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mostly young & impoverished immigrant minorities in France, as a means to oppose the racism and oppression they experience. Jody Rosen counters Brooks' argument, criticizing that Brooks makes use of only a few, old samples of potential French gangsta rap that contain violent or misogynistic lyrics, and asserting that Brooks fails to accurately assess French hip hop's larger scope and discounts its potential for "rappers of amazing skill, style, and wit."
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832:, and the plantation system in the Americas." It uses a sample from a Stevie Wonder song called "Past Time Paradise", which, appropriately, touches on race relations and slavery as well. Many other French hip hop artists made similar statements through their music, by collaborating to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the abolition of slavery in France in 1998. In order to mark the anniversary of the abolition of slavery in
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distinct from one another. Lyrics from the south tend to be more socially conscious, with content mainly focusing on the fight against discrimination. Rappers from the south of France are known to tell the 'cold reality' of life in France. In the north, however, content tends to be more straightforward, with rappers typically talking about the drug trade, gang wars, ghetto life and clashes with the police, etc.
1096:. Hip-hop provides an outlet for people in the struggle to lash out at the powers that be, and to rebel in some small way against the life they're stuck in. b.) the glorification of the banlieue also reminds us that there will always be a consumerist market of people, not in the struggle, who will take advantage of the allure of the image without totally understanding it.
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534:, was a major hit. The European Music Office's report on Music in Europe said that the French language was well-suited for rapping. He set many records, including being the first French hip hop recording artist to go platinum. Some artists claim that the French language hip hop style was influenced by the music of French singer
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image as hip hop in the United States. It's changed to talking about gang-banging and other illegal activities. Not only in France, but in many
African countries, French hip hop is played and heard. "The images, modes and attitudes of hip-hop and gangsta rap are so powerful they are having a hegemonic effect across the globe."
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As France has embraced hip hop, they put a huge emphasis on the lyrics. They love to sing about love and poetry, and they also love to rap in French dialect. The French government has a mandate that 40 percent of the music played on the radio must be in French. Hip hop is a way for artists to express
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women should be permitted to wear head scarves. Domestic policy in the period since decolonization has resulted in the development of stifling set of inequalities. Most of these political outcries and demands are coming from the younger generation. Hip-Hop remains to be a place where young people can
635:
As hip hop moved into a new millennium, French hip hop artists developed rapidly, seeing commercial success, and even some international appeal. One of the most influential French hip hop albums of all time, Cinquième As, was released by MC Solaar in 2001. At the same time, new artists like Sinik and
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This makes up one quarter of the radio's top 100, ten percent of local music production and has sold hundreds of thousands of CDs. French hip hop, however, is often criticized for imitating
American hip hop style. French rapper MC Solaar agrees sarcastically, saying, "French rap is pretty much a U.S.
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French hip hop has been political in its history as well. Hip-hop in France owes its success to a strong social demand for it. Historically, France adopted a series of hostile policy against immigrant families. For example, a contentious debate is currently being fought out in the political realm as
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Themes in French hip hop include opposition to the social order, humor and puns, as well as ethnic and cultural identity. Whereas early French hip hop was seen as mimicking
American hip hop in terms of aesthetic appeal, later French rappers added their own cultural and ethnic identities to the mix.
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Today, the
Democratic Republic of the Congo and it's global diaspora, especially in Belgium and France has brought about some of the largest and fastest growing French-language rap singers. Traditional Congolese music including in the local Lingala language has become popular globally including by
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The progress of rap in France is associated with the postcolonial relationships founded with former colonies of Africa and the
Caribbean. Therefore, the definition of Africa according to French ideas, and the nature of racism in French society is crucial to understanding the reason for the hip hop
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counterparts because they were not citizens and often
Africans ended up working as civil servants and menial employees living in dilapidated housing projects. Much of the resistance to social and economic imbalances in French hip-hop relate to this historically unequal situation. This is proved by
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Parts of
American hip-hop culture have left a mark on the culture of French hip-hop as well in terms of fashion, clothing, music videos, jewelry, sounds and other things. Hip-hop culture was imported from America, especially with the influence of New York rappers and the music that came out of New
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depicts a somewhat exaggerated view of what one of the worst suburbs (which is what banlieue means, roughly translated) would be like 6 years in the future. One finds within this movie almost every iconic paradigm inherent to the gangster image in the U.S. We have a plethora of drugs and guns. We
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is used which is a slang that twists words by reversing and recombining them. This makes it difficult for even French speaking listeners to understand what the MC is saying. Even though it is difficult at times to understand completely the lyrics that are being said rappers still get the heat for
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Some French hip hop artists of
African origin have used their music to address challenges and issues that cause poverty in African nations. The French hip hop group Bisso Na Bisso's song "Dans la peau d'un chef" refers to the corruption of African heads of state. Though their music and the issues
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Such as much of the rap and hip hop in the United States talks about money, women, guns, etc., rap in France is also somewhat following this path. Yet, many artists still rap about their ties to Africa, culture, and sending out important messages. However, hip hop in France is taking on the same
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figure who, under the influence of enough of his own product, considers himself invincible. There is, of course, a general disdain for corrupt police and politicians, and last but not least, there is the unfair imprisonment of the protagonist. The aforementioned traits contained the sub-plots of
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wrote that "ghetto life, at least as portrayed in rap videos, now defines for the young, poor and disaffected what it means to be oppressed. Gangsta resistance is the most compelling model for how to rebel against that oppression." He argued that the gangster image of
American hip hop appeals to
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French hip hop can be defined by two major categories or subgenres: hip-hop from the north, mainly centered around major cities like Paris and its suburbs, and hip-hop from the south which focuses around cities like
Marseille. The different social climates in the regions make the two subgenres
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among other movies considered pivotal to gangsta rap culture. The obvious parallels seen in the glorification of the banlieue and that of one's "hood" is not one to overlook. The commonalities in the two cultures are indicative of the fact that a.) almost every hip hop movement was bred from
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which is based on the inverse of original French words. In some cases artists rap in several different languages on a track including Arabic, French and English. The purpose of the lyrics, no matter the language, is "to popularize and vent the anger and frustrations of many disadvantaged and
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lyrics of Aktivist's song, "Ils ont", the extract when translated states "Aktivist denounces intolerance to all immigrant fathers/Exploited in France since the 50s-60s/...their bodies are falling apart/And their children are still being judged according to their origins.
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Many French hip hop artists express strong ties to Africa, though not overtly. Rappers from the 1980s and 90s needed to keep their references to Africa subtle for a few reasons. First, explicitly praising Africa would have been offensive to the many immigrants who fled
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incorporates many African-related themes into its music. Their 1991 song "Les tam-tam de l'Afrique" was one of the first French rap hits to deal explicitly with slavery. This particular track "focused on the plunder of Africa, the abduction of its inhabitants, the
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and rap sensation in France. Rappers are overwhelmingly of African descent, and in tackling the issue of their invisibility in French society and declaring their origins, they redefine their identity and defy French notions of ethnicity and citizenship.
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assumed a more aggressive aesthetic. Many such artists found themselves at the heart of controversies over lyrics that were seen as glorifying the murder of police officers and other crimes, similar to outcries over violent thuggish lyrics in American
1019:." The components of their music are mostly influenced by the American rappers, but they also have their own style such as having their culture's tune in the beat. And they rap in their language and their phonetic sounds differ in time to time.
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Initially reflecting the pervasive fears, concerns, and muted aspirations of African-American and Hispanic 'ghetto youth' in New York City's South Bronx of the 1970s, hip-hop has been disseminated around the world during the last few
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Francophone rap was given a boost in the early 21st century by a decision of the French ministry of culture, which insisted that French-language stations play a minimum of 40 percent of French-language music during transmission.
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When hip-hop reached the European continent in the 1980s Afrika Bambaataa was an early pioneer, and when he came to France he was overwhelmed by the great importance of African culture coming from Africa and the Caribbean.
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The protest at the heart of French hip-hop can be traced directly to the economic boom following World War II. France required manpower to sustain its newly booming industries and the governmental solution was the mass
660:'s pharaoism, or allusions to ancient Egyptian pharaohs, the French hip hop artists are seen attempting to negotiate and create a space for themselves in a social scene rife with discrimination and racist ideologies.
1015:, Rap, and Franco-Maghrebi Identity" state that French rappers rap about "the history of slavery, humanity's origins in Africa, Europe's destruction of African civilizations and the independence struggle led by the
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Although hip hop in France has been greatly influenced by American hip hop culture, the lyrics remain typically in French. Other than English, other language influences are based on oral traditions such as African
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998:
It is said that one of the most interesting points about French rap is the idea that "poetry and philosophy are greatly esteemed in France, and that they're even more greatly esteemed in French."
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in the form of clothing, accessories, attitude and of course the hip-hop music it yields. This fascination with the banlieue image has also found its way into the big screen with the movie
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necessity and from rebellion. The guns, drugs and money of the hood are typically not the aftermath of an easy life but the result of a struggle whether it is as a hustler or as a
859:
IAM also incorporates images associated with ancient Egypt. Several group members assumed names reflective of this influence. For example, IAM member Eric Mazel goes by the name
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Like much of the hip hop from the United States, many French hip hop artists use the genre to address pressing social issues. The authors of "Arab Noise and Ramadan Nights:
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would have provided the French anti-Maghrebi extreme right with an opportunity to tell Maghrebi immigrants to return to North Africa. And finally, rising conservative
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Krümm, Philippe and Jean-Pierre Rasle. "Music of the Regions". 2000. In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.),
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influences in French hip hop also extend to the use of African instruments such as the Kora, balafon, and ngoni. Many of the drums played in Africa and the
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and other North African countries because of the economic adversity they faced there, and many rappers probably had parents who had done so. Also, obvious
632:" sold more than 1 million discs, with NTM moving more than 700,000 copies of their final album "Suprême NTM". The group went their separate ways in 2000.
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French hip hop stands out for its "flowing, expressive tones of the language give it a clear identity within the rap world." In many French rap songs,
978:, "talk over" of Jamaica and the blues. French music lyrics typically feature puns, play on words and suggestive phonetic combinations. Such artists as
214:
894:, etc.). The mixture of the diverse traditional African, Caribbean, and other instrumentals is what produced the French hip-hop and made it distinct.
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and even less consideration in scholarly research on the subject. While the popularity of nationally grown rap in France grew with the presence of
758:(ONI) was formed to supervise the immigration of new workers. Newly arrived Africans were not given the same employment opportunities as their
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theater hosted a concert that opened with "drummers chained together" and featured performances from "rappers of African descent such as
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often use alliterations, onomatopoeia and puns or double entendre lyrics. The dialect of choice for many hip hop artists in France is
816:, his involvement in the overall French hip hop subculture is non-existent as many consider his work to be in the traditional vein of
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Following MC Solaar's breakthrough, two broad styles emerged within the French hip hop scene; artists such as Solaar, Dee Nasty, and
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descent, themes dealing with the intimate connection between France and various African countries tend not to get much promotion on
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in his article which debunks Brooks's belief that the French hip hop scene is no more than a carbon copy of earlier American work.
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sometimes mistreated individuals, and to defend the cause of the poorest and least socially integrated segment of French society".
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artists with Congolese origin such as Tiakola, Dadju, Damso, and GIMS all of which have worked with Congolese singer, Fally Ipupa.
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62:
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these feelings. More precisely, a hip hop built of French language lyrics laid on top of traditional break beats and samples.
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1646:, ed. by James G. Spady, H. Samy Alim, and Samir Meghelli. 656-67. Philadelphia: Black History Museum Publishers, 2006.
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629:
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Prevos, Andre J. M. "Postcolonial Popular Music in France: Rap Music and Hip-Hop Culture in the 1980s and 1990s." In
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By 1982 and 1983, a number of hip hop radio shows had appeared on Paris radio, including "Rapper Dapper" (hosted by
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claims that French rap is a copy of American gangsta rap of the early 1990s. However, his position was attacked by
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causing violence and disturbance within society because of their intense message of rebelling against the system.
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L'animateur de l'émission « Rapper, Dapper, Snapper », sur Radio 7 en 1982, et de « Hip-hop »
1116:. Two of the most well-known crews from France are the Vagabonds and the Pockemon, as both of them won the BOTY.
800:, all members of Bisso Na Bisso live in France and rap in French. Although many artists that have dominated the
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Diam's began to see significant success, as well, bringing a new sound and genre of lyrical prowess to the game.
950:), better known as Sidney, is a French musician, rapper, DJ, television and radio host, and occasional actor of
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in North Africa would have prevented rappers from being able to imitate their behavior in their native land.
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Many of the French hip hop artists come from the poor urban areas on the outskirts of large cities known as
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origin. He is well known in France for his connection with the beginnings of the French hip hop scene.
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1460:"Hip-Hop Hybridity for a Glocalized World: African andMuslim Diasporic Discourses in French Rap Music"
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French hip-hop, like hip-hop in other countries, is highly influenced by American hip-hop. Columnist
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Between New York and Paris: Hip Hop and the Transnational Politics of Race, Culture, and Citizenship
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Prevos, Andre J.M. "The Evolution of French Rap Music and Hip Hop Culture in the 1980s and 1990s."
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Through the 1990s, the music grew to become one of the most popular genres in France; in 1997,
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have produced various French hip hop artists. The political and social status of the minority
489:). In November 1982 the New York City Rap Tour traveled around France and to London featuring
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1696:"Battle of the Year World Finals: Vagabonds BOTY 2011 winners and results – All Street Dance"
1682:"Pockemon Crew Battle of the Year 2012 France qualifier winners – results – All Street Dance"
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countries. France is the second largest hip-hop market in the world after the United States.
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Helenon, Veronique. "Africa on Their Mind: Rap, Blackness, and Citizenship in France." In
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Gross, J: "Arab Noise and Ramadan Nights: Rai, Rap, and Franco-Maghrebi Identities",
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836:(which is an overseas department of France in the Caribbean), on May 22, Paris's
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championed a more mellow, sanguine style, while more hardcore performers such as
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branch office... we copy everything, don't we? We don't even take a step back."
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The Vinyl Ain’t Final: Hip Hop and the Globalization of Black Popular Culture
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Regarde ta jeunesse dans les yeux. Naissance du hip-hop français 1980-1990
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to fill the gaps caused by shortage in personnel. As early as 1945,
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groups living in France have a direct influence on French hip hop.
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Wesleyan University Press, Middletown, Connecticut 2001 (page 12)
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The break-dancing scene in France is widespread, and some French
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Le rap français: esthétique et poétique des textes (1990-1995)
1429:"Hip Hop and Rap in Europe. The culture of the urban ghetto's"
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1347:, ed. Alan Light, 361-72. New York: Three Rivers Press, 1999.
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1223:. Ph.D. Dissertation, Columbia University. pp. 54–108.
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express their needs and themselves politically and freely.
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Schwartz, Mark. "Planet Rock: Hip Hop Supa National." In
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World Music, Vol. 1: Africa, Europe and the Middle East
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are well known for taking part in competitions such as
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Meghelli, Samir. "Interview with Youcef (Intik)." In
1613:, 39-56. Middletown: Wesleyan University Press, 2001.
1367:. The Hiphop Archive. 2 November 1945. Archived from
1170:"'You're not welcome': rap's racial divide in France"
524:, he moved as a child to France in 1970 and lived in
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Hargreaves, Alec; McKinney, Mark (18 October 2013).
863:, the name of the builder of the Egyptian pyramids.
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The Global Cipha: Hip Hop Culture and Consciousness
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932:hip hop is most popular in the French Antilles and
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1737:French Moves: The Cultural Politics of Le Hip Hop
796:they cover focus more on their home country, the
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1129:, pp 103–113. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books.
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1611:Global Noise: Rap and Hip-Hop Outside the USA
1544:The French Rap Hip Hop Podcast. 19 March 2008
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477:Beginning of French hip hop: the 70s and 80s
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916:originating from the French departments of
512:The first major star of French hip hop was
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1656:"Should hip hop take the rap for rioting?"
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767:Relationship with Africa and the Caribbean
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1506:Vol. 69, No. 5 (Apr., 1996) pp. 713-725.
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1141:"La Danse sensuelle du Hip Hop Français"
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924:in the Caribbean. Usually in French and
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1658:Joe Muggs, Telegraph.co.uk 08/12/05
1427:Beau, Marie-Agnès (September 1996).
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886:drums from Martinique and Dominica,
874:such as "derbuka from North Africa,
1478:10.18848/1835-4432/CGP/v02i03/40634
485:) and "Funk à Billy" (hosted by DJ
13:
1706:
1261:Brooks, David (10 November 2005).
908:Music of Martinique and Guadeloupe
558:. The cases include the notorious
14:
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1759:(in French). Le mot et le reste.
1734:McCarren, Felicia (30 May 2013).
1517:"Africanhiphop.com Africanhiphop"
1168:Oliver, Michael (22 April 2020).
531:Qui sème le vent récolte le tempo
278:Nationalistic and patriotic songs
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1713:Martínez, Isabelle Marc (2008).
1574:"SIDNEY, ambassadeur du hip-hop"
1572:Boisseau, Rosita (4 June 2004).
1296:Rosen, Jody (10 November 2005).
1237:Post-Colonial Cultures in France
942:(born Patrick Duteil in 1955 in
750:of peoples from regions of past
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1554:RFI Musique - - Biography - IAM
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1509:
1496:
1103:
756:l'Office national d'immigration
1317:
1298:"David Brooks vs. gangsta rap"
1227:
1212:
1187:
1161:
1:
1783:- feature on French rap music
1669:Anthropology of Globalization
1119:
1017:Front De Liberation Nationale
614:alludes to the 1793 painting
574:Influence of American hip-hop
3508:Feminist activism in hip hop
1624:"Hip Hop and Rap in Europe."
7:
3498:Partner violence in hip hop
1816:
1740:. Oxford University Press.
1345:The Vibe History of Hip-hop
957:
10:
3572:
1465:The Global Studies Journal
905:
562:'s "Sacrifice de poulet",
516:. Born Claude M'Barali in
471:
3516:
3428:
3387:
3362:
3187:
3122:
2962:Bosnian and Herzegovinian
2935:
2823:
2701:
2690:
2656:
2587:
2576:
2452:
2427:
2337:
2326:
2245:
2198:
1994:
1983:
1975:Bristol underground scene
1942:
1869:
1826:
1719:(in French). Peter Lang.
639:
630:L'école du Micro d'Argent
1755:Piolet, Vincent (2017).
1219:Meghelli, Samir (2012).
1195:"Hip-Hop à la Française"
1051:action/martial arts film
1027:Influence on pop culture
526:Villeneuve-Saint-Georges
1458:Drissel, David (2009).
902:French Antilles hip hop
882:drums from Guadeloupe,
804:scene in France are of
189:Victoires de la Musique
3556:French styles of music
970:
752:French colonial empire
652:
621:
610:in 1997. The photo by
451:
2676:Alternative reggaeton
1955:Universal Zulu Nation
1629:14 March 2014 at the
1433:European Music Office
965:
798:Republic of the Congo
647:
606:
172:Media and performance
3441:Contemporary R&B
3250:Minneapolis/St. Paul
1633:1999. March 20, 2008
1263:"Gangsta, in French"
1054:have a Don Corleone/
570:'s "Le crime paie".
2045:Chopped and screwed
1950:Five-Percent Nation
1698:. 20 November 2011.
1622:Beau, Marie-Agnes.
1371:on 16 November 2012
599:The 1990s and 2000s
566:"Police" and later
464:style developed in
457:[ʁapfʁɑ̃sɛ]
63:Musical instruments
16:Hip hop music style
1559:2008-03-17 at the
1504:The French Review.
1267:The New York Times
971:
737:to whether or not
653:
622:
617:The Death of Marat
528:. His 1991 album,
3538:
3537:
3424:
3423:
2686:
2685:
2572:
2571:
2322:
2321:
1902:Feminist activism
1247:978-1-136-18369-0
1064:Menace II Society
1031:The image of the
656:With the rise of
437:
436:
404:
403:
300:
299:
273:
272:
266:Vieilles Charrues
3563:
3529:
3524:
3523:
3391:
3366:
3228:Washington, D.C.
3191:
3126:
2939:
2827:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2659:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2524:Na mele paleoleo
2456:
2431:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2249:
2202:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1861:
1854:
1847:
1840:
1833:
1820:
1811:
1804:
1797:
1788:
1787:
1770:
1751:
1730:
1700:
1699:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1678:
1672:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1640:
1634:
1620:
1614:
1607:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1590:
1578:
1569:
1563:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1523:on 22 March 2008
1519:. Archived from
1513:
1507:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1439:on 14 March 2014
1435:. Archived from
1424:
1415:
1414:. April 20, 2006
1404:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1361:
1348:
1341:
1328:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1293:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1165:
1155:
1153:
1151:
926:Antillean creole
810:mainstream radio
760:French Caribbean
507:Rock Steady Crew
491:Afrika Bambaataa
459:
429:
422:
415:
368:French Polynesia
311:
310:
284:
283:
199:NRJ Music Awards
178:
177:
104:nouvelle chanson
28:
27:
21:
20:
3571:
3570:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3534:
3527:
3512:
3478:Music sequencer
3420:
3389:
3383:
3364:
3358:
3357:
3323:Outside the US:
3320:
3316:Native American
3189:
3183:
3124:
3118:
2937:
2931:
2825:
2819:
2703:
2693:Regional scenes
2692:
2682:
2657:
2652:
2589:
2578:
2568:
2454:
2448:
2429:
2423:
2394:Psychedelic rap
2339:
2328:
2318:
2247:
2241:
2200:
2194:
2155:Progressive rap
1996:
1985:
1979:
1938:
1865:
1859:
1852:
1845:
1838:
1831:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1777:
1767:
1748:
1727:
1709:
1707:Further reading
1704:
1703:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1666:
1662:
1654:
1650:
1641:
1637:
1631:Wayback Machine
1621:
1617:
1608:
1601:
1588:
1586:
1576:
1570:
1566:
1561:Wayback Machine
1552:
1548:
1540:
1536:
1526:
1524:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1501:
1497:
1456:
1452:
1442:
1440:
1425:
1418:
1405:
1384:
1374:
1372:
1363:
1362:
1351:
1342:
1331:
1323:Mitchell, Tony
1322:
1318:
1308:
1306:
1294:
1281:
1271:
1269:
1259:
1255:
1248:
1232:
1228:
1217:
1213:
1203:
1201:
1199:www.nytimes.com
1193:
1192:
1188:
1178:
1176:
1166:
1162:
1149:
1147:
1139:
1122:
1106:
1076:Boyz n the Hood
1029:
960:
930:French Antilles
910:
904:
872:Caribbean music
769:
642:
612:Studio Harcourt
601:
576:
479:
474:
466:French-speaking
433:
294:La Marseillaise
287:National anthem
231:Aix-en-Provence
223:Music festivals
194:Prix Constantin
34:Music of France
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3569:
3559:
3558:
3553:
3551:French hip hop
3536:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
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3470:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3443:
3438:
3432:
3430:
3426:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3395:
3393:
3390:South American
3385:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3376:
3370:
3368:
3360:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3306:Asian American
3303:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3198:United States:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3190:North American
3185:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3130:
3128:
3125:Middle Eastern
3120:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
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2914:
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2879:
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2857:
2852:
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2831:
2829:
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2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
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2765:
2760:
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2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2709:
2707:
2696:
2688:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2668:
2662:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2609:Florida breaks
2606:
2604:Baltimore club
2595:
2593:
2582:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2554:Urban Pasifika
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2534:Romany hip hop
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2489:Hip hop galsen
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2460:
2458:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2435:
2433:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2384:New jack swing
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2345:
2343:
2332:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2267:Brooklyn drill
2259:
2253:
2251:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2212:
2206:
2204:
2196:
2195:
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2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
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2171:
2170:
2165:
2157:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2140:
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2138:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2101:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2002:
2000:
1989:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1899:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1856:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1814:
1813:
1806:
1799:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1776:
1775:External links
1773:
1772:
1771:
1766:978-2360542901
1765:
1752:
1746:
1731:
1725:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1687:
1673:
1660:
1648:
1635:
1615:
1599:
1577:(fee required)
1564:
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1508:
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1472:(3): 121–144.
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959:
956:
906:Main article:
903:
900:
878:from Senegal,
830:Middle Passage
823:Specifically,
768:
765:
641:
638:
600:
597:
575:
572:
560:Ministère AMER
495:Grandmixer DST
478:
475:
473:
470:
440:French hip hop
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305:Regional music
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40:General topics
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3456:Record player
3454:
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3224:
3221:
3219:
3218:New York City
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3194:
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3186:
3180:
3177:
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3164:Saudi Arabian
3162:
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3147:
3145:
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3140:
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3135:
3132:
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2798:
2796:
2795:South African
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2779:
2778:Port Harcourt
2776:
2775:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
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2700:
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2639:
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2597:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2575:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2559:Vigilante rap
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2529:Nuyorican rap
2527:
2525:
2522:
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2517:
2515:
2512:
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2500:
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2357:
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2347:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2329:Fusion genres
2325:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
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2082:Freestyle rap
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1781:Rap in France
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1747:9780199939978
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1240:. Routledge.
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1088:New Jack City
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980:Boby Lapointe
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940:Sidney Duteil
937:
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915:
914:hip hop music
909:
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869:
868:African music
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673:("suburbs").
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483:Sidney Duteil
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360:Other regions
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3525:
3473:Hip hop skit
3468:Drum machine
3429:Other topics
3322:
3223:Philadelphia
3197:
3008:
2666:Funk carioca
2616:Ghetto house
2474:Boomba music
2364:Hip hop soul
2277:Sample drill
2272:Jersey drill
2099:Instrumental
1756:
1736:
1715:
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1663:
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1618:
1610:
1594:
1587:. Retrieved
1580:
1567:
1549:
1537:
1525:. Retrieved
1521:the original
1511:
1503:
1498:
1489:
1469:
1463:
1453:
1441:. Retrieved
1437:the original
1407:
1373:. Retrieved
1369:the original
1344:
1325:Global Noise
1324:
1319:
1307:. Retrieved
1301:
1270:. Retrieved
1266:
1256:
1236:
1229:
1220:
1214:
1202:. Retrieved
1198:
1189:
1177:. Retrieved
1174:the Guardian
1173:
1163:
1148:. Retrieved
1144:
1126:
1107:
1104:Breakdancing
1098:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1055:
1032:
1030:
1021:
1010:
1002:David Brooks
1000:
997:
989:
972:
952:Guadeloupean
938:
911:
896:
892:bouyon music
865:
858:
822:
794:
790:
782:Afrocentrism
774:
770:
755:
744:
735:
668:
666:
662:
654:
634:
628:'s release "
623:
615:
593:
589:
585:
580:David Brooks
577:
540:
529:
511:
499:Fab 5 Freddy
480:
452:rap français
443:
439:
438:
246:Francofolies
241:Eurockéennes
207:Music charts
181:Music awards
148:
18:
3493:Video vixen
3488:Synthesizer
3461:Turntablism
3446:Disc jockey
3379:New Zealand
3159:Palestinian
3054:Montenegrin
2845:Bangladeshi
2840:Azerbaijani
2579:Derivatives
2564:Zenji flava
2539:Songo-salsa
2469:Bongo flava
2349:Country rap
2237:Memphis rap
2220:Mafioso rap
2215:Gangsta rap
2190:Underground
2185:Turntablism
2109:Chicano rap
2011:Hipster hop
2006:Alternative
1671:3:1 page 20
1585:(in French)
1542:"Yo La La!"
1412:Pluto Press
1043:pop culture
846:Stomy Bugsy
748:immigration
556:gangsta rap
551:Suprême NTM
314:Local forms
3545:Categories
3374:Australian
3353:Salvadoran
3289:West Coast
3235:Midwestern
3213:New Jersey
3203:East Coast
3049:Macedonian
3024:Portuguese
2917:Sri Lankan
2907:Philippine
2872:Indonesian
2815:Zimbabwean
2790:Senegalese
2628:Glitch hop
2621:Ghettotech
2590:Electronic
2479:Cumbia rap
2439:Trap metal
2374:Industrial
2289:Latin trap
2248:Trap music
2232:Horrorcore
2175:Snap music
2159:Religious
2126:Mumble rap
2121:Miami bass
2077:East Coast
1970:Golden age
1965:New school
1960:Old-school
1924:Production
1877:Battle rap
1860:Beatboxing
1120:References
1094:gangbanger
1006:Jody Rosen
948:Val-d'Oise
944:Argenteuil
922:Martinique
918:Guadeloupe
854:Hamed Daye
842:Doc Gyneco
834:Martinique
818:French pop
695:Strasbourg
608:Doc Gynéco
460:), is the
444:French rap
387:Martinique
377:Guadeloupe
159:electronic
3436:Auto-Tune
3416:Colombian
3399:Brazilian
3338:Dominican
3294:Northwest
3255:Wisconsin
3208:Baltimore
3114:Ukrainian
3094:Slovenian
3059:Norwegian
3034:Icelandic
3029:Hungarian
2984:Bulgarian
2922:Taiwanese
2912:Singapore
2902:Pakistani
2892:Mongolian
2887:Malaysian
2800:Tanzanian
2758:Mauritian
2671:Reggaeton
2643:Freestyle
2599:Breakbeat
2464:Afroswing
2430:Rap metal
2409:Rap opera
2369:Hip house
2257:Afro trap
2210:Dirty rap
2163:Christian
2148:Conscious
2143:Political
2070:Crunkcore
2055:Cloud rap
1986:Subgenres
1914:Festivals
1486:1835-4432
1150:23 August
814:MC Solaar
731:immigrant
679:Marseille
670:banlieues
514:MC Solaar
503:Mr Freeze
487:Dee Nasty
327:Aquitaine
84:classical
79:gregorian
58:Festivals
48:Composers
3528:Category
3451:DJ mixer
3404:Brasília
3365:Oceanian
3328:Canadian
3267:Southern
3169:Tunisian
3154:Lebanese
3139:Egyptian
3069:Romanian
2989:Croatian
2977:Scottish
2952:Austrian
2947:Albanian
2938:European
2897:Nepalese
2877:Japanese
2835:Armenian
2805:Togolese
2785:Nigerien
2773:Nigerian
2768:Namibian
2763:Moroccan
2753:Malawian
2738:Ghanaian
2728:Botswana
2723:Beninese
2713:Algerian
2638:Illbient
2544:Scam rap
2519:Motswako
2504:Igbo rap
2455:Regional
2444:Nu metal
2419:Trip hop
2414:Rap rock
2399:Punk rap
2379:Jazz rap
2282:UK drill
2201:Hardcore
2180:Southern
2136:Chap hop
2131:Nerdcore
2033:Road rap
2018:Boom bap
1897:Feminism
1892:Activism
1853:Emceeing
1846:Graffiti
1832:Breaking
1627:Archived
1582:Le Monde
1557:Archived
1527:29 March
1491:decades.
1365:"France"
1204:11 March
1179:11 March
1057:Scarface
1034:banlieue
958:Language
786:Islamism
723:Grenoble
719:Bordeaux
715:Toulouse
707:Le Havre
547:Assassin
543:Lionel D
505:and the
352:Limousin
337:Burgundy
332:Brittany
322:Auvergne
251:Hellfest
3483:Sampler
3411:Chilean
3348:Mexican
3343:Haitian
3277:Memphis
3272:Atlanta
3245:Detroit
3240:Chicago
3174:Turkish
3149:Israeli
3144:Iranian
3104:Swedish
3099:Spanish
3084:Serbian
3079:Russian
3044:Italian
3004:Finnish
2967:British
2957:Belgian
2855:Chinese
2850:Burmese
2810:Zambian
2743:Ivorian
2733:Gambian
2718:Angolan
2704:African
2549:Stronda
2514:Low bap
2499:Hiplife
2389:Pop rap
2359:Emo rap
2354:Electro
2340:General
2314:UK trap
2092:Jerkin'
2050:Chopper
2028:British
1997:General
1943:History
1929:Theater
1887:Fashion
1870:Culture
1819:Hip hop
1443:14 June
1309:14 June
1272:14 June
1049:. This
850:Arsenik
838:Olympia
806:African
802:hip hop
778:Algeria
568:Lunatic
522:Senegal
472:History
397:Réunion
347:Gascony
342:Corsica
236:Bourges
149:hip hop
124:popular
119:cabaret
114:musette
99:chanson
53:History
3299:Alaska
3179:Yemeni
3134:Arabic
3089:Slovak
3074:Romany
3064:Polish
3014:German
3009:French
2972:Celtic
2882:Korean
2860:Indian
2748:Kenyan
2509:Kwaito
2227:G-funk
2168:Jewish
2060:Comedy
2023:Bounce
1934:Genres
1763:
1744:
1723:
1589:22 May
1484:
1244:
1145:Lumpen
1133:
1110:B-boys
992:verlan
984:verlan
976:griots
934:France
928:, the
880:gwo ka
876:djembe
861:Kheops
852:, and
739:Muslim
699:Rennes
687:Nantes
640:Themes
595:York.
536:Renaud
448:French
382:Guiana
372:Tahiti
164:celtic
109:cancan
71:Genres
3333:Cuban
3311:Latin
3282:Miami
3260:Omaha
3109:Swiss
3039:Irish
3019:Greek
2999:Dutch
2994:Czech
2826:Asian
2658:Other
2648:Wonky
2633:Grime
2494:Hipco
2484:Genge
2404:Ragga
2309:Tread
2299:Plugg
2294:Phonk
2262:Drill
2104:Latin
2087:Hyphy
2065:Crunk
1919:Music
1882:Dance
1839:DJing
1375:6 May
1303:Slate
1082:Belly
1070:Juice
967:Booba
711:Rouen
691:Lille
675:Paris
564:NTM's
518:Dakar
154:house
129:yé-yé
89:opera
2927:Thai
2865:Desi
2304:Rage
2116:Lofi
1909:LGBT
1761:ISBN
1742:ISBN
1721:ISBN
1591:2008
1529:2008
1482:ISSN
1445:2014
1377:2012
1311:2014
1274:2014
1242:ISBN
1206:2021
1181:2021
1152:2005
1131:ISBN
1114:BOTY
1085:and
1047:B-13
1039:hood
920:and
888:zouk
884:bèlè
866:The
727:Nice
725:and
703:Caen
683:Lyon
549:and
370:and
215:SNEP
144:rock
139:jazz
94:folk
1474:doi
1013:Rai
856:."
825:IAM
658:IAM
649:IAM
626:IAM
442:or
134:pop
3547::
1602:^
1593:.
1579:.
1488:.
1480:.
1468:.
1462:.
1431:.
1419:^
1385:^
1352:^
1332:^
1300:.
1282:^
1265:.
1197:.
1172:.
1143:.
1079:,
1073:,
1067:,
946:,
936:.
890:,
848:,
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820:.
721:,
717:,
713:,
709:,
705:,
701:,
697:,
693:,
689:,
685:,
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538:.
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501:,
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493:,
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450::
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1769:.
1750:.
1729:.
1684:.
1531:.
1476::
1470:2
1447:.
1379:.
1313:.
1276:.
1250:.
1208:.
1183:.
1154:.
969:.
620:.
446:(
428:e
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296:"
292:"
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.