41:
2571:
144:
issue involving young people, and is routinely cited each year in numerous cases surrounding the rights of students to bring same-sex dates to school functions."
2094:
266:
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1855:
461:
405:
334:
2671:
278:
measures." The school provided six rather than the customary two police officers for security. Some students taunted the couple when they danced together.
2706:
828:
2240:
242:
137:
285:, American public high schools have increasingly allowed gay and lesbian students to attend school functions with their same-sex partners. In 2004,
2721:
2711:
1866:
228:, 391 U.S. 367, 88 S. Ct. 1673, 20 L. Ed. 2d 672 (1968), was the appropriate framework for judging the constitutionality of Lynch's decision.
1952:
388:
293:
prohibited same-sex students from participating in the promenade of their prom. Press coverage noted the similarity to Fricke's case. Using
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53:
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required that the government and its agents pursue the "least restrictive alternative" before making any decision to limit
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1991:
1977:
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1937:
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2004:
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838:
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771:
224:
2430:
1703:
1591:
1271:
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219:" that would allow "them to decide through prohibited and violent methods what speech will be heard."
160:'s permission to bring a male date, Ed Miskevich, a senior at Brown University, to his junior prom at
2116:
2045:
1785:
1683:
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816:
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2413:
2265:
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462:"Constance McMillen wanted to take her girlfriend to the prom, So the school board canceled it,"
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2019:
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requires that such steps" be taken to investigate and implement security measures.
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386:"Father, school say boy can't take a male date to the prom," April 20, 1979
172:
165:
129:
52:
Aaron Fricke v. Richard B. Lynch, in his official capacity as
Principal of
1231:
895:
236:. The judge ruled that Lynch's decision failed to meet the requirement of
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Deb Price, "Utah student reinforces gay youth rights," April 30, 2004
298:
406:"Six police protect homosexual, date at school's prom," May 31, 1980
2732:
United States
District Court for the District of Rhode Island cases
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United States
District Court for the District of Rhode Island
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United States
District Court for the District of Rhode Island
42:
United States
District Court for the District of Rhode Island
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302:
290:
141:
1372:
1124:
153:
124:, 491 F. Supp. 381 (D.R.I. 1980), was a decision in the
335:
2010 Itawamba County School
District prom controversy
481:, 491 F. Supp. 381 (D.R.I. 1980) is available from:
1303:
464:CBS News, March 11, 2010. Retrieved 22 March 2010.
252:and did not address Fricke's free association and
156:high school junior named Paul Guilbert sought his
569:
434:
2653:
2524:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups
1081:
1974:
1953:2020s anti-LGBT movement in the United States
518:
2667:Student rights case law in the United States
1597:Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures
248:The Court found the free speech claim to be
2311:Timeline of sexual orientation and medicine
1826:Florida Legislative Investigation Committee
184:Gay & Lesbian Advocates & Defenders
2577:Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany
1816:Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany
525:
511:
362:
360:
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354:
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194:that would allow him to attend the dance.
2707:United States Free Speech Clause case law
1867:Front homosexuel d'action révolutionnaire
1699:History of Christianity and homosexuality
665:
2672:United States children's rights case law
2509:Discrimination against non-binary people
2722:History of gay men in the United States
2712:United States equal protection case law
1674:History of gay men in the United States
347:
2654:
2025:List of LGBT rights articles by region
222:The judge ruled that the precedent of
2327:
2221:
1973:
1646:
1054:
664:
568:
506:
454:
136:dance. The Court ruled that existing
2597:Unlawfully killed transgender people
2582:Acts of violence against LGBT people
2557:Capital punishment for homosexuality
2041:Capital punishment for homosexuality
442:"ACLU demand letter," March 11, 2004
182:Fricke, represented by John Ward of
2662:United States LGBTQ rights case law
2592:Violence against transgender people
1992:LGBT rights by country or territory
328:Hall v Durham Catholic School Board
13:
2122:Legal status of transgender people
1573:Legal status of transgender people
14:
2743:
1204:Third sex / Third gender
471:
311:Itawamba Agricultural High School
171:The next year, Guilbert's friend
16:Rhode Island LGBT court case 1980
2634:
2633:
2621:
2226:— Medicine, science and sexology
2056:Criminalization of homosexuality
1358:Attraction to transgender people
29:
2504:Discrimination against lesbians
2436:Transgender people and religion
2251:Disability and LGBTQ identities
1810:Institut für Sexualwissenschaft
261:"profitably analyzed under the
256:arguments. With the respect to
2677:1980 in United States case law
1626:Sexual practices between women
411:
398:
378:
202:The Court, accepting Fricke's
132:to bring a same-sex date to a
1:
2727:LGBTQ history in Rhode Island
2572:History of violence in the US
2567:History of violence in the UK
2051:Civil unions and partnerships
1921:Timeline of same-sex marriage
1622:Women who have sex with women
1602:Social construction of gender
340:
147:
2692:LGBTQ rights in Rhode Island
2544:Violence against LGBT people
2445:Prejudice and discrimination
2261:Homosexuality and psychology
1938:Anti-Homosexuality Act, 2014
1873:Florida orange juice boycott
1587:Sexual practices between men
1472:Erotic target location error
272:
7:
2306:Sexual orientation identity
2127:Transgender rights movement
1647:
1492:Gender and sexual diversity
861:Queerplatonic relationships
320:
197:
10:
2748:
2482:Grooming conspiracy theory
2431:Homosexuality and religion
1704:History of same-sex unions
331:: A similar case in Canada
2615:
2542:
2444:
2352:
2348:
2323:
2231:
2217:
2154:
2046:Censorship of LGBT issues
2033:
1990:
1986:
1969:
1911:
1794:
1786:First homosexual movement
1765:
1724:
1659:
1655:
1642:
1583:Men who have sex with men
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1331:
1294:
1202:
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1050:
957:
914:
686:
682:
660:
586:
564:
451:, accessed March 26, 2012
431:, accessed March 26, 2012
408:, accessed March 26, 2012
395:, accessed March 26, 2012
128:that upheld the right of
110:
105:
95:
90:
76:
68:
60:
47:
37:
28:
23:
2702:Cumberland, Rhode Island
2414:Suicide among LGBT youth
2266:Homosexuality in the DSM
1903:Bar Abanicos police raid
1883:Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS
1856:Festival of Light action
1836:Compton's Cafeteria riot
1669:History of homosexuality
1130:Non-binary / genderqueer
987:Gay flag of South Africa
591:LGBT topics in education
460:Carlin DeGuerin Miller.
373:491 F. Supp. 381
225:United States v. O'Brien
2421:Monuments and memorials
2409:Suicides of LGBT people
2146:Commonwealth of Nations
1978:Rights and legal issues
1617:Transgender health care
375: (D.R.I. 1980).
263:Equal Protection Clause
2392:LGBT rights opposition
2301:Split attraction model
1804:Dance of the Forty-One
1715:Category:LGBTQ history
1684:LGBTQ history timeline
1592:Sex–gender distinction
1542:Human female sexuality
876:Same-sex relationships
192:preliminary injunction
162:Cumberland High School
54:Cumberland High School
2682:1980 in LGBTQ history
2179:LGBT rights activists
2156:LGBT rights movements
2136:Yogyakarta Principles
2095:Assisted reproduction
2073:Intersex human rights
1933:Russian anti-LGBT law
1679:History of lesbianism
1135:Queer heterosexuality
100:Raymond James Pettine
2697:1980 in Rhode Island
2462:Anti-gender movement
1898:Tasty nightclub raid
1846:Gay Liberation Front
1547:Human male sexuality
1418:Romantic orientation
1217:Balkan sworn virgins
1115:Gender nonconformity
267:Fourteenth Amendment
186:, filed suit in the
138:free speech doctrine
2717:LGBTQ and education
2397:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
1507:Gender essentialism
1305:Sexual orientations
2497:Liberal homophobia
2354:Societal attitudes
2332:Societal attitudes
2296:Conversion therapy
2224:Sexual orientation
2184:Rainbow capitalism
2174:LGBT rights groups
2083:Same-sex parenting
2034:LGBT rights topics
1747:pre-Columbian Peru
1423:Same gender loving
1069:Sexual diversities
723:Bisexual community
447:2010-12-04 at the
427:2012-03-10 at the
391:2006-05-14 at the
384:Arizona Gay News:
287:Murray High School
72:Civ. A. No. 80-214
2649:
2648:
2611:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2587:Stop Murder Music
2387:Gay panic defense
2367:Heteronormativity
2319:
2318:
2286:Prenatal hormones
2213:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2100:Same-sex marriage
2061:decriminalization
1965:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1927:Lawrence v. Texas
1861:White Night riots
1851:Handkerchief code
1638:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1527:Gender transition
1517:Gender neutrality
1512:Gender expression
1497:Gender assignment
1445:
1444:
1296:Sexual identities
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1289:
1064:Sexual identities
1059:Gender identities
1046:
1045:
1042:
1041:
765:Awareness periods
738:Community centers
656:
655:
204:freedom of speech
152:In April 1979, a
117:
116:
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2637:
2636:
2628:LGBTQ portal
2626:
2625:
2624:
2404:LGBT stereotypes
2372:Heteropatriarchy
2362:Amatonormativity
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2324:
2291:Sexual inversion
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2078:Military service
1988:
1987:
1971:
1970:
1694:Social movements
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1398:Non-heterosexual
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1300:
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1052:
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1027:Rainbow crossing
866:Religious groups
812:New queer cinema
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601:Lesbian feminism
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254:equal protection
213:unconstitutional
91:Court membership
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2377:Homonationalism
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2315:
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2141:La Francophonie
2110:List of couples
2068:Hate crime laws
2029:
1982:
1957:
1907:
1841:Stonewall riots
1790:
1761:
1757:Medieval Europe
1720:
1651:
1630:
1441:
1428:Sexual minority
1346:Gray asexuality
1327:
1286:
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1083:Gender identity
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910:
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479:Fricke v. Lynch
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449:Wayback Machine
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368:Fricke v. Lynch
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121:Fricke v. Lynch
24:Fricke v. Lynch
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2638:
2619:
2519:Riddle scale
2487:Heterosexism
2426:Queerbaiting
2281:Neuroscience
2271:Kinsey scale
2246:Demographics
1943:Rainbow wave
1925:
1913:21st century
1865:
1808:
1796:20th century
1768:19th century
1752:Ancient Rome
1713:
1563:
1556:
1522:Gender roles
1462:Detransition
1435: /
1336:Aromanticism
854:Pride parade
782:Gay-friendly
643:Queer theory
478:
456:
436:
418:Detroit News
417:
413:
400:
380:
367:
326:
308:
294:
282:
280:
276:
247:
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229:
223:
221:
211:students an
201:
190:, seeking a
181:
177:
173:Aaron Fricke
170:
166:Rhode Island
151:
130:Aaron Fricke
120:
119:
118:
64:May 28, 1980
51:
18:
2562:Gay bashing
2534:Transphobia
2467:AIDS stigma
2382:Pinkwashing
2256:Environment
2241:Birth order
1781:Section 377
1776:Molly house
1413:Questioning
1237:Femminiello
1167:Trans woman
1162:Transsexual
1145:Transgender
1034:Transgender
959:Pride flags
849:Pride Month
817:Periodicals
777:Gay village
626:Transgender
606:Linguistics
546:transgender
440:ACLU Utah:
315:Mississippi
250:dispositive
234:free speech
134:high school
112:LGBT rights
69:Docket nos.
2656:Categories
2492:Homophobia
2276:Klein Grid
2189:Separatism
1893:Section 28
1831:Sea queens
1558:Androgynos
1532:Healthcare
1467:Effeminacy
1393:Monosexual
1368:Bi-curious
1341:Asexuality
1323:Homosexual
1277:Two-spirit
1262:Mukhannath
1227:Faʻafafine
1194:Xenogender
1012:Non-binary
792:Literature
753:Drag queen
733:Coming out
728:Businesses
633:Psychology
611:Literature
341:References
281:Following
209:homophobic
148:Background
2477:Gayphobia
2457:Acephobia
2452:Arophobia
2336:Prejudice
2164:Homophile
2117:Socialism
1709:Pederasty
1689:Migration
1482:Ex-ex-gay
1403:Pansexual
1232:Fakaleitī
1157:Trans man
1150:Akava'ine
1105:Cisgender
1095:Androgyny
1017:Pansexual
967:Aromantic
896:Takatāpui
822:Portrayal
748:Drag king
669:Community
578:Discourse
309:In 2010,
299:precedent
273:Aftermath
158:principal
2640:Category
2472:Biphobia
2340:Violence
2105:Timeline
2088:Adoption
2005:Americas
1766:16th to
1552:Intersex
1457:Acronyms
1318:Bisexual
1272:Travesti
1172:Mak nyah
997:Intersex
982:Bisexual
701:Literary
542:bisexual
477:Text of
445:Archived
425:Archived
389:Archived
321:See also
198:Decision
106:Keywords
82:F. Supp.
77:Citation
2236:Biology
2199:Lesbian
2020:Oceania
1649:History
1450:Related
1388:Lesbian
1378:Gay men
1313:Asexual
1247:Kathoey
1120:Khanith
1022:Rainbow
1007:Lesbian
1002:Leather
992:Gay men
972:Asexual
929:Gaysper
916:Symbols
906:Tourism
901:Theatre
886:Slogans
716:Lesbian
691:Anthems
674:Culture
621:Lesbian
534:Lesbian
265:of the
238:O'Brien
230:O'Brien
61:Decided
2514:Racism
2015:Europe
2000:Africa
1888:ACT UP
1612:Tomboy
1565:Tumtum
1487:Female
1477:Ex-gay
1363:Banjee
1282:Winkte
1140:Theyby
939:Lambda
934:Labrys
891:Sports
871:Rodeos
834:People
760:Events
696:Awards
558:topics
498:
495:Justia
492:
489:
483:
371:,
301:, the
295:Fricke
283:Fricke
1408:Queer
1252:Köçek
1242:Hijra
1222:Bissu
1212:Bakla
1189:Womyn
1184:Womxn
1179:Woman
881:Slang
844:Pride
807:Films
802:Media
797:Music
787:Icons
707:Bars
554:LGBTQ
550:queer
297:as a
38:Court
2010:Asia
1578:Male
1267:Muxe
1257:Māhū
977:Bear
839:Pets
548:and
303:ACLU
291:Utah
142:LGBT
80:491
2194:Gay
1437:Dee
1433:Tom
1373:Gay
1125:Man
1100:Boi
711:Gay
616:Gay
538:gay
313:in
289:in
269:."
164:in
154:gay
85:381
2658::
1624:/
1585:/
556:)
544:,
540:,
536:,
420::
349:^
2134:/
552:(
526:e
519:t
512:v
215:"
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