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286:, such as human speech, can be broken down into its component tones of different frequencies, each represented by a sine wave of a different amplitude and phase. The response of a system, as a function of frequency, can also be described by a complex function. In many applications, phase information is not important. By discarding the phase information, it is possible to simplify the information in a frequency-domain representation to generate a
3012:
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166:
In addition, looking at a system from the point of view of frequency can often give an intuitive understanding of the qualitative behavior of the system, and a revealing scientific nomenclature has grown up to describe it, characterizing the behavior of physical systems to time varying inputs using
134:
A frequency-domain representation may describe either a static function or a particular time period of a dynamic function (signal or system). The frequency transform of a dynamic function is performed over a finite time period of that function and assumes the function repeats infinitely outside of
314:" frequency domain is spoken of in the singular, there is a number of different mathematical transforms which are used to analyze time-domain functions and are referred to as "frequency domain" methods. These are the most common transforms, and the fields in which they are used:
87:
graph shows how a signal changes over time, whereas a frequency-domain graph shows how the signal is distributed within different frequency bands over a range of frequencies. A complex valued frequency-domain representation consists of both the magnitude and the
96:(or other basis waveforms) at the frequency components of the signal. Although it is common to refer to the magnitude portion (the real valued frequency-domain) as the frequency response of a signal, the phase portion is required to uniquely define the signal.
38:
converts the function's time-domain representation, shown in red, to the function's frequency-domain representation, shown in blue. The component frequencies, spread across the frequency spectrum, are represented as peaks in the frequency
428:
gives rise to a periodic frequency spectrum. In a situation where both these conditions occur, a signal which is discrete and periodic results in a frequency spectrum which is also discrete and periodic; this is the usual context for a
31:
642:
Goldshleger, N., Shamir, O., Basson, U., Zaady, E. (2019). Frequency Domain
Electromagnetic Method (FDEM) as tool to study contamination at the sub-soil layer. Geoscience 9 (9), 382.
381:
with respect to any transform. The above transforms can be interpreted as capturing some form of frequency, and hence the transform domain is referred to as a frequency domain.
155:, a very important class of systems with many real-world applications, converting the description of the system from the time domain to a frequency domain converts the
151:
One of the main reasons for using a frequency-domain representation of a problem is to simplify the mathematical analysis. For mathematical systems governed by
238:
used to record and discuss pieces of music is implicitly based on the breaking down of complex sounds into their separate component frequencies (
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that time period. Some specialized signal processing techniques for dynamic functions use transforms that result in a joint
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681:
Boashash, B. (April 1992). "Estimating and
Interpreting the Instantaneous Frequency of a Signal-Part I: Fundamentals".
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has energy only at a base frequency and its harmonics; thus it can be analyzed using a discrete frequency domain. A
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445:" arose in communication engineering in the 1950s and early 1960s, with "frequency domain" appearing in 1953. See
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A given function or signal can be converted between the time and frequency domains with a pair of mathematical
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of different frequencies, with amplitudes and phases, each of which represents a frequency component. The "
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An example of a field in which frequency-domain analysis gives a better understanding than time domain is
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is a device that displays the spectrum, while the time-domain signal can be seen on an
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119:" of frequency components is the frequency-domain representation of the signal. The
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Discrete
Fourier Analysis and Wavelets: Applications to Signal and Image Processing
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654:"Note on the Use of the Wigner Distribution for Time Frequency Signal Analysis"
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of frequency: the component of the signal at any given frequency is given by a
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response being a key link between the time domain and the frequency domain.
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converts the frequency-domain function back to the time-domain function. A
111:, which converts a time function into a complex valued sum or integral of
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IEEE Transactions on
Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing
609:
Journal of the
Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
231:
793:
633:
Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of
Mathematics (T)
583:
Quantitative EEG analysis methods and clinical applications
278:
is the relative phase of the wave. For example, using the
234:; the theory of operation of musical instruments and the
417:) to functions that have a continuous frequency domain.
413:, on the other hand, maps functions with discrete time (
2615:
Autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (ARCH)
552:
258:, or Fourier transforms, a signal is described by a
2077:
478:for computing periodicity in unevenly spaced data
409:into one having a discrete frequency domain. The
3030:
2163:Multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS)
580:Shanbao Tong and Nitish Vyomesh Thakor (2009).
472:for computing periodicity in evenly spaced data
529:
79:(and possibly phase), rather than time, as in
718:
441:The use of the terms "frequency domain" and "
607:Zadeh, L. A. (1953), "Theory of Filtering",
384:
763:
725:
711:
1376:
559:. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 153.
680:
651:
29:
14:
3031:
2689:KaplanâMeier estimator (product limit)
245:
2762:
2329:
2076:
1375:
1145:
762:
706:
606:
373:More generally, one can speak of the
127:is a tool commonly used to visualize
2999:
2699:Accelerated failure time (AFT) model
3011:
2294:Analysis of variance (ANOVA, anova)
1146:
24:
2389:CochranâMantelâHaenszel statistics
1015:Pearson product-moment correlation
645:
436:
163:, which are much easier to solve.
25:
3050:
3010:
2998:
2986:
2973:
2972:
2763:
331:â aperiodic signals, transients.
2648:Least-squares spectral analysis
476:Least-squares spectral analysis
411:discrete-time Fourier transform
1629:Mean-unbiased minimum-variance
732:
626:
600:
573:
546:
523:
393:is a frequency domain that is
13:
1:
2942:Geographic information system
2158:Simultaneous equations models
635:, Jeff Miller, March 25, 2009
553:C. Britton Rorabaugh (1998).
516:
487:Timeâfrequency representation
465:BlackmanâTukey transformation
153:linear differential equations
146:
2125:Coefficient of determination
1736:Uniformly most powerful test
586:. Artech House. p. 53.
482:Short-time Fourier transform
7:
2694:Proportional hazards models
2638:Spectral density estimation
2620:Vector autoregression (VAR)
2054:Maximum posterior estimator
1286:Randomized controlled trial
452:
447:time domain: origin of term
274:of that component, and the
57:control systems engineering
10:
3055:
2454:Multivariate distributions
874:Average absolute deviation
431:discrete Fourier transform
403:discrete Fourier transform
385:Discrete frequency domain
67:refers to the analysis of
3039:Frequency-domain analysis
2968:
2922:
2859:
2812:
2775:
2771:
2758:
2730:
2712:
2679:
2670:
2628:
2575:
2536:
2485:
2476:
2442:Structural equation model
2397:
2354:
2350:
2325:
2284:
2250:
2204:
2171:
2133:
2100:
2096:
2072:
2012:
1921:
1840:
1804:
1795:
1778:Score/Lagrange multiplier
1763:
1716:
1661:
1587:
1578:
1388:
1384:
1371:
1330:
1304:
1256:
1211:
1193:Sample size determination
1158:
1154:
1141:
1045:
1000:
974:
956:
912:
864:
784:
775:
771:
758:
740:
652:Boashash, B. (Sep 1988).
405:maps a function having a
391:discrete frequency domain
357:digital signal processing
131:in the frequency domain.
121:inverse Fourier transform
2937:Environmental statistics
2459:Elliptical distributions
2252:Generalized linear model
2181:Simple linear regression
1951:HodgesâLehmann estimator
1408:Probability distribution
1317:Stochastic approximation
879:Coefficient of variation
506:digital image processing
365: â image analysis,
305:
2597:Cross-correlation (XCF)
2205:Non-standard predictors
1639:LehmannâScheffĂ© theorem
1312:Adaptive clinical trial
683:Proceedings of the IEEE
492:Timeâfrequency analysis
141:instantaneous frequency
2993:Mathematics portal
2814:Engineering statistics
2722:NelsonâAalen estimator
2299:Analysis of covariance
2186:Ordinary least squares
2110:Pearson product-moment
1514:Statistical functional
1425:Empirical distribution
1258:Controlled experiments
987:Frequency distribution
765:Descriptive statistics
213:power spectral density
157:differential equations
69:mathematical functions
40:
2909:Population statistics
2851:System identification
2585:Autocorrelation (ACF)
2513:Exponential smoothing
2427:Discriminant analysis
2422:Canonical correlation
2286:Partition of variance
2148:Regression validation
1992:(JonckheereâTerpstra)
1891:Likelihood-ratio test
1580:Frequentist inference
1492:Locationâscale family
1413:Sampling distribution
1378:Statistical inference
1345:Cross-sectional study
1332:Observational studies
1291:Randomized experiment
1120:Stem-and-leaf display
922:Central limit theorem
415:discrete-time signals
270:of the number is the
137:timeâfrequency domain
107:. An example is the
33:
27:Signal representation
2832:Probabilistic design
2417:Principal components
2260:Exponential families
2212:Nonlinear regression
2191:General linear model
2153:Mixed effects models
2143:Errors and residuals
2120:Confounding variable
2022:Bayesian probability
2000:Van der Waerden test
1990:Ordered alternative
1755:Multiple comparisons
1634:RaoâBlackwellization
1597:Estimating equations
1553:Statistical distance
1271:Factorial experiment
804:Arithmetic-Geometric
426:discrete-time signal
407:discrete time domain
401:. For example, the
321:â periodic signals,
185:resonant frequencies
2904:Official statistics
2827:Methods engineering
2508:Seasonal adjustment
2276:Poisson regressions
2196:Bayesian regression
2135:Regression analysis
2115:Partial correlation
2087:Regression analysis
1686:Prediction interval
1681:Likelihood interval
1671:Confidence interval
1663:Interval estimation
1624:Unbiased estimators
1442:Model specification
1322:Up-and-down designs
1010:Partial correlation
966:Index of dispersion
884:Interquartile range
339:electronic circuits
246:Magnitude and phase
161:algebraic equations
2924:Spatial statistics
2804:Medical statistics
2704:First hitting time
2658:Whittle likelihood
2309:Degrees of freedom
2304:Multivariate ANOVA
2237:Heteroscedasticity
2049:Bayesian estimator
2014:Bayesian inference
1863:KolmogorovâSmirnov
1748:Randomization test
1718:Testing hypotheses
1691:Tolerance interval
1602:Maximum likelihood
1497:Exponential family
1430:Density estimation
1390:Statistical theory
1350:Natural experiment
1296:Scientific control
1213:Survey methodology
899:Standard deviation
530:Broughton, S. A.;
510:signal compression
288:frequency spectrum
173:frequency response
129:electronic signals
41:
3026:
3025:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2899:National accounts
2869:Actuarial science
2861:Social statistics
2754:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2681:Survival function
2666:
2665:
2528:Granger causality
2369:Contingency table
2344:Survival analysis
2321:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2173:Linear regression
2068:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2039:Credible interval
2008:
2007:
1791:
1790:
1607:Method of moments
1476:Parametric family
1437:Statistical model
1367:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1281:Random assignment
1203:Statistical power
1137:
1136:
1133:
1132:
982:Contingency table
952:
951:
819:Generalized/power
593:978-1-59693-204-3
566:978-0-07-054004-0
502:Wavelet transform
363:Wavelet transform
335:Laplace transform
329:Fourier transform
296:spectrum analyzer
280:Fourier transform
125:spectrum analyzer
109:Fourier transform
83:. Put simply, a
36:Fourier transform
16:(Redirected from
3046:
3014:
3013:
3002:
3001:
2991:
2990:
2976:
2975:
2879:Crime statistics
2773:
2772:
2760:
2759:
2677:
2676:
2643:Fourier analysis
2630:Frequency domain
2610:
2557:
2523:Structural break
2483:
2482:
2432:Cluster analysis
2379:Log-linear model
2352:
2351:
2327:
2326:
2268:
2242:Homoscedasticity
2098:
2097:
2074:
2073:
1993:
1985:
1977:
1976:(KruskalâWallis)
1961:
1946:
1901:Cross validation
1886:
1868:AndersonâDarling
1815:
1802:
1801:
1773:Likelihood-ratio
1765:Parametric tests
1743:Permutation test
1726:1- & 2-tails
1617:Minimum distance
1589:Point estimation
1585:
1584:
1536:Optimal decision
1487:
1386:
1385:
1373:
1372:
1355:Quasi-experiment
1305:Adaptive designs
1156:
1155:
1143:
1142:
1020:Rank correlation
782:
781:
773:
772:
760:
759:
727:
720:
713:
704:
703:
698:
695:10.1109/5.135376
676:
673:10.1109/29.90380
667:(9): 1518â1521.
658:
636:
630:
624:
623:
604:
598:
597:
577:
571:
570:
550:
544:
543:
527:
470:Fourier analysis
379:
378:
377:transform domain
367:data compression
292:spectral density
260:complex function
236:musical notation
75:with respect to
65:frequency domain
21:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3022:
2985:
2956:
2918:
2855:
2841:quality control
2808:
2790:Clinical trials
2767:
2742:
2726:
2714:Hazard function
2708:
2662:
2624:
2608:
2571:
2567:BreuschâGodfrey
2555:
2532:
2472:
2447:Factor analysis
2393:
2374:Graphical model
2346:
2313:
2280:
2266:
2246:
2200:
2167:
2129:
2092:
2091:
2060:
2004:
1991:
1983:
1975:
1959:
1944:
1923:Rank statistics
1917:
1896:Model selection
1884:
1842:Goodness of fit
1836:
1813:
1787:
1759:
1712:
1657:
1646:Median unbiased
1574:
1485:
1418:Order statistic
1380:
1359:
1326:
1300:
1252:
1207:
1150:
1148:Data collection
1129:
1041:
996:
970:
948:
908:
860:
777:Continuous data
767:
754:
736:
731:
656:
648:
646:Further reading
640:
639:
631:
627:
621:10.1137/0101003
605:
601:
594:
578:
574:
567:
551:
547:
528:
524:
519:
514:
455:
439:
437:History of term
422:periodic signal
387:
376:
375:
343:control systems
308:
248:
193:resonance width
149:
28:
23:
22:
18:Frequency space
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2801:
2796:
2787:
2785:Bioinformatics
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2779:
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2755:
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2626:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2590:partial (PACF)
2581:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2551:
2546:
2540:
2538:
2537:Specific tests
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2520:
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2500:
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2449:
2439:
2437:Classification
2434:
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2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2403:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2384:McNemar's test
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2248:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2222:Semiparametric
2219:
2214:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2177:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2139:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2106:
2104:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2078:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2018:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1987:
1979:
1963:
1960:(MannâWhitney)
1955:
1954:
1953:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1927:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1893:
1888:
1885:(ShapiroâWilk)
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1852:
1846:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1834:
1826:
1817:
1805:
1799:
1797:Specific tests
1793:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1769:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1728:
1722:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1667:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1593:
1591:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1550:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1394:
1392:
1382:
1381:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1336:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1262:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1250:
1248:Standard error
1245:
1240:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1217:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1178:Optimal design
1175:
1170:
1164:
1162:
1152:
1151:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1051:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1039:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1017:
1012:
1006:
1004:
998:
997:
995:
994:
989:
984:
978:
976:
975:Summary tables
972:
971:
969:
968:
962:
960:
954:
953:
950:
949:
947:
946:
945:
944:
939:
934:
924:
918:
916:
910:
909:
907:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
870:
868:
862:
861:
859:
858:
853:
848:
847:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
809:Contraharmonic
806:
801:
790:
788:
779:
769:
768:
756:
755:
753:
752:
747:
741:
738:
737:
730:
729:
722:
715:
707:
701:
700:
689:(4): 519â538.
678:
647:
644:
638:
637:
625:
599:
592:
572:
565:
545:
521:
520:
518:
515:
513:
512:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
473:
467:
462:
456:
454:
451:
438:
435:
386:
383:
371:
370:
360:
346:
332:
326:
319:Fourier series
307:
304:
264:complex number
247:
244:
197:damping factor
167:terms such as
148:
145:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3051:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3019:
3018:
3009:
3007:
3006:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2971:
2970:
2967:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2947:Geostatistics
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2915:
2914:Psychometrics
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2777:Biostatistics
2774:
2770:
2766:
2761:
2757:
2739:
2738:Log-rank test
2736:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2609:(BoxâJenkins)
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2562:DurbinâWatson
2560:
2558:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2544:DickeyâFuller
2542:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2518:Cointegration
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2493:Decomposition
2491:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2364:Cohen's kappa
2362:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2328:
2324:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2217:Nonparametric
2215:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1986:
1980:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1966:Nonparametric
1964:
1962:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1941:
1937:
1936:Sample median
1934:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1818:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1756:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1654:
1651:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1541:loss function
1539:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1243:Questionnaire
1241:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1070:Control chart
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1003:
999:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
979:
977:
973:
967:
964:
963:
961:
959:
955:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
929:
928:
925:
923:
920:
919:
917:
915:
911:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
871:
869:
867:
863:
857:
854:
852:
849:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
796:
795:
792:
791:
789:
787:
783:
780:
778:
774:
770:
766:
761:
757:
751:
748:
746:
743:
742:
739:
735:
728:
723:
721:
716:
714:
709:
708:
705:
696:
692:
688:
684:
679:
674:
670:
666:
662:
655:
650:
649:
643:
634:
629:
622:
618:
614:
610:
603:
595:
589:
585:
584:
576:
568:
562:
558:
557:
549:
542:. p. 72.
541:
537:
533:
526:
522:
511:
507:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
477:
474:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
457:
450:
449:for details.
448:
444:
434:
432:
427:
423:
418:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
382:
380:
368:
364:
361:
358:
354:
353:discrete-time
350:
347:
344:
340:
336:
333:
330:
327:
324:
320:
317:
316:
315:
313:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
250:In using the
243:
241:
240:musical notes
237:
233:
228:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
189:time constant
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
164:
162:
158:
154:
144:
142:
138:
132:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
97:
95:
91:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
37:
32:
19:
3015:
3003:
2984:
2977:
2889:Econometrics
2839: /
2822:Chemometrics
2799:Epidemiology
2792: /
2765:Applications
2629:
2607:ARIMA model
2554:Q-statistic
2503:Stationarity
2399:Multivariate
2342: /
2338: /
2336:Multivariate
2334: /
2274: /
2270: /
2044:Bayes factor
1943:Signed rank
1855:
1829:
1821:
1809:
1504:Completeness
1340:Cohort study
1238:Opinion poll
1173:Missing data
1160:Study design
1115:Scatter plot
1037:Scatter plot
1030:Spearman's Ï
992:Grouped data
686:
682:
664:
660:
641:
628:
612:
608:
602:
582:
575:
555:
548:
538:. New York:
535:
525:
440:
419:
397:rather than
390:
388:
374:
372:
311:
309:
300:oscilloscope
249:
229:
165:
150:
133:
98:
92:of a set of
64:
42:
3017:WikiProject
2932:Cartography
2894:Jurimetrics
2846:Reliability
2577:Time domain
2556:(LjungâBox)
2478:Time-series
2356:Categorical
2340:Time-series
2332:Categorical
2267:(Bernoulli)
2102:Correlation
2082:Correlation
1878:JarqueâBera
1850:Chi-squared
1612:M-estimator
1565:Asymptotics
1509:Sufficiency
1276:Interaction
1188:Replication
1168:Effect size
1125:Violin plot
1105:Radar chart
1085:Forest plot
1075:Correlogram
1025:Kendall's Ï
443:time domain
349:Z transform
323:oscillating
217:eigenvalues
181:phase shift
139:, with the
85:time-domain
81:time series
53:electronics
45:mathematics
2884:Demography
2602:ARMA model
2407:Regression
1984:(Friedman)
1945:(Wilcoxon)
1883:Normality
1873:Lilliefors
1820:Student's
1696:Resampling
1570:Robustness
1558:divergence
1548:Efficiency
1486:(monotone)
1481:Likelihood
1398:Population
1231:Stratified
1183:Population
1002:Dependence
958:Count data
889:Percentile
866:Dispersion
799:Arithmetic
734:Statistics
556:DSP primer
517:References
399:continuous
310:Although "
284:sound wave
147:Advantages
113:sine waves
105:transforms
61:statistics
2265:Logistic
2032:posterior
1958:Rank sum
1706:Jackknife
1701:Bootstrap
1519:Bootstrap
1454:Parameter
1403:Statistic
1198:Statistic
1110:Run chart
1095:Pie chart
1090:Histogram
1080:Fan chart
1055:Bar chart
937:L-moments
824:Geometric
615:: 35â51,
532:Bryan, K.
460:Bandwidth
355:signals,
272:amplitude
205:harmonics
169:bandwidth
101:operators
94:sinusoids
77:frequency
3033:Category
2979:Category
2672:Survival
2549:Johansen
2272:Binomial
2227:Isotonic
1814:(normal)
1459:location
1266:Blocking
1221:Sampling
1100:QâQ plot
1065:Box plot
1047:Graphics
942:Skewness
932:Kurtosis
904:Variance
834:Heronian
829:Harmonic
534:(2008).
453:See also
395:discrete
325:systems.
294:. A
276:argument
209:spectrum
201:Q factor
117:spectrum
3005:Commons
2952:Kriging
2837:Process
2794:studies
2653:Wavelet
2486:General
1653:Plug-in
1447:L space
1226:Cluster
927:Moments
745:Outline
497:Wavelet
268:modulus
252:Laplace
103:called
73:signals
49:physics
39:domain.
2874:Census
2464:Normal
2412:Manova
2232:Robust
1982:2-way
1974:1-way
1812:-test
1483:
1060:Biplot
851:Median
844:Lehmer
786:Center
590:
563:
266:. The
223:, and
63:, the
59:, and
2498:Trend
2027:prior
1969:anova
1858:-test
1832:-test
1824:-test
1731:Power
1676:Pivot
1469:shape
1464:scale
914:Shape
894:Range
839:Heinz
814:Cubic
750:Index
657:(PDF)
540:Wiley
306:Types
232:music
225:zeros
221:poles
90:phase
2731:Test
1931:Sign
1783:Wald
856:Mode
794:Mean
588:ISBN
561:ISBN
341:and
282:, a
177:gain
34:The
1911:BIC
1906:AIC
691:doi
669:doi
617:doi
312:the
290:or
242:).
159:to
71:or
43:In
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687:80
685:.
665:36
663:.
659:.
611:,
508:,
504:â
433:.
420:A
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256:Z-
254:,
227:.
219:,
215:,
211:,
207:,
203:,
199:,
195:,
191:,
187:,
183:,
179:,
175:,
171:,
55:,
51:,
47:,
1856:G
1830:F
1822:t
1810:Z
1529:V
1524:U
726:e
719:t
712:v
699:.
697:.
693::
677:.
675:.
671::
619::
613:1
596:.
569:.
369:.
359:.
345:.
20:)
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