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fertilizes the eggs. This process is repeated until a total of 100 to more than 1,200 eggs are laid, depending on the size and health of the female fish. As both parents care for the offspring throughout development, the pair takes turns maintaining a high rate of water circulation around the eggs by swimming very close to the eggs and fanning them with their pectoral fins. In a few days, the eggs hatch and the fry remain attached to the spawning substrate. During this period, the fry survive by consuming the remnants of their yolk sacs. At one week, the fry detach and become free-swimming. Successful parents keep close watch on the eggs until then. At the free-swimming stage, the fry can be fed suitably sized live food.
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bacterial infections often include poor water quality, overcrowded tanks, stress, and injuries. Overfeeding, which leads to excess waste, can also contribute to bacterial blooms. To treat bacterial infections, the first step is always to improve water conditions by conducting regular water changes, enhancing filtration, and removing any decaying organic matter. Specialized antibacterial medications, available at pet and aquarium stores, can be administered based on the specific type of bacterial infection. In severe or persistent cases, isolating the affected fish in a quarantine tank during treatment is recommended.
916:, the organ responsible for buoyancy. Fish afflicted with this condition may struggle to maintain their position in the water, often floating upside-down, sinking to the bottom, or swimming at unusual angles. The causes can be diverse, ranging from overfeeding, constipation, and rapid water temperature changes to physical injury and bacterial infections. To treat swim bladder disease, it's advised to first fast the fish for 24–48 hours, followed by feeding them a diet of cooked, skinned peas, which can help alleviate constipation. If the condition is thought to be due to a bacterial infection,
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severe form known as body rot. The primary causes of fin rot are poor water quality, overcrowding, and physical damage, all of which stress the fish and make them more susceptible to infections. In terms of treatment, the first step is to improve water quality by conducting regular water changes, removing waste, and ensuring proper filtration.
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fish without proper quarantine. To treat Ich, increasing the aquarium's temperature gradually to 78-86 °F (25-30 °C) for a few days can speed up the parasite's life cycle. Simultaneously, using commercially available Ich treatments, based on copper or formalin, can be effective in eradicating the disease.
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Pearlscale (p/p): Pearlscale is a scale mutation, also called the "diamond" angelfish in some regions due to the gem-like iridescence on its scales. The scales have a wrinkled, wavy look that reflects light to create a sparkling effect. Pearl develops slowly, starting at around 9 weeks of age. In can
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where the parasites reside. Infected fish often display signs of discomfort, frequently scratching against objects in the aquarium. The primary cause of an Ich outbreak is usually stress, which can result from factors such as poor water quality, sudden temperature changes, or the introduction of new
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is relatively easy to breed in the aquarium, although one of the results of generations of inbreeding is that many breeds have almost completely lost their rearing instincts, resulting in the tendency of the parents to eat their young. In addition, it is very difficult to accurately identify the sex
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Angelfish are kept in a warm aquarium, ideally around 80 °F (27 °C), with soft and acidic (<6.5ph) water. Though angelfish are members of the cichlid family, they are generally peaceful when not mating; however, they still may feed on very small species of fishes. Suitable tank mates
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Sunset blushing (g/g S/S): The sunset blushing has two genes of gold and two genes of stripeless. The upper half of the fish exhibits orange on the best specimens. The body is mostly white in color, and the fins are clear. The amount of orange showing on the fish can vary. On some, the body is a
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from the surface. This medium may be a broad-leaf plant in the aquarium, a flat surface such as a piece of slate placed vertically in the aquarium, a length of pipe, or even the glass sides of the aquarium. The female deposits a line of eggs on the spawning substrate, followed by the male, which
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Angelfish pairs form long-term relationships where each individual will protect the other from threats and potential suitors. Upon the death or removal of one of the mated pair, breeders have experienced the total refusal of the remaining mate to pair up with any other angelfish and successfully
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Fin Rot is a common bacterial infection affecting the fins of aquarium fish. It is characterized by the fraying, discoloration, and gradual degradation of the fish's fins, giving them a ragged appearance. If left untreated, the condition can progress from the fins to the body, leading to a more
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Bacterial
Infections in aquarium fish can manifest in various ways and are caused by harmful bacteria proliferating within the tank. Symptoms can range from visible ulcers, sores, and red streaks on the fish's body to bloating, erratic swimming, and a loss of appetite. The primary triggers for
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being greatly laterally compressed, with round bodies and elongated triangular dorsal and anal fins. This body shape allows them to hide among roots and plants, often on a vertical surface. Naturally occurring angelfish are frequently striped transversely, colouration which provides additional
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Silver (+/+): The silver angelfish most commonly resembles the wild form of angelfish, and is also referred to as "wild-type". It is not, however, caught in the wild and is considered domestic. The fish has a silver body with red eyes, and three vertical black stripes that can fade or darken
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reaches sexual maturity at the age of six to 12 months or more. In situations where the eggs are removed from the aquarium immediately after spawning, the pair is capable of spawning every seven to 10 days. Around the age of three years, spawning frequency decreases and eventually ceases.
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Angelfish are one of the most commonly kept freshwater aquarium fish, as well as the most commonly kept cichlid. They are praised for their unique shape, color, and behavior. It was not until the late 1920s to early 1930s that the angelfish was bred in captivity in the United States.
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Albino (a/a): Albino removes dark pigments in most varieties. Some, like albino marble still have a little black remaining on a percentage of the fish. The eye pupils are pink as in all albino animals. The surrounding iris can be red or yellow depending on the
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Freshwater
Angelfish with quality genetics are known to live approximately 12 years in captivity, if the ideal living conditions are provided. In the wild they are thought to live as long as 15 years if unthreatened by their numerous natural predators.
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Blue blushing (S/S): This wild-type angelfish has two stripeless genes. The body is actually grey with a bluish tint under the right light spectrum. An iridescent pigment develops as they age. This iridescence usually appears blue under most
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Gold (g/g): The genetic trait for the gold angelfish is recessive, and causes a light golden body with a darker yellow or orange color on the crown of the fish. It does not have the vertical black stripes or the red eye seen in the wild
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Zaheen, Zarka; War, Aadil Farooq; Ali, Shafat; Yatoo, Ali Mohd; Ali, Md. Niamat; Ahmad, Sheikh Bilal; Rehman, Muneeb U.; Paray, Bilal Ahmad (2022-01-01), Dar, Gowhar Hamid; Bhat, Rouf Ahmad; Qadri, Humaira; Al-Ghamdy, Khalid M. (eds.),
552:, but a faint stripe shows between the eye stripe and the first complete body stripe and a third incomplete body stripe exists between the two main (complete) body stripes that extends three-fourths the length of the body.
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Zebra (Z/+ or Z/Z): The zebra phenotype results in four to six vertical stripes on the fish that in other ways resembles a silver angelfish. It is a dominant mutation that exists at the same locus as the stripeless
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are compatible with angelfish, but ones small enough to fit in the mouth of the angelfish may be eaten. Generous portions of food should be available so the angelfish do not get hungry and turn on their tank mates.
953:, is common. This makes the origins of "domestic angelfish" unclear. Domestic strains are most likely a collection of genes resulting from more than one species of wild angelfish, combined with the selection of
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body does not show the stripe between the eye stripe and first complete body stripe at all, and the third stripe between the two main body stripes rarely extends downward more than a half inch, if even present.
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Black lace (D/+) or zebra lace (D/+ - Z/+): A silver or zebra with one copy of the dark gene results in very attractive lacing in the fins, considered by some to the most attractive of all angelfish varieties.
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often target their long fins, and that freshwater angelfish become aggressive towards their companions as they grow. It is thus recommended that freshwater angelfish be kept instead in single-species aquaria.
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Koi (Gm/Gm S/S) or (Gm/g S/S): The koi has a double or single gene of gold marble with a double gene of stripeless. Their expression of orange varies with stress levels. The black marbling varies from 5%-40%
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Leopard (Sm/Sm Z/Z) or (Sm/Sm Z/+): Leopards are very popular fish when young, having spots over most of their bodies. Most of these spots grow closer together as adults, so they look like chocolates with
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Black ghost (D/+ - S/+): Similar to a ghost, it has a darker appearance due to the dark gene, and very similar to a black lace without complete stripes. Ghosts generally have more iridescence than normal.
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Halfblack (h/h): Silver with a black rear portion, halfblack can express along with some other color genes, but not all. The pattern may not develop or express if the fish are in stressful conditions.
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in domesticated lines over the last 60 or more years. The result of this is a domestic angelfish that is a true hybrid, with little more than a superficial resemblance to wild
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Black hybrid (D/g or D/Gm): A cross of black with a gold, the result is black hybrids, a very vigorous black that may look brassy when young. This cross does not breed true.
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Ghost (S/+): Heterozygous for stripeless results in a mostly silver fish with just a stripe through the eye and tail. Sometimes, portions of the body stripes will express.
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are described to be peaceful but territorial. While freshwater angelfish are often recommended for community aquaria, it has been reported that fin-nippers such as
1373:"Chapter 7 - Common bacterial infections affecting freshwater fish fauna and impact of pollution and water quality characteristics on bacterial pathogenicity"
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Marble (M/+ or M/M or M/g or M/Gm): Marble expresses with much more black pattern than gold marble. The marbling varies from 50% to 95%.
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When the pair is ready to spawn, they choose an appropriate medium upon which to lay the eggs, and spend one or two days picking off
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pinkish or tangerine color. The term blushing comes from the clear gill plates found on juveniles, with pinkish gills underneath.
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Orinoco River Basin and the Upper Rio Negro watershed in
Southern Venezuela, Southeastern Colombia and extreme Northern Brazil
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are generally laid on a submerged log or a flattened leaf. As is the case for other cichlids, brood care is highly developed.
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Depending on whether the Gold Marble is single or double dose, the marbling will range from 5% to 40% coverage.
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may still exist in the Amazon Basin. New species of fish are discovered with increasing frequency, and, like
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Silver gold marble (Gm/+): A silver angel with a single gold marble gene, this is a co-dominant expression.
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Chocolate (Sm/Sm): Homozygous for smokey with more of the dark pattern, sometimes only the head is silver
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be inhibited by stressful conditions. It is recessive, requiring both parents to contribute the allele.
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fry develop three to eight body stripes, with all but one to five fading away as they mature, whereas
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In pet stores, the freshwater angelfish is typically placed in the semiaggressive category. Some
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was first sequenced and assembled by
Indeever Madireddy, a high school student in October 2022.
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Most strains of angelfish available in the fishkeeping hobby are the result of many decades of
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is the result of the research of Dr. Joanne Norton, who published a series of 18 articles in
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is described as having 35–45 scales in a lateral row and a notched predorsal contour.
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Smokey (Sm/+): A variety with a dark brownish grey back half and dark dorsal and anal fins
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as having 29–35 scales in a lateral row and straight predorsal contour, whereas,
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1253:"CIR920/FA006: Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (White Spot) Infections in Fish"
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This article is about a genus of freshwater fish. Not to be confused with
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1153:. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley Limited. pp. 140–141.
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Angelfish were bred in captivity for at least 30 years prior to
1459:"Genome Spotlight: Freshwater Angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare)"
1407:"High school student is first to sequence the angelfish genome"
1347:"Swim Bladder Disease in Fish: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment"
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1277:"Angelfish Care Guide: Mates, Tank Setup, Diet & Breeding"
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species. Much of the research into the known genetics of
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is notably difficult to breed in an aquarium environment.
1229:"How Long Do Angelfish Live? – Improving Their Lifespan"
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1298:"Ichthyophthirius - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
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of any individual until it is nearly ready to breed.
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refers to a collection of issues affecting a fish's
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The currently recognized species in this genus are:
69:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
668:The most commonly kept species in the aquarium is
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565:only has two in true wild form throughout life.
333:in tropical South America. The three species of
1432:"The High Schooler who Sequenced the Angelfish"
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745:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
703:which have their own armor for protection.
614:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
482:Amazon Basin in Peru, Colombia, and Brazil
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765:Learn how and when to remove this message
634:Learn how and when to remove this message
497:) was described in 1824 by F. Schultze.
129:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1151:Encyclopedia of Aquarium and Pond Fish
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1457:Wilcox, Christie (October 27, 2022).
1405:Le Page, Michael (October 21, 2023).
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800:Depending upon aquarium conditions,
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1322:"10.3.4. Fin Rot in Aquarium Fish"
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1029:Sunset blushing veil angelfish -
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982:An adolescent silver angelfish
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836:Compatibility with other fish
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1227:McLean, Kevin (2022-01-10).
1106:Gold pearlscale angelfish -
885:Ichthyophthirius multifiliis
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1072:Gold marble (Gm/g or Gm/Gm)
1013:Halfblack veil angelfish -
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350:and prey on small fish and
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868:Common angelfish diseases
337:are unusually shaped for
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170:Scientific classification
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1177:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
1149:Alderton, David (2019).
873:Ich (White Spot Disease)
1465:. Online: The Scientist
1377:Bacterial Fish Diseases
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509:(fin/sail) and φυλλον,
380:found on shallow ocean
346:. Angelfish are ambush
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479:(freshwater angelfish)
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1191:. April 2013 version.
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443:Pterophyllum leopoldi
146:Freshwater angelfish
1203:"Angelfish Breeding"
924:Bacterial Infections
910:Swim Bladder Disease
905:Swim Bladder Disease
739:improve this section
671:Pterophyllum scalare
608:improve this section
501:is derived from the
469:Pterophyllum scalare
63:improve this article
32:Pterophyllum (plant)
18:Freshwater Angelfish
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269:
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217:Actinopterygii
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78:"Pterophyllum"
51:
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9:
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1464:
1463:The Scientist
1460:
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1427:
1412:
1411:New Scientist
1408:
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724:This section
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593:This section
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404:Distribution
403:
400:
397:
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393:
385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
365:
361:
358:species form
357:
353:
349:
345:
340:
336:
332:
331:Guiana Shield
328:
327:Orinoco Basin
324:
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80: –
79:
75:
74:Find sources:
68:
64:
58:
57:
52:This article
50:
46:
41:
40:
37:
33:
27:Genus of fish
19:
1727:Pterophyllum
1574:Pterophyllum
1560:Pterophyllum
1530:Pterophyllum
1529:
1467:. Retrieved
1462:
1452:
1440:. Retrieved
1438:. 2022-11-09
1436:23andMe Blog
1435:
1426:
1414:. Retrieved
1410:
1400:
1390:, retrieved
1376:
1365:
1354:. Retrieved
1350:
1340:
1329:. Retrieved
1325:
1316:
1305:. Retrieved
1301:
1292:
1281:. Retrieved
1279:. 2023-08-13
1271:
1260:. Retrieved
1256:
1247:
1236:. Retrieved
1233:Pet Fish 101
1232:
1222:
1210:. Retrieved
1206:
1197:
1186:
1181:Pterophyllum
1180:
1169:
1150:
1107:
1088:
1073:
1047:
1030:
1014:
972:
967:
962:
959:Pterophyllum
958:
950:
946:
943:Pterophyllum
942:
936:
927:
914:swim bladder
908:
899:
876:
856:
852:
851:
839:
830:
820:
819:
807:
801:
799:
795:
789:
788:
783:Pterophyllum
782:
761:
755:January 2014
752:
737:Please help
725:
693:
681:
675:
669:
667:
658:
651:
630:
621:
606:Please help
594:
569:
567:
562:
558:
554:P. scalare's
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
521:
520:. In 1963,
517:
515:
510:
506:
499:Pterophyllum
498:
494:
492:
467:
441:
416:
391:
370:Pterophyllum
369:
368:
356:Pterophyllum
355:
335:Pterophyllum
334:
323:Amazon Basin
319:Pterophyllum
318:
314:
295:Pterophyllum
294:
293:
292:
279:
273:Type species
258:Pterophyllum
257:
256:
227:Cichliformes
140:
125:
116:
106:
99:
92:
85:
73:
61:Please help
56:verification
53:
36:
1634:iNaturalist
1554:Wikispecies
1510:fish portal
1469:January 13,
1442:January 13,
1416:January 13,
951:P. leopoldi
650:A group of
570:P. leopoldi
559:P. leopoldi
546:P. leopoldi
538:P. leopoldi
534:P. leopoldi
522:P. leopoldi
449:J. P. Gosse
298:is a small
1721:Categories
1392:2023-10-21
1356:2023-10-21
1331:2023-10-21
1307:2023-10-21
1283:2023-10-21
1262:2023-10-21
1238:2022-01-24
1212:13 October
1127:References
1108:P. scalare
1089:P. scalare
1048:P. scalare
1031:P. scalare
1015:P. scalare
992:angelfish.
973:P. scalare
963:P. scalare
947:P. scalare
918:antibiotic
861:Tiger barb
853:P. scalare
802:P. scalare
790:P. scalare
563:P. scalare
550:P. scalare
542:P. scalare
530:P. scalare
495:P. scalare
360:monogamous
344:camouflage
304:freshwater
89:newspapers
1063:lighting.
1055:coverage.
955:mutations
882:protozoan
726:does not
697:Doradidae
595:does not
423:Pellegrin
348:predators
315:angelfish
311:Cichlidae
237:Cichlidae
193:Kingdom:
187:Eukaryota
1539:Wikidata
1188:FishBase
1122:variety.
857:P. altum
827:Lifespan
821:P. altum
810:detritus
707:Breeding
624:May 2019
518:P. altum
513:(leaf).
505:πτερον,
475:Schultze
339:cichlids
233:Family:
207:Chordata
203:Phylum:
197:Animalia
183:Domain:
119:May 2013
1732:Heroini
1626:2373891
1545:Q214145
896:Fin Rot
747:removed
732:sources
664:Species
616:removed
601:sources
511:phyllon
489:History
477:, 1823)
451:, 1963)
388:Species
362:pairs.
253:Genus:
247:Heroini
243:Tribe:
223:Order:
213:Class:
103:scholar
1704:270649
1691:220928
1652:169844
1587:140862
1383:
1157:
842:tetras
507:pteron
425:, 1903
354:. All
317:. All
308:family
266:, 1840
264:Heckel
105:
98:
91:
84:
76:
1699:WoRMS
1678:74130
1639:91558
1613:25498
1059:dots.
996:gene.
889:cysts
846:barbs
814:algae
503:Greek
398:Image
382:reefs
300:genus
110:JSTOR
96:books
1673:NCBI
1647:ITIS
1621:GBIF
1600:74TP
1582:BOLD
1471:2023
1444:2023
1418:2023
1381:ISBN
1214:2023
1155:ISBN
949:and
855:and
844:and
812:and
730:any
728:cite
699:and
690:Care
599:any
597:cite
532:and
364:Eggs
82:news
1660:NBN
1608:EoL
1595:CoL
1569:ADW
878:Ich
741:by
610:by
302:of
65:by
1723::
1701::
1688::
1675::
1662::
1649::
1636::
1623::
1610::
1597::
1584::
1571::
1556::
1541::
1461:.
1434:.
1409:.
1375:,
1349:.
1324:.
1300:.
1255:.
1231:.
1205:.
1185:.
1135:^
781:A
384:.
376:,
325:,
1473:.
1446:.
1420:.
1359:.
1334:.
1310:.
1286:.
1265:.
1241:.
1216:.
1183:"
1163:.
768:)
762:(
757:)
753:(
749:.
735:.
637:)
631:(
626:)
622:(
618:.
604:.
473:(
447:(
132:)
126:(
121:)
117:(
107:·
100:·
93:·
86:·
59:.
34:.
20:)
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